WMC Final 2021

Dr. Shree Prasad M.
,
Dept. of EEE,
BITS Pilani Bangalore Center
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Wireless and Mobile Communication

SS ZG520 / MEL ZG520/ES G520/CSI ZG520
CS1 : Introduction.
Wireless Systems
Figure 1: Applications in Different Frequency bands.
Examples: Mobile Telephony, WLAN, Bluetooth, visible light

communication, Pagers, and many more.
Wireless and Mobile Communication 1/3 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Introduction to Course

1. Introduction.
2. Modern Wireless Communication System.
3. Cellular Concept.
4. Mobile radio propagation.
5. Modulation techniques for mobile radio.
6. Equalization, diversity, and channel coding.
7. Multiple access techniques for wireless communication.
8. Wireless networking.

Lab Component
Programming Language:
1. MATLAB/SIMULINK.
2. Python - Numpy Package.

Concept of Bandwidth

Concept of Bandwidth
◮ Two different interpretations or views of a information

conveying signal
1. Time domain - x(t)
2. Frequency domain - X (f )
◮ x(t) infinite duration sinusoidal signal of frequency f0
◮ In frequency domain X (f ) or its
corresponding frequency content, non-zero values at −fo and
fo .
Bandwidth of Speech Signal (Baseband)
◮ Frequency content of telephone grade speech signal (in

general also called as baseband) is between 0.3 − 3.4 KHz.
◮ Bandwidth of speech signal = 3.4KHz − 0.3KHz ≈ 3.1 KHz

Channel Bandwidth
◮ Channel or transmission bandwidth should be equal to or

greater than bandwidth of baseband or speech signal, i.e.,
3.1 KHz.
◮ Channel bandwidth is greater than speech signal bandwidth
due to hardware constraints (requires design of filters with
sharp cut-off frequencies at mobile handset and base station
as well).

Channel Bandwidth Contd.
◮ Hence, the allocated entire frequency band spectrum is

dividing into number of frequency “chunks” or channels with
bandwidth 30 KHz.
◮ Observe channel bandwidth 30 KHz is greater than speech
signal bandwidth 3.1 KHz.
◮ Either the channel bandwidth is 30 KHz or equivalently
frequency distance between consecutive center frequencies is
30 KHz.
◮ Modulation - Shifts or translates speech signal to required
channel or center(or carrier) frequency.
What is Duplexing?
Or Why reverse and forward channels are required ?

◮ It is similar to two way vehicular traffic, enable simultaneous
communication.
◮ One channel (way) for speaking (or transmitting) and another
channel (way) for listening (or receiving).
◮ In frequency division duplexing (FDD), speaking and listening
is sent on two channels or at center frequencies.

Outline - CS 1
Evolution of Wireless and Mobile Communication
Cellular Concept
Capacity Analysis
Handover
Wireless and Mobile Communication 1 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Evolution and Different Generations of
“Cellular” Communication.
“Technological evolution for addressing new applications and new
use cases”

Present Cellular Communication Scenario
(a) (b)
Figure 1: Cellular Technology Penetration (a) 2019, and (b) 2025.

(Source - gsma.com)

Wireless and Mobile Communication -
Present and Future
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G 6G
FeMBB, ERLLC,
Usage Enhanced MBB,
Voice + Data Voice + Data MBB umMTC,LDHMC,
Scenarios URLCC, mMTC
ELPC
VR/AR/360 videos,
UHD Videos,
HD-Videos, V2X, Tactile/Haptic Internet,
Voice and Voice, IoT, Fully Automated Driving,
Voice Multimedia
Applications Basic Internet Mobile TV, Smart City, Industrial IoT,
Services
Browsing Mobile Internet, Factory, Internet of
Mobile Pay Home, Bio-Nano Things
Telemedicine,
Wearable Devices
Connection Interaction
Service People People People People
(People and Things) (People and World)
Peak Data
- 200 Kb/s 5 Mb/s 100 Mb/s 20 Gb/s Tb/s
Rate
Connectivity 8 User per 200 Users
- 105 Devices/km2 106 Devices/km2 107 Devices/km2
Density Time slot per 5 MHz
mm-wave
Analog OFDM THz - Communication
Technologies TDMA/CDMA WCDMA communication,
FDMA MIMO SM-MIMO
Massive MIMO

0th Generation - Mobile Telephony
Salient Features:
◮ Single high power transmitter with coverage distance 50 Km.
◮ Analog System - Frequency modulation with push-to-talk
telephones.
◮ Single user or RF bandwidth (BW) - 120 KHz for speech
signal with 3 KHz BW.
◮ Twelve channels serving only few hundred customers.
◮ Spectrally inefficient - Call blocking (Poor accessibility).

1st Generation - Cellular Deployment
Salient Features:
◮ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) - Break coverage
zones into smaller - Spectrum reuse.
◮ Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Figure 2: Frequency spectrum allocation for AMPS
◮ One way BW = 30 KHz, each duplex channel BW = 60 KHz.

◮ Spacing between forward and reverse channels = 45 MHz.

2nd Generation - Digital
Salient Features:
◮ Advanced Digital Signal Processing Techniques - Digital
Modulation, and Speech Coding techniques.
◮ Improved system capacity - More number of users per channel
(within 30 KHz BW).
◮ Different cellular standards based on:
* Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
* Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

2nd Generation - Contd.
Standards Based on TDMA:

◮ Global System Mobile (GSM)
* Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, and parts of US.
* Eight time slotted users per each 200 KHz channel.
◮ Interim Standard - 136 (IS-136)
* North American Digital Cellular (NADC) or US Digital Cellular
(USDC) - North America, South America, and Australia.
* Three time slotted users for each 30 KHz.
◮ Pacific Digital Cellular - Japanese Standard

Specifications of TDMA
based Cellular Standards
GSM, DCS-1900 NADC, IS-54/IS-136, PDC

Uplink 890-915 MHz (Europe) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
Frequencies 1850-1910 MHz (US-PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US-PCS)
869-894 MHz (US-Cellular)
Downlink 935-960 MHz (Europe)
1930-1990 MHz (US-PCS)
Frequencies 1930-1990 MHz (US-PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
Duplexing FDD FDD
Modulation GMSK π/4-DQPSK
Carrier 30 KHz (IS-136)
200 KHz
Separation (25 KHz for PDC)
Voice Channels
8 3
per Carrier

2nd Generation - Contd.
Standards Based on CDMA:

◮ IS-95 CDMA, a.k.a. cdmaone.
◮ 64 simultaneous orthogonally coded users on each 1.25 MHz
channel.
CDMA, IS-95
Uplink 824-849 MHz (US Cellular)
Frequencies 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)
Downlink 869-894 MHz (Europe)
Frequencies 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
Duplexing FDD
Modulation BPSK
Carrier
1.25 MHz
Separation
Voice Channels
64
per Carrier

2.5 Generation - Data!!
Solutions for TDMA:

◮ High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
* Circuited switched data modems (Decreased capacity).
* Data rate per user - 57.6 Kbps with four consecutive time slots.
◮ General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
* Packet Switched Network.
* Data rate per user 171.2 Kbps with eight time slots.
◮ Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
* 8 − PSK modulation format along with GMSK.
* Data rate per user 547.2 Kbps with eight time slots.
Solution for CDMA:
◮ IS-95B
* Simultaneous eight different “Walsh coded” to each user.
* Data rate - 115.2 Kbps

3rd Generation - High Speed Data !!!!
Two different camps/paths:

◮ UMTS/W-CDMA
* 100 - 350 simultaneous voice calls with 384 Kbps data rate.
* 3.5G : High speed packet access (HSPA) - Higher order
modulation techniques and MIMO.
* Data rate ∼ 30 Mbps
◮ cdma2000
* Same RF channel bandwidth as IS-95 with with 384 Kbps data
rate.
* 3.5G: Packet Access Standards - 1x EV-DO with data rate
∼ 30 Mbps

Fourth Generation
◮ Flexible bandwidth ranging from 1.4 to 20 MHz.

◮ OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink.
◮ MIMO upto 4 × 4 is supported.
◮ Peak data rate of 1 Gbps, and 500 Mbps for downlink, and
uplink respectively.
◮ TD-LTE, and FD-LTE.

Other Mobile/Wireless Systems
◮ TV remote control.
◮ Garage door opener.
◮ paging system.
◮ Cordless phone.

Fixed Wireless Broadband - “Last mile”
connectivity.
“Providing wireless telephone and broadband access to small
business enterprises and residences in countries or regions with
poor landline cable infrastructure”

Wireless Local Loop
Figure 3: Different technologies for broadband services.

WLL Contd.
Salient Features:
◮ Fixed wireless system - Broadband connection, and voice
services.
◮ Last mile connectivity - from local exchange to home or
business customers.
◮ Microwave or millimeter wave frequency band - Time invariant
channel.
◮ US - Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) for
implementing WLL.
◮ US LMDS Band - 27.5 − 28.35 GHz, 29.1 − 29.25 GHz, and
31.075 − 31.225 GHz.

WLL Contd.
Figure 4: HIPERACCESS - Broadband Radio Access Networks

(40.5 − 43.5 GHz)
◮ LMDS/HIPERACCESS - Requires LOS path and channel gain

effected by adverse weather conditions (rain, and snow).
Next (or present) Gen Wireless
Communication Systems.
‘Ubiquitous wireless connectivity”

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
◮ Industrial scientific and medical (ISM) bands.

◮ Standard - IEEE 802.11 : Wi-Fi
Standard Year Frequency [GHz] Data Rate Physical Layer

802.11b 1999 2.4 11 Mbps DSSS/CCK
OFDM/
802.11a 1999 5.0 54 Mbps
BPSK - 64 QAM
OFDM/
802.11g 2003 2.4 54 Mbps
BPSK - 64 QAM
MIMO/
WiFi 4 802.11n 2009 2.4/5.0 600 Mbps OFDM/
BPSK-64 QAM
MIMO/
WiFi 5 802.11ac 2013/15 5.0 1.73/3.46 Gbps OFDM/
BPSK-256QAM
MIMO/
WiFi 6 802.11ax 2020 2.4/5.0/6.0 9.60 Gbps OFDMA/OFDM/
BPSK-1024QAM

IEEE 802.11 Applications
Figure 5: Evolution of Wi Fi Standards

Bluetooth - Person’s personal network
Bluetooth Applications or solution areas

◮ Audio streaming.
◮ Data transfers.
◮ Location services.
◮ Device networks.
Year Version/Features
1998 Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR)
2010 Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) or V 4.0
2016 Bluetooth 5.0 (2x speed, and 4x range)
2019 Bluetooth 5.1 (Directional Finding)
2020 Bluetooth 5.2 (Isochronous channel)
LE audio, high accuracy distance,
Future
and improved data rates.

Bluetooth Contd
Parameters Bluetooth Low Energy Bluetooth Classic

2.4 GHz ISM Band 2.4 GHz ISM Band
Frequency Band
(2.402 - 2.480 GHz utilized) (2.402 - 2.480 GHz utilized)
40 Channels 79 Channels
Channels
each of 2MHz bandwidth with 1 MHz spacing
Channel Usage FHSS FHSS
Modulation GFSK GFSK, pi/4-DQPSK, 8DPSK
LE 2M PHY: 2 Mb/s
EDR PHY (8DPSK): 3 Mb/s
LE 1M PHY: 1 Mb/s
Data Rate EDR PHY (pi/4 DQPSK): 2 Mb/s
LE Coded PHY (S=2): 500 Kb/s
BR PHY (GFSK): 1 Mb/s
LE Coded PHY (S=8): 125 Kb/s
Tx power ≤ 100 mW (+20dBmW) ≤ 100 mW (+20dBmW)
LE 2M PHY: ≤-70 dBm
LE 1M PHY: ≤-70 dBm
Rx Sensitivity ≤-70 dBm
LE Coded PHY (S=2): ≤-75 dBm
LE Coded PHY (S=8): ≤-82 dBm

Present Wireless Industry

Concept of Cellular Communication.
“Divide and Conquer - Divide the service area and reuse the
spectrum to accommodate more customers (Spectral efficiency)”

Cellular Concept
Salient Features:
◮ High capacity in limited spectrum allocation.
◮ High power transmitter (Large Cells) replaced with multiple
low power transmitters (small cells).
◮ Increase base stations for additional radio capacity and

without additional spectrum allocation.
Cellular Concept Contd.

Cellular System

Frequency Reuse
Concept:
◮ Limited coverage of cells and each cell is allocated a group of
channels.
◮ Adjacent cells assigned - completely different channel groups.
◮ Same channel groups cover different cells located at
sufficiently large distance.
◮ Why hexagonal shaped cell ?
* Largest area as compared to triangle and square - Hence fewer
hexagonal cells are sufficient to represent the coverage region.
* Closely approximates circular radiation pattern.

Capacity Analysis for Cellular Systems.
“How many simultaneous active users (phone conversation)
accessing the network??”

Capacity analysis
◮ S duplex channels. N cells with k group channels (unique and

disjoint).
◮ Total number of duplex channel : S = N · k
◮ Cluster Size - N cells with complete set of available channel
Capacity - Total Number of duplex channels in system
C = MkN = MS (1)
M = Number of times N is replicated.

Capacity analysis contd.
Observations: For a fixed cell size

⇒ N ↓ leads to C ↑ but at cost of increased Interference.
⇒ Ratio between cell radius and distance between co-channel
cells increase.
⇒ Design Criteria - Cellular systems are interference limited.
⇒ Frequency reuse factor = 1/N

Locating Co-channel cells.
“Cell using channels with same center frequency or same frequency
band.”

Locating Co-channel Cells
Valid Cluster Sizes:

Number of Cells per Cluster
N = i 2 + ij + j 2 (2)
i j N
1 1 3
2 0 4
0 2 4
2 1 7
1 2 7

Handover.
“Transferring ongoing call from one cell to another when user is at
boundary of a cell - Relay race”

Handoff (Handover)
What is (Need for) Handoff?

◮ Keep the ongoing call in progress when mobile station moves
to a different cell.
What Handoff requires?
◮ Allocation of voice and control signals of new base station.
How Handoff should be?
◮ Success full (other disconnected call).
◮ Infrequent.
◮ Imperceptible to users.
Criteria for Handoff
◮ Power level at the mobile station.

Illustration of Handoff
◮ Large ∆, unnecessary handoff - burden on MSC.

◮ Small ∆,insufficient time to complete handoff before a call is
lost due to weak signal power.
Illustration of Handoff contd.
◮ Reasons for call termination - (a) Excessive delay at MSC due

to high traffic condition or (b) non-availability of free
channels.
◮ Drop in signal power level should not be momentary - Base
station monitors signal level for certain period of time.
Handoff in First Generation

◮ Signal strength measurement made by base station under the
supervision of MSC.
◮ Locator receiver - Spare receiver monitors and determine the
signal strength of mobile users in neighboring cell.

Illustration of Handoff contd.
Handoff in Second Generation - MAHO

◮ Signal strength measurement from surrounding base stations
made by mobile station is reported to serving base station.
◮ Much faster as compared to first generation.

Managing Handoff
Processing Handoff requests

1. Same as new request for new call.
2. Priority - Reserving channels - Guard Channels.
Types of Handoff
◮ Hard Handoff - Assign new channels.
◮ Soft Handoff - Radio communication task is handed over to
different base station.

References
Few figures used in presentation are taken from internet and

copyright belongs to the corresponding website or authors.

Dr. Shree Prasad M.,
Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS2 : Interference and Trunking.
Outcome of this lecture
1. Interference.
2. Trunking and Grade of Service.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Interference and System Capacity
Sources of Interference in Cellular systems
 Another mobile in same cell.
 Ongoing call in neighboring cell.
 Other base stations operating in same frequency band.
 Other non-cellular systems.
Effects of Interference
 Causes crosstalk on voice channels.
 Processing error of control channels leading to blocked
calls.
Types of system generated interference or RF noise
floor.
 Co-channel, and adjacent channel interference.
calls.
floor.
Co-channel interference.

Co-channel Interference
 Unlike thermal noise, Increasing carrier power or SNR

will not combat co-channel interference.
 Increasing carrier power will in turn increase co-channel
interference.
Combating co-channel interference.
 “Increasing spatial separation between co-channel cells
(D) relative to the coverage distance of cell (R).“
 For cells with same size and base stations with same
transmit power.
5 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Co-channel Interference Contd.
Co-channel reuse ratio
Observations
 Small Q, large capacity as N is small. But poor
transmission quality.
 Large Q, small capacity as N is large. But good

Signal-to-Interference ratio S/I
Average received power Prs (d) at a distance d from

transmitting antenna:
For base stations with equal transmit antenna

SIR Analysis
Case 1: All interfering base stations are equidistant, i.e.,

Di = D
Note: Only “first layer/tier” of co-channel cells cause

significant interference.
 “SIR ≥ 18 dB” for sufficient voice quality.
 When n= 4, cluster size N should be at-least 6.49 for
“SIR≥18 dB”.
 Equidistant is not valid, specifically for small N.
SIR Analysis contd.
Case 2: Actual (approximate) co-channel base station

distances for N = 7.

SIR Analysis contd for N = 7.
Observation for N = 7.
 Q = 4.6, and worst case is approximated as SIR = 17 dB.
 For proper performance N = 9 (> 7), but reduces system
capacity.
 Hence, co-channel interference determines link performance,
which in turn decides frequency reuse plan.
Trunking.
What is Trunking ? or how a trunked radio system works.
 Large (random) number of users sharing a relatively small
number of channels per cell (Statistical behavior).
 Each user is allocated channel on per call basis.
 Upon call termination, previously occupied channel is returned to
the pool of available channels.
Bottleneck during busy hours !!!
1. Users request for service.
2. But all channel are occupied or already allotted.
3. User is BLOCKED or denied service.
4. User request is QUEUED until a channel is made available.
5. The quality of service quantified by Grade of Service or GOS.
GOS
 Measures the ability of a user to access a trunked system during
busiest hour.
 Defined as the likelihood (probability) that a call is blocked, or
the likelihood of a call experiencing a delay greater than a certain
queuing time.
Traffic intensity offered by each user
where, Au traffic intensity each user in Erlangs, H (unit time/call)

is average duration of call, and λ (calls/unit time) is number call
requests per unit time.
GOS Contd.
 1 Erlang - (1 call/minute) (1 minute/call)
 0.5 Erlang - 1 (call/hour) (30/60)(hour/call)
Offered Traffic intensity by U users
Traffic intensity for a trunked system with C channels:
Observations:
 Maximum possible carried traffic is the total number of channels,
C [Erlangs].
 Offered traffic in not necessarily same as carried traffic.
 GOS for AMPS is 2%

Trunked Systems
Two types of trunked systems
1. Erlang B System.
2. Erlang C System.
Erlang B System - Non queue systems.

 No setup time, user is allocated a channel if available.
 Requesting user is blocked without access, if no channels are
available.
 Blocked calls cleared system
 Arrival of calls follows Poisson distribution.

Erlang B Systems.
Assumptions:
1. Infinite number of users.
2. Memoryless arrivals of request.
3. Probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially
distributed.
4. Finite number of channels is available in the trunking pool.
5. M/M/m/m queue system.

Erlang C Systems.
Provides a queue to hold calls which are blocked

 Average delay D for all calls in a queued system is given as

Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS3 : Mobile Radio Propagation – Large Scale
Path Loss
Mobile Radio Propagation Contd.
• Propagation Model : Predicts average received signal strength as

function of distance between transmitter and receiver.
• Two class of propagation models characterize :
i. Fluctuations over large Tx-Rx distance (several hundreds of meter) –
“Large scale model”.
ii. Fluctuations or rapid fluctuations over small duration or distance –
“Small scale model”.

Mobile Radio Propagation
Wireless path between transmitter and receiver
• Simple line-of-sight path.
• Obstructed by buildings, mountains, and foliage.
Different propagation mechanism

of EM wave.
A. Line of Sight (LOS).
B. Reflection.
C. Diffraction.
D. Scattering.
source –slideshare.net
Mobile Radio Propagation Contd.
Mechanisms
• Reflection.
• Diffraction
• Scattering.
Multipath Propagation Environment – “Multiple Copies”
Transmitter Receiver
Wireless Channel
Free Space Propagation Model
• Predicts received signal strength as a function of Tx-Rx distance.

• Valid only when there exists unobstructed LOS between Tx-Rx.
• Examples – Satellite, and microwave communication systems.
• “Free space power” , received by receiver antenna is given as :

Free Space Propagation Model Contd.
• Gain of the Tx/Rx antenna :
• Wavelength :
• Miscellaneous loss : Antenna, and filter losses.

Free Space Propagation Model Contd.
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP):
“Represents the maximum radiated power from a transmitter in the

direction of maximum antenna gain as compared to an isotropic radiator”

Free Space Propagation Model – Path Loss
• “Signal attenuation as a positive quantity measured in dB”
• Free space model valid only for values of “d” which are in
far-field of antenna.

Alternate Expression for Free Space Propagation
Model
• Received power level in terms of reference distance

Relating power to Electric Field .
• Power flux density (Related only with Tx antenna.) :
• Received power at distance “d”

Relating received power and voltage.

Reflection of Radio (EM) Waves.
• Impinges on objects with large dimensions when

compared to its wavelength.
• Two mediums with different electrical properties.

Reflection of Radio (EM) Waves Contd.

• Reflection coefficient when first medium is free space .

i. Parallel or vertical polarization.
ii. Perpendicular or horizontal polarization.

• Brewster Angle : Angle at which no reflection

occurs in the medium of origin, i.e.,

Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model.

Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model.

Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model Contd.
• For small θi or grazing incidence and E-field with horizontal

polarization :
• Path difference; Δ = d’’ – d’ . For

Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model Contd.
• , decays in a oscillatory fashion.

What is the effect of Diffraction

What is the effect of Diffraction Contd.

Diffraction
• Occurs when the path between Tx-Rx (or radio signal) is obstructed by
an object (larger than wavelength of radio signal) with sharp edges.
• Received signal strength decreases rapidly in the obstructed or shadow
region.
• Still Rx signal strength might be sufficient for faithful communication.

Understanding Diffraction – Concept of
wavefront

Understanding Diffraction Contd.

Wavefront can be considered as point sources for the production of secondary

wavelets, and that these wavelets combine to produce an new wavefront in the
direction of propagation.

Diffraction is caused by the propagation of secondary wavelets into a shadowed

region
Diffraction Contd. – Fresnel Zone Geometry.
• Assumptions
i.
ii.

Diffraction Contd.

Diffraction Loss

Diffraction Contd.
• Diffraction Loss
Diffraction gain due to the presence of a knife edge, as compared to

free space E-field

Diffraction Gain.

Fresnel Geometry Contd.







Scattering

Scattering Contd.
• “Roughness” of surface induce propagation effects different

from the specular reflection.
• Test criteria for surface roughness:
• Scattering loss:
• Modified reflection coefficient

Scattering Contd.
• Power re-radiated by scatter (in far-field) in the direction of

receiver.
• Bistatic radar equation
• RCS of scattering object.

Log normal shadowing

Log normal shadowing Problem
Four received power measurements were taken at distances of 100 m, 200 m, 1 km, and
3 km from a transmitter. These measured values are given in the following table. It is
assumed that the path loss for these measurements follows the model log normal
shadowing model, where d0 = 100 m: (a) find the minimum mean square error (MMSE)
estimate for the path loss exponent, n; (b) calculate the standard deviation about the
mean value;
Distance from Received power

transmitter
100 m 0 dBm
200 m -20dBm
1000 m -35dBm
3000 m -70dBm

Okumura model
• Popular model for signal prediction in urban areas.

Okumura model

Okumura model

Okumura model Problem
Find the median path loss using Okumura's model for d = 50 km, hte = 100 m, hre = 10 m in a
suburban environment. If the base station transmitter radiates an EIRP of 1 kW at a carrier
frequency of 900 MHz, find the power at the receiver (assume a unity gain receiving antenna).

Hata model
• Empirical formulation of the graphical path loss provided by

Okumura.
Medium sized city
Large sized city

Hata model
Suburban Area
Open rural areas

Given the following geometry, determine (a) the loss due to knife-edge diffraction, and (b) the
height of the obstacle required to induce 6 dB diffraction loss. Assume f = 900 MHz.

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Okumura Model
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Okumura
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Okumura Problem
10 September 2021 08:19
Find the median path loss using Okumura's model for d = 50 km, hte = 100 m, hre = 10 m in a suburban environment. If the base
station transmitter radiates an EIRP of 1 kW at a carrier frequency of 900 MHz, find the power at the receiver (assume a unity gain
receiving antenna).

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Hata Model Problem
10 September 2021 08:44

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Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS4 : Mobile Radio Propagation – Small Scale
Fading
Small Scale Fading
• What is Small Scale Fading ?

“Rapid fluctuations in signal strength for a short period of time or travel
distances such that large scale fading effects can be ignored.”
• Factors Influencing Small scale fading
1. Multipath.
2. Speed of the mobile.
3. Speed of Surrounding objects.
4. Transmission bandwidth of signal.

Multipath channel response
Wireless Channel
Receiver
Transmitter

Multipath channel response Contd.
• Constructive Interference: Amplifies received signal strength

• Destructive Interference: Attenuates received signal strength


• Narrowband Assumption

Characteristics of wireless Channel
1. RMS Delay Spread.

2. Coherence Bandwidth.
3. Coherence Time.
4. Doppler Spread.

Delay Spread
Multipath profile Power profile
1. Multipath components are spread over time.

2. RMS delay spread “characterizes the duration this time spread of
multipath components.”

Different ways of characterizing
delay spread
Multipath profile Power profile
i. Maximum delay spread .

“Not an appropriate measure when large number of multipath components are
received with “insignificant” (low power) gain.”
ii. RMS Delay Spread.
iii. Excess Delay Spread.

Average Delay

RMS Delay Spread
Maximum Excess delay

“Excess delay spread - Time delay during which multipath energy (or power) falls
below X[dB]”

Significance of Delay Spread
Interference between multiple symbols.

Coherence Bandwidth
Frequency flat fading Frequency selective fading

Doppler Spread and Time selective
channel – “Mobility”

Doppler Spread and Time selective
channel – “Mobility”

Time Varying Multipath Channel.

Time selective channel –
“Coherence Time”
“Quantifies the rate at which channels is changing”

1. Slow fading – Impulse response changes at a much slower rate
as compared to symbol duration. Channel is static.
2. Fast fading - Impulse response changes at a much faster rate
as compared to symbol duration. Channel is not static.

Small Scale Fading – Complete Picture

Small Scale Fading – Complete Picture

LoS Versus NLoS
Ricean Versus Rayleigh
Probability
Chance or
Amplitude
or Envelope
Mobile radio propagation– Complete Picture
1. Free space path loss .

2. Shadowing.
3. Small scaling fading effects.

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Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS2 : Interference and Trunking.
Outcome of this lecture
1. Interference.
2. Trunking and Grade of Service.

calls.
floor.
calls.
floor.
Co-channel interference.

Co-channel Interference
 Unlike thermal noise, Increasing carrier power or SNR

will not combat co-channel interference.
 Increasing carrier power will in turn increase co-channel
interference.
Combating co-channel interference.
 “Increasing spatial separation between co-channel cells
(D) relative to the coverage distance of cell (R).“
 For cells with same size and base stations with same
transmit power.

Co-channel Interference Contd.
Co-channel reuse ratio
Observations
 Small Q, large capacity as N is small. But poor
 Large Q, small capacity as N is large. But good

Signal-to-Interference ratio S/I
Average received power Prs (d) at a distance d from

transmitting antenna:
For base stations with equal transmit antenna

SIR Analysis
Case 1: All interfering base stations are equidistant, i.e.,

Di = D
Note: Only “first layer/tier” of co-channel cells cause

significant interference.
 “SIR ≥ 18 dB” for sufficient voice quality.
 When n= 4, cluster size N should be at-least 6.49 for
“SIR≥18 dB”.
 Equidistant is not valid, specifically for small N.
SIR Analysis contd.
Case 2: Actual (approximate) co-channel base station

distances for N = 7.

SIR Analysis contd for N = 7.
Observation for N = 7.
 Q = 4.6, and worst case is approximated as SIR = 17 dB.
 For proper performance N = 9 (> 7), but reduces system
capacity.
 Hence, co-channel interference determines link performance,
which in turn decides frequency reuse plan.
Trunking.
What is Trunking ? or how a trunked radio system works.
 Large (random) number of users sharing a relatively small
number of channels per cell (Statistical behavior).
 Each user is allocated channel on per call basis.
 Upon call termination, previously occupied channel is returned to
the pool of available channels.
Bottleneck during busy hours !!!
1. Users request for service.
2. But all channel are occupied or already allotted.
3. User is BLOCKED or denied service.
4. User request is QUEUED until a channel is made available.
5. The quality of service quantified by Grade of Service or GOS.
GOS
 Measures the ability of a user to access a trunked system during
busiest hour.
 Defined as the likelihood (probability) that a call is blocked, or
the likelihood of a call experiencing a delay greater than a certain
queuing time.
Traffic intensity offered by each user
where, Au traffic intensity each user in Erlangs, H (unit time/call)

is average duration of call, and λ (calls/unit time) is number call
requests per unit time.
GOS Contd.
 1 Erlang - (1 call/minute) (1 minute/call)
 0.5 Erlang - 1 (call/hour) (30/60)(hour/call)
Offered Traffic intensity by U users
Traffic intensity for a trunked system with C channels:
Observations:
 Maximum possible carried traffic is the total number of channels,
C [Erlangs].
 Offered traffic in not necessarily same as carried traffic.
 GOS for AMPS is 2%

Trunked Systems
Two types of trunked systems
1. Erlang B System.
2. Erlang C System.
Erlang B System - Non queue systems.

 No setup time, user is allocated a channel if available.
 Requesting user is blocked without access, if no channels are
available.
 Blocked calls cleared system
 Arrival of calls follows Poisson distribution.

Erlang B Systems.
Assumptions:
1. Infinite number of users.
2. Memoryless arrivals of request.
3. Probability of a user occupying a channel is exponentially
distributed.
4. Finite number of channels is available in the trunking pool.
5. M/M/m/m queue system.

Analysis of “Ac” as function of “C”
GOS = 0.01 or 1%
1. Supported traffic or Capacity for C = 10 channels, A = 4.5 E.
Ac = 4.5E/10 = 0.45 or 45% single channel utilization.
2. Supported traffic or Capacity for C = 100 channels, A = 84 E.
Ac = 84E/10 = 0.84 or 84% single channel utilization.

Analysis of “Ac” as function of “GOS”
Channels = 10
1. Supported traffic or Capacity for GOS = 0.002 or 0.2%, A = 3.4 E.

Ac = 3.4E/10 = 0.34 or 34% single channel utilization.
2. Supported traffic or Capacity for GOS = 0.02 or 2%, A = 5.05 E.
Ac = 5.05E/10 = 0.505 or 50.5% single channel utilization.

Erlang C Systems.
Provides a queue to hold calls which are blocked

 Average delay D for all calls in a queued system is given as

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Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani
Work-Integrated Learning Programmes Division
Second Semester 2020-2021
Mid-Semester Test
(EC-2 Regular)
Course No. : SS ZG520

Course Title : WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Nature of Exam : Open Book
Weightage : 30% No. of Pages =2
Duration : 2 Hours No. of Questions = 5
Date of Exam : Sunday, 07/03/2021 (FN)
Note:
1. Please follow all the Instructions to Candidates given on the cover page of the answer book.
2. All parts of a question should be answered consecutively. Each answer should start from a fresh page.
3. Assumptions made if any, should be stated clearly at the beginning of your answer.
Q.1Set. (A)
a. Briefly explain the sequence of events when the call is initialed by mobile user in the
cellular system [4]
b. Explain how and why the transmitter power of new cell is adjusted as compared to the
old cell in cell splitting technique [3]
Q.1Set. (B)
(a) What is time division duplexing (TDD)? Justify why TDD has better spectral
efficiency as compared to frequency division duplexing (FDD). Is TDD suitable for
asymmetric traffic? Why initially TDD were limited only for wireless systems such
cordless telephone systems [4]
(b) Briefly explain how microcell zone design reduces the number of handoffs when
sectoring is employed. [3]
Q.2Set. (A) For a 2 Km communication link operating at 2.4 GHz compute the clearance required
for the system for minimum diffraction loss. Assume, 55% of first Fresnel should be
clear for minimum diffraction loss. Also assume the obstacle is equidistance from
transmitter and receiver. Further, determine the phase difference between LoS, and the
diffracted (or reflected) from first Fresnel zone [4]
Q.2Set. (B) For a 3 Km communication link operating at 900 MHz compute the clearance required
for the system for minimum diffraction loss. Assume, 55% of first Fresnel should be
clear for minimum diffraction loss. Also assume the obstacle is equidistance from
transmitter and receiver. Further, determine the phase difference between LoS, and the
diffracted (or reflected) from second Fresnel zone [4]
Q.3Set. (A) How does the reflection coefficient gets modified for rough reflecting surfaces?
Mention the criteria used for testing the roughness of a surface at a particular frequency
and angle of incidence [4]
Q.3Set. (B) What is cell sectoring and explain why cell sectoring decreases the trunking efficiency.
[4]
Q.4Set. (A)
(a) Find the median path loss using Okumura model for d = 50 Km, hte = 100 m, hre =
10 m, in an urban environment. If the base station transmitter radiates an EIRP of 2
kW at a center frequency of 2000 MHz, find the power receiver with unit antenna
gain. [6]
(b) Explain the dependence of wavelength in Free space path loss model. [3]
Q.4Set. (B)
(a) Find the median path loss using Okumura model for d = 100 Km, hte = 300 m, hre =
10 m, in a suburban environment. If the base station transmitter radiates an EIRP of 1
kW at a center frequency of 1000 MHz, find the power receiver with antenna gain 10
dB. [6]
(b) Explain the significance of angle between transmitter and receiver (or Fresnel
diffraction parameter) on diffraction loss. [3]
Q.5Set. (A)
(a) Briefly differentiate between frequency flat fading and time selective fading. [3]
(b) For the local spatial average of a power delay profile measured at 1800 MHz which is
shown in below figure, determine the rms delay spread, and mean excess delay of the
channel [3]
Q.5Set. (B)
(a) Differentiate between large scale fading, small scale fading and shadowing. [3]
(b) For the local spatial average of a power delay profile measured at 900 MHz which is
shown in below figure, determine the rms delay spread, and mean excess delay of the
channel [3]
**********
Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani
Work-Integrated Learning Programmes Division
Second Semester 2020-2021
Comprehensive Examination (EC-3 Regular)
Course No. : SS ZG520

Course Title : WIRELESS & MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Nature of Exam : Open Book
Weightage : 40% No. of Pages =2
Duration : 2 Hours No. of Questions = 7
Date of Exam : Sunday, 02/05/2021 (FN)
Note:
1. Please follow all the Instructions to Candidates given on the cover page of the answer book.
2. All parts of a question should be answered consecutively. Each answer should start from a fresh page.
3. Assumptions made if any, should be stated clearly at the beginning of your answer.
Q.1Set.(A) The US AMPS frequency division duplex cellular system which employs frequency
modulation with modulation index 3 is allocated a total bandwidth of 24 MHz. The
cellular system uses Erlang B system and each user generates 0.15 Erlang traffic.
i. For cluster size N=4, determine the number of channels per cell.
ii. Find the maximum number of users that can supported per cell if offered traffic is
95% of perfect scheduling. Also determined the probability of blocking.
iii. Instead of omnidirectional antenna, if each cell uses 60o sectoring, determine the total
number of users that can be supported for same probability of blocking in (ii).
(Assume the bandwidth of speech signal as 4 KHz) [8]
Q.1Set.(B) The US AMPS frequency division duplex cellular system which employs frequency
modulation with modulation index 3 is allocated a total bandwidth of 24 MHz. The
cellular system uses Erlang B system and each user generates 0.2 Erlang traffic.
i. For cluster size N=7, determine the number of channels per cell.
ii. Find the maximum number of users that can supported per cell if offered traffic is
85% of perfect scheduling. Also determined the probability of blocking.
iii. Instead of omnidirectional antenna, if each cell uses 120o sectoring, determine the
total number of users per cell that can be supported for same probability of blocking
in (ii).
(Assume the bandwidth of speech signal as 4 KHz) [8]
Q.2Set.(A) Illustrate the variation of frequency for frequency hopping/M-ary frequency shift
keying signal for the following parameters
(a) Input binary sequence = 110110.
(b) PN Sequence = 001 110 011 001 001.
(c) Number of bits per M-FSK Symbol = 2.
(d) Length of PN segment per hop = 3.
(e) Assume hopping rate equal to twice the symbol rate. [6]
Q.2Set.(B) Illustrate the variation of frequency for frequency hopping/M-ary frequency shift
keying signal for the following parameters
(a) Input binary sequence = 101100.
(b) PN Sequence = 001 110 011 001 001.
(c) Number of bits per M-FSK Symbol = 2.
(d) Length of PN segment per hop = 3.
(e) Assume hopping rate equal to twice the symbol rate. [6]
Q.3Set.(A) Given two symbols x1 = -1+j, and x2 = -1-j at the transmitter, determine the
corresponding transmitted symbols under Alamouti scheme with two transmit and one
receive antenna. Also, explain the procedure for recovering the transmitted symbols at
the receiver. [5]
Q.3Set.(B) Given two symbols x1 = -1+j, and x2 = 1+j at the transmitter, determine the
corresponding received symbols under Alamouti scheme with two transmit and one
receive antenna. Also, explain the procedure for recovering the transmitted symbols at
the receiver. [5]
Q.4Set.(A) For the bit sequence 11010001, generate the corresponding phase values for differential
phase shift keying modulation scheme. Assume the initial bit as 1. Also explain its
advantage and disadvantage as compared to normal phase shift keying. [5]
Q.4Set.(B) For the bit sequence 10001001, generate the corresponding phase values for differential
phase shift keying modulation scheme. Assume the initial bit as 1. Also explain its
advantage and disadvantage as compared to normal phase shift keying. [5]
Q.5Set.(A)
a. A binary FSK system transmits data at 4 Mbps over AWGN channel. The noise is
zero mean with power spectral density, No/2 = 2*10-20 W/Hz. The amplitude of
received signal in the absence of noise is 2 μv. Determine the average probability of
error for coherent detection of FSK.
b. Determine the phase of QPSK modulated signal for the bit stream 11000101 and also
draw the corresponding constellation diagram. [5]
Q.5Set.(B)
a. A binary FSK system transmits data at 1 Mbps over AWGN channel. The noise is
zero mean with power spectral density, No/2 = 10-20 W/Hz. The amplitude of
received signal in the absence of noise is 1 μv. Determine the average probability of
error for coherent detection of FSK
b. Determine the phase of QPSK modulated signal for the bit stream 11000010. Also
draw the corresponding constellation plot. [5]
Q.6Set.(A) Describe the significance of pulse shaping and explain the difference between Nyquist
and non-Nyquist pulse shaping techniques [5]
Q.6Set.(B) Describe bandwidth and power efficiency from the context of digital modulation
technique [5]
Q.7Set.(A)
a. Given RMS delay spread of 3μs compute the maximum data rate Rb of any binary
modulation scheme operating without equalizer. Suggest a modulation scheme if
designer wishes to increase the data rate to 2Rb for the RMS delay spread value.
b. Compare the different mobile propagation models as function transmitter and receiver
separation distance [6]
Q.7Set.(B)
a. Given RMS delay spread of 6μs compute the maximum data rate Rb of any binary
modulation scheme operating without equalizer. Suggest a modulation scheme if
designer wishes to increase the data rate to 3Rb for the same RMS delay spread value.
b. Along with block diagram Explain the multicarrier scheme that can transmit data at
high rate even under frequency selective fading. [6]
__________
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Okumura Model
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Okumura
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Okumura Problem
10 September 2021 08:19
Find the median path loss using Okumura's model for d = 50 km, hte = 100 m, hre = 10 m in a suburban environment. If the base
station transmitter radiates an EIRP of 1 kW at a carrier frequency of 900 MHz, find the power at the receiver (assume a unity gain
receiving antenna).

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Hata Model Problem
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Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS5 : Analog Modulation
Modulation from Mobile
Communication Context
Ultimate Goal : Transmitting

message signal through radio
channel
Challenges • Best Possible Quality.
• Fading and Multipath • Minimum bandwidth or radio
conditions spectrum.
Standard Amplitude Modulation
Envelope of the
carrier - Curve
traced by peaks
of the carrier
and contains
information of
message signal.

No Envelope Distortion

Standard AM Modulation – Single Tone
• No envelope distortion : μ ≤ 1
• Envelope distortion or over modulation : μ > 1


(Single Tone)



Standard AM Modulation : Features
1. Transmission Bandwidth –
2. Transmission Power -

Standard AM Modulation
: Non - Detection

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier




Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier :
Coherent Detection

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier :
Coherent Detection

Frequency Modulation
Peak Frequency Deviation

Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation – Single Tone
Modulation Index β

Narrow Band FM – Single Tone

Wide Band FM – Single Tone; Arbitrary value of β
Average Power of FM Signal

Bandwidth – Carson’s Rule

Comparing Amplitude and Frequency
Modulation
Amplifiers with Non-linear distortion .
Frequency Modulation –
Amplitude Modulation –

Modulation
1. FM signals are immune to any amplitude variations as its envelope is

constant.
2. FM Signals exhibit capture effect – Strongest among two FM signals
operating in same frequency band is demodulated, and the weaker signal
is rejected by the receiver (very much required to combat co-channel
interference).
3. FM receiver equipment more complex than AM receivers.
4. In FM, SNR at receiver input should be greater than certain threshold
for recovering a quality message signal.

Modulation
5. FM signals - trade-off bandwidth to improve signal quality or signal to
noise at the receiver.
Receiver
i. DSBSC.
ii. FM.

Shree Prasad M. (Ph. D.),
Dept. of EEE,
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CS6 : Digital Modulation
Modulation from Mobile
Communication Context

Why Digital ?
Greater Noise Immunity.

Robust to Channel Impairments.
Easier to multiplex various forms of data.
Error control coding.
Source coding.
Encryption.
Equalization.

Line Coding Schemes.
Mapping digital bits to analog waveform

Line Coding Schemes.
Mapping digital bits to analog waveform

Amplitude Shift Keying

Binary Phase Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying

Quadriphase Shift Keying
900
I
Sym Input Phase Co-ordinates Q

bol Dibit of
QPSK
Signal
1 10 /4
790 I
2 00 3 /4
3 01 5 /4
4 11 7 /4
Mlt baseband
Importance Digital Modum Discreteamp levels
1 Ask BPSK FSK j z Psk two bits Symboltime 2Tb
Band rate Rs Yt Bitrate
Qpsk É Am Quadrater Amplitudmodulation
y ayy
sinuate Q Higherorder
Modulation
z Cosafa
16QA Rms delayspread
Equalization TQAM 2tQAmT 6
SNR Should be high
Non coherent
Psk Desk X
Quadriphase Shift Keying

Differential Phase Shift Keying
{bk} - 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
{dk-1} -
{dk} 1
Tx 0 0 0 0 0
Phase

Differential Phase Shift Keying
{bk} - 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
{dk-1} - 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
{dk} 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
Tx - 0 0 0 0
Phase
on
I É
and
BW
Passband
kitten e
É ÉÉÉ's
Pulse Shaping Controlling Adjacent
Channel Interference.
Line Coding Modulation
extending into
Main lobeof adjacent
frequency
Reducetheeffectof
side lobe
FE FE BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Channel Interference Contd.
voltage
Q1
Line Coding Pulse Shaping Modulation
I Cosimetrolloff
Raised filter
x
1050MHz
Fett
100MHz 50MHz Tb
I
µ
e
hits
PS Blockdiagram
response of

Channel Interference Contd.
a roll off
factor
4ÉÉ
I
Idea
ignite
T
shaped
Pulsed
in
Time shifted
signal
sine pulsesbyTb
Exactly sample at bit boundrics

i f
Raised cosine pulse I

Gaussishaping 26
41h5
4
TEAMED
y
BER Bit error rate BER 101 106 I bit
3 is in error
10 1000 bits
I bit is in error
BER
SNR
Edt
Performance of Digital Modulation

Scheme in Multipath Channel.
BEI E at n
Rayleigh
F'channel coefficient Los
BERK psi t N
Be 8
10 71 SIR
2
10
biterrof
100 I
1 SNR I MEET
Regulations
Diversity
ÉÉÉtt
Deepfade
Resource blocks
FDMA Antenna improveber
I meMI Frequencies
Improving BER with Diversity
Wireless Channel
E
Tx Rx
SI MO
Tx Rx
Receive Antenna Diversity

Improving BER with Diversity Contd.
t
at
1 theRX

Other Types of Diversity
Frequency Diversity
Transmitting more information on more than one carrier.
Carrier frequencies are separated by more than the coherence
bandwidth.
OFDM modulation and access techniques.
Time Diversity
Transmits information at multiple time spacing.
Multiple time spacing exceeds the coherence time of the
channel.
Rake receiver for spread spectrum CDMA.
Other Techniques to Improve Received
Signal Quality and Link Performance over
small-scale Time and Distances
Equalization
Compensates for Inter symbol interference (ISI).
Modulation bandwidth exceeds the coherence bandwidth of
the radio channel.
Equalizers must be time adaptive.
Channel Coding
Detect and correct some of the errors introduced by the
channel.
Adds redundant bits in the transmitted message bits.
Multiple Access Techniques
Allows multiple mobile users to simultaneous share a finite amount of

radio spectrum.
Narrowband System
Bandwidth of single channel is less than coherence bandwidth.
Wideband System
Transmission bandwidth of single channel is very much greater than
expected coherence bandwidth.
Frequency selective fading occurs only in a small fraction of
bandwidth.
Type
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
3. Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (CDMA).
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Assigns individual channel to individual users.

Features-
1. Both MS and BS transmit continuously and simultaneously.
2. Relatively narrow bandwidth.
3. Symbol time large as compared to delay spread No equalization.
4. Nonlinear effects in FDMA.

Time Division Multiple Access
Radio spectrum is divided into time slots and in each time slot only one user is
allowed to either transmit or receive.
Features-
1. Several users share same carrier frequency.
2. Burst transmission Data transmission is not continuous Low battery
consumption.
3. Handoff is much simpler.
4. Higher transmission rates Adaptive equalization.

Time Division Multiple Access Contd.

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Transmission bandwidth is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum

required RF bandwidth.
Type-
1. Code division multiple access (CDMA).
2. Frequency hopped spread spectrum (FHSS).

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Characteristics of SSMA-
1. Means of Transmission, where the baseband signal (or data sequence) occupies
a bandwidth greater than the minimum bandwidth required to send it.
2.
independent of data sequence.
Type-
1. Code division multiple access (CDMA).
2. Frequency hopped spread spectrum (FHSS).
Code Division Multiple Access
Line Encoding ×
PN code
generator

Code Division Multiple Access - Basic
Principle

Generating PN Sequence Linear Feedback
Shift register
D D D D
Linear Feedback Shift Register

1. flipflops.
2. Logic Circuit.
3. Feedback from logic circuit to input of first flipflop.
4. Controlled by common clock.
Iteration State fi
s1 s2 s3 s4
1 (IS) 1 1 1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Iteration State ip
s1 s2 s3 s4
1 (IS) 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 1 1 1 0
3 0 0 1 1 0
4 0 0 0 1 1
5 1 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 1 1
9 1 1 0 0 0
10 0 1 1 0 1
11 1 0 1 1 0
12 0 1 0 1 1
13 1 0 1 0 1
14 1 1 0 1 1
15 1 1 1 0 1
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Types
1. Fast.
2. Slow.
Parameters
1. Number of bits per MFSK Symbol.
2. Length of PN Segment per hop.

Slow FHSS

Fast FHSS

Multicarrier Modulation
Need
1. 4G - LTE Bandwidth Bs = 20 MHz; Ts = 0.05 sec
2. RMS Delay spread is in the order of micro seconds ~ 20 sec

Multicarrier Modulation Contd.
Concept
1. subbands BN = B/N
2. Symbol duration of subbands = 1/ BN = N/B = N Ts
3. N = 1000, BN = 20 KHz, TsN = 50 sec

Multicarrier Communication Contd.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Concept

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

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A binary data is transmitted using PSK over an AWGN channel at a rate
of 2.4 Mbps. The carrier amplitude is 1mV. Determine average probability of
error, if the power spectral density of noise is N2o = 10 × 10−15 .
Solution:
Ar = Received carrier amplitude = 1mV = 10−3 V
Rb = T1b = 2.4Mbps = 2.4 × 106 bits per second. No = 20 × 10−5
Received energy per bit, Eb = 21 A2r Tb = 12 (10−3 )2 2.4×10
1
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−12
J
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Eb
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No = 2 erfc 20×10−15
From error function table, erfc(3.24) = 4.60 × 10−6 , hence
Pe = 12 4.60 × 10−6 = 2.3 × 10−6
Complementary Error Function Table

x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x)
0 1 0.01 0.988717 0.02 0.977435 0.03 0.966159 0.04 0.954889 0.05 0.943628 0.06 0.932378 0.07 0.921142
0.08 0.909922 0.09 0.898719 0.1 0.887537 0.11 0.876377 0.12 0.865242 0.13 0.854133 0.14 0.843053 0.15 0.832004
0.16 0.820988 0.17 0.810008 0.18 0.799064 0.19 0.78816 0.2 0.777297 0.21 0.766478 0.22 0.755704 0.23 0.744977
0.24 0.7343 0.25 0.723674 0.26 0.7131 0.27 0.702582 0.28 0.69212 0.29 0.681717 0.3 0.671373 0.31 0.661092
0.32 0.650874 0.33 0.640721 0.34 0.630635 0.35 0.620618 0.36 0.61067 0.37 0.600794 0.38 0.590991 0.39 0.581261
0.4 0.571608 0.41 0.562031 0.42 0.552532 0.43 0.543113 0.44 0.533775 0.45 0.524518 0.46 0.515345 0.47 0.506255
0.48 0.49725 0.49 0.488332 0.5 0.4795 0.51 0.470756 0.52 0.462101 0.53 0.453536 0.54 0.445061 0.55 0.436677
0.56 0.428384 0.57 0.420184 0.58 0.412077 0.59 0.404064 0.6 0.396144 0.61 0.388319 0.62 0.380589 0.63 0.372954
0.64 0.365414 0.65 0.357971 0.66 0.350623 0.67 0.343372 0.68 0.336218 0.69 0.32916 0.7 0.322199 0.71 0.315334
0.72 0.308567 0.73 0.301896 0.74 0.295322 0.75 0.288844 0.76 0.282463 0.77 0.276178 0.78 0.26999 0.79 0.263897
0.8 0.257899 0.81 0.251997 0.82 0.246189 0.83 0.240476 0.84 0.234857 0.85 0.229332 0.86 0.2239 0.87 0.21856
0.88 0.213313 0.89 0.208157 0.9 0.203092 0.91 0.198117 0.92 0.193232 0.93 0.188436 0.94 0.183729 0.95 0.179109
0.96 0.174576 0.97 0.17013 0.98 0.165768 0.99 0.161492 1 0.157299 1.01 0.15319 1.02 0.149162 1.03 0.145216
1.04 0.14135 1.05 0.137564 1.06 0.133856 1.07 0.130227 1.08 0.126674 1.09 0.123197 1.1 0.119795 1.11 0.116467
1.12 0.113212 1.13 0.110029 1.14 0.106918 1.15 0.103876 1.16 0.100904 1.17 0.0979996 1.18 0.0951626 1.19 0.0923917
1.2 0.089686 1.21 0.0870445 1.22 0.0844661 1.23 0.0819499 1.24 0.0794948 1.25 0.0770999 1.26 0.0747641 1.27 0.0724864
1.28 0.0702658 1.29 0.0681014 1.3 0.0659921 1.31 0.0639369 1.32 0.0619348 1.33 0.059985 1.34 0.0580863 1.35 0.0562378
1.36 0.0544386 1.37 0.0526876 1.38 0.050984 1.39 0.0493267 1.4 0.0477149 1.41 0.0461476 1.42 0.0446238 1.43 0.0431427
1.44 0.0417034 1.45 0.040305 1.46 0.0389465 1.47 0.0376271 1.48 0.0363459 1.49 0.0351021 1.5 0.0338949 1.51 0.0327233
1.52 0.0315865 1.53 0.0304838 1.54 0.0294143 1.55 0.0283773 1.56 0.0273719 1.57 0.0263974 1.58 0.025453 1.59 0.024538
1.6 0.0236516 1.61 0.0227932 1.62 0.0219619 1.63 0.0211572 1.64 0.0203782 1.65 0.0196244 1.66 0.0188951 1.67 0.0181896
1.68 0.0175072 1.69 0.0168474 1.7 0.0162095 1.71 0.015593 1.72 0.0149972 1.73 0.0144215 1.74 0.0138654 1.75 0.0133283
1.76 0.0128097 1.77 0.0123091 1.78 0.0118258 1.79 0.0113595 1.8 0.0109095 1.81 0.0104755 1.82 0.0100568 1.83 0.00965319
1.84 0.00926405 1.85 0.00888897 1.86 0.00852751 1.87 0.00817925 1.88 0.00784378 1.89 0.00752068 1.9 0.00720957 1.91 0.00691006
1.92 0.00662177 1.93 0.00634435 1.94 0.00607743 1.95 0.00582067 1.96 0.00557372 1.97 0.00533628 1.98 0.005108 1.99 0.00488859
2 0.00467773 2.01 0.00447515 2.02 0.00428055 2.03 0.00409365 2.04 0.00391419 2.05 0.0037419 2.06 0.00357654 2.07 0.00341785
2.08 0.00326559 2.09 0.00311954 2.1 0.00297947 2.11 0.00284515 2.12 0.00271639 2.13 0.00259298 2.14 0.00247471 2.15 0.00236139
2.16 0.00225285 2.17 0.00214889 2.18 0.00204935 2.19 0.00195406 2.2 0.00186285 2.21 0.00177556 2.22 0.00169205 2.23 0.00161217
2.24 0.00153577 2.25 0.00146272 2.26 0.00139288 2.27 0.00132613 2.28 0.00126234 2.29 0.00120139 2.3 0.00114318 2.31 0.00108758
2.32 0.00103449 2.33 0.000983805 2.34 0.00093543 2.35 0.000889267 2.36 0.000845223 2.37 0.00080321 2.38 0.000763142 2.39 0.000724936
2.4 0.000688514 2.41 0.000653798 2.42 0.000620717 2.43 0.000589198 2.44 0.000559174 2.45 0.00053058 2.46 0.000503354 2.47 0.000477434
2.48 0.000452764 2.49 0.000429288 2.5 0.000406952 2.51 0.000385705 2.52 0.000365499 2.53 0.000346286 2.54 0.000328021 2.55 0.00031066
2.56 0.000294163 2.57 0.000278489 2.58 0.0002636 2.59 0.000249461 2.6 0.000236034 2.61 0.000223289 2.62 0.000211191 2.63 0.000199711
2.64 0.000188819 2.65 0.000178488 2.66 0.000168689 2.67 0.000159399 2.68 0.000150591 2.69 0.000142243 2.7 0.000134333 2.71 0.000126838
2.72 0.000119739 2.73 0.000113015 2.74 0.000106649 2.75 0.000100622 2.76 9.49176e-05 2.77 8.95197e-05 2.78 8.44127e-05 2.79 7.95819e-05
2.8 7.50132e-05 2.81 7.06933e-05 2.82 6.66096e-05 2.83 6.27497e-05 2.84 5.91023e-05 2.85 5.56563e-05 2.86 5.24012e-05 2.87 4.9327e-05
2.88 4.64244e-05 2.89 4.36842e-05 2.9 4.10979e-05 2.91 3.86573e-05 2.92 3.63547e-05 2.93 3.41828e-05 2.94 3.21344e-05 2.95 3.0203e-05
2.96 2.83823e-05 2.97 2.66662e-05 2.98 2.50491e-05 2.99 2.35256e-05 3 2.20905e-05 3.01 2.0739e-05 3.02 1.94664e-05 3.03 1.82684e-05
3.04 1.71409e-05 3.05 1.60798e-05 3.06 1.50816e-05 3.07 1.41426e-05 3.08 1.32595e-05 3.09 1.24292e-05 3.1 1.16487e-05 3.11 1.0915e-05
3.12 1.02256e-05 3.13 9.57795e-06 3.14 8.96957e-06 3.15 8.39821e-06 3.16 7.86174e-06 3.17 7.35813e-06 3.18 6.88545e-06 3.19 6.4419e-06
3.2 6.02576e-06 3.21 5.63542e-06 3.22 5.26935e-06 3.23 4.92612e-06 3.24 4.60435e-06 3.25 4.30278e-06 3.26 4.02018e-06 3.27 3.75542e-06
3.28 3.50742e-06 3.29 3.27517e-06 3.3 3.05771e-06 3.31 2.85414e-06 3.32 2.6636e-06 3.33 2.48531e-06 3.34 2.3185e-06 3.35 2.16248e-06
3.36 2.01656e-06 3.37 1.88013e-06 3.38 1.75259e-06 3.39 1.63338e-06 3.4 1.52199e-06 3.41 1.41793e-06 3.42 1.32072e-06 3.43 1.22994e-06
3.44 1.14518e-06 3.45 1.06605e-06 3.46 9.92201e-07 3.47 9.23288e-07 3.48 8.58996e-07 3.49 7.99025e-07 3.5 7.43098e-07 3.51 6.90952e-07
3.52 6.42341e-07 3.53 5.97035e-07 3.54 5.54816e-07 3.55 5.15484e-07 3.56 4.78847e-07 3.57 4.44728e-07 3.58 4.1296e-07 3.59 3.83387e-07
3.6 3.55863e-07 3.61 3.30251e-07 3.62 3.06423e-07 3.63 2.84259e-07 3.64 2.63647e-07 3.65 2.44483e-07 3.66 2.26667e-07 3.67 2.10109e-07
3.68 1.94723e-07 3.69 1.80429e-07 3.7 1.67151e-07 3.71 1.54821e-07 3.72 1.43372e-07 3.73 1.32744e-07 3.74 1.2288e-07 3.75 1.13727e-07
3.76 1.05236e-07 3.77 9.73592e-08 3.78 9.00547e-08 3.79 8.32821e-08 3.8 7.70039e-08 3.81 7.11852e-08 3.82 6.57933e-08 3.83 6.07981e-08
3.84 5.61712e-08 3.85 5.18863e-08 3.86 4.7919e-08 3.87 4.42464e-08 3.88 4.08473e-08 3.89 3.77021e-08 3.9 3.47922e-08 3.91 3.21007e-08
3.92 2.96117e-08 3.93 2.73103e-08 3.94 2.51829e-08 3.95 2.32167e-08 3.96 2.13999e-08 3.97 1.97214e-08 3.98 1.8171e-08 3.99 1.67392e-08
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4 A binary data is transmitted using PSK over an AWGN channel at a rate
of 2.4 Mbps. The carrier amplitude is 1mV. Determine average probability of Nolz
error, if the power spectral density of noise is N2o = 10 ⇥ 10 15 .
Solution:
Ar = Received carrier amplitude = 1mV = 10 3 V I 1 Eb
Rb = T1b = 2.4Mbps = 2.4 ⇥ 106 bits per second. No = 20 ⇥ 10 5
Received energy per bit, Eb = 12 A2r Tb = 12 (10 3 )2 2.4⇥10
i pi
1 12
6 = 0.21 ⇥ 10 J
Average P⇣q e for PSK.
⌘ ⇣q ⌘
Eb 0.21⇥10 12
p
Pe = 12 erfc 1
No = 2 erfc 20⇥10 15 = 12 erfc 10.5 = 12 erfc (3.24)
6
From error function table, erfc(3.24) = 4.60 ⇥ 10 , hence
Pe = 12 4.60 ⇥ 10 6 = 2.3 ⇥ 10 6
Complementary Error Function Table

x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x)
0 1 0.01 0.988717 0.02 0.977435 0.03 0.966159 0.04 0.954889 0.05 0.943628 0.06 0.932378 0.07 0.921142
0.08 0.909922 0.09 0.898719 0.1 0.887537 0.11 0.876377 0.12 0.865242 0.13 0.854133 0.14 0.843053 0.15 0.832004
0.16 0.820988 0.17 0.810008 0.18 0.799064 0.19 0.78816 0.2 0.777297 0.21 0.766478 0.22 0.755704 0.23 0.744977
0.24 0.7343 0.25 0.723674 0.26 0.7131 0.27 0.702582 0.28 0.69212 0.29 0.681717 0.3 0.671373 0.31 0.661092
0.32 0.650874 0.33 0.640721 0.34 0.630635 0.35 0.620618 0.36 0.61067 0.37 0.600794 0.38 0.590991 0.39 0.581261
0.4 0.571608 0.41 0.562031 0.42 0.552532 0.43 0.543113 0.44 0.533775 0.45 0.524518 0.46 0.515345 0.47 0.506255
0.48 0.49725 0.49 0.488332 0.5 0.4795 0.51 0.470756 0.52 0.462101 0.53 0.453536 0.54 0.445061 0.55 0.436677
0.56 0.428384 0.57 0.420184 0.58 0.412077 0.59 0.404064 0.6 0.396144 0.61 0.388319 0.62 0.380589 0.63 0.372954
0.64 0.365414 0.65 0.357971 0.66 0.350623 0.67 0.343372 0.68 0.336218 0.69 0.32916 0.7 0.322199 0.71 0.315334
0.72 0.308567 0.73 0.301896 0.74 0.295322 0.75 0.288844 0.76 0.282463 0.77 0.276178 0.78 0.26999 0.79 0.263897
0.8 0.257899 0.81 0.251997 0.82 0.246189 0.83 0.240476 0.84 0.234857 0.85 0.229332 0.86 0.2239 0.87 0.21856
0.88 0.213313 0.89 0.208157 0.9 0.203092 0.91 0.198117 0.92 0.193232 0.93 0.188436 0.94 0.183729 0.95 0.179109
0.96 0.174576 0.97 0.17013 0.98 0.165768 0.99 0.161492 1 0.157299 1.01 0.15319 1.02 0.149162 1.03 0.145216
1.04 0.14135 1.05 0.137564 1.06 0.133856 1.07 0.130227 1.08 0.126674 1.09 0.123197 1.1 0.119795 1.11 0.116467
1.12 0.113212 1.13 0.110029 1.14 0.106918 1.15 0.103876 1.16 0.100904 1.17 0.0979996 1.18 0.0951626 1.19 0.0923917
1.2 0.089686 1.21 0.0870445 1.22 0.0844661 1.23 0.0819499 1.24 0.0794948 1.25 0.0770999 1.26 0.0747641 1.27 0.0724864
1.28 0.0702658 1.29 0.0681014 1.3 0.0659921 1.31 0.0639369 1.32 0.0619348 1.33 0.059985 1.34 0.0580863 1.35 0.0562378
1.36 0.0544386 1.37 0.0526876 1.38 0.050984 1.39 0.0493267 1.4 0.0477149 1.41 0.0461476 1.42 0.0446238 1.43 0.0431427
1.44 0.0417034 1.45 0.040305 1.46 0.0389465 1.47 0.0376271 1.48 0.0363459 1.49 0.0351021 1.5 0.0338949 1.51 0.0327233
1.52 0.0315865 1.53 0.0304838 1.54 0.0294143 1.55 0.0283773 1.56 0.0273719 1.57 0.0263974 1.58 0.025453 1.59 0.024538
1.6 0.0236516 1.61 0.0227932 1.62 0.0219619 1.63 0.0211572 1.64 0.0203782 1.65 0.0196244 1.66 0.0188951 1.67 0.0181896
1.68 0.0175072 1.69 0.0168474 1.7 0.0162095 1.71 0.015593 1.72 0.0149972 1.73 0.0144215 1.74 0.0138654 1.75 0.0133283
1.76 0.0128097 1.77 0.0123091 1.78 0.0118258 1.79 0.0113595 1.8 0.0109095 1.81 0.0104755 1.82 0.0100568 1.83 0.00965319
1.84 0.00926405 1.85 0.00888897 1.86 0.00852751 1.87 0.00817925 1.88 0.00784378 1.89 0.00752068 1.9 0.00720957 1.91 0.00691006
1.92 0.00662177 1.93 0.00634435 1.94 0.00607743 1.95 0.00582067 1.96 0.00557372 1.97 0.00533628 1.98 0.005108 1.99 0.00488859
2 0.00467773 2.01 0.00447515 2.02 0.00428055 2.03 0.00409365 2.04 0.00391419 2.05 0.0037419 2.06 0.00357654 2.07 0.00341785
2.08 0.00326559 2.09 0.00311954 2.1 0.00297947 2.11 0.00284515 2.12 0.00271639 2.13 0.00259298 2.14 0.00247471 2.15 0.00236139
2.16 0.00225285 2.17 0.00214889 2.18 0.00204935 2.19 0.00195406 2.2 0.00186285 2.21 0.00177556 2.22 0.00169205 2.23 0.00161217
2.24 0.00153577 2.25 0.00146272 2.26 0.00139288 2.27 0.00132613 2.28 0.00126234 2.29 0.00120139 2.3 0.00114318 2.31 0.00108758
2.32 0.00103449 2.33 0.000983805 2.34 0.00093543 2.35 0.000889267 2.36 0.000845223 2.37 0.00080321 2.38 0.000763142 2.39 0.000724936
2.4 0.000688514 2.41 0.000653798 2.42 0.000620717 2.43 0.000589198 2.44 0.000559174 2.45 0.00053058 2.46 0.000503354 2.47 0.000477434
2.48 0.000452764 2.49 0.000429288 2.5 0.000406952 2.51 0.000385705 2.52 0.000365499 2.53 0.000346286 2.54 0.000328021 2.55 0.00031066
2.56 0.000294163 2.57 0.000278489 2.58 0.0002636 2.59 0.000249461 2.6 0.000236034 2.61 0.000223289 2.62 0.000211191 2.63 0.000199711
2.64 0.000188819 2.65 0.000178488 2.66 0.000168689 2.67 0.000159399 2.68 0.000150591 2.69 0.000142243 2.7 0.000134333 2.71 0.000126838
2.72 0.000119739 2.73 0.000113015 2.74 0.000106649 2.75 0.000100622 2.76 9.49176e-05 2.77 8.95197e-05 2.78 8.44127e-05 2.79 7.95819e-05
2.8 7.50132e-05 2.81 7.06933e-05 2.82 6.66096e-05 2.83 6.27497e-05 2.84 5.91023e-05 2.85 5.56563e-05 2.86 5.24012e-05 2.87 4.9327e-05
2.88 4.64244e-05 2.89 4.36842e-05 2.9 4.10979e-05 2.91 3.86573e-05 2.92 3.63547e-05 2.93 3.41828e-05 2.94 3.21344e-05 2.95 3.0203e-05
2.96 2.83823e-05 2.97 2.66662e-05 2.98 2.50491e-05 2.99 2.35256e-05 3 2.20905e-05 3.01 2.0739e-05 3.02 1.94664e-05 3.03 1.82684e-05
3.04 1.71409e-05 3.05 1.60798e-05 3.06 1.50816e-05 3.07 1.41426e-05 3.08 1.32595e-05 3.09 1.24292e-05 3.1 1.16487e-05 3.11 1.0915e-05
3.12 1.02256e-05 3.13 9.57795e-06 3.14 8.96957e-06 3.15 8.39821e-06 3.16 7.86174e-06 3.17 7.35813e-06 3.18 6.88545e-06 3.19 6.4419e-06
3.2 6.02576e-06 3.21 5.63542e-06 3.22 5.26935e-06 3.23 4.92612e-06 3.24 4.60435e-06 3.25 4.30278e-06 3.26 4.02018e-06 3.27 3.75542e-06
3.28 3.50742e-06 3.29 3.27517e-06 3.3 3.05771e-06 3.31 2.85414e-06 3.32 2.6636e-06 3.33 2.48531e-06 3.34 2.3185e-06 3.35 2.16248e-06
3.36 2.01656e-06 3.37 1.88013e-06 3.38 1.75259e-06 3.39 1.63338e-06 3.4 1.52199e-06 3.41 1.41793e-06 3.42 1.32072e-06 3.43 1.22994e-06
3.44 1.14518e-06 3.45 1.06605e-06 3.46 9.92201e-07 3.47 9.23288e-07 3.48 8.58996e-07 3.49 7.99025e-07 3.5 7.43098e-07 3.51 6.90952e-07
3.52 6.42341e-07 3.53 5.97035e-07 3.54 5.54816e-07 3.55 5.15484e-07 3.56 4.78847e-07 3.57 4.44728e-07 3.58 4.1296e-07 3.59 3.83387e-07
3.6 3.55863e-07 3.61 3.30251e-07 3.62 3.06423e-07 3.63 2.84259e-07 3.64 2.63647e-07 3.65 2.44483e-07 3.66 2.26667e-07 3.67 2.10109e-07
3.68 1.94723e-07 3.69 1.80429e-07 3.7 1.67151e-07 3.71 1.54821e-07 3.72 1.43372e-07 3.73 1.32744e-07 3.74 1.2288e-07 3.75 1.13727e-07
3.76 1.05236e-07 3.77 9.73592e-08 3.78 9.00547e-08 3.79 8.32821e-08 3.8 7.70039e-08 3.81 7.11852e-08 3.82 6.57933e-08 3.83 6.07981e-08
3.84 5.61712e-08 3.85 5.18863e-08 3.86 4.7919e-08 3.87 4.42464e-08 3.88 4.08473e-08 3.89 3.77021e-08 3.9 3.47922e-08 3.91 3.21007e-08
3.92 2.96117e-08 3.93 2.73103e-08 3.94 2.51829e-08 3.95 2.32167e-08 3.96 2.13999e-08 3.97 1.97214e-08 3.98 1.8171e-08 3.99 1.67392e-08
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WMC Final 2021

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Dr. Shree Prasad M.

Wireless and Mobile Communication

Figure 1: Applications in Different Frequency bands.

Examples: Mobile Telephony, WLAN, Bluetooth, visible light

Wireless and Mobile Communication

Wireless and Mobile Communication 2/3 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 3/3 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 1/6 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Two different interpretations or views of a information

◮ Frequency content of telephone grade speech signal (in

Wireless and Mobile Communication 3/6 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Channel or transmission bandwidth should be equal to or

Wireless and Mobile Communication 4/6 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Hence, the allocated entire frequency band spectrum is

Or Why reverse and forward channels are required ?

Wireless and Mobile Communication 6/6 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Evolution of Wireless and Mobile Communication

Wireless and Mobile Communication 1 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 2 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure 1: Cellular Technology Penetration (a) 2019, and (b) 2025.

Wireless and Mobile Communication 3 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 4 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 5 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure 2: Frequency spectrum allocation for AMPS

◮ One way BW = 30 KHz, each duplex channel BW = 60 KHz.

Wireless and Mobile Communication 6 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 7 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Standards Based on TDMA:

Wireless and Mobile Communication 8 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

GSM, DCS-1900 NADC, IS-54/IS-136, PDC

Wireless and Mobile Communication 9 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Standards Based on CDMA:

Wireless and Mobile Communication 10 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Solutions for TDMA:

Wireless and Mobile Communication 11 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Two different camps/paths:

Wireless and Mobile Communication 12 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Flexible bandwidth ranging from 1.4 to 20 MHz.

Wireless and Mobile Communication 13 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 14 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 15 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure 3: Different technologies for broadband services.

Wireless and Mobile Communication 16 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 17 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure 4: HIPERACCESS - Broadband Radio Access Networks

◮ LMDS/HIPERACCESS - Requires LOS path and channel gain

Wireless and Mobile Communication 19 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Industrial scientific and medical (ISM) bands.

Standard Year Frequency [GHz] Data Rate Physical Layer

Wireless and Mobile Communication 20 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure 5: Evolution of Wi Fi Standards

Wireless and Mobile Communication 21 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Bluetooth Applications or solution areas

Wireless and Mobile Communication 22 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Parameters Bluetooth Low Energy Bluetooth Classic

Wireless and Mobile Communication 23 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 24 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 25 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

◮ Increase base stations for additional radio capacity and

Wireless and Mobile Communication 27 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 28 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 29 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless and Mobile Communication 30 / 43 BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus