Microwave Communication Principles

23/11/5 Security Level:INTERNAL
Digital Microwave
Communication Principles
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Foreword
 This course is developed to meet the requirement of Huawei Optical Network

RTN microwave products.
 This course informs engineers of the basics on digital microwave

communications, which will pave the way for learning the RTN series
microwave products later.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 2
Learning Guide
 Microwave communication is developed on the basis of the electromagnetic field
theory.
Therefore, before learning this course, you are supposed to have mastered the
following knowledge:
 Network communications technology basics
 Electromagnetic field basic theory
Objectives
 After this course, you will be able to explain:
 Concept and characteristics of digital microwave communications
 Functions and principles of each component of digital microwave equipment
 Common networking modes and application scenarios of digital microwave
equipment
 Propagation principles of digital microwave communication and various
types of fading
 Anti-fading technologies
 Procedure and key points in designing microwave transmission link
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Transmission Methods
in Current Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication
Microwave TE Optical fiber communication
Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX Microwave MUX/DEMUX
communication
Satellite communication
Definition of Microwave
 Microwave
 Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the
microwave frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. But In microwave
communication, the frequency range is generally from 3 GHz to 30 GHz.
 According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave can
be considered as plane wave.
 The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and magnetic
field components are vertical to the propagation direction. Therefore, it is
called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for short.
Development of Microwave Communication
Transmission
capacity SDH digital microwave
155M bit/s/ch)
communication
system
34/140M PDH digital microwave

communication system
2/4/6/8M Small and medium

capacity digital microwave
communication system Late 1990s to now
480 voice
channels Analog microwave
communication system
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
 Digital microwave communication is a way of transmitting digital information in
atmosphere through microwave or radio frequency (RF).
 Microwave communication refers to the communication that use microwave as carrier .
 Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that adopts the digital
modulation.
 The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate
frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.
 The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency, but only phase shift
keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.
 The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave communication theory is
developed.
Microwave Frequency Band
Selection and RF Channel Configuration (1)
 Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:
 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)
1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

Regional network
3.3 GHz Long haul trunk 11 GHz

network
Regional network, local network, and
2/8/34
Mbit/s boundary network
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50
 In each frequency band, subband frequency ranges, transmitting/receiving spacing (T/R
spacing), and channel spacing are defined.
Frequency range
f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band
T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing
Channel Adjacent channel Channel

spacing T/R spacing spacing
f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’
Frequency range (7425M–7725M)
f0 (7575M)
T/R spacing: 154M
28M
f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’
7G Frequency F0 (MHz) T/R Spacing Channel Spacing Primary and Non-

Range (MHz) (MHz) primary Stations
Fn=f0-161+28n,
7425–7725 7575 154 28 Fn’=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 1–5)
7575 161 7
7110–7750 7275 196 28
7597 196 28
7250–7550 7400 161 3.5
… … … … …
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
 Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The baseband signal cannot be
directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier signal
for microwave transmission.
Baseband signal rate
Channel bandwidth
Modulation
Digital baseband signal IF signal
Service signal
transmitted
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)
 The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a digital
frequency band signal.
A*COS(Wc*t+φ) PSK and QAM are

most frequently used
in digital
microwave.
Amplitude Frequency Phase
 ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier amplitude
(A). Wc and φ remain unchanged.
 FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier frequency
(Wc). A and φ remain unchanged.
 PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase (φ). Wc
and A remain unchanged.
 QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier phase (φ) and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
Microwave Equipment Category
System Digital microwave Analog microwave
MUX/
DEMUX Mode PDH SDH
Small and medium capacity Large capacity

Capacity (2–16E1, 34M) (STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1)
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio
Trunk Microwave Equipment
BRU: Branch RF Unit
• High cost, large

transmission capacity, MSTU: Main Signal
more stable performance, Transmission Unit
applicable to long haul (transceiver, modem, SDH
and trunk transmission P electrical interface, hitless
switching)
• RF, IF, signal processing, M1
and MUX/DEMUX units SCSU: Supervision,
M2 Control and Switching Unit
are all indoor. Only the
…
antenna system is outdoor.
BBIU: Baseband Interface
Unit (option) (STM-1
optical interface, C4 PDH
interface)
SDH microwave equipment
All Outdoor Microwave Equipment
• All the units are RF processing unit

outdoor.
IF cable
• Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
• The equipment room
can be saved.
Service and power cable
All outdoor microwave equipment
Split-Mount Microwave Equipment (1)
 The RF unit is an outdoor unit (ODU).
Antenna
The IF, signal processing, and
MUX/DEMUX units are integrated in the
indoor unit (IDU). The ODU and IDU are IF cable
connected through an IF cable.
ODU
 The ODU can either be directly mounted (Outdoor Unit)
onto the antenna or connected to the
antenna through a short soft waveguide.
IDU
 Although the capacity is smaller than the (Indoor Unit)
trunk, due to the easy installation and
maintenance, fast network construction,
it’s the most widely used microwave
equipment. Split-mount microwave
equipment
Split-Mount Microwave Equipment (2)
 Unit Functions
 Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal gain.
 ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF signals.
 IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal, management signal and power supply of ODU.
 IDU: Performs access, dispatch, multiplex/demultiplex, and modulation/demodulation for
services.
Split-Mount Microwave Equipment
– Installation
Separate Mount Direct Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna (separate
mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
ODU IF cable IF cable
中频口
IDU IF port
IDU IF port
Microwave Antenna (1)
Parabolic antenna Cassegrainian antenna

 Antennas are used to send and receive microwave signals.
Parabolic antennas and cassegrainian antennas are two common types of microwave antennas.
Microwave antenna diameters includes: 0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m, 3.2metc.
Microwave Antenna (2)
 Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one antenna.
Channel Channel
1 1
T
x 1 1
Rx
n n
T
x n n
Rx
Antenna Adjustment (1)
Side lobe
Side view
Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe
Side lobe
Top view
Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe
Antenna
AntennaAdjustment
Adjustment(2)
(2)
 During antenna adjustment, change the direction vertically or
horizontally. Meanwhile, use a multimeter to test the RSSI at the
receiving end. Usually, the voltage wave will be displayed as
shown in the lower right corner. The peak point of the voltage
wave indicates the main lobe position in the vertical or horizontal
direction. Large-scope adjustment is unnecessary. Perform fine
adjustment on the antenna to the peak voltage point.
 When antennas are poorly aligned, a small voltage may be

AGC
detected in one direction. In this case, perform coarse adjustment Voltage detection
on the antennas at both ends, so that the antennas are roughly point
aligned. VAGC
 The antennas at both ends that are well aligned face a little bit Angle
upward. Though 1–2 dB is lost, reflection interference will be Side lobe position
avoided. Main lobe position
Antenna
AntennaAdjustment
Adjustment(3)
(3)
 During antenna adjustment, the two wrong
adjustment cases are show here. One antenna
is aligned to another antenna through the side
lobe. As a result, the RSSI cannot meet the
requirements.
Wrong Wrong Correct
Common Networking Modes of
Digital Microwave
Ring network Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Types of Digital Microwave Stations
• Digital microwave stations are classified into Pivotal stations, add/drop relay stations, relay
stations and terminal stations.
Relay Add/Drop
station relay station
Terminal station
Pivotal station Terminal

station
Terminal
station
Types of Relay Stations
• Back-to-back antenna
Passive
• Plane reflector
Relay station
• Regenerative repeater
Active • IF repeater
• RF repeater
Active Relay Station
 Radio Frequency relay station
 An active, bi-directional radio repeater system without frequency shift. The RF relay
station directly amplifies the signal over radio frequency.
 Regenerator relay station

 A high-frequency repeater of high performance. The regenerator relay station is used
to extend the transmission distance of microwave communication systems, or to deflect
the transmission direction of the signal to avoid obstructions and ensure the signal
quality is not degraded. After complete regeneration and amplification, the received
signal is forwarded.
Passive Relay Station
 Parabolic reflector passive relay station

 The parabolic reflector passive relay station is composed of two parabolic
antennas connected by a soft waveguide back to back.
 The two-parabolic passive relay station often uses large-diameter antennas.
Meters are necessary to adjust antennas, which is time consuming.
 The near end is less than 5 km away.
Passive Relay Station (Photos)
Passive relay station Passive relay station

(plane reflector) (parabolic reflectors)
Application of Digital Microwave
Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access the
services from the last 1
km)
Special transmission
BTS backhaul conditions (rivers, lakes,
transmission islands, etc.)
Microwave
application
Emergency
communications
Redundancy backup of (conventions, activities,
important links danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
VIP customer access
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Microwave Communication Principles

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23/11/5 Security Level:INTERNAL

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 This course is developed to meet the requirement of Huawei Optical Network

 This course informs engineers of the basics on digital microwave

1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview

2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application

4. Designing Microwave Transmission Links

Microwave TE Optical fiber communication

34/140M PDH digital microwave

2/4/6/8M Small and medium

1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

3.3 GHz Long haul trunk 11 GHz

Channel Adjacent channel Channel

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

f1=7442 f2=7470 f5 f1’=7596 f2’ f5’

7G Frequency F0 (MHz) T/R Spacing Channel Spacing Primary and Non-

Baseband signal rate

Digital baseband signal IF signal

A*COS(Wc*t+φ) PSK and QAM are

System Digital microwave Analog microwave

Small and medium capacity Large capacity

All outdoor radio

BRU: Branch RF Unit

• High cost, large

SDH microwave equipment

• All the units are RF processing unit

All outdoor microwave equipment

 ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF signals.

 IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal, management signal and power supply of ODU.

 IDU: Performs access, dispatch, multiplex/demultiplex, and modulation/demodulation for

ODU IF cable IF cable

Parabolic antenna Cassegrainian antenna

Half-power angle Main lobe Tail lobe

 When antennas are poorly aligned, a small voltage may be

adjustment cases are show here. One antenna

is aligned to another antenna through the side

lobe. As a result, the RSSI cannot meet the

Wrong Wrong Correct

Ring network Chain network

Pivotal station Terminal

 Regenerator relay station

 Parabolic reflector passive relay station

Passive relay station Passive relay station

VIP customer access

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ACOS(Wct+φ) PSK and QAM are