HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1. DESGIN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.1 Introduction
A pressure vessel is considered as any closed vessel that is capable of storing a pressurized
fluid, either internal or external pressure, regardless of their shape and dimensions. The
cylindrical vessels, to which I refer in this volume, are calculated on the principles of thin-
walled cylinders.it is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure. The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state
inside the pressure vessel for example steam boilers.
Due to the high pressures the vessel is made to withstand its design should be done carefully
and patiently because the slightest fault in dimensioning (wall thickness) or stress
miscalculation will cause rupture or failure of the vessel thus causing an explosion which
may prove fatal and cause significant property damage.
The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.
Pressure vessel have wide applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process chemical
industries, in pharmaceutical industries, and in food beverage industries.
The failure of pressure vessel may result in loss of health hazard and damage of property
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressure together with high temperatures,
and in some case flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it
is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. With increasing demands
from industrial process for high operating pressures and higher temperature, new
technologies have been developed to handle the present-day specialized requirements.
Various parameters of pressure vessel are designed and checked according to the principles
specified in American society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) sec VIII and according to
IBR. Pressure vessels can be classified according to their intended service, temperature and
pressure, materials and geometry. Different types of pressure vessels can be classified as
follows:-

Figure 1.1 types of pressure vessel

Finally, pressure vessel are refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under internal
and external pressure and operate under the pressure.

1|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.2.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES
To design, develop, and build cylindrical pressure vessel with horizontal orientation and with
Bracket (saddle) supporting system. And to design pressure vessels with
 Internal pressure of 1700Kpa
 Design pressure 2000
 Design temperature=AMB
 Medium: Fresh water
 Vessel Type: Thick horizontal Pressure Vessel (cylindrical)
 Support type: Saddle Support
 Head Type: Tori spherical formed Head
 Capacity: 1.5m3
 Internal pressure= 1,700Kpa
 Outside pressure = AMB
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support

2|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.

 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project

3|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an

4|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and

5|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 V1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of

6|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main

7|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the

support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support

8|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.

 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project

9|P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an
 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
 1.4 Scope of the project
 This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal Presssure Vessel which
contains an

10 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 acidic solution. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design ;
and
 guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes
some of
 the important design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for
main
 components of pressure vessel load.also there is design of pipings and support,the
support
 design is done on the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
1.3 Scope of the project
This project focuses on design and analysis of horizontal pressure vessel which contains an
water. The ASME Code is construction code for this pressure vessel design; and guidance for
pressure vessel materials, design, welding and testing.my project takes some of the important
design considerations. There is analysis of maximum stress value for main components of
pressure vessel load. Also there is design of piping and support, the support design is done on
the basis of weight, wind and earth quake.
1.4 Applications of Horizontal Pressure vessel

Horizontal Pressure vessels are

used in a number of different
industrial and manufacturing
areas like:
Horizontal Pressure vessels are
used in a number of different
industrial and manufacturing
areas like:
Horizontal Pressure vessels are used in a number of different industrial and manufacturing
areas like:
Power generation industry for fossils.
Nuclear power.
Thermal and nuclear power plants
Process and chemical industries
Pharmaceutical industries
Manufacturing process and beverage industries.
Chemical Industry

11 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Pressure vessel used in garage

High pressure chemical reactors
High pressure mixers
Super critical extraction system
1.5 Types and components of pressure vessel based on the position
arrangement
A. Horizontal Pressure Vessel
Horizontal vessel is normally used as storage, separation tank or settling drum which used to
particulate settles to form a deposit on to the bottom of the liquid. Size of this vessel is
depending on the usage and the volume required by the industry. Large vessel can be as large
as 84 inches in diameter and length about 30 feet long. Commonly used elliptical ratio is 2:1.

B. Vertical Pressure Vessel

Vertical vessel regularly used as a surge drum or a knock out drum. As a surge drum, it acts
as an absorber that maintaining the flow rate of the liquid out of the vessel regardless of
flowrate into it. The design of this vessel is regularly using elliptical ratio of 3:1\

C. Spherical Pressure vessel

A sphere is the optimal geometry and most efficient structural shape for a pressure vessel.
This is because of this shape is easy to fabricate and transported

1.6 The main components of the pressure

The main components of the pressure vessels are:
Shell
Head
Nozzle
Support
Flange
Manhole

Figure 1.2: components of pressure vessel

12 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.6.1 Shell

figure2.1: components of
pressure vessel
2.4.1 Shell
The shell is the primary
component that contains the
pressure. Pressure
vessel shells are welded together
to form a structure that has a
common
rotational axis. Most pressure
vessel shells are either
cylindrical, hemi
spherical or conical in shape
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis.
Most pressure vessel shells are either cylindrical, hemispherical or conical in shape.

13 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Figure 1.3: Vessel shell

1.6.2 Head
Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, Teri-spherical,
conical, tore conical and flat are commonly type of heads. All pressure vessel shell must be
closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel are closed by head various shapes.

All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads.

Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and
allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than are heads with a flat
shape.

1.6.2.1 Tori-Spherical Head

It is also most widely used heads. It also has more radial section for pressure distribution so it
also withstand maximum pressure but lower than ellipsoidal Heads. So that it is less
economical than ellipsoidal heads but it also widely use due to lower time required for
forming than the ellipsoidal heads.
So that for same design condition, Tori-spherical Heads Thickness is nearly 1.77 times the
Shell Thickness for same Design Pressure and Temperature.

Figure 1.4 Tori-spherical head

1.6.3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell and/or heads of a pressure
vessel.
Nozzles may be used for the following applications:
Attaching piping systems that are used for flow into or out of the vessel.
Attaching instrument connections, such as level gauges, thermos wells, or pressure
gauges.
Providing access to the vessel interior at many ways.
Providing for direct attachment of other equipment items, such as a heat exchanger.

Figure 1.5: Nozzle

14 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.6.4 Support
Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake, and wind loads. There are
different types of supports which are used depending upon the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.
Types of Support are:
Saddle Support
Lug Support
Skirt Support

Leg Support
For our design we use saddle support.

1.6.4.1. Saddle Support

Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support. It spreads over a
large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at support point. One
saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained longitudinal thermal
expansion of the drum.

Figure 1.6: saddle support

1.6.4.2. Lug support:-
This is a common means of support for vertical vessels that are mounted on beams. If the
vessel is made of carbon steel, the lugs may be directly welded to the vessel.

1.6.4.3. Support skirts:-

Most vertical vessels are supported by skirts. These supports transfer the loads from the
vessel by shear action. They also transfer the loads to the foundation through anchor bolts and
bearing plates.

1.6.4.4. Bracket support

-Brackets, or lugs, can be used to support vertical vessels. The bracket may rest on the
building structural steel work, or the vessel may be supported on legs;
The main load carried by the brackets will be the weight of the vessel and contents; in
addition the bracket must be designed to resist the load due to any bending moment due to
wind, or other loads. If the bending moment is likely to be significant skirt supports should be

15 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

considered in preference to bracket supports.

1.6.5 FLANGE
A flange is an external or internal rib, or tip which is used for strength, or for a glade or for
attachment to another object. Types of flange, and selection several different types of flange
are used for various applications. The principal types used in the process industries are:

Figure 1.7: flange

1. Welding-neck flanges.
2. Slip-on flanges hub and plate types.
3. Lap-joint flanges. 4. Screwed flanges.
5. Blank, or blind, flanges
6. A bolt and nut

1.6.5.1. Welding-neck flanges

Have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual transition
of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases
the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme service
conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration
loads. They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and
process equipment.

Figure 1.8 Welding-neck flanges

16 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.6.5.2. Slip-on flanges:

Slip over the pipe or nozzle and are welded externally and usually also internally. The end of
the pipe is set back from 0 to 2.0 mm. The strength of a slipon flange is from one-third to
two-thirds that of the corresponding standard welding-neck flange. Slip-on flanges are
cheaper than welding-neck flanges and are easier to align, but have poor resistance to shock
and vibration loads. Slip-on flanges are generally used for pipe work. For light duties slip-on
flanges can be cut from plate.

Figure 1.9: slip-on flange

1.6.5.3. Lap-joint flanges:

Are used for piped work. They are economical when used with expensive alloy pipe, such as
stainless steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive carbon steel. Usually a short
lapped nozzle is welded to the pipe, but with some schedules of pipe the lap can be formed on
the pipe itself, and this will give a cheap method of pipe assembly. Lap-joint flanges are
sometimes known as “Van-stone flanges”.

Figure 1.10: lap-joint flanges

1.6.5.4 Screwed flanges:

are used to connect screwed fittings to flanges. They are also sometimes used for alloy pipe
which is difficult to weld satisfactorily.

17 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Figure 1.11: screwed flanges

1.6.5.5 Blind flanges (blank flanges):

Are flat plates, used to blank off flange connections, and as covers for manholes and
inspection ports.

Figure 1.12: blind flanges

1.6.5.6 A bolt and nut:

In combination is a fastening device used to hold two parts together. The body of the bolt,
called shank is cylindrical in form, the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is formed by
forging. Screw threads are cut on the other end of the shank. Nuts in general are square or
hexagonal in shape. The nuts with internal threads engage with the corresponding size of the
external threads of the bolt.

Figure 1.13 bolt and nut

1.6.6 MANHOLE
Identical to a nozzle except it does not bolt to piping and it has a cover plate (or blind
flange), which is bolted to the flange. When unbolted it allows access to the inside of the
vessel.

1.7 METHEDOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

In general, in order to design horizontal pressure vessel, the selection of Code is important as
a reference guide to achieve the safety pressure vessel. Hence horizontal pressure vessels
designed in accordance with the ASME Code, Section viii (division 2), rules and do not

18 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

require a detailed evaluation of all stresses. While the Code gives formulae for thickness and
stress of basic components, it is up to the designer to select appropriate analytical procedures
for determining stress due to other loadings. It is recognized that high localized and
secondary bending stresses may exist but are allowed for a higher safety factor and design
rules however, that all the forces applied to a vessel or its structural attachments must be
considered. The designer must also select the most probable combination of simultaneous
loads for an economical and safe design.

1.7.1Code Selection
There are many engineering standards which give information on the design, and fittings of
an air receiver. The ASME is normally followed in Malaysia, but other national or
international standards may also be used. For this design, ASME viii (division 2)
"Construction of Pressure Vessel Codes" are selected according to above statement. It is
emphasized that any standard selected for Manufacture of the air receiver must be followed
and complied with in entirety and the design must not be based on provisions from different
standards.
1. Data collection
2. Component and construction
3. Material selection
4. Design consideration
5. Design analysis

1.7.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

No two materials have the same properties and the choice is usually decided by the best
possible combination of material properties and Economical factors which necessitates an
optimum solution. Material selection task requires a through and scientific approach and the
following major aspects need to be satisfied:

a) Functional properties: The correct combination of mechanical, physical and chemical

properties to meet the function and operating conditions of the component.

b) Manufacturing properties: Processing or fabrication properties of the material for the

conversion processes needed to convert the material into required shape, such as ease of
casting, forming, joining, and machining.

c) Economics: Cost of the material as well as cost of processing the material into required
shape. As part of overall economics, both availability and recycling aspect should also be
taken into account.

For this project, I have selected stainless steel material that has low carbon content. Type 304
stainless steel is an austenitic alloy containing 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Stainless steel
has been selected for reasons of:
 It has Excellent corrosion resistance
 Ease of fabrication and the most versatile
 Good strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures
 Excellent formability, poor conductor of electricity and wear resist.
 Weld ability and forming properties of type 304 are excellent whilst mach
inability is reasonable.

19 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 They are nonmagnetic and possess greatest resistance to corrosion and good
mechanical properties at elevated temperature. The alloy also benefits from
very good draw ability.
The important properties, which determine the utility of the materials, are: physical, chemical
and mechanical properties. The main factors that influence material selections are: -
 Strength
 Corrosion resistance
 Resistance to hydrogen attack
 Fracture
 Cost

Mechanical Properties of Metals: -The mechanical properties of the metals are those which
are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load.
Mechanical properties
Strength stiffness
Fatigue hardness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Brittleness
Machinability
Toughness
Chemical properties
 Oxidation stability
 Corrosion resistance
 Degradation
 Toxicity
 Flammability
Physical properties
 Density
 Specific heat
 Thermal expansion
 Conductivity
 Melting point
 Electric properties
 Magnetic properties
Material Types
 Ductile
 Brittle
 Plastics
 Composites
 Ferrous
 Non-ferrous
 Alloys
Manufacturing process
 Cast sanding
 Shell molding
 Hot working
 Cold working
 Machining

20 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

 Joining
 Powder metal gory
Heat treatment
Annealing
Tempering
Quenching

According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used
for the selection of materials A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Resistance to hydraulic attack
D) Fracture toughness
E) Fabricability

A. Strength-It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied force without
breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by apart to an externally applied force is
called stress.
B. Stiffness-It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of
elasticity is the measure of stiffness.
C. Elasticity-It is the property of a material to regains its original shape after deformation
when the external forces are removed.
D. Plasticity-it is the property of a material which retains the deformation produced under
load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images
on coin and in ornamental work.
E. Ductility-It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire the application
of tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually
measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area.
F. Brittleness-It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of
breaking of a material with little permanent distortion.
G. Malleability-It is a special case of ductility which permits material to be rolled or
hammered into thin sheets.
CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION
When we conclude we select, material of construction stainless steel, un-stabilized, it has
good yield strength ,tensile strength, good fracture toughness ,good resistance of
temperature ,&has good resistance to corrosion & it can be fabricated in different method
except casting-because difficult & special technique needed.

Table 1.1 Property of stainless steel

Material Tensile strength Modules of Hardness brinell Specific gravity
elasticity

Stainless steel 515MPa 190 166 8.0

21 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Table 1.2 General formula of pressure vessel design

1.8) Design analysis

Table 1.3 Material selection

4 3 2
L= 4D
V = π r + π r L , K=4 where
3 D
r=
2

22 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

L L
=K , =4
D D

4 D 3 D 2 4 D 3 4 πD 3
V = π( ) +π( ) 4 D → V= π( ) +
3 2 2 3 2 4
3
4π D 3
V= +π D
24
3
πD 3
V= + πD
6

V =πD 3 ( 16 +1)=πD ( 76 ¿ →V=1.667π D

3 3

Where V=1.5m3

1.5m3=1.1667 π D 3

1.5 m3 1.5 m3
So D 3= = = 2.860×10−1 = 0.286
1.1667 π 5.2370
L = Dk D=0.659m
D = √3 0.286 = 0.659m =0.659m(4) L=2.64
L =2.64m r i =0.329
K= Therefore
D

Based on standard of ASME

0.855r c
t s= Where r c =0.8 D
SE−0.1 P
r c =0.8(0.659)
r c =¿0.5272m

0.855(0.527)
ts =
( 107 Mpa ) (1 )−0.1(2 Mpa)

0.451 D o = 2t + D ¿
ts = = t 2=
106.78
0.885( 2 Mpa)(0.0659)
0.004224m D o =2(0.004224) + 0.659
( 107 Mpa ) (1 )+(0.8)(2 Mpa)
0.885 prk D o =0.008448 + 0.659
t s=¿ 0.116643
SE+ 0.8 p t 2=
108.6 D o =0.66745
r k =0.1D
t 2=0.001074m
r k =0.1(0.659)

23 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

r k =0.0659

Stress Calculation on the pressure vassel

I. Hoop(circumferential Stress)
2 2 2 2
p i r i −p o r n r i r o ( po− pi )
δH= 2 2 - 2 2 2
r o−r i r (r o−r i )

Where Po =0

p i r 2i −p o r 2n r 2i r 2o ( po− pi ) 1700(0.329)
2 2 2
(0.329) ( 0.3326) ()
δH= - = -
r 2o−r 2i r 2 (r 2o−r 2i ) (0.3326)2−(0.329)2 (0.3326)(0.3326 2−0.3292 )

184.0097 20.36
δH= −
0.002359 0.0007846

δH= 78003.26 - 25949.53

δH= 52053.73Kpa ≅ 52.05373 Mpa
II. Radial stress
2 2 2 2
p i r i −p o r o r i r o ( po− pi )
δ R= 2 2 - 2 2 2
r o−r i r (r o−r i )

Where Po =0

δ R = pi r i = 1700Kpa(0.329)
=559.3Kpa ≅ 0.5593Mpa
III. Longitudinal
2 2
p i r i −p o r o
δ L= 2 2 axial if po =0
r o−r i

2
pi r i ( 1700 kpa ) (0.329)2 184.0097
δ L= = =
2
r −r
o
2
i (0.3326)2−(0.329)2 0.002359

δ L =78003.26 ≅ 78.00326Mp

δ L <δ allow, Therefore our design is safe.

δ max , δ min=
δH δR
± √(δ H
2
+δ R ) +τ HR
Where τ HR=0
2 2

24 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

+√
δH δR (δ +δ R )2
δ max = H
2 2

52.0 .5372+78.0036 1
+ ¿ √(52.05372−78.0036)
2
δ max =
2 2

δ max =65.05+
√673.396 = 65.05+12.9749 = 78.025
2

-√
δH δR (δ +δ R )
2
δ min = H
2 2

52.0 .5372+78.0036 1
δ min =
2
- 2 √(52.05372−78.0036)2

δ min =¿65.05 - 12.9749 = 52.0747

The two theory of stress

I. Maximum shear stress theory
II. Maximum distribution theory
δ max δ min 78.025−52.075
I. τ max=
2
= 2 = 12.9749
Check
τ max <δ allow

II. 2
δ allow =−δ max δ min + δ min +δ max
2 2

δ allow = √ δ 2max−δ max δ min + δ 2min

δ allow =√ 4731.315 = 68.78 Therefore our design is safe.

Weight calculation of cylindrical shell

M s=V s ρs , Mass ofshell=ρshell × V shell

π
V shell = ( D 2out D2¿ )L
4
= 0.7854(0.4425-0.43428)2.64

V shell =0.017 m3
3
ρ shell=7500 kg / m

Therefore M s= ρshell ×V shell =7500kg/m3 ×0.017m3

25 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

M shell =127.5 kg

W s=m s × g

W s hell =127.5× 9.81=1250.8

Design of nozzle on cylindrical shell

Table 1.4 Inspection opening

Internal diameter of vessel Inspection opening required

Over 12inch ¿ 18inch 3

Two - pipe size threaded opening
2

18inch to 36inch (inclusive) Min 15inch I.D two – 2inch pipe size
threaded

Over 36inch Min 15inch I.D two – 6inch pipe size nozzel

According to the table 1.4

D ¿ =0.65 9m DN=2inch=0.0508m RN=1inch=0.254m

D outer = D¿ +2 t N

0.855 r N 0.855(0.0254) Do
tN= = = 0.000201456 ro = =
SE−0.1 P ( 108 Mpa )( 1 ) −0.1(2 Mpa ) 2
0.3297

D outer = D¿ +2 t N = 0.659+0.00029128 = 0.6594

Stress analysis in nozzle

2 2
P i r 2N r r N Pi r = 0.3326
δ HN =
r 2N o−r 2N
- 2
i

2 = 0.1329 where
i
r (r −r )
No N
2
r ¿ =0.0154

r No = 0.3297
Pi=200 0

26 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

2
Pi r ¿ 0.0010968
δ ln = = = 0.02482
2
r −r
No
2
¿
0.044184

Design of Saddle support is subjected to

 Longitudinal bending stress

 tangential shear stress
 circumfrential stress

Determine the reaction force applies to the two saddles supports

i. Weight of shell
W shell = mshell × g

V shell = AL

V shell = π ( R2o −R2i ) L

V shell =¿ 0.02324

mshell =ρ shell V shell

mshell =174.3 kg

W shell = mshell × g
W shell=1709.88

ii. Weight of head

r k =0.1 D r c =0.8 D 2 2
V H =π (Ro −Ri ) L
r k =0.1(0.659) r c =0.8(0.659)
2 2
V H =( 0.5272 −0.0659 ) πL
r k =0.0659 r c =0.5272
V H = 2.269m3
D¿=0.1318 D out =1.0544

27 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

mh=ρ V h

mh=7500kg/m3 × 2.269 m3

mh=17018.65kg

W H =mh × g

W H = 17018.65×9.81

W H =166952.9631kg/m/s 2

iii. Weight of fluid

V f =1.5 m3

M w = ρwater × V f =997 kg /m 3 ×1.5 m 3=1495.5 kg

W f =M w × g = 1495.5 × 9.81 = 14670.86

iv. Weight of nozzle

π ( DNo −D¿ ) L π ( 0.6594 2−0.6592 ) 2.64

2 2

V N= = = 0.004374m3
4 4

M N =ρ N −V N =7500 kg /m3 ×0.004374 m3 = 32.805kg

w N =M N × g = 3.2805×9.81 = 321.82

In our design there are two nozzle so the total weight of the nozzle is

W N = 2(W N )
Total

Therefore the total weight of the pressure vessel is

W Total =W Shell +W head +W fluid + W Nozzle
W Total =1709.88+166952.96+14670.86+ 321.8
W Total =183655.53 kg
Reaction of each saddle
WT
Q= = 91827.764kgm/ s2
2

28 | P a g e
 HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

REFERENCE

 Coulson And Richardson’s, Chemical Engineering, Volume 6

 Pressure Vessel Handbook, 11th Edition
 Pressure Vessel Design Manual,3rd Edition, By Dennis Moss
 Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, Robert H.Berry And Don
W.Geern
 Material Science And Engineering, 7th Edition, By William
D.Callister Jr.
 Standard Handbook Of Machine Design, By (Joseph E.Shigey,
Charles R.Mischke And Thomass H.Brown)
 Pressure Vessel Design And Practice
 Textbook Of Machen Design
 Pressure Vessel Handbook, 10th Edition

29 | P a g e