MET 71024 METAL FORMING I

Ch-4 Instability
Content
 Introduction
 Uniaxial Tension
 Effect of Inhomogeneities
 Balanced Biaxial Tension
 Pressurized Thin-wall Sphere
 Significance of Instability
Introduction
• Different phenomena limit the extent to which a metal may be
deformed
• Buckling may occur under compressive loading if the ratio of
height-to-diameter is too great.
• Fracture may occur under tension.
• When a structure is deformed, there is often a maximum force
or maximum pressure after which deformation continues at
decreasing loads or pressures.
• The strain hardening is described by,
effective strain at instability are functions of n.
Uniaxial Tension
In a tension test of a ductile metal, the deformation is uniform up to maximum load.
After this, localized deformation starts to form a neck. Since F = σA,
Thus the maximum load, the tensile strength, and the onset of necking occur at a strain
equal to the strain-hardening exponent.
Effect of Inhomogeneities
• Material properties and dimensions are usually considered to be uniform in
analyses.
• However real materials are inhomogeneous: the cross-sectional diameter or
thickness may vary from one place to another; there may also be variations
in grain size, composition, and statistical crystal orientation.
• These latter inhomogeneities are assumed to influence only K in the
expression
• The effect of inhomogeneity is illustrated by a tensile specimen having homogeneous
properties but two regions of different dimensions, a and b as shown in Figure 4.3.

4.3. Stepped tensile specimen.

4.4. Strains induced by various inhomogeneity
factors.
Balanced Biaxial Tension
Pressurized Thin-wall Sphere

4.8. Free-body diagram of half of a pressurized thin-wall

spherical pressure vessel.
Significance of Instability
• Instability conditions in this chapter relate to a maximum force or pressure.
• However uniform deformation does not generally cease at a maximum force
or pressure as it does in a tension test.
• Reconsider the case of the thin wall sphere under internal pressure.
• Although the maximum pressure occurs when strain
localization cannot occur, because localization would cause a decrease of the
local radius of curvature, which would decrease the stress in that area below
that of the rest of the sphere.
• Instead the sphere will continue to expand uniformly. The walls are in biaxial
tension so the maximum wall force will occur when
• Strain localization still cannot occur because any localization would decrease
the radius of curvature.
4.9. Variation of pressure with effective strain for n = 2.25. Note that the maximum pressure occurs before
the maximum wall force