MODUL PDP SPM PASCA PKP

NEGERI PERAK 2020

Biology Form 4
4.1 Water
4.3 Protein
 4.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELL
4.1 WATER
4.1.1 Describe the properties of water molecule.
4.1.2 Correlate the properties of water with its importance in the cell.
4.3 PROTEIN
4.3.1 List the elements of proteins.
4.3.2 Conceptualise the formation and breakdown of dipeptides and
polypeptides.
4.3.3 Write and explain the word equation for the formation and the
breakdown of dipeptides.
4.3.4 Justify the importance of proteins in a cell.

Inorganic & small

molecules
Produces hydrogen
bonding
 Water as a universal /
Consist of universal solvent
H&O  Importance: Transport
of soluble substances to
whole cells / organisms

High heat
Polar
specific WATER molecule
capacity

Have • Adhesion - the force

• 4.2kJ kg-1 ⁰C-1
cohesive between water molecules
• Can absorb and store
and and other surfaces
more heat
adhesive • cohesion - the force
Cold water is slow to between water molecules
heat force
and water molecules
Hot water is slow to through hydrogen bonding
cool • Importance: Both forces
• Importance : to maintain
form capillary action  for
the body temperature transport of water in xylem
 • Organic molecules
• elements : C, H, O & N + P or S
• Function :
1. Build a new cell
2. Growth & replacement of
damaged / dead cells
3. Build enzymes, hormones,
antibodies, hemoglobins
4. The basic unit of keratin (skin
and hair), collagen (skin and
bone) and myosin (muscle)

TYPES OF PROTEIN EXPLANATION

• Basic unit of protein (monomer)
Asid amino • 20 types
• 2 amino acids combines
Dipeptide • Form one peptide bond
• Release one water molecule

• A long chain of amino acids that

Polipeptide comes in many combinations
 PROTEIN FORMATION
Through condensation
• 2 or more amino acids combine to form a
polypeptide chain
• Peptide bonds are formed
• Water molecules are released
Polipeptide

4H2O
Amino acids
Amino acid + amino acid  dipeptide + water

PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
Through the process of hydrolysis
• Polypeptide is broken down to form amino acids
• The peptide bond is broken up
• Water molecules are used to break bonds

Polipeptide

4H2O Amino acids

dipeptide + water  amino acid + amino acid
 FAQ
Q: What is essential amino acids
and non essential amino acids?

A: An essential amino acid is needed

by the body but not produced by
the human body or animal. This
amino acid needs to be taken
through diet. While non essential
amino acids that can be synthesised
by the human body or animal.

Q: What is the difference between

animal and plant protein?

A: Animal protein is a first class

protein that is made up of essential
amino acids. Whereas plant protein
is a second class protein and does
not consist of 100% essential amino
acids

Q: How do people who eat a

vegetable-based diet (vegetrian) get
their protein source?

A: Consuming a diet consisting of

plant proteins such as legumes
ASSESSMENT
1. The following information refers to the function of substance K in cell.

• Medium for biochemical reactions in cells

• Maintaining osmotic pressure of cells

What is substance K?
A. Lipid
B. Water
C. Protein
D. Enzyme

2. What is the process that breaks down dipeptide into amino acid?
A. Condensation
B. heating
C. Acid addition
D. Hydrolysis

3. Diagram shows structure protein A and structure protein B.

A B

State the factors that affect the changes of structure protein A to structure protein B.
I. pH
II. Temperature
III. Salt concentration
IV. Humidity

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II, III and IV
4. The reaction equation below involves process X
X
Amino acid + Amino acid dipeptide + water

Is it X?
A. Hydrolysis
B. Condensation
C. Boiling
D. Digestion

5. Which of the following water features helps xylem transport water faster?
A. Certainly high heat capacity
B. There is capillary action in the xylem channel
C. Universal solvent
D. Polar molecules

6. Diagram shows the process of formation of a polypeptide molecule.

Polipeptide

Amino acids H2 O

Based on your knowledge, describe the process

7. Describe how the properties of water in order to help xylem to function efficiently
 Bio access

MONOMER &
PROTEIN

POLIMER

PROPERTIES OF WATER
SUGGESTED ANSWER
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. a. condensation
b. The 5 amino acid molecules combine to form one polypeptide chain
c. Peptide bonds are formed
d. 4 molecules of water are released

7. a. Adhesion
b. Force between water molecules and xylem surfaces
c. Cohesion
d. force between water molecules and other water molecules
e. Both forces create capillary action
f. Helps water molecules to be transported up from root to leaf in xylem tube
MODUL PDP SPM PASCA PKP
NEGERI PERAK 2020
Biology Form 4
4.2: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates

 Carbohydrates are polymer molecules of organic compounds.

 Organic compounds are chemical compounds that contain carbon elements.
 Large and complex compounds form macromolecules.
 Most macromolecules are polymers comprising small molecules known as monomers (building
blocks).
 Carbohydrates are important as a source of energy and the basic structure of some organisms.
 Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and
oxygen (O) in the ratio 1:2:1 and with the chemical formula (CH2O)n.

Types of carbohydrates
There are three main types of carbohydrates, which are:

 Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

 Disaccharides
 Polysaccharides (complex sugars)

Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides are carbohydrate monomer, which are the simplest carbohydrate units.
 Monosaccharides can combine to form polymers through a condensation reaction.
 Most monosaccharides taste sweet, can form crystals and dissolve in water.

Examples of monosaccharides
 Monosaccharide has the reducing power, which is the ability to transfer hydrogen (or electron)
to other compounds.
 This is called the reducing process.
 When the monosaccharides is heated in Benedict’s solution, the monosaccharide will reduce the
blue cooper (II) sulphate to a brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide which is not soluble in
water.
 All monosaccharides give this reaction and it is known as reducing sugars.
Disaccharides

 Disaccharides molecules are formed when two simple molecules (monosaccharides) combine
through condensation to form a disaccharide unit.
 This process involves the removal of a water molecule.

Glucose + glucose condensation Maltose + water

Glucose + fructose condensation Sucrose + water

condensation
Glucose + galactose Lactose + water

 Disaccharides can also be broken down to their monosaccharide units through hydrolysis and the
addition of one water molecule.

Maltose + water hydrolysis Glucose + glucose

Sucrose + water hydrolysis Glucose + fructose

hydrolysis
Lactose + water Glucose + galactose

 Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose.

 Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
Polysaccharides

 Polysaccharides are sugar polymers consisting of monosaccharide monomers.

 Similar to disaccharides, polysaccharides are formed through the condensation process and involve
hundreds of monosaccharides to form long molecular chains.
 Polysaccharides neither taste sweet nor crystallise.
 Polysaccharides can also disintegrate through hydrolysis with the help of dilute acids, boiling and
enzyme action.
 Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, starch and glycogen.

Examples of starch chains

The polysaccharide chains in
glycogen are branched.

Cellulose is a constituent
that forms the walls of
plant cells.

The microfibrils of
cellulose are extremely
tough and inflexible due
to the presence of
hydrogen bonds.
 SUMMARY ON CARBOHYDRATES TOPIC

Condensation is a reaction that involves Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the

the removal of one water molecule when addition of one water molecule during the
a bond is formed between two molecules. break down of a large molecule. The
bond between simple molecules is broken

What does organic matter
mean?
- Chemical compounds
containing carbon
elements.
Why is polysaccharide insoluble in
water?
- Polysaccharide is insoluble in
water due to its large size.
What does reducing sugar
mean?
- Sugar that is able to
transfer hydrogen (or
electrons) to other
compounds.
Give one difference between
condensation reaction and
hydrolysis.
- Condensation reaction involves
the removal of water molecules
while hydrolysis involves
addition of water molecules.
Apakah itu karbohidrat. Sumber nutrisi.

Good vs Bad Carbohydrates

Diabetes & carbohydrates

Stevia

Pemanis tiruan
Structured question

1. Name the elements in carbohydrates.

[3 marks]

2. Give examples of reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars.

[3 marks]

3. Explain the formation process of maltose from glucose.

[3 marks]

4. Explain the breakdown process of lactose.

[3 marks]

5. Give two differences between the condensation reaction and the hydrolysis.

[2 marks]

6. Why is the plant food storage in the form of starch instead of glucose?

[2 marks]

7. Why is glycogen stored in muscle cells in animals and humans?

[2 marks]
Suggested answers

Bil Answers
1 Carbon, Hydrogen dan Oxygen
2 Reducing Sugar - Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Maltose and Lactose
Non-reducing sugar - Sucrose
3 - One molecule of glucose combine with one molecule of glucose
- the bond is formed between two glucose molecules
- through the condensation process
- forming a maltose molecule
- and produces / removes one molecule of water
4 - Lactose molecules are decomposed by hydrolysis
- the bond is broken
- involves the addition / use of one water molecule
- produces one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose

5
Condensation process Hydrolysis process
produces / removes one molecule of water involves the addition / use of one water
molecule
It is the process of forming complex molecule It is the process of decomposing complex
from simple molecules molecule into simple molecules
The bond is formed The bond is broken

6 - Starch is a large water-soluble molecule

- does not affect plant osmotic pressure
7 - Glycogen is an inactive form of glucose
- During active activity, glycogen is converted to glucose by glucagon
- More glucose is generated for cell respiration
- Energy is supplied quickly to the muscle cells
- Muscle cells can contract and relax faster
- Actions / Movements can happen faster
MODUL PDP SPM PASCA PKP
NEGERI PERAK 2020
Biology Form 4
4.4 Lipids
 BIOLOGY FORM 4
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN A CELL.
4.4 Lipids.

4.4.1 List the elements in lipids.

4.4.2 Explain the main types of lipids.
4.4.3 Describe the formation and the breakdown of a triglyceride.
4.4.4 Write and explain the word equation for the formation and the breakdown of a triglyceride.
4.4.5 Justify the importance of lipids in cell and multicellular organisms.

Lipids
Organic and hydrophobic insoluble in water but soluble in
compounds containing carbon, other organic solvents such as
hydrogen and oxygen elements alcohol, ether and chloroform.
but hydrogen atomic ratio to
oxygen much higher
serves as a source of energy
and acts in support of cells.

 Triglycerides formed from the

 Fats and oils are triglycerides.
 Triglycerides are a type of ester
 Functions of triglycerides :
 Energy storage for animals
 Protect internal organs
 Heat insulation for animals
condensation of one glycerol molecule
with three molecules of fatty acids.
 Triglycerides can be hydrolysed again
Fats into fatty acids and glycerol through
the reaction of hydrolysis.
 Glycerols are a type of three carbon
alcohol that contain three hydroxyl
groups (–OH).

Steroids Main types

Waxes
of lipids

 Lipids that do not contain

 contains one molecule of
fatty acids.
alcohol that combines with
 Examples of steroids are
Phopholipids another molecule of fatty
 cholesterol
acid.
 testosterone
 estrogen  It is waterproof.
 progesterone  Important components of
• Cholesterol is important in the cuticle that cover the
 major component of plasma epidermis of the leaves and
hormone synthesis
TION membranes sebum secretion by human
 made up of one molecule of glycerol skin.
 that combines with two molecules of
fatty acid
 and one group of phosphate.
 Compare and contrast between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

Fatty acids only Fatty acids

have single have at least
bond between one double
carbon bond between
carbon

Contains
carbon, Consist of
Consist of
hydrogen and unsaturated
saturated
oxygen fatty acids
fatty acids
elements

Saturated Unsaturated
Fats Fats
The double
Does not form Basic bonds may still
chemical bonds components receive one or
with additional are fatty acids more additional
hydrogen and glycerol hydrogen atoms
atoms

Does not
dissolves in
water Liquid form at
Solid form at room
room temperature
temperature

Low melting
High
points
melting
points

Can leads to Low

high cholesterol
cholesterol Example: Example: level in blood
level in blood Butter. Vegetable
animal fat. oil
FAQ
1.
What is organic compound?
2.
Too much of lipid is not good for
our body, but what happens if we
don’t get enough lipids?
3. What food is high in lipids?
What food that is naturally high
in lipids?
? Fatty acids can be classified into two
4.
What are the examples of each
types of fatty acids?
EXERCISES.
1. Which of the following are the common element in carbohydrate, protein and lipid?
A Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
B Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
A compound that contains the
element called carbon. Example: lipid
that contains element carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
If you don't get enough of these fats in
your diet, the most likely symptoms are
those of essential fatty acid deficiency
including: Dry, scaly, flaky, or dull skin and
feeling constantly cold.
Naturally occurring triglycerides are
found in many foods, including
avocados, olives, corn, and nuts.
major groups:
i) unsaturated fatty acid
example: monounsaturated acid and
polyunsaturated acid
ii) saturated fatty acid
example: Lauric acid and palmitic
acid
C Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
D Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
 2. Which of the following are true about saturated fats?

I Low content of cholesterol

II Solid form at room temperature
III Maximum content of hydrogen atoms
IV At least one double bond between the carbon atoms

A I and IV only C II and III only

B I, II and III only D II, III and IV only

3. Which characteristic of saturated fats that distinguishes them from unsaturated fats?

A Do not contain cholesterol

B Contain high proportion mass of oxygen
C Contain only unbranched fatty acids
D Have no double bonds between their carbon atoms

4. Which of the following represents the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

A Glycerol + Fatty acids  triglycerides

B Glycerol + Fatty acids  triglycerides + water
C Triglycerides Glycerol + Fatty acids
D Triglycerides + water  Glycerol + Fatty acids

5. Which of the following is true about saturated fats as compared to unsaturated fats?

A Of vegetable origin
B They are found in butter and cheese
C Usually in liquid form at room temperature
D They have one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms.

6. Diagram 1 shows the formation of triglyceride.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) Name P and Q, [2 marks]

 (ii) In Table 1, state the number of molecules for P and Q.

Type of molecule Number of molecule

Q
Table 1
[2 marks]

(b) (i) Name process X.

(ii) Explain process X. [2 marks]

(c) Triglyceride is a type of lipid.

State one function of triglyceride in human. [1 mark]

Bio Access

Lipids Saturated &

Unsaturated fats
Lipids

ANSWER:

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. B

6. (a) (i) P - glycerol

Q - fatty acids
(ii) P - one
Q – three
(b) (i) condensation
(ii) - Triglycerides formed from the process of condensation.
- Condensation of one glycerol molecule with three molecules of fatty acid
- Produces tryglicerides and water.

(c) - Protect internal organs

- Heat insulation for animals
MODUL PDP SPM PASCA PKP
NEGERI PERAK 2020
Biology Form 4
4.5 Nucleic Acid
BIOLOGY FORM 4

4.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELL

4.5 Nucleic Acid

 List the elements in nucleic acids.

 Explain the structure of nucleotides :
Nitrogenous base
Ribose or deoxyribose sugars
Phosphate
 Describe the structure of the nucleic acids :
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 Justify the importance of nucleic acids in cell :
Carrier of hereditary information
Production of proteins
 Describe the formation of chromosomes from DNA and proteins.

Carbon (C)
NOTE

monomer elements Hydrogen (H)

Nucleic acid Nucleotide

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

4 types of nitrogenous base

Consists of Adenine Thymine

Guanine Cytosine
Phosphate Nitrogenous Pentose sugar
group base (5-carbon sugar)

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil

(A) (G) (C) (T) (U)
 Ribonucleic acid 2 Types of nucleic Deoxyribonucleic acid
(RNA) acids (DNA)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2 polynucleotide chain

Nitrogenous base pairs

bound together by
Form the double helix hydrogen bond.

A combine with T
because of its
corresponding shape. 2
hydrogen bonds are
formed.

G combines with C for its

corresponding shape. 3
hydrogen bonds are
formed.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

3 main types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Single polynucleotide Carry information form
chain DNA to ribosome.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Combine with protein to
from ribosome.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transfer amino acids to
ribosomes based on
anticodon corresponding
to codons on mRNA.
Thymine in DNA replaced
by uracil in RNA.
Importance of nucleic acids in a cell.

DNA contains genetic

Genetic code is
codes carried by
written as a series of
nitrogenous base.
three bases that
determine the
sequence of amino
acids in proteins to be
synthesized.

Three- base sequence

in DNA is transcript into transkripsi Examples of codon on
mRNA codons.
the mRNA.

UGG- tryptophan
The nucleotide
translasi UUU- phenylalanine
sequence of the mRNA
is read for each of the GGC- glycine
three nucleotides as
UCA- serine
one codon for one
amino acid.

Formation of chromosomes from DNA and proteins.

Histon- (protein) Double helix DNA

do not carry
genetic
information. DNA molecule with
Nucleosome histon protein.

Nucleosome are intertwined to

form chromosome.
Where is uracil found?

Uracil is a nucleotide that is only found in RNA.

Why is uracil not used in DNA?

DNA uses thymine instead of uracil because thymine has greater resistance to
photochemical mutation, making the genetic message more stable. ... Outside of
the nucleus, thymine is quickly destroyed.

Uracil is resistant to oxidation and is used in the RNA that must exist outside of
the nucleus

Explain why RNA structure is shorter than DNA?

RNA contains information for one polypeptide chain (one protein only)
compared to DNA containing code to produce different proteins.

Histones are the main protein component of

chromatin. What is the composition of amino acids
in histones?

The amino acid composition of the histones is lysine (UUC) and arginine
(CGU).

What is the difference between transcription and

translation?

Transcription: RNA synthesis from DNA (the code in DNA is converted to

the corresponding RNA code).

Translation: protein synthesis from mRNA (coding in rRNA is converted to

amino acid sequence in the protein).
ASSESSMENT

OBJECTIVE QUESTION

1. Diagram 1 shows a monomer of DNA.

.

Diagram 1

What is K?

A. Nucleotide
B. Phosphate group
C. Nitrogenous base
D. Pentose sugar

2. What elements are present in the nucleic acid?

A. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

B. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
C. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen.
D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur and nitrogen.

3. Diagram 2 shows part of the DNA molecule.

Diagram 2

Which of the following pairs of nitrogen pairs represents S and T?

S T
A. Cytosine Adenine
B. Adenine Guanine
C. Thymine Cytosine
D. Guanine Cytosine
STRUCTURE QUESTION

1. Diagram 1 shows part of a DNA molecule.

Diagram 1
(a) Name the component P.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) A DNA molecule consists of two nucleotide chains. Part of a chain of polynucleotides has been drawn.
Complete Diagram 1 to show one molecule of DNA.
[2 marks]

2. Diagram 2 is a double helix-shaped structure that was introduced by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick in
1953.
Such structures can be found in cells especially in the nucleus.

Diagram 2
(a) State the basic unit of the structure.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

[1 mark]

(b) Explain its role in protein synthesis.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]
 QR CODE FOR VIDEO

Nucleic acid

DNA structure

Histon

DNA vs RNA
SUGGESTED ANSWER

OBJECTIVE QUESTION

1. B
2. C
3. D

STRUCTURE QUESTION

1. (a) phosphate
(b)

2. (a) Nucleotide
(b)
 Structure in Diagram 2 is DNA.
 Carries / stores genetic information for protein synthesis.
 Genetic information is transferred / copied into mRNA.
 Information is taken out to the cytoplasm / ribosome to synthesize proteins through translation.