ESc201: Introduction to Electronics

Amit Verma
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur

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Recap: Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Nodal Analysis
1. Identify and number the nodes
2. Pick Ground node/Reference node wisely, if it is not already specified
3. Writing KCL Equations in Terms of the Node Voltages

Mesh Analysis
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, …, in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of
the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

Superposition Method for Linear Circuits

The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of the responses to
each of the independent sources acting individually.
0A
Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit

Any circuit

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Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

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We can apply Thevenin’s theorem to any part of the circuit

Rt1

Vt1

Rt2

Vt2

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Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit
Any circuit

What is Vt ?

+ +

voc voc

- -
Vt  voc
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Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

Any circuit
Any circuit

What is Rt ?

isc isc

Vt voc
Rt  
isc isc 7
Examples
+

voc

Vt  voc Vt 
R2
15  5
R2  R1
vs
isc   0.15 A
R1

voc
Rt   33.3
isc
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Vt  5

Rt  33.3
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Finding the Thévenin Resistance Directly

Suppose we turnoff all independent sources in the circuit

Circuit with no
Independent sources

Rt
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Finding the Thévenin Resistance Directly

Circuit with no
Independent sources

Rt
1.Turn off independent sources in the original network:

-A voltage source becomes a short circuit

-A current source becomes an open circuit

2. Compute the resistance between the terminals 11

 5  20
Req   4
5  20

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 Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

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VOC  Vt  10  8
20  5
10 20 20
isc  . 
5  (10 || 20) 20  10 35
voc 8  35
Rt    14
isc 20 13
Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

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Find Thevenin resistance for each of the circuits shown below

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Circuit with dependent Sources

Rt  ?
IZ

VZ

VZ
Rt 
IZ
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Norton’s equivalent

Any circuit

Any circuit

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Norton’s equivalent

Any circuit Any circuit

How do we find IN ?

isc isc

I n  isc 18
Norton’s equivalent

Any circuit
Any circuit

How do we find RN ?

+ +

Voc Voc
-
voc -
Rt  voc  I n  Rt
isc 19
20
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Norton’s equivalent

Rt = 6.15 
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Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals
in the circuit shown below. Hence find i.

voc  6V Rt  3

i  1.5 A
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Use Superposition voc  6V

Voc  Voc1  Voc 2  6

4  6 
Voc1  12  3 Voc 2  4 2 3
4  12  6  10 

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Source Transformation

Vt
In 
Rt

Vt  I n  Rt 26
Example
Use source transformation to solve for the indicated currents

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Maximum Power Transfer for dc circuits

I
VS RL

What value of RL will give rise to maximum load power ?

VS RL
I PL  I RL  V 
2 2
R  RL S
( R  RL )2
PL
0
RL

RL  R
VS2
PL max 
4 RL
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 1K
RL  1K  PL  6.25mW
RL  10 K  PL  2mW
5V RL

RL  0.2 K  PL  3.47mW
Maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = R

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General Case

Rt
Resistors and
RL
Sources Vt RL

Maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rt

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Summary Voltage division

Series/Parallel resistances
Current division

Mesh Analysis
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, …, in to the
n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use
Super node Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms
Nodal Analysis:
1. Identify and number the of the mesh currents.
nodes 3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous
2. Choose a reference node equations to get the mesh currents.
3. Write KCL for each node
such that
Source Transformation
Sum of currents leaving a node is
zero.
Vt  voc
voc
Rt  In 
Vt
isc Vt  I n  Rt Rt
The superposition principle states that the
total response is the sum of the responses to
I n  isc each of the independent sources 32 acting
Thevenin & Norton individually.
Labs

Link to youtube videos for labs have also been provided in resources document
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