FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

STRUCTURE ENGINEERING LABORATORY

FULL REPORT

Open Ended Lab (Influence Line of Statically Determinate

TEST CODE & TITLE
Structure)
COURSE CODE BFC31901

GROUP B4
1. MUHAMAD ABID BIN MOHD SHARIF
CF190240

2. MUHAMMAD SYAHMI AFHAM BIN AF210026

MOHD SABRI

GROUP MEMBER
3. ABDIAZIZ AHMED WARSAME
NAMES CF190185

4. SULAIMAN ABDIRASHID ABI CF190015

LECTURER NAME DR. MOHD KHAIRY BIN BURHANUDIN

COGNITIVE /100
PSYCHOMOTOR /100
MARKS
AFECTIVE /100

EXAMINER COMMENT
 LAB STRUCTURE COGNITIVE RUBRIC
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Name of Group Members Section: 12 Matric No:

1. Muhamad Abid bin Mohd Sharif CF190240

2. Muhammad Syahmi Afham bin Mohd Sabri AF210026

3. Abdiaziz Ahmed Warsame CF190185

4. Sulaiman Abdirashid Abi BF190015

100 Marks
CRITERIA / Mark
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 w Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL Scale
Fundamental Theory The fundamental theory of lab
The fundamental theory of The fundamental theory of The fundamental theory of
[20] The fundamental theory of topic is presented and
lab topic is partially lab topic is partially lab topic is presented and
- Introduction lab topic is not presented discussed. The discussion is 4.0
presented and poorly presented and moderately discussed accordingly with
- Literature review and discussed related to real cases with
discussed discussed references references
Methodology is described with
Methodology is moderately
Methodology is not Methodology is described proper experimental and
Methodology is not described without proper
Methodology [25] correctly described, wrong with proper experimental and analysis procedure in 5.0
described experimental and analysis
experimental procedure analysis procedure accordance to specific
procedure standard
Result, Data Analysis
& Discussions [40]
- Scientific Good data analysis with
A lot of mistakes in data Some mistakes in data Excellent data analysis with
terminology & Incorrect data analysis reliable justifications for
analysis with poor analysis with moderate strong justifications for 8.0
Accuracy without discussion complex engineering
justifications justifications complex engineering problem
- References, problem
citations &
formatting
The conclusions are well
The conclusions are The conclusions reflect the
The conclusions did not written and reflect all the
Conclusion [15] No conclusion provided moderately written, some objectives, and the overall 3.0
reflect the objectives objectives. The overall
points reflect the objectives summary is provided summary is provided

TOTAL MARKS (100)

1
 LAB STRUCTURE PSYCHOMOTOR RUBRIC
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Name of Group Members Section: 12 Matric No:

1. Muhamad Abid bin Mohd Sharif CF190240

2. Muhammad Syahmi Afham bin Mohd Sabri AF210026

3. Abdiaziz Ahmed Warsame CF190185

4. Sulaiman Abdirasid Abi BF190015

100 Marks
CRITERIA / Mark
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 w Marks
DOMAIN LEVEL Scale
Unable to show the Less leaderships skills, Moderate leaderships Ability to show good Ability to show very good
Demonstrate
leadership skills, there is there is no task (e-LABskills, but students are able leaderships skills with good leaderships skills with
leadership skills (20) 4
no task (e-LAB work) work) distribution to distribute their task (e- task (e-LAB work) structured task (e-LAB work)
– P1 distribution LAB work) distribution distribution
Ability to show very good
Skill of Laboratory Unable to apply the basic Less technical skill using Moderate technical skill Ability to show good
technical skill and
Work (20) – P2 technical skill using laboratory tools using laboratory tools, but technical skill using 4
competency using
laboratory tools still acceptable laboratory tools
laboratory tools
Able to perform Able to perform moderate Able to perform good Able to perform very good
Unable to perform
Accuracy (20) – P3 calculation and calculation and calculation and calculation procedure and
accurate calculation and 4
measurement, but not measurement, the measurement, complete measurement, very high
measurement
accurate accuracy is acceptable and accurate accuracy
Technical
Poor lab. testing SOP Moderate lab. testing SOP Good lab. testing SOP and Excellent lab. testing SOP
Competency and Unable to deliver a SOP
and application of code of and application of code of application of code of and application of code of
Decision Making for lab. testing and false 8
practice, as well as in practice, as well as in practice, as well as in practice, as well as in
(40) – P4 in making decision
decision making decision making decision making decision making

TOTAL MARKS (100)

2
 LAB STRUCTURE AFFECTIVE RUBRIC
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING CLUSTER
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Name of Group Members Section: 12 Matric No:

1. Muhamad Abid bin Mohd Sharif CF190240

2. Muhammad Syahmi Afham bin Mohd Sabri AF210026

3. Abdiaziz Ahmed Warsame CF190185

4. Sulaiman Abdirashid Abi BF190015

100 Marks
CRITERIA / DOMAIN Mark
Very Poor = 1 Poor = 2 Moderate = 3 Good = 4 Very Good = 5 w Marks
LEVEL Scale
Unable to show the Good participation in Very good commitment
Teamwork (20) – A1 Less participation in Moderate participation
teamwork spirit (no group during e-LAB and participation as well
(e-meeting / group during e-LAB in group during e-LAB 4
participation) in group work, shows the as helpful in group during
e-discussion) work work
during e-LAB work commitment e-LAB work
Unable to show Ability to show good Ability to show very good
Less awareness on Moderate awareness
Safety (20) – A2 awareness on safety in awareness on safety in awareness on safety in 4
safety in the report on safety in the report
the report the report the report

Very poor professional Poor professional Moderate professional Very good professional
Good professional
Discipline (20) – A1 attitude and time attitude and time attitude and time attitude, time
attitude and time
(e-meeting / management during management during management during management with high 4
management during the
e-discussion) the meeting with the meeting with the meeting with motivation during the
meeting with lecturer
lecturer lecturer lecturer meeting with lecturer

Discipline (40) – A1 X is how many students attend the lab session Please insert the value of X =
e-class (Class 8
attendance) Y is the total lab session that students must attend Please insert the value of Y =

TOTAL MARKS (100)

3
ABSTRACT

This open ended structure laboratory is intended to build an integrated laboratory exercise on a
beam element subjected to external and internal forces and deflection. Aside from that, the
mechanical properties of alumunium materials, as well as Euler's theory and application on
compression members, are discussed. Following that, the goal of this laboratory is To investigate
the existence of internal shear force and moment influence line developed in beam based on
external loading applied. The second goal is to determine the reaction force of influence line
developed at the support of beam. The scope of this laboratory focuses on the existence of internal
shear force and bending moments developed in the beam as a result of the external loading used.
Following that, determine the relationship between the load and the displacement, as well as the
estimated modulus of material elasticity. We use support frames, weight sets, record sheets,
measuring tape, and a pair of simple support and vernier callipers to conduct this experiment. This
experiment employs three case load types. We convert mass (g) into Newton's burden (N). Then,
compare the data from theory and experiment. It may yield different results due to experimental
errors such as systematic error, parallax error, and random error. Overall, we can conclude that the
theoretical calculation of shear force shows that there is a direct relationship between load and
shear force, but the experimental shear force shows some errors that can be attributed to human
error or faulty equipment.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

There are lots of things that cannot be observed in the proximity of our region. As a result,
engineers have always made the error of using their physics understanding to better the situation.
Shear force and bending time are two terms used in civil engineering to describe how the force
applied between two proponents may create flexibility. Engineers construct massive and towering
buildings, therefore this phenomena causes some collapse. Engineers use their knowledge to
research challenges via trial and error in order to learn more about the issue. Several tests were
carried out by constructing two side supports from two structural frames with the same separation
distance at both ends. Using today's advanced technology, we can determine the reading when the
load is applied at a specific distance from the left beam. The internal force operating perpendicular
to the beam is known as shear force.

1.2 GOAL OBJECTIVE

i. To investigate the existence of internal shear force and moment influence line
developed in beam based on external loading applied.
ii. To determine the reaction force of influence line developed at the support of beam.

1.3 LABORATORY SCOPE

The goal of this research is to determine if an internal shear force and bending moments have
produced in the beam as a result of the external stress. Furthermore, a structure's structure.
Calculate the shear and bending forces produced after that. Determine the connection between the
load and the displacement, as well as the material's estimated modulus of elasticity. Support
frames, weight sets, record sheets, measuring tape, a pair of basic supports, and Vernier callipers
are among the items we utilise to conduct this experiment. The load types used in this experiment
are 160g, 200g, 210g, and 350g. The mass (g) is converted into Newtons (N). The weight is then
placed 100mm and 260mm from the left support. Then, double-check that the digital power you're
using is up to the mark. When doing experiments, avoid parallax mistakes.

1.3.1 TYPE OF TESTING

Shear Force

A Structures Test Frame fits the beam. A system spans the incision, preventing the beam from
collapsing and allowing only shear movement. The force is measured using an electronic load cell,
which is connected to a Digital Force Display.

Instrument

1. Shear Force in a Beam Apparatus (STR3)

2. Weight (Loading)

Figure 1.1 - Shear Force In A Beam (STR3)

Bending Moment

The experiment hardware consists of a pivot that 'cuts' a simple supported beam. The Structures
Test Frame is fixed to the beam. Students use hangers carrying various masses to apply loads at
certain locations. A moment arm spans the cut onto a load cell, responding (and measuring) the
bending moment force and preventing the beam from collapsing. During experiments, a Digital
Force shows forces.

Instrument

1. Bending Moment in a Beam Apparatus (STR2)

2. Weight (Loading)

Figure 1.2 - Bending Moment In A Beam (STR2)

Deflection of Beam

A strong clamp and knife-edge supports are used to secure test beams to the backboard. Students
use hangers carrying various masses to apply loads in any location. A digital deflection indicator
crosses the beam, mounted atop a trammel. The indicator monitors the amount of deflection in the
beam. The location of the indication, the loads, and the supports are all displayed on scales on the
backboard.

Instrument

1. Deflection of beam and cantilever apparatus (STR4)

2. Weight (Loading) 3. Aluminum strut, Brass strut and Steel strut

Figure 1.3 - Deflection of Beam & Cantilever (STR4)

 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY

The value of laboratory testing in this experiment is that it teaches us how to use laboratory
equipment, such as digital power metres, and how to interpret them. Following that, we study about
the mechanics of material knowledge and how the shear force formula is used to produce
theoretical shear, deflection, bending, and buckling outcomes. As a consequence, the findings of
theoretical data may be compared to the results of experimental data. In this scenario, we may
answer the problem by applying lecture information. Then we know what sort of shear pressure
trial to do and what safety precautions to take throughout the testing. Furthermore, we do not
record the shear force of reading when the load is still vibrating or oscillating to avoid parallax
mistakes. As a result, the device should be firmly bolted or attached to the table.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

'Mechanics of Materials' has been the subject of several research all across the world. For
many years, Mechanics of Materials has been taught in a fairly consistent manner, with themes
and methods covered in detail over 50 years ago in classic works by Stephen Timishenko. Different
parties did the research in various locations. A load due to body contact is any force imparted to a
body from another body through direct contact across an area on the first body's surface. Beams
are long, narrow structural components that, unlike truss elements, are required to carry transverse
as well as axial stresses. Their attachment points can also be more complicated than those of truss
elements: they may be bolted or welded together so that bending moments or transverse forces can
be transmitted into the beam. Beams, which Galileo studied, are among the most frequent structural
components, serving as the supporting frameworks for aeroplanes, buildings, vehicles, people, and
a variety of other objects.

R.C Hibbeler, in his book 'Mechanics of Materials Editions 8th,' says that in a beam, the
transverse load is acted, which comes from the slabs to the column or walls. It is obvious that
beams are an important aspect of the structure of a building. This method may be used to calculate
the external load operating on individual beams. A force that acts on a plane going through the
body is known as shear force. Shear forces are unaligned forces that split a structure into two
sections in the opposite direction. The shear force acts perpendicular to the structure's length for
most part. The deflection of a beam or shaft must frequently be limited in order to maintain the
structural integrity and stability of a machine or building, as well as to prevent the cracking of any
fragile materials such as concrete or glass connected to it. Furthermore, in order to safely sustain
their intended loads, code requirements frequently necessitate that these members must not vibrate
or deflect much. Most importantly, if one wants to examine those that are statically indeterminate,
deflections at specific spots on a beam or shaft must be identified.

'Bending Moments in Beams of Reinforced Concrete Buildings,' a study done by B.

Horowitz and F. A. N. Silva (2008), has presented some research to clarify that residential
buildings with slab systems supported by reinforced concrete beams are commonly employed in
the building industry. The loads on supporting beams are computed using simplified approaches
for design purposes, in which the slab is examined as an independent element. These reactions can
nevertheless be regarded uniformly distributed over the slabs' supports in a simplified manner.
Bending Moments are the rotating forces that cause the beam to bend. The Bending Moment is the
sum of each external force multiplied by the distance perpendicular to the direction of the force at
any point within a beam.
CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY

3.1 FLOWCHART

START

SET THE APPARATUS AND SET

LENGTH WHERE LOAD WILL BE
APPLIED

ENSURE THE DIGITAL FORCE DISPLAY

M ETER READS ZERO WITH NO LOAD

HANG THE LOAD

(150 g, 200 g, 100 g, 300 g)

CALCULATE TO COMPARE
EXPERIMENTAL VALUE AND
THEORETICAL VALUE
3.2 APPARATUS

Instrument Shear Force

1. Shear Force Influence Line Apparatus

2. 10 N load

Figure 3.1 : Shear Force Influence Line Apparatus

Instrument Bending Moment

1. Moment Influence Lines Apparatus

2. 10 N load

Figure 3.2 : Moment Influence Lines Apparatus

3.3 PROCEDURE

• Shear Force Influence Line

CASE 1

1. Measure the length of the Shear Force Influence Line apparatus to ensure the total length.
2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 150 g load with the length of 200 mm and hanger of
200 g load with the length of 260 mm from the left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.

CASE 2

1. Prepare the Shear Force Influence Line apparatus.

2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g and 100 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 100 g load with the length of 140 mm, then hanger of 150 g load with
the length of 200mm and lastly hanger of 200 g load with the length of 260 mm from the
left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.

CASE 3

1. Prepare the Shear Force Influence Line apparatus.

2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g and 100 g and 300 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 300 g load with the length of 80 mm, 100 g load with the length of 140
mm, then hanger of 150 g load with the length of 200mm and lastly hanger of 200 g load
with the length of 260 mm from the left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.
• Moment Influence Lines

CASE 1

1. Measure the length of the Moment Influence Lines apparatus to ensure the total length.
2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 150 g load with the length of 200 mm and hanger of
200 g load with the length of 260 mm from the left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.
6. The value that have been obtained in step 5 is multiple with 0.125.

CASE 2

1. Prepare the Moment Influence Lines apparatus.

2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g and 100 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 100 g load with the length of 140 mm, then hanger of 150 g load with
the length of 200mm and lastly hanger of 200 g load with the length of 260 mm from the
left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.
6. The value that have been obtained in step 5 is multiple with 0.125

CASE 3

1. Prepare the Moment Influence Lines apparatus.

2. Prepare the load hanger with load 150 g, 200 g and 100 g and 300 g.
3. Make sure the Digital Force Meter are equal to zero.
4. Place the hanger of 300 g load with the length of 80 mm, 100 g load with the length of 140
mm, then hanger of 150 g load with the length of 200mm and lastly hanger of 200 g load
with the length of 260 mm from the left side of beam respectively.
5. Record the data from the Digital Force Meter.
6. The value that have been obtained in step 5 is multiple with 0.125.
CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Shear Force

Theoretical Experiment

Case 1 -1.8 -1.8

Case 2 -2.1 -2.1

Case 3 -2.3 -2.3

Bending Moment

Theoretical Experiment

Case 1 0.2 0.2

Case 2 0.3 0.3

Case 3 0.4 0.4

RESULT AND CALCULATION

SHEAR FORCE

Part 1

Load, W Distance, Digital Force Shear Force At

(N) d (m) Display Reading (N) Cut Section (N)
0.981 0.04 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.06 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.08 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.10 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.12 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.14 0.0 0.0
0.981 0.16 0.0 0.0
0.981 0.18 0.1 0.1
0.981 0.20 0.2 0.2
0.981 0.24 0.2 0.2
0.981 0.36 -0.1 -0.1
0.981 0.38 -0.1 -0.1
0.981 0.40 -0.1 -0.1

Table 1: Result for Experiment (Shear Force)

Example calculation:

Distance for 0.04m of load from left-hand support

Load = 100g = 0.981N

Digital Force Display Reading (N) = 0.1N

L = 0.44m

Shear Force at cut-section (N) = Digital Force Display

= 0.1N
 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁)
Experimental Influence Line Value =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑁)

0.1
=
0.981

= 0.10 N

Theoretical Influence Line Value

Fy = 1 – x/L

= 1 – (0.04/0.44)

= 0.91

Distance for 0.06m of load from left-hand support

Load = 100g = 0.981N

Digital Force Display Reading (N) = 0.1N

L = 0.44m

Shear Force at cut-section (N) = Digital Force Display

= 0.1N

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁)

Experimental Influence Line Value =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑁)

0.1
=
0.981

= 0.1 N

Theoretical Influence Line Value

Fy = 1 – x/L

= 1 – (0.04/0.44)

= 0.91 N
Part 2

Shear Force
Position of Hanger from Left Hand Support
Digital Reading
Case (m)
(N)
0.981 N 1.962 N 2.943 N -
1 0.18 0.28 0.30 1.6
2 0.20 0.30 0.40 2.0
3 0.22 0.30 0.50 0.3

Table 2: Result for Experiment (Shear Force)

Case 1

Calculation of value y1, y2, y3

𝑦1 0.68
=
180𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y1= 0.408

𝑦2 0.68
=
280𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y2= 0.635

𝑦3 0.68
=
300𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y3= 0.68

Theoretical Shear = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3

= 0.981(0.408) + 1.962(0.635) + 2.943(0.68)

= 3.65N
Case 2

Calculation of value y1, y2, y3

𝑦1 0.68
=
200𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y1= 0.453

𝑦2 0.68
=
300𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y2= 0.680

𝑦3 0.68
=
400𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y3= 0.910

Theoretical Shear = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3

= 0.981(0.453) + 1.962(0.680) + 2.943(0.910)

= 4.46N

Case 3

Calculation of value y1, y2, y3

𝑦1 0.68
=
230𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y1= 0.521

𝑦2 0.68
=
300𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y2= 0.680

𝑦3 0.68
=
500𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚

y3= 1.133

Theoretical Shear = F1y1 + F2y2 + F3y3

= 0.981(0.521) + 1.962(0.680) + 2.943(1.133) = 5.18N

BENDING MOMENT

Distance, d (m) Digital Force Display reading (N)

100g 300g
0.04 0.0 -0.6
0.06 -0.1 -0.4
0.08 -0.2 0.5
0.10 0.3 0.7
0.12 0.5 1.1
0.14 0.3 1.2
0.16 0.5 1.4
0.18 0.5 1.6
0.20 0.7 1.6
0.24 0.8 2.0
0.36 0.6 1.2
0.38 0.5 1.0
0.40 0.3 0.7
Table 1: Result for experiment (bending moment)

Case Position hanger from left hand support (m) Shear Force Digital Reading
0.981 N 1.962 N 2.943 N (N)
1 0.24 0.06 0.14 2.1
2 0.1 0.18 0.24 3.2
3 0.06 0.2 0.16 2.5
Table 2: Result for experiment (bending moment)

Case 1

0.2
𝑦1 = × (0.68)
0.3

= 0.45
 0.26
𝑦2 = × (0.68)
0.3

= 0.59

0.2
𝑦1 = × (0.1)
0.3

= 0.07

0.26
𝑦2 = × (0.1)
0.3

= 0.07

𝑣𝑐 = −𝑦1(1.47) + (−𝑦2 × 1.96)

= −1.8

𝑚𝑐 = 𝑦1(1.47) + 𝑦2(1.96)

= 0.2

Case 2

0.14
𝑦2 = × (0.68)
0.3

= 0.32

0.14
𝑦3 = × (0.1)
0.3

= 0.05

𝑉𝑐 = −𝑦3(0.981) + (−𝑦1 × 1.47) + (−𝑦2 × 1.98)

= −2.1

𝑀𝑐 = 𝑦3(0.981) + 𝑦1(1.47) + (𝑦2 × 1.98)

= 0.3
Case 3

0.08
𝑦4 = × (0.68)
0.3

= 0.18

0.08
𝑦4 = × (0.1)
0.3

= 0.027

𝑉𝑐 = −𝑦4(2.94) + (−𝑦3 × 0.981) + (−𝑦1 × 1.47) + (−𝑦2 × 1.96)

= −2.3

𝑀𝑐 = 𝑦4(2.94) + (𝑦3 × 0.981) + (𝑦1 × 1.47) + (𝑦2 × 1.96)

= 0.41
CONCLUSION

As a result, we conclude that the experiment described above was carried out fairly and
accuratelyas possible. Although errors cannot be avoided, we can reduce them by repeating
the experiment three times or more and then taking the average readings, being
extra cautious during the experiment, and having more than one person record the
readings and carry out the experiment. The goal is to reduce errors as much as
possible in order to achieve work accuracy. The reasons for this are that the
experiments were carried out by students rather than professionals, so mistakes were
made.