STUDY OF ECLIPSING BINARY STARS

FROM
OGLE DATABASE

Project Report submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CHRIST COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), IRINJALAKUDA

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

Submitted by

GOPIKA C T CCATMPH008

Under the supervision of

Dr. Shaju K Y
Associate Professor
Department of Physics
Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda
JULY 2021
 CHRIST COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), IRINJALAKUDA

IRINJALAKUDA NORTH, 680125

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “STUDY OF ECLIPSING BINARY

STARS FROM OGLE DATABASE” is a bonafide record of GOPIKA C T (Reg No:

CCATMPH008) under the guidance of Dr. Shaju K Y (Associate Professor Department

of Physics, Christ College Irinjalakuda) In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of Master of Science in physics during the academic year 2019-2021.

Dr. Shaju K Y

Associate Professor

Department of Physics

Christ College (Autonomous) Irinjalakuda

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project entitled “STUDY OF ECLIPSING BINARY STARS

FROM OGLE DATABASE” is an authentic work done by me under the guidance of Dr.

Shaju K Y, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Christ College (Autonomous),

Irinjalakuda and has not included in any other thesis submitted previously for the award of

any other degree.

Date: 27-08-2021 GOPIKA C T

Reg no: CCATMPH008

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On completing this project as I look back on whole experience from its

inception, I feel humble; all along I were assigned of the presence of God whom goes all

the honor and glory for the successful completion of study.

Let me express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my project guide Dr.

Shaju K Y, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Christ College (Autonomous),

Irinjalakuda for his expert guidance, scholastic suggestion constant encouragement for the

successful completion of this project. I express my sincere gratitude to all the faculty

members, office staff and research scholars, classmates for helping me in one way or the

other, during my project work.

Finally, I want to express my appreciation to my beloved parents. I really

appreciate everything that I had taken from them: the optimism, the persistence, and

carefulness, without which I would never achieve my success.

 ABSTRACT

Variable stars study is one of the significant areas in stellar

astrophysics. This project mainly focuses on the photometric light curve modeling of 20

eclipsing binaries from Large Magellanic (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) –

satellite galaxies of Milky Way galaxy and 25 eclipsing binary stars from the Galactic

Bulge of the Milky Way galaxy. Optical gravitational lensing experiment (OGLE) survey

is used as the primary source of stars data. The time-series data of each star were analyzed

and the corresponding phased light curve is plotted with the help of period04 software that

uses discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Some star parameters like Period, apparent

magnitude were extracted. Finally, the morphology of the light curve of each star is also

studied in the course of this project.

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 VARIABLE STARS ............................................................................................................. 7
1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLE STARS ................................................... 8
1.1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLE STARS STUDY ......................................... 9
1.2 ASTRONOMICAL TIME SERIES .................................................................................... 10
1.3 LIGHT CURVE .................................................................................................................. 10
1.3.1 PHASE FOLDED LIGHT CURVE ................................................................. 11
1.3.2 LIGHT CURVES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABLES ................... 11
1.4 ECLIPSING BINARIES ..................................................................................................... 13
1.4.1 PERIOD OF ECLIPSING BINARIES ............................................................. 15
1.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ECLIPSING BINARIES ........................................... 15
1.5 ASTRONOMICAL VARIABILITY SURVEYS ............................................................... 17
1.6 OGLE DATABASE ............................................................................................................ 17
1.6.1 LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD (LMC) ...................................................... 18
1.6.2 SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD (SMC) ...................................................... 18
2. THEORY .................................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 FOURIER SERIES .............................................................................................................. 19
2.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM................................................................................................... 20
2.3 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT) ................................................................... 20
3. TOOLS FOR EXTRACTING THE STAR PARAMETERS .............................................. 21
3.1 PERIOD04........................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 TIME STRING MODULE .................................................................................................. 21
3.3 FIT MODULE ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.4 FOURIER MODULE .......................................................................................................... 22
4. DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 STARS FROM LMC........................................................................................................... 23
4.2 STARS FROM SMC ........................................................................................................... 28
4.3 STARS FROM GALACTIC BULGE ................................................................................. 32
5. OBSERVATIONS ................................................................................................................... 37
5.1 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS –LMC ................................... 37
5.2 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS – SMC................................... 39
5.3 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS – GALACTIC BULGE......... 40
6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 43
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................... 44
 CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 VARIABLE STARS

Stars that have change in apparent brightness over time are called variable

stars. Theoretically saying, all stars become variables at least a few times during their

evolution. Stars exhibit variation in brightness during birth and at death time. Our parent

star, Sun exhibits minor spectroscopic and flare type variations, Sun isn’t considered as a

variable star for us. But eventually, Sun will move from the main sequence to become a

red giant star. Studying the variations on Sun-like stars will help to predict the future

evolution of our Sun from the present state.

Figure 1: Cepheid variables in the Andromeda nebula

1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLE STARS

The variation in brightness may be periodic, semi-periodic, or

aperiodic. Based on the cause of apparent brightness variable stars are classified into two,

intrinsic and extrinsic variables. In intrinsic variables, some internal thermonuclear

processes cause brightness variation. In extrinsic variables, an apparent brightness

variation is due to external processes, like an eclipse or a rotation.

Intrinsic variables can be subdivided into pulsating variables, eruptive

variables, and flare stars. Extrinsic variables can be again divided into eclipsing binary

stars and chromospherical stars. Pulsating variables are further subdivided into Cepheid’s,

RR Lyrae, RV Tauri, Delta Scuti, Mira, etc., whose light variations are periodic in nature.

The eruptive or cataclysmic variable stars are novae, supernovae, dwarf novae, etc. which

rarely occur and is also not a periodic phenomenon.

Figure 2: Classification of variable stars

• Pulsating – Brightness variations are periodic, variation arises due to the contraction

and expansion of stars. e.g.: RR Lyrae, Cepheid’s, RV Tauri, Mira etc.

• Eruptive - variability due to flares or shell ejection. Variations are not periodic. e.g.:

flare stars, T Tau variables, and protostars

• Cataclysmic – also known as explosive variables, variation due to explosions of the star

or an accretion disc. Supernovae, Nova’s, Dwarf Nova are examples of cataclysmic

variables.

• Rotating – variability due to the effect of rotation on sunspots, magnetism, or changing

shape. Pulsars, elliptical stars, and magnetic variables are rotating variables.

• Eclipsing – a pair of stars revolving about their common center of mass. Variation

arises due to eclipse .e.g.: Algol [1]

1.1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIABLE STARS STUDY

Variable stars study is one of the significant areas in stellar astrophysics. It

is the only way to measure the dimensions like masses, radii, temperatures, and

luminosities of the stars directly. Our universe is expanding, thus variable stars study is

helpful in understanding the structure of the universe. Photometry and spectroscopic

studies of variable stars expose the hidden secrets of stars and the universe. Our parental

star, sun’s evolution, and future can be predicted by studying sun-like variables.

Eventually, it will end up in predicting the future of existence of life on earth. With the

help of theoretical models like Wilson-Devinney model for eclipsing binaries, stellar

properties such as mass, radius, luminosity, temperature, internal & external structure,

chemical composition, and evolution can be derived. Variable stars study is also helpful in
determining the distance to stars. These studies can also be used to classify stars into

various categories which are useful for better understanding and knowledge about the

universe. [1]

1.2 ASTRONOMICAL TIME SERIES

Photometry, spectroscopy and spectrometry are different methods by which variable stars

observation can be made. Photometric observation of star over a period of time produces a

sequence of data which is known as astronomical time series. Time series data consist of

three columns namely, magnitude, time and error. Analyzation and studies conducted on

astronomical time series, the period, amplitude and various physical parameters of variable

stars can be estimated.

1.3 LIGHT CURVE

A light curve is a graph drawn with time along x-axis and the light intensity of a

celestial object or region along y-axis. The light from stars usually belongs to a particular

frequency range. In the case of variable stars, light curves are periodic. Significant

information about the stars can be derived from light curves.

Light curves can be used to visualize and analyze the behavior of stars. Based on

the information derived from light curves like period, amplitude, phase, spectral properties

stars can be categorized into various groups. Pulsating Variables like Cepheid’s show

regularity in light curves with an exact period, amplitude, and shape in each cycle. Whereas

the Mira type variables shows less regularity in light curves with large amplitudes. While
the light curves of semiregular variables are less regular still and have smaller amplitudes.

Variable stars light curves convey valuable information about the physical

processes that produce variation in brightness. In the case of eclipsing binaries the light

curve shape indicates the degree of totality, the relative sizes of the stars, and their relative

surface brightness’s. Whereas in pulsating variables light curve is an indicator of pulsation

mode. Thus, frequency or amplitude of the pulsations can be related to the luminosity of

the star. [2]

1.3.1 PHASE FOLDED LIGHT CURVE

If the changes in brightness are periodic, then all data that are time shifted according to the

condition in which the observation is made can be folded into a single period. This process

of folding entire time shifted data into a single period is known as phasing. The light curve,

thus obtained with apparent magnitude as a function of phase is called phase folded light

curve.

1.3.2 LIGHT CURVES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABLES

Figure 3 light curve of Mira variable

 Figure 4: sample light curves of field variable stars

Top and second rows: Cepheid’s; third row: eclipsing binaries, bottom row: δ Scuti

stars
 Figure 6: RR Lyrae phased light curve
Figure 5: RV Tauri phased light curve

1.4 ECLIPSING BINARIES

Most of the stars in the universe occur in pairs such stars are known as binary stars. Binary

stars usually orbit about their common center of mass called barycenter, in the same orbital

plane. In certain cases the orbital plane is oriented in such a way that one member binary

system passes in front of the other or an eclipse of two stars occurs. Which in turn results

in a periodic variation in the brightness. Such a binary system is referred to as eclipsing

binaries. Algol in the constellation of Perseus is an example of eclipsing binaries.

It is hard to visually differentiate two stars in a binary system, since they

are at a far distance from earth and close to each other. They appear to be a point object for

an observer on earth. Moreover, the wave nature of light also makes it difficult. However,

with the help of light curves, various physical quantities of stars can be determined.
 Figure 7: Algol star in the constellation of Perseus

Thousands of eclipsing binaries were already discovered. . They are extremely important due to

the fact that their orbital motions allow astronomers to measure difference in light output, spectra

and types that then allow us to determine the mass and orbital parameters of both stars. [3]

Figure 8: Eclipse of binary star

1.4.1 PERIOD OF ECLIPSING BINARIES

In the case of eclipsing binaries, there are two eclipses namely primary eclipse

and secondary eclipse. In a primary eclipse, a darker star (a lower effective temperature)

eclipses a brighter star (a higher effective temperature). Which results in a relatively large

drop in brightness. In a secondary eclipse, a darker star gets eclipsed by a brighter star.

Thus, a second dip in the light curve is obtained. The dip in light curve due to

the primary eclipse is deeper than the secondary eclipse. When a third object passes

in front of the binary system at any point of its motion, leads to more than two minima will

appear in the corresponding light curve. In eclipsing binaries period may be defined as the

interval between two successive primary or secondary eclipse. [4]

1.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ECLIPSING BINARIES

Eclipsing binaries can be classified into three on the basis of shape of light

curve namely Algol type, β Lyrae type, and W Ursae Majoris. Which is commonly referred

in short as EA, EB, and EW respectively.

1. Algol type (EA): Eclipsing binaries whose brightness remains almost constant

between primary and secondary eclipse. The period of eclipse is a small fraction of

orbital motion, thus there will be a sudden fall and rise in light curve. The beginning

and end of eclipse is precise

2. β – Lyrae type (EB): Eclipsing binaries whose varies continuously between primary
 and secondary eclipse. From the light curve, it is impossible to differentiate the exact

time of beginning and end of eclipse. They exhibit light curves with deeper primary

eclipse.

3. W Ursae Majoris type (EW): eclipsing binaries with period less than 1 day. From the
light curve, it is impossible to differentiate the exact time of start and end of eclipse.

They have light curves with almost equal depth of primary and secondary eclipse. [5]

Figure 9: light curve of EA, EB, EW type variables

1.5 ASTRONOMICAL VARIABILITY SURVEYS

Various astronomical surveys have been conducted for the study of stars and the universe.

They also generate time series of variable stars. Which can be used for studying variable

stars independently. Some of the astronomical variability surveys are listed below.

 OGLE: Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment

 ASAS: All Sky Automated Survey
 MOA: Micro lensing Observations in Astrophysics
 Kepler mission by NASA
 CRTS: Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey
 PASS: Permanent All Sky Survey
 NSVS: Northern Sky Variability Survey

1.6 OGLE DATABASE

OGLE is the acronym for Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment mission, which has
observed the southern skies continuously and measured the flux for thousands of stars.
Photometric data of millions of stars, extra solar planets, supernovae, black hole, quasars,
and thousands of micro lensing events were
collected in this survey. OGLE database contain data
of about 40 million stars, which are accessible to the
public. It contains 48 605 eclipsing binary systems,
40 204 belonging to the large magellanic cloud, and
8401 belonging to the small magellanic cloud. A 1.3
m telescope is used for collecting data, which is
Figure 10: OGLE telescope at Chile
situated at Chile’s Las Campanas Observatory. [6]
1.6.1 LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD (LMC)

Large magellanic cloud is a satellite galaxy of Milky Way galaxy located in the southern

hemisphere. It is about 160,000 light years away from us. One of the closest galaxies to

our Milky Way galaxy. It has a mass of about 10 billion solar masses and having diameter

approximately 14,000 light years. LMC contain 30 billion

stars. By OGLE mission, 40204 binary systems were

discovered. LMC’s Tarantula Nebula, also known as 30

Doradus, which is the largest star-forming region in our

Local Group of galaxies.

Figure 11: Large magellanic cloud

1.6.2 SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD (SMC)

Small magellanic cloud is a dwarf galaxy of about 200,000 light-years away from earth.

SMC is also known as Nubecula Minor. It has a diameter

of approximately about 7,000 light-years and having a

mass of close to 7 billion solar masses. It consists of 3

billion stars. Magellanic Clouds are rich in gas, thus a

higher portion of their mass as gas. OGLE mission studied

8401 binary systems in SMC.

Figure 12: Small magellanic
cloud
 CHAPTER 2

2. THEORY

Fourier transform is basically a mathematical which decomposes a function into its

constituent frequencies, then giving it a frequency domain representation. Inverse Fourier

transform is used to regenerate the original function from its frequency domain representation.

It finds its application in field of audio and image processing, signal processing etc.

2.1 FOURIER SERIES

Let function f (t) be a period function with period T >0

i.e., f (t + T) = f (t)

Where T is the smallest value satisfying the above condition. Then its Fourier series is

𝒂𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒕 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒕
f (t) = + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏[𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ]
𝟐 𝑻 𝑻

2𝜋
Where an and bn are real numbers independent of t and ω0 = 𝑇
called the fundamental frequency.

2𝜋𝑘
The coefficients , k=1, 2, 3… are called harmonics.
𝑇

2 𝑇
a0 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

2 𝑇 2𝜋𝑛𝑡
an = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)cos( 𝑇 )𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0

2 𝑇 2𝜋𝑛𝑡
bn = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)sin( 𝑇 )𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0

𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑡
We know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑡 = and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑡 =
2 2

2𝜋𝑝𝑡
Fourier series expansion can be rewritten as f (t) = ∑∞
𝒑=∞ 𝐴𝑝 𝑒 𝑇
 𝑇 −𝑖2𝜋𝑝𝑡
1
Where Ap = = 𝑇 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒
2
−𝑇 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ; p = 0, 1, 2, 3…
2

2.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM

When time period T → ∞, the pulse will not be repeated for a finite time in such

cases Fourier transform is used. Fourier transform of function f (t) is

∞
F (ω0) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 ∞
f (t) = = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹 (𝜔0 )𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑 𝜔0

Is called the inverse Fourier transform of f (t). These are used to transform from time

domain to frequency domain and vice versa. Physically it means that it tells about the

frequency composition of the function. In real case, we may not get the function f (t) in the

continuous form but receive the information as a set of data points otherwise function as

the discrete form. It is in such case that we use the discrete Fourier transforms.

2.3 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM (DFT)

Let f (t) be specified at the points𝑡𝑖 ; i= 0, 1, 2, 3….N-1(i.e. there are N data points)
𝑇
and these are defined at the equally spaced time intervals ∆t = 𝑁 . If fk denotes the value of

f (t) at t=tk then the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and inverse discrete Fourier transform

(IDFT) are defined as:

−𝑖2𝜋𝑘𝑝
Fp = ∑𝑁−1
𝒌=𝟎 𝑓𝑘 𝑒
𝑁 ; p=0, 1, 2, 3…..N-1

𝑖2𝜋𝑘𝑝
1
fk = 𝑁 ∑𝑁−1
𝒑=𝟎 𝐹𝑝 𝑒 𝑁 ; p=0, 1, 2, 3…..N-1
 CHAPTER 3

3. TOOLS FOR EXTRACTING THE STAR

PARAMETERS

3.1 PERIOD04

Period04 is a modern time string analysis free software. Period04 is a free software and

can be compiled in Linux, Windows, and MacOSX. Period04 is basically a computer

program for statistical analysis of astronomical time series. Using period04 one can extract

individual frequencies from multiperiodic time series data. It also provide a platform for

multiple frequency fits. Period04 comprised of 3 modules namely, time string module, fit

module and Fourier module. Period04 is a Java/c++ hybrid program.

3.2 TIME STRING MODULE

Time string module is for management of time string data. User can control time string

data in this module. This module provide tools for combining data sets, splitting data into

substrings and so on. Period04 supports loading data from ASCII files. This module also

provide options for exporting data too. Time string module is also capable of generating

equal spaced artificial data.

Light curve were fitted by least square method using Fourier sum

f (t) = z + ∑𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅(Ω𝒊 𝒕 + ⏀𝒊 ))
3.3 FIT MODULE

Fit module is an interface for least square fitting of given data. Besides normal fitting

techniques, it is a platform to fit amplitude, phase variations and to take into account a

periodic time shift. Tools for calculation of uncertainties of fit parameters like Monte

Carlo simulation are also available in this module.

3.4 FOURIER MODULE

This module is dedicated entirely for Fourier Transform calculations, it will extract

frequencies from data. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm is used in period04.

Astronomical time series data are not evenly spaced, thus Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is

not used. A plot between amplitude and frequency known as periodogram can also done

here.

Period04 is entirely a project oriented software. In Period04 all data

such as time string, Fourier spectra, and frequencies can be saved into a single project file.

Since period04 is platform independent it allow user to switch between different operating

system. With the help of this software one can find apparent magnitude and period of

variable stars. [7]

 CHAPTER 4

4. DATA ANALYSIS

We collected data from OGLE database (optical gravitational lensing experiment), an

Organization that provide astronomical data free access to public. Using period04 software

plotting of periodogram, time string plot, phase diagram is drawn for various stars belongs

to LMC, SMC and Galactic Bulge. Given below are the data, periodogram plot, and time

string plot and phase diagram obtained for various stars.

4.1 STARS FROM LMC

1. OGLE-LMC-ECL-11409

2. OGLE-LMC-ECL-15327
3. OGLE-LMC-ECL-18044

4. OGLE-LMC-ECL-18699

5. OGLE-LMC-ECL-19337

6. OGLE-LMC-ECL-19995
 7. OGLE-LMC-ECL-23246

8. OGLE-LMC-ECL-23262

9. OGLE-LMC-ECL-25143

10. OGLE-LMC-ECL-25612

11. OGLE-LMC-ECL-27403
12. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34000

13. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34017

14. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34036

15. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34058

16. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34121
17. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34797

18. OGLE-LMC-ECL-36089

19. OGLE-LMC-ECL-34051

20. OGLE-LMC-ECL-21362
4.2 STARS FROM SMC

1. OGLE-SMC-ECL-1993

3. OGLE-SMC-ECL-1999

4. OGLE-SMC-ECL-2178

5. OGLE-SMC-ECL-2483

6. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3121
7. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3123

8. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3149

9. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3167

10. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3169

11. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3177
11. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3183

12. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3265

13. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3411

14. OGLE-SMC-ECL-3572

15. OGLE-SMC-ECL-4027
16. OGLE-SMC-ECL-4139

17. OGLE-SMC-ECL-4173

18. OGLE-SMC-ECL-4179

19. OGLE-SMC-ECL-4668

20. OGLE-SMC-ECL-2831`
4.3 STARS FROM GALACTIC BULGE

1. OGLE-BLG-ECL-101012

2. OGLE-BLG-ECL-120599

3. OGLE-BLG-ECL-148362

4. OGLE-BLG-ECL-212652

5. OGLE-BLG-ECL-213453
6. OGLE-BLG-ECL-218224

7. OGLE-BLG-ECL-218379

8. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220902

9. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220903

10. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220905
 11. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220909

12. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220910

13. OGLE-BLG-ECL-220912

14. OGLE-BLG-ECL-232310

15. OGLE-BLG-ECL-232312
 16. OGLE-BLG-ECL-232322

17. OGLE-BLG-ECL-232652

18. OGLE-BLG-ECL-233256

19. OGLE-BLG-ECL-280894

20. OGLE-BLG-ECL-301295
21. OGLE-BLG-ECL-332651

22. OGLE-BLG-ECL-332652

23. OGLE-BLG-ECL-332657

24. OGLE-BLG-ECL-349710

25. OGLE-BLG-ECL-403552
 CHAPTER 5

5. OBSERVATIONS

Given below is the tabular representation of the observed parameters. ie, time period and

apparent magnitude of variable stars from Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic

Cloud and Galactic Bulge. Parameters are extracted using period04 software.

5.1 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS

–LMC

Sl. Star ID Determined Period Apparent Depth Depth of Type

No. period given magnitude of secondary
(days) in the primary eclipse
catalog eclipse
ue
1 OGLE- 3.3416 3.3419 19.757 1.653 0.176 EA
LMC-ECL-
11409
2 OGLE- 3.8983 3.8981 19.9027 1.018 0.393 EA
LMC-ECL-
15327
3 OGLE- 14.18 14.15 19.008 0.114 0.092 EW
LMC-ECL-
18044
4 OGLE- 2.9135 2.9135 14.817 0.864 0.441 EB
LMC-ECL-
18699
5 OGLE- 18.723 18.705 18.936 0.181 0.151 EA
LMC-ECL-
19337
6 OGLE- 132.275 131.58 15.0224 0.098 0.074 EW
LMC-ECL- 6
19995
7 OGLE- 4.5126 4.5128 16.2154 0.081 0.025 EA
LMC-ECL-
21362
8 OGLE- 5.6676 5.6671 19.013 1.299 0.146 EA
LMC-ECL-
23246
9 OGLE- 2.4047 2.406 17.175 0.093 0.024 EA
LMC-ECL-
23262
10 OGLE- 4.5779 4.5775 16.719 0.183 0.052 EB
LMC-ECL-
25143
11 OGLE- 1.509 1.5089 17.747 0.463 0.173 EB
LMC-ECL-
25612
12 OGLE- 1.425 1.4211 16.338 0.128 0.1051 EA
LMC-ECL-
27403
13 OGLE- 2.859 2.86 19.438 0.297 0.141 EA
LMC-ECL-
34000
14 OGLE- 96.339 95.9 17.74 0.141 0.107 EW
LMC-ECL-
34017
15 OGLE- 7.668 7.67 18.37 0.508 0.314 EA
LMC-ECL-
34036
16 OGLE- 3.31707 3.317 19.384 0.270 0.126 EA
LMC-ECL-
34051
17 OGLE- 3.407 3.404 16.619 0.812 0.353 EB
LMC-ECL-
34058
18 OGLE- 1..28 1.28 17.979 0.266 0.085 EB
LMC-ECL-
34121
19 OGLE- 5.254 5.256 16.247 0.127 0.048 EA
LMC-ECL-
34797
20 OGLE- 0.496 0.499 19.3018 0.464 0.385 EW
LMC-ECL-
36089
5.2 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS
– SMC

Sl. Star ID Determined Period Apparent Depth Depth of Type

No. period given magnitude of secondary
(days) in the primary eclipse
catalo eclipse
gue
1 OGLE-SMC- 1.512 1.511 17.4565 0.080 0.046 EB
ECL-1999
2 OGLE-SMC- 3.097 3.099 18.17 0.125 0.109 EW
ECL-1993
3 OGLE-SMC- 7.433 7.431 18.88 0.461 0.275 EA
ECL-2178
4 OGLE-SMC- 2.866 2.866 18.439 0.472 0.162 EB
ECL-2483
5 OGLE-SMC- 0.8237 0.8237 17.880 0.285 0.194 EB
ECL-2831
6 OGLE-SMC- 1.2539 1.2539 19.274 1.014 0.286 EB
ECL-3121
7 OGLE-SMC- 156.739 156.86 15.25 0.378 0.15 EB
ECL-3123 7
8 OGLE-SMC- 1.2824 1.2823 17.895 0.215 0.189 EB
ECL-3149
9 OGLE-SMC- 1.62696 1.6269 18.4815 0.247 0.243 EA
ECL-3167
10 OGLE-SMC- 7.433 7.4317 18.88 0.461 0.275 EA
ECL-2178
11 OGLE-SMC- 3.122 3.120 19.987 0.832 0.368 EA
ECL-3177
12 OGLE-SMC- 11.4207 11.424 18.909 0.303 0.187 EB
ECL-3183 4
13 OGLE-SMC- 2.79 2.789 16.997 0.075 0.056 EA
ECL-3265
14 OGLE-SMC- 1.009 1.0033 17.415 0.163 0.134 EW
ECL-3411
15 OGLE-SMC- 2.527 2.528 19.2481 1.328 0.253 EA
ECL-3572
16 OGLE-SMC- 1.277 1.2702 17.77 0.224 0.197 EW
ECL-4027
17 OGLE-SMC- 1.3482 1.3482 17.353 0.182 0.166 EW
ECL-4139 1
18 OGLE-SMC- 3.2766 3.2765 17.936 0.594 0.103 EA
ECL-4173
19 OGLE-SMC- 10.639 10.638 16.922 0.218 0.216 EA
ECL-4179 8
20 OGLE-SMC- 2.424 2.4237 18.433 0.972 0.153 EB
ECL-4668

5.3 GRAPHICAL EXTRACTION OF STAR PARAMETERS

– GALACTIC BULGE

Sl. Star ID Determined Period Apparent Depth Depth of Type

No. period given magnitude of secondary
(days) in the primary eclipse
catalo eclipse
gue
1 OGLE-BLG- 0.6167 0.6167 17.764 0.404 0.235 EB
ECL-101012 5
2 OGLE-BLG- 0.5457 0.5457 19.622 0.528 0.067 EB
ECL-148362 8
3 OGLE-BLG- 0.4388 0.4388 17.87 0.293 0.282 EW
ECL-212652
4 OGLE-BLG- 0.3367 0.339 20.615 0.777 0.506 EW
ECL-213453
5 OGLE-BLG- 0.5989 0.5989 19.804 0.255 0.158 EB
ECL-218224 7
6 OGLE-BLG- 0.4248 0.4248 18.499 0.398 0.218 EB
ECL-218244 2
7 OGLE-BLG- 0.3521 0.3534 20.984 0.481 0.271 EB
ECL-218379
8 OGLE-BLG- 0.3742 0.3765 20.114 0.426 0.422 EW
ECL-218453
9 OGLE-BLG- 0.3739 0.374 19.172 0.493 0.297 EW
ECL-220902
10 OGLE-BLG- 0.5938 0.5937 18.69 0.639 0.378 EB
ECL-220903
11 OGLE-BLG- 0.49233 0.4923 18.121 0.225 0.108 EB
ECL-220905
12 OGLE-BLG- 0.6099 0.6099 16.88 0.455 0.276 EB
ECL-220909 8
13 OGLE-BLG- 0.7144 0.7144 18.085 0.416 0.270 EA
ECL-220910 2
14 OGLE-BLG- 1.41999 1.4199 17.047 0.184 0.035 EA
ECL-220912 5
15 OGLE-BLG- 0.319 0.318 18.94 0.245 0.243 EW
ECL-232310
16 OGLE-BLG- 0.5557 0.5557 17.275 0.260 0.075 EB
ECL-232312
17 OGLE-BLG- 0.49305 0.4930 18.44 0.540 0.099 EA
ECL-232322 6
18 OGLE-BLG- 0.3516 0.3509 18.738 0.384 0.282 EW
ECL-232652
19 OGLE-BLG- 0.31305 0.3154 19.905 0.673 0.638 EW
ECL-233256 2
20 OGLE-BLG- 0.4671 0.4671 17.932 0.312 0.125 EB
ECL-301295 3
21 OGLE-BLG- 0.4005 0.4005 18.98 0.600 0.540 EW
ECL-332651 1
22 OGLE-BLG- 0.39861 0.3986 18.013 0.284 0.19 EB
ECL-332652
23 OGLE-BLG- 0.45094 0.4509 19.189 0.486 0.288 EB
ECL-332657 4
24 OGLE-BLG- 4.2636 4.2636 17.187 0.042 0.010 EA
ECL-349710
25 OGLE-BLG- 0.4235 0.4235 19.344 0.521 0.511 EW
ECL-403552
 CHAPTER 6

6. CONCLUSION

Variable stars play a vital role in astronomy in the sense that they are the primary means to

determine stellar parameters like mass, radius, temperature, and distance to stars. Variable stars

study is helpful in understanding the structure of the universe. Photometry and spectroscopic

studies of variable stars expose the hidden secrets of stars and the universe. Thus the evolution and

future of the sun can be predicted by studying sun-like variables. Which eventually ends up in

predicting the existence of human beings on earth.

This project mainly emphasis the study of eclipsing binaries data collected from the OGLE

survey. In the course of the project, 20 eclipsing binaries from Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and

Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) -satellite galaxies of Milky Way galaxy and 25 eclipsing binary

stars from the Galactic Bulge of the Milky Way galaxy were studied. The time-series data of each

star were analyzed and the corresponding phased light curve is plotted with the help of period04

software that uses discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The period of each star is extracted and

compared with the published periods. Periods obtained were found to be in agreement with the

same. Parameter of star like period, apparent magnitude, and characteristics of the light curve like

depth of primary and secondary eclipse was tabulated. Based on the visual analysis of the light

curve stars are roughly classified into EA, EB, and EW.

Once the period and light curve of a variable star is obtained, it can be utilized for the

further modeling of the star. Which will derive parameters like mass, temperature, radius, and

luminosity, as well as information on the structural composition of the star.

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