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Design and Analysis of Chebyshev Low Pass Filter using Insertion Loss
Method

Conference Paper · December 2009

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Shefali Saxena Shikha Porwal

North Carolina State University Indian Institute of Management Udaipur
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 Design and Analysis of Chebyshev Low Pass Filter using
Insertion Loss Method
Shefali Saxena#1, Shikha Porwal#2, Komal Soni#3, Pradeep Chhawchharia#4
#
Electronics & Communication Department, Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies
DABOK, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313022, India,
1
shef.ur.destiny@gmail.com
2
shikha_prwl@yahoo.co.in
3
udr.komal@gmail.com
4
pradch@rediffmail.com

Abstract— This paper reports design and analysis of
Chebyshev low pass filter using insertion loss method. The
prototype filter and the lumped element filter with cutoff
frequency of 2.5 GHz and characteristic impedance of 50
Ω is designed using standard formulas. Simulation results
of lumped element filter is presented. This filter is
converted into planar filter, which simulated and analysed
using Micro-stripes software. Number of iterations of end
correction is done in order to compensate for the effect of
stray capacitance and inductance. The final structure is
then fabricated using GML100 substrate with  r =3.2 and
thickness h = 0.762 mm. Simulated and measured results
of final design are reported.
Keywords— Chebyshev, Filter, Insertion Loss, Low Pass,
Stepped Impedance,
I. INTRODUCTION
A microwave filter is a two-port network used to control the
frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by
providing transmission at frequencies within the passband of
the filter and attenuation in the stopband of the filter. Typical
frequency responses include low-pass, high-pass, bandpass,
and band-reject characteristics Applications can be found in
virtually any type of microwave communication, radar, or test
and measurement system.
The low frequency filter can be realized by Image parameter
and Insertion loss method. The Image Parameter method suffer
from many shortcomings such as there is no clear-cut way to
improve filter design whereas the Insertion Loss allows a high
degree of control over the passband and stopband amplitude
and phase characteristics, with a systematic way to synthesize a
desired response.
In this paper 5th order Chebyshev low pass filter is designed
using insertion loss method which uses network synthesis
techniques .The design is simplified by beginning with low-
pass filter prototypes that are normalized in terms of
impedance and frequency. Transformations are then applied to
convert the prototype designs to the desired frequency range
and impedance level. The insertion loss method of filter design
provides lumped element circuits. The response of lumped
element filter is implemented on PUFF software [8]. For
microwave applications such designs must be modified to use
distributed elements consisting of microstrip transmission line
sections. The pattern of distributed elements is implemented on
Micro-stripes Software [3]. The filter is fabricated and tested
on Vector network analyser.
II. FILTER DESIGN BY THE INSERTION LOSS METHOD
The insertion loss method allows a high degree of control
over the passband and stopband amplitude and phase
characteristics, with a systematic way to synthesize a desired
response. The necessary design trade-offs can be evaluated to
best meet the application requirements. And in all cases, the
insertion loss method allows filter performance to be
improved in a straightforward manner, at the expense of a
higher order filter. For the filter prototypes to be discussed
below, the order of the filter is equal to the number of reactive
elements.
A. Characterization by Power Loss Ratio
In the insertion loss method a filter response is defined by its
insertion loss, or power loss ratio, PLR[1]:
Power available from the source Pinc 1
PIL = = =
Power delivered to load Pload 1 − ( ) 2
(1)
where  is the reflection coefficient looking into the filter
(we assume no loss in the filter)
The insertion loss (IL) in dB is:
IL =10 log PLR
Design of a filter using the insertion-loss approach usually
begins by designing a normalized low-pass prototype (LPP).
 The LPP is a Chebyshev low-pass filter with source and load
resistance of 1 and cutoff frequency of 1 Radian/s with
given passband ripple. Figure 1(b) shows the characteristics
of the chebyshev filter. Impedance transformation and
frequency scaling are then applied to denormalize the LPP
and synthesize different type of filters with different cutoff
frequencies.
RS =1
A Fig. 3. Low-pass prototype using LC elements

Filter RL =1
TABLE 1
V1() V2()
H() FORMULA FOR FINDING PROTOTYPE VALUES [2]

go=1 go = generator resistance(Fig. 2)

generator conductance(Fig.3)
 2a  g1 = inductance for series inductor
g1 =  1  capacitance for shunt capacitor
  
(a)
k=1
 4(a k −1 a k )  gk = inductance for series inductor
g k =  
 capacitance for shunt capacitor
 bk −1 g k −1  k=(2…N)
. g N +1 = 1 N=even gN+1= load resistance if gN is a
shunt capacitor
 
= coth 2   N=odd load conductance if gN is
4 a series inductor

where
  
 = sinh   (2)
 2N 
 (2k − 1) 
(b)
Fig. 1. (a) A normalized LPP filter network with unity cutoff a k = sin   (3)
frequency (1Radian/s), (b) Characteristic of Chebyshev filter
 2N 
 (k )
Low-pass prototype (LPP) filters have the form shown in
bk =  2 + sin 2   (4)
figure 2 and 3 (An alternative network where the position of  N 
inductor and capacitor is interchanged is also applicable). The
  L 
network consists of reactive elements forming a ladder,
usually known as a ladder network. The order of the network
 = lncoth a  (5)
  17.37 
corresponds to the number of reactive elements. Impedance
transformation and frequency scaling are then applied to La = passband ripple
transform the network to non-unity cutoff frequency, non-
unity source/load resistance and to other types of filters such
as high-pass, band-pass or band-stop. III. IMPLEMENTING THE 5TH ORDER LOW PASS FILTER
USING INSERTION LOSS METHOD
The Chebyshev Low pass filter with cutoff frequency of 2.5
GHz, characteristic impedance of 50Ω and passband ripple of
0.01dB is designed using the procedure mentioned above.
A. Designing
1) Step 1: –The LPF filter is designed with c = 1 rad/s.
Using the above formula in Table 1, the schematic of the LPP
filter is as shown in figure 4.
Fig. 2. Low-pass prototype using LC elements
 3) Implementing in planar form
The values of high and low impedance are assumed to be
ZH = 20Ω and ZL = 100Ω. Substrate of thickness 0.762mm
and relative dielectric constant of εr =3.2 is utilized. Lumped
elements are converted in distributed element using standard
formulas [1] and [4].The width of the microstrip line for low
and high impedance is given by:
Fig. 4. The 5th order Chebyshev LPP filter
W  8e A 
2) Step 2 – Impedance and frequency scaling: = 
d  e 2 A − 2 
The filter designed in figure 4 supports load impedance of 1 for W/d < 2 (7)
and cut off frequency of 1 radian/second. This filter can be W  2     − 1   0.61  
=   B − 1 − ln (2 B − 1) +  r  ln (B − 1) + 0.39 −   
converted into a low-pass filter, which meets required cut off d     
  2 r    r  
frequency and impedance level specification using frequency
scaling and impedance transform. For a new load impedance for W/d >2 (8)
of Ro and cutoff frequency of o, the original resistance Rn ,
inductance Ln and capacitance Cn are changed by the where
followings formulas[1] :  Z    + 1    r − 1   0.11 
Rn' = R0 Rn A =  0   r +  0.23 +   (9)
(6)  60   2    r + 1    r 
R L 
L'n =  0 n  (7)  377 
 0  B=  (10)
 2Z 0  r 
 C 
Cn' =  n  (8) where d = thickness of substrate
 R00  εr = Relative dilectric constant of substrate
Using the transformation with Ro = 50 and o = The length of transmission line section for high and low
2(2.5109) on the schematic of figure 4, the new schematic impedence is given by:
of the low-pass filter shown in figure 5 is obtained.   
  
  r + 1   r − 1  1 
 re =   +  2   (11)
 2    12d 
  1+ 
  w 
  C 'Z 
 n =  c n L  where n=1,3,5 (12)
 L 
 
Fig. 5. The demoralized low-pass filter with cut off frequency of   L ' 
2.5GHz and characteristic impedance of 50. n =  c n  where n=2,4,6 (13)
 H ZH 
 
Simulated results of lumped element LPF on PUFF software is
shown in figure 6. Cutoff frequency of 2.49 GHz is achieved. where εre = Effective dielectric constant,
βH = 2π/λgH and βL = 2π/λgL,
0 = angular cutoff frequency,
Using the above formulas dimensions of the filter is calculated.
The layout of filter in planar form is shown in figure 7

TABLE 3
DIMENSION OF VARIOUS MICRO STRIP LINE
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
W/mm εre
Zo=20Ω 6.3525 3.2
Zo=50 Ω 1.836 2.8042
Fig.6. Simulation results of lumped element LPF on PUFF software Zo=100 Ω 0.4801 2.3456
 1 = 3.9596 mm,  2 = 9.3392 mm,  3 = 8.2577 mm,
 4 = 9.3392 mm,  5 = 3.9596 mm
To compensate for the stray capacitance and lead
inductance, number of iteration of end correction is done.
Capacitance is kept constant and inductance is varied
according to the formula [4] i.e. the effect of lead inductance
due to capacitance is considered.

 Z     
Lsn =  L  tan L n   (14)
  o   2 
where n =1,3,5; ωo= 2.5109

Fig. 7. Layout of planar Low pass filter
IV. ANALYSIS
The simulated result of above layout on Micro-stripes
software [3] is shown in figure 8. Cutoff frequency of 1.808
GHz, stop band of 3.202 GHz and impedance bandwidth of
2.055 GHz is observed. Deviation of 700 MHz in cutoff
frequency of distributed and lumped element is observed. This
is due to the effect of lead inductance and stray capacitance
which comes in picture in case of distributed elements.
It is observed that as the number of iterations of end
correction is done length of inductor decreases and cut-off
frequency is increases. So by optimization the cut-off
frequency of 2.5 GHz is achieved. Dimensions of optimized
low pass filter are:
 1 = 3.9596 mm,  2 = 6.5723 mm,  3 = 8.2577 mm,
 4 =6.5723 mm,  5 = 3.9596 mm

Fig. 8. Simulation results of Chebyshev LPF without end correction, Fig. 9 Simulation results of Chebyshev LPF with end correction,
(a)Plot of cutoff frequency (S21), (b) Plot of stop band, (c) plot of (a)Plot of cutoff frequency (S21), (b) Plot of stop band, (c) plot of
impedance bandwidth (S11) impedance bandwidth (S11)
 Figure 9 depicts the simulated results of low pass filter with
end correction. Cutoff frequency of 2.54 GHz, stop band of
4.056GHz and impedance bandwidth of 2.703 GHz is reported.
A deviation of 40 MHz in cutoff frequency is observed from
the required values of 2.5 GHz. The LPF with end correction
also showed an increase in stop band and Impedance
bandwidth which is desirable.
V. EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE
The Low pass filter with end correction is fabricated on
GML100 substrate having relative dielectric constant of 3.2
mm and thickness of 0.762 mm. The photograph of fabricated
structure is shown as in figure 10 and figure 11 shows the
measured response of fabricated LPF on Vector network
analyser (8 GHz).
Fig. 10. Fabricated structure
Fig.11. Measured return loss ( S11) and insertion loss ( S21) of the
fabricated filter
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The measured results of optimized low pass filter with end
correction showed a cutoff frequency of 2.68 GHz and
impedance bandwidth of 2.82 GHz. The measured results
show good similarity with the simulated results except that
there is deviation of 140 MHz in cut off frequency that could
be due to circuit fabrication errors.
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A good agreement was observed between the simulated and
measured results. The measured cutoff frequency showed a
deviation of 7.2 % compared to the simulated one.
Assembling the filter in proper test jig can reduce the
fabrication losses with improved performance.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
th
The 5 order Chebyshev Low Pass Filter has been studied
in this paper. The designing of filter is carried on using
insertion loss method. The lumped element filter is simulated
using PUFF software and results are analyzed. Lumped
elements are then converted in distributed element. Its
simulation and analysis is carried on using Micro-stripes
software. Further improvement in design is done by number of
iteration of end correction. The final structure is then
fabricated and tested.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank staff members in the
Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi for assisting in the project and for
providing laboratory facilities for fabrication of this filter.
REFERENCES
[1] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2008 Edition, John
Wiley& Sons
[2] L.Young, G. L. Matthae, E. M. T. Jones, “Microwave bandstop
filters with narrow stopbands”, IRE Trans. On Microwave
Theory and Techniques, pp. 416-427
[3] Micro-Stripes Version 7, Flomerics Group PLC
[4] Bharathi Bhat , Shiban K. Koul ”Stripline – like Transmission Lines
for Microwave Integrated Circuits”,
[5] Komal soni,Shefali Saxena”Analysis and Design of Maximally
Flat Lo Pass Filter Using Insertion Loss Method”NCACA-09
[6] Jia - Sheng Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for
RF/Microwave Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York 2001.
[7] Sha Luo1, Lei Zhu1, and Sheng Sun3”Compact Chebyshev-Function
Low-Pass Filters with Stepped-Impedance Hairpin Unit” 2008 IEEE
[8] PUFF 2.1
[9] Lin-Chuan TSAI†a), Nonmember and Kuo-Chih CHU†, Member”
Design of Low-Pass Filters Using Discrete-Time Domain Techniques”
IEICE TRANS. COMMUN., VOL.E91–B, NO.10 OCTOBER 2008
[10] K. R. Jha, M. Rai” Improvement in Design of Hi-Lo Impedance
Microstrip Low-pass Filter” ISSN 1392 – 1215 2008. No. 7(87)