MAKING A SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

By:
M. Irsyad A. Ghafari & Vita Fitrianti

FKIP of Universitas Mataram

Trainee of researcher in LIPI, 2017
TYPES OF REASONING IN CONSTRUCTING A PARAGRAPH

TYPE OF REASONING UTILIZATION

Deductive method -Scientific text
Main idea/reasoning is the first -Fiction
sentence of a paragraph. A divergent -Non-fiction
paragraph -etc

Inductive method -Fiction

Main idea/reasoning is the last -Non-fiction
sentence of a paragraph (concluding -etc
sentence). A convergent paragraph

Mixed method -Fiction

Implicit main idea/reasoning across -etc
the whole paragraph
TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

TYPES OF PARAGRAPH DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTIVE Explaining the object

NARRATIVE Explaining the event/phenomenon

Explaining the information, fact or

EXPOSITORY
truth

PERSUASIVE Explaining the reason

HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

• Establish a topic
ESTABLISHED
• A topic consists of TOPIC
(ideally) three
PARAGRAPH
paragraphs
• Each paragraph
should be a PARAGRAPH
deductive
paragraph
scientific paragraph
PARAGRAPH
 HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH
• The main idea of a scientific paragraph always be the first
sentence of the paragraph (deductive reasoning)
• The main idea should be yours! (no citation is allowed)
main sentence/first sentence
• The rest of the sentences (after first sentence) must
support your idea (first sentence) supporting sentences
• A good sentence always consist of at least 3 main
element:
Subject+Verb+Object
• The best supporting sentences have citation(s) as a source
(supporting sentences=cited sentences)
• A good paragraph should be consist of a main sentence
and at least 2 supporting sentences
EXAMPLE OF A SCIENTIFIC TEXT
HOW TO MAKE A SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

The way of thinking

CITATION/SOURCES

SUPPORTING
MAIN IDEA SENTENCES
SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

SUPPORTING
TOPIC MAIN IDEA SENTENCES SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH

SUPPORTING
MAIN IDEA SENTENCES SCIENTIFIC PARAGRAPH
 EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH
PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH

“I beg on you some amount of MAIN IDEA (FIRST SENTENCE)

money. I will use it to buy SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

some sort of thing, like foods,
drinks, and snacks. I hope, I
can also use the rest of your SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)
money to buy a clothes,
because the time of feast has
nearly come. Oji said that SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED)
there is a store selling cheap
garment in the suburbs”

– Anugrah persuades Rifan to lend

some money
EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH

DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH

MAIN IDEA (FIRST SENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

Source : Lasker, H. R. 1985. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 21.

EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH

NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH

MAIN IDEA (FIRST SENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

Source : Pyle & Kosaki. 2016. ZooKeys, 614.

EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH
EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH

MAIN IDEA (FIRST SENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED SEENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED SEENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (CITED SEENTENCE)

SUPPORTING SENTENCE (WITHOUT CITATION)

Source : Meadows & Meadows. 2003. Rev. Biol. Trop, 51 (4).

 EXERCISE!
1. Kepe-kepe hidup di perairan tropis seluruh dunia (Anugrah, 2015)
2. Terdapat 97 jenis kepe-kepe diseluruh dunia (Rifan, 2018)
3. Kepe-kepe hidup secara berpasangan ada pula tang hidup soliter (Rahmat, 2000)
4. Kepe-kepe menjadi ikan ciri khas perairan tropis (Oji, 2001)
5. Terdapat berbagai macam jenis kepe-kepe yang seluruh tergolong dalam genus Chaetodon dan Chelmon (Gita, 2009)
6. Salah satu ikan indikator terumbu karang adalah ikan kepe-kepe karena merupakan ikan koralivora (Pasek, 2005)
7. Kepe-Kepe hidup dengan memakan polip karang, meskipun beberapa jenis diketahui memakan pula invertebrata kecil
lainnya (Erdiana, 2009)
8. Kepe-kepe merupakan ikan yang khas karena warna tubuhnya yang cantik berwarna putih, kuning, hitam, hingga coklat
(Zikriah, 2000)
9. Kepe-kepe menjadi komoditas ikan hias terbesar, sebanyak 97% perdagangan ikan hias dunia didominasi oleh kepe-kepe
(Widya, 1998)
10. Kepe-kepe memutus mata rantai penyakit pada karang sehingga menyehatkan karang (Adel, 2011)

Ikan kepe-kepe memiliki peran penting secara ekologis. Terdapat 97 jenis kepe-kepe
seluruh perairan tropis dunia yang termasuk ikan koralivora (Oji, 2001; Pasek, 2005;
Rifan, 2018). Merujuk pada Pasek (2005) ikan koralivora adalah ikan indikator kesehatan
terumbu karang. Ketika memakan karang, kepe-kepe memutuskan mata rantai
penyakit pada karang sehingga karang sehat (Adel, 2011).
 EXERCISE!
Mangrove merupakan proteksi ekologis
dan sosial kawasan pesisir. Mangrove
diketahui menjadi tempat pemijahan dan
perlindungan bagi ratusan jenis ikan,
organisme bentik, serta puluhan jenis
burung pantai (Anugrah, 2000; Rahmat,
2011). Akar mangrove yang kuat mampu
menyimpan sedimen lumpur (Gita,
2010), mencegah abrasi pantai (Erdiana,
2011), serta menahan gelombang pasang
(Nada, 2017). Selain itu, mangrove
menjadi modal utama sektor eko-wisata
yang mampu menghasilkan keuntungan
jutaan rupiah pertahun bagi masyarakat
pesisir (Widya, 2003).
1. Puluhan jenis burung pantai bersarang pada hutan
mangrove di sepanjang rute migrasi mereka, selain
dari pada berbagai ikan dan organisme bentik yang
memang bersarang di sana (Anugrah, 2000)
2. Substrat lumpur yang disimpan mangrove
menyediakan tempat persembunyian dan
pemijahan yang sempurna bagi ratusan jenis ikan,
krustasea, moluska serta beberapa jenis burung
yang bersarang di tanah, misalnya
cekakak(Rahmat, 2011)
3. Akar mangrove memiliki struktur yang unik
sehingga mampu menahan laju sedimen lumpur
dari sungai ke laut (Gita, 2010)
4. Kebanyakan negara-negara kepulauan Pasifik dan
Hindia melakukan penanaman mangrove untuk
mencegah terjadinya abrasi pantai (Erdiana, 2011)
5. Salah satu peran vegetasi pantai, baik padang
lamun serta mangrove adalah sebagai peredam
energi gelombang pasang (Nada, 2017)
6. Eko-wisata mangrove merupakan model wisata
baru yang mampu menyumbang pendapatan bagi
masyarakat pesisir hingga jutaan rupiah pertahun
(Widya, 2003)
THANK YOU