ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: March 2020 – July 2020

Laboratory
Level LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title DETERMINATION OF TURBINE 1. Group Leader 2019260792 MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI EC1105M
PERFORMANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF
PUMP EFFICIENCY, HEAD AND DISCHARGE
Date 12/11/2021 2. Member 2019413252 MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI EC1105M
Lecturer’s TS. DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI 2019807248 MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI EC1105M
Name 3. Member
THOLIBON
4. Member 2019232514 MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN EC1105M
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined engineering
problems.
A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT 2 4 6 8 10
Not able to explain, design and Not able to explain the Able to design, conduct and Able to design, conduct, testing Able to design, conduct, testing,
Knowledge on the open-
1 A2 (Responding) conduct the experimental work in experiment and the work explain the data obtained but and explain the data obtained interpret and explain the data and the
ended laboratory
the lab assigned not the work assigned and the work assigned work assigned
Able to control, lead and Able to control, lead and delivering Able to control, lead and delivering
Unable to control, lead, fail to Able to control, lead the group
delivering the task to the group the task to the group efficiently and the task to the group efficiently and
deliver the task to the group and but fail to deliver the task and
members and occasionally helps usually does what is the best serves as a leader in managing
2 A2 (Responding) Leadership skill does not compromise to achieve does not compromise towards the
the group to achieve the interest of the group towards the individual ideas towards the
the objectives of experiments achieveme5nt objectives of the
objectives of the experiments achievement of the achievement of the objectives
(Reports) experiments (Reports) (Reports) objectives (Reports) (Reports)
Team showed good cohesion, Team showed great cohesion,
Team demonstrated some interaction respect. Team member interaction respect. Team member Team showed great cohesion,
Team showed poor cohesion,
cohesion, interaction respect. did not share the tasks equally and did not share the tasks equally and interaction respect. Team shared the
poor interaction and poor respect.
Most work was done by only 1 did not utilize abilities of each did not utilize abilities of each tasks equally and utilizes abilities of
3 A4 (Organization) Organization Only one person does all the
member team. Reports were team members. Reports were team members. each team members.
reports. Reports were not
completed on time but with completed on time but with Reports were completed on time Reports were completed on time with
completed. unsatisfactory compilations
unsatisfactory compilations. but with satisfactory satisfactory compilations.
compilations.
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
The team is able to collect some The team is able to collect The team is able to collect relevant
The team is able to collect
The team is unable to collect any relevant data, related to the relevant data, related to the data, related to the objectives, with
4 A4 (Organizing) Result and analysis some data but unable to
data, insufficient to analyze and objectives, with fair analysis and objectives, with good analysis excellent analysis and interpretation.
analyze and interpret
interpret interpretation. and interpretation.

5 A4 (Organizing)
The team is able to relate some of The team is able to relate all The team is able to relate all
The team is unable to discuss the The team is able to discuss
Discussion the findings with the problem with findings with the problem with findings with the problem with
findings some of the findings
fair discussion good discussion excellent discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

ECW341
OPEN-ENDED LAB
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : DETERMINATION OF TURBINE PERFORMANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF

PUMP EFFICIENCY, HEAD AND DISCHARGE

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
: 12.11.2021
GROUP
: EC1105M
GROUP MEMBERS
1. MUHAMMAD SYAHAMUDDIN BIN MAT BASRI (2019260792)

2. MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN NAZARUDDIN (2019413252)

3. MUHAMMAD HILMAN BIN NAZRI (2019807248)

4. MUHAMMAD ZHARFAN BIN SARUDIN (2019232514)

LECTURER : TS. DR. DURATUL AIN BINTI THOLIBON

LEVEL OF OPENESS : 1

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT
SUMMARY OF
3
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND
4 2 4 6 8 10
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /30

 1. DATA
TURBINE
Spear valve open at 100%

Breaking Speed Flow rate Flow Rate Discharge Discharge Force Torque Brake Pressure Water Efficiency
load (kg) (RPM) (LPM) (m3/s) pressure pressure (N) (Nm) Horse Head (H) Horse (%)
(kg/cm2) (N/m2) Power Power
(Watt) (watt)

0 907.67 115.57 0.00193 19.33 1933000 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 915.67 155.53 0.00259 18.67 1867000 19.62 0.78 74.79 190.32 4835.63 1.55

6 877.67 115.73 0.00193 19.33 1933000 58.86 2.36 216.35 197.04 3730.62 5.80

8 810.33 118.67 0.00198 19.67 1967000 78.48 3.14 266.45 200.51 3894.67 6.84

10 688.00 124.67 0.00208 20.67 2067000 98.10 3.92 282.42 210.70 4299.29 6.57

11 620.00 123.97 0.00207 20.33 2033000 107.91 4.32 280.48 207.23 4208.16 6.67

Discharge pressure (kg/cm2) to (N/m2) = 19.33 kg /cm2 ×100 000=1933000 N /m 2

Braking load = 6.0 kg

Braking force = m× g = 6.0 × 9.81=58.86 N
Torque = force ×radius=58.86 N × 0.04 m=2.354 Nm
2π 2π
Brake Horse Power = torque ×( speed × )=2.354 ×( 877.67 × )=216.35 watt
60 60

Pressure Head, H = P/ ρwg=1933000/(1000× 9.81)=197.04 m

Water Horse Power = ρwgQH =1000 × 9.81× 0.00193× 197.04=3730.62 watt

Turbine Efficiency, % =(brake horse power /water horse power )× 100 %

 Speed (RPM) VS Brake Horse Power (Watt)
300 282.42 280.48
266.45

Brake Horse Power (Watt)

250
216.35
200

150

100 74.79

50
0
0
907.67 915.67 877.67 810.33 688 620
Speed (RPM)

Torque (Nm) VS Brake Horse Power (Watt)

5
4.5 4.32
3.92
4
3.5 3.14
Torque (Nm)

3
2.5 2.36
2
1.5
1 0.78
0.5 0
0
907.67 915.67 877.67 810.33 688 620
Speed (RPM)

Efficiency (%) VS Brake Horse Power (Watt)

8
6.84 6.67
7 6.57
6 5.8

5
Efficiency (%)

4
3
2 1.55
1
0
0
907.67 915.67 877.67 810.33 688 620
Speed (RPM)
 PUMP

Pump Inlet Outlet Total Venturi Total Total

(suction (Delivery) Head, H Pump pressure Flow power hydraulic Efficiency
pressure), Pressure, (KPa) speed, N difference (Lsˉ¹) input, W1 Power (%)
P2 (bar) P4 (Bar) (rev.minˉ¹) (ΔP) (Watts) (Watts)
-0.67 0.22 89 3007 0.64 2.35 420 209.15 49.80
-0.63 0.32 95 3008 0.6 2.3 415 218.5 52.65
-0.57 0.42 99 3004 0.54 2.16 401 213.84 53.33
-0.51 0.53 104 3007 0.48 2.04 389 212.16 54.54
-0.46 0.62 108 3004 0.42 1.91 375 206.28 55.01
-0.46 0.72 112 3008 0.36 1.76 357 197.12 55.22
-0.35 0.82 117 3011 0.3 1.61 339 188.37 55.57
-0.29 0.92 121 3008 0.22 1.38 314 166.98 53.18
-0.22 1.03 125 3007 0.016 1.18 285 147.5 51.75
-0.14 1.14 128 3007 0.06 0.72 241 92.16 38.24

Total Hydraulic Power = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄

kg m 89000 Pa 2.35 L/s
1000 3
× 9.81 2 × × =209.15 watts
m s 1000 kg × 9.81 m/ s 1000 L/m3
2

Efficiency
hydraulic power 209.15
×100 %= ×100 %=49.8 %
power input 420

Total power input, W1 (Watts) VS

Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)
450 420 415 401 389
400 375
Total power input, W1 (Watts)

357
350 339
314
300 285

250 241

200
150
100
50
0
2.35 2.3 2.16 2.04 1.91 1.76 1.61 1.38 1.18 0.72

Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)
 Total power input, W1 (Watts) VS
Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)
140
125 128
117 121
120 112
104 108
95 99
100
Total Head, H (KPa)

89
80

60

40

20

0
2.35 2.3 2.16 2.04 1.91 1.76 1.61 1.38 1.18 0.72

Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)

Efficiency (%) VS
Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)
60 55.57
54.54 55.01 55.22
52.65 53.33 53.18 51.75
49.8
50

40 38.24
Efficiency (%)

30

20

10

0
2.35 2.3 2.16 2.04 1.91 1.76 1.61 1.38 1.18 0.72

Flowrate, Q (Lsˉ¹)
 2. DISCUSSION
The main objective of determining turbine performance and measuring pump efficiency is to
identify the operating parameters of a Pelton turbine at various speeds, as well as the head flowrate
characteristics and pump efficiency when using a single, series, or parallel pump. For turbine, water
power and braking power were calculated to obtained turbine efficiency.

 To obtained water power for turbine:

𝑃𝑤 =𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄

 To obtained braking power for turbine:

𝑃𝑚 =𝑇 𝑥 𝜔

 To obtained the efficiency of turbine:

Pm
η= ×100
Pw
The Pelton wheel is a type of water turbine that harvests energy from flowing water's impulse.
When high-speed rushing water collides with the Pelton cup, an impulsive force is generated, forcing the
turbine to rotate and the wheels to convert kinetic energy from the water jet into rotational energy. The
power extraction is zero if the Pelton wheel buckets are held stationary. If the Pelton wheel buckets
revolve at the same rate as the water jet, the water jet will be unable to impact the bucket. As a result, no
electricity will be extracted in this situation. It may be used to figure out hydraulic efficiency, which is
the ratio of the power generated by a turbine's runner to the power supplied at the intake. For the pump,
the power of the fluid, the flowrate of the fluid, and the pump head were calculated using a formula to
produce the overall efficiency of the pump.
Centrifugal pumps use revolving impellers that are submerged in the fluid to give momentum to
the fluid. The momentum causes a pressure or f low rise at the pump output. Positive displacement
pumps have a constant torque profile, whereas centrifugal pumps have a variable torque profile. A
centrifugal pump converts driving energy into kinetic energy in a liquid by accelerating the fluid to the
impeller's outer rim. The velocity at the impeller's edge, or vane tip, is proportional to the amount of
energy given to the liquid. The faster the impeller circles or the bigger the impeller, the higher the liquid
velocity at the vane tip and the more energy delivered to the liquid.
During the experiment, an error may be occurred. Errors can be caused by both human and
equipment error. Equipment error is produced by damage to the apparatus, which stops it from providing
the correct value throughout the experiment. When a human misread a reading, they have made a human
error. To prevent this, make doubly sure the apparatus is in good condition before conducting the
experiment, and then repeat it to obtain an average value. Meanwhile, calculate each value obtained in
the experiment as needed.
 3. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the students were able to fulfil the experiment's objectives, which included
determining the features that run the Pelton turbine at various speeds, as well as the head and flowrate
characteristics, and pump efficiency.
A few precaution rules should be followed by students. Personal protection equipment, such as
safety boots, must be required to wear by all students in the laboratory to reduce injuries such as
accidents.

4. APPENDIX