Standarisasi dan Konsep Dasar Seluler

Dr. Alfin Hikmaturokhman.,S.T., M.T.

What Is Communication?
• Communication is the process of information exchange and transmission between people or
between people and nature through certain behaviors or mediums, from one point to another
point or multiple points.

Communication
• In a broad sense, the exchange of any information is communication. What are the common ways
of exchanging information in our lives?

...
Evolution of Telecommunications
• The telegraph was the first communication tool in human history to transmit information using
electricity. Telephones followed soon after.
• Before mobile phones, pagers served as transitional devices. Finally, mobile phones were developed,
enabling communication anytime and anywhere.

Telegraph Telephone Pager Mobile phone

Modern Communication Media
Wired communication Wireless communication

c=λxf

Optical fibers Network cables

 Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Low frequency resources are limited. A low frequency features small
propagation loss and long coverage distance.
• High frequency resources however are abundant. A high frequency
features large propagation loss and short coverage distance.

Electromagnetic spectrum Frequency Band Frequency Range Wave

UHF 300 ~ 3000 MHz Decimeter wave

Wave range Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma Ray
Wavelength (m)
103 10-2 10-5 10-7 10-8 10-10 10-12
SHF 3 ~ 30 GHz Centimeter wave

EHF 30 ~ 300 GHz mmWave

Applications of Radio Communications

Aviation and navigation Broadcasting station NFC Wireless television Walkie-talkie

LF (3~300 kHz) MF (300 kHz ~3 MHz) HF (3~30 MHz) VHF (30~300 MHz)

2G/3G/4G GPS 5G terminals and modules Next-generation Wi-Fi

UHF (300 MHz~3 GHz) SHF (3~30 GHz) EHF (30~300 GHz)
Mobile Communications Standards Organizations
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations for international
telecommunication standards.
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP, founded in 1998, consists of telecommunication standardization
organizations in many countries and regions.

ATIS (North America)

ITU working groups: ETSI (Europe)
ARIB (Japan)
• 3G: IMT-2000 TTC (Japan)
CCSA (China)
• 4G: IMT-Advanced
TTA (South Korea)
• 5G: IMT-2020 Standardization organization TSDSI (India)
 ITU – International Telecommunication Union

Pembagian sektor di ITU

ITU terdiri dari tiga Sektor yaitu :
1) ITU-R (Radio communication)
2) ITU-T (Telecommunication Standardization)
3) ITU-D (Development)
Komunikasi Radio : Radio communication (ITU-R)
Didirikan pada tahun 1927 sebagai Komite Konsultasi Radio Internasional
(International Radio Consultative Committee) atau CCIR (dari nama Perancisnya
Comité consultatif international pour la radio).
Sektor ini mengelola :
• sumber daya spektrum frekuensi radio (international radio-frequency spectrum)
• orbit satelit internasional (satellite orbit resources)
Pada tahun 1992, CCIR berubah menjadi ITU-R.
Standardisasi : Standardization (ITU-T)
Standardisasi adalah tujuan sejak awal mula didirikan nya organisasi ITU.
Didirikan pada tahun 1956 sebagai Komite Konsultasi Telepon dan Telegraf
Internasional atau CCITT (dari nama Perancisnya Comité consultatif international
téléphonique et télégraphique).

Sektor ini melakukan standardisasi telekomunikasi global (kecuali untuk radio).

Pada tahun 1993, CCITT berubah menjadi ITU-T.
Pekerjaan Standardisasi dilakukan oleh Study Groups (Kelompok Studi), seperti :
Study Groups 13 untuk Jaringan , Study Groups 16 untuk Multimedia.
Badan induk dari Study Groups adalah World Telecommunication Standardization
Assembly yang diadakan per empat tahunan.

Area kerja baru dapat dikembangkan di Focus Groups (Grup Fokus), seperti :
Focus Group on Machine Learning for 5G
ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health
Pengembangan (ITU-D)
Didirikan pada tahun 1992, Sektor ini membantu penyebaran akses yang adil,
berkelanjutan dan terjangkau (equitable, sustainable and affordable) ke information and
communication technologies (ICT).
Dan juga menyediakan Sekretariat untuk Broadband Commission for Sustainable
Development.

ITU Telecom
ITU Telecom adalah penyelenggara acara besar untuk komunitas ICT di tingkat dunia.

Sekretariat Jenderal tetap yang dipimpin oleh Sekretaris Jenderal, mengatur pekerjaan
sehari-hari dari perserikatan dan sektor-sektornya.
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) menyatukan tujuh organisasi pengembangan standar
telekomunikasi (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC), yang dikenal sebagai “Mitra Organisasi” dan
menyediakan lingkungan yang stabil bagi para anggotanya untuk menghasilkan Laporan dan Spesifikasi yang
mendefinisikan teknologi 3GPP.

ATIS: The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (US)

CCSA: China Communications Standards Association (China)
ETSI : European Telecommunication Standard Institute
TSDSI : Telecommunications Standards Development Society India
TTA : Telecommunications Technology Association, Korea
TTC: Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan
ARIB : Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (JAPAN)
5G Radio Frequency Band Targets in Indonesia
Super Data Layer
5G : 26*/28/39 GHz
eMBB The mmWave frequency band is needed for the 5G implementation, especially in anticipating the need
for enhanced broadband & low latency

Capacity Layer
Mobile
Broadband 1.8/2.1/2.3/2.6*/3.5/4.8 GHz *) needs to be accelerated for BSS (pay-TV) reallocation

Speed Mid band is needed especially to become an umbrella network guaranteeing mobility

Coverage Layer
Basic Connectivity 700*/800/900 MHz *) waiting for the revision of the Broadcasting Act

Low band is needed to ensure the connectivity of basic services of cellular technology and the
& MBB Penetration expansion of mobile broadband penetration especially in rural areas

2G / 3G / 4G New frequency Spectrum for 5G (IMT-2020)

450 MHz 3 GHz 6 GHz 10 GHz 30 GHz 90 GHz

Continuous coverage, high mobility and reliability Higher capacity and low latency
www.kominfo.go.id @kemkominfo
15
• frekuensi yang dimiliki Indovision dari 2.520-2.670 GHz atau selebar 150 Mhz di pita 2,5 Ghz.
5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15

5G NR Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...

LTE LTE-A

Rel-12 Rel-13 Rel-14 Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17 ...

• 5G New Radio • 5G Next Generation Core

• LTE Advanced Pro Evolution • EPC Evolution

CAICT, Together with the IMT-2020 Promotion Group, Leads 5G Tests

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Phase 1
Verification of key technologies
Phase 2 R&D and tests of 5G
IMT-2020 Verification of technical solutions products
Phase 3
R&D and tests of 5G technologies System verification

2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2018 Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4

Standards version 3GPP Release 15 3GPP Release 16

Standards formulation NSA and SA networking
Environment construction Indoor + Field, 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz
Indoor test in NSA networking
Test and verification Field test in NSA networking
Indoor test in SA networking
Field test in SA networking
Terminal test
Interoperability test
Demonstration and verification of typical 5G applications
Summary and evaluation
3GPP Frozen Versions (Releases 15 and 16) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Release 15 (eMBB)
In December 2017, the first standard for 5G NR 5G commercial use

standard that could be used commercially was

NSA SA Late drop
formulated.

3GPP Release 16 (eMBB + URLLC)

LTE air interface evolution

Release 15: basic version Release 16: evolved version

NR technical framework Network architecture NR competitiveness Industry digitalization
 New waveform  UL and DL Decoupling improvement  URLLC enhancement
 Numerology, frame structure  CU-DU Split  eMBB enhancement in sub-6 GHz  D2D
 Coding, modulation, and channel  NSA/SA  Integrated access and backhaul  NR-V2X
 Massive MIMO (IAB)  Unlicensed
Basic design of industry
applications
 URLLC
Evolution of Mobile Communications
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
 Analog communications  Digital communications 5G
 WCDMA\CDMA2000\TD-SCDMA
 LTE Advance 

 AMPS, TACS  GSM, CDMA ~ 10 Gbps

 ~ 14.4 Mbps
 ~ 100 Mbps 

 ~ 270 kbps  1 ms
 1 million devices/km2

Voice services SMS Image browsing HD video Massive applications

 Yang Mendasari Perkembangan Seluler

Keterbatasan spektrum frekuensi

Efisiensi penggunaan spektrum frekuensi
Sistem Konvensional Sistem Seluler

• Cakupan sebuah sel sangat luas

• Cakupan sebuah sel kecil
• Daya pancar Base Station besar
• Daya pancar Base Station kecil
• Antena Base Station ditempatkan cukup tinggi.
• Terjadi pengulangan frekuensi
• Satu frekuensi digunakan oleh satu sel
• Pemecahan sel
• Hand-off dan pengontrolan terpusat
Representasi Cakupan Sel
Real Coverage
 Definisi Seluler

• Sistem komunikasi yang digunakan untuk memberikan layanan jasa

telekomunikasi bagi pelanggan bergerak.
• Disebut sistem seluler karena daerah layanannya dibagi-bagi menjadi daerah
yang kecil-kecil yang disebut CELL.
• SIFAT: Pelanggan mampu bergerak secara bebas didalam area layanan sambil
berkomunikasi tanpa terjadi pemutusan hubungan.
 CELL

Definisi: Area cakupan (coverage area) dari radio Base Station

Ukuran:Makrocell (>5 Km), Microcell (3-5 Km), Picocell (<1 Km)
Konsep Sel:
Macam-macam Konfigurasi Sel
1) Omnidirectional

 Pada kondisi awal biasanya

2) Sectoring 120⁰ digunakan pola omnidirectional
 Kegunaan dari pada sectoring
a) Menambah kapasitas
b) Mengurangi intererensi

3) Sectoring 60⁰
Antena Micowave
Antena Omnidirectional
Antena

Antena
Directional
Polarisasi Antena
Pembagian Sektor
Antena Directional
2G/3G Network
MS/UE Um/Uu GBSS/UTRAN CN

BSC/RNC
Abis/Iub A/Iu-CS

BTS/NB
CS

Iur

BTS/NB

Abis/Iub

Gb/Iu-PS
BTS/NB BSC/RNC PS
2G-3G Network VS 4G LTE Network
5G Networking Architecture

eNodeB

UE 4G/5G
gNodeB

UE gNodeB 4G/5G
Network Evolution from 4G to 5G
4G/5G hybrid network 3 Transit network
gNodeB

UE eNodeB EPC
gNodeBs are introduced in the early and middle
stages of network deployment. The 5GC is introduced in the middle and late stages of
eNodeBs and gNodeBs co-exist. deployment.
eNodeBs gradually withdraw from the network.

1 Legacy network 2 Target network

UE eNodeB EPC UE gNodeB 5GC

Perubahan Arsitektur Jaringan 2G ke 4G LTE

Pada 2G dan 3G, ruang lingkup RAN adalah:

⮚ 2G GERAN = BTS + BSC
⮚ 3G UTRAN = NB + RNC

Sedangkan pada 4G dan 5G ruang lingkup RAN adalah:

⮚ 4G EUTRAN = eNB
⮚ 5G RAN = gNB

eNB dan gNB tidak memerlukan Controller terpisah karena mampu

menjalankan fungsi yang sebelumnya harus dijalankan oleh BSC dan
RNC.

Contohnya : Radio Resource Management, Mobility

Management (Handover), encryption, decryption.
Komponen Komunikasi Seluler (1/3)
Komponen Komunikasi Seluler (2/3)
Komponen Komunikasi Seluler (3/3)
Hirarki Sel (2/2)
Ukuran Sel VS Frekuensi

 Karena redaman terhadap frekuensi rendah relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan
terhadap frekuensi tinggi, maka penggunaan frekuensi yang lebih rendah memiliki
coverage area yang lebih luas.
 Frekuensi 450 MHz memberikan coverage area yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan 900
MHz, dengan demikian penggunaan frekuensi 450 MHz ideal untuk rural area.
 Penggunaan frekuensi 1800 MHz ideal untuk urban area (ukuran cell kecil dengan jumlah
pemakai yang padat).

900 MHz 1800 MHz

450 MHz
Terima Kasih