ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2021 – FEB 2022

Laboratory
Level LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group

Laboratory Title 1. Group Leader 2019430356 ARIF ISKANDAR BIN SHAWALUDDIN ECG1105G
Measurement of Flow Over Sharp Crested Weir
Date 1/11/2021 2. Member 2019420576 AHMAD A’ZIEMULLAH UMAR BIN AZAILANI ECG1105G
Lecturer’s NOOR SAFWAN BIN MUHAMAD 2019269332 AHAMD AMIR AFIQ BIN MUHAMMAD SHAH ECG1105G
Name 3. Member

4. Member 2019247116 MOHAMMAD ALIF ASYRAAF BIN MOHAMMAD ILLAHI ECG1105G

Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

RUBRICS/Marks Marks
NO DOMAIN ELEMENT 2 4 6 8 10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A2 (Responding) following: following: following: following: following:
The student actively  < 100% compliance on  100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
participates and reacts in lab safety rules and not safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
some way. Emphasis is practice them them them them them
on active participation on  Not participate in group  < 50% participate in  50% participate in group  75% participate in group  100% participate in group
the part of the learners discussion, group discussion, discussion, discussion, discussion
Participation &
such as compliance in  No interest in subject,  < 50% interest in  50% interest in subject,  75% interest in subject,  100% interest in subject,
1 Knowledge on the open-
responding, willingness  Not enjoy helping subject,  50% enjoy helping  75% enjoy helping others.  100% fully enjoy helping
ended laboratory
to respond, or others.  < 50% enjoy helping others.  Able to design, prepare, others.
satisfaction in  Not able to explain, others.  Able to design, prepare testing and explain the  Able to design, prepare,
responding design and prepare the  Not able to explain the and explain the experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
experimental work in the experiment and the work experiments and the assigned in the report the experiments and the
report assigned in the report work assigned in the based on OEL work assigned in the report
report but not based on components based on OEL components
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach: approach: approach: approach:
 No acceptance of  25% acceptance of any  50% acceptance of any  75% acceptance of any  100% acceptance of any
A3 (Valuing) commitment commitment commitment commitment commitment
The worth a student  Uncommitted to carry  25% committed to carry  50% committed to carry  75% committed to carry  100% committed to carry
attaches to a responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility responsibility
particular object,  Uncommitted to provide  25% committed to  50% committed to  75% committed to provide  100% committed to provide
phenomenon, or Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea provide suggestion provide suggestion suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
2 behavior. Ranges Commitment &  Uncommitted to follow and/or idea and/or idea  75% committed to follow  100% committed to follow
from acceptance to Responsibility group decision  25% committed to follow  50% committed to follow group decision. group decision.
commitment, carry  Unable to control, lead, group decision. group decision  Able to control, lead and  Able to control, lead and
responsibility for the fail to deliver the task to  Able to control, lead the  Able to control, lead and delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
functioning of a group, the group and does not group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
attitudes and compromise to achieve the task and does not group members and usually does what is the as a leader in managing
appreciation. the objectives of compromise towards the occasionally helps the best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
experiments (Reports) achievement objectives group to achieve the towards the achievement achievement of the
of the experiments objectives of the of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports) experiments (Reports) (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
A4 (Organization) following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
At this level, the approach approach approach approach approach
student has held a  <100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good  100% maintain good health
value system for a health habits, health habits, health habits, health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
sufficiently long time compliance on lab compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
to control his/her Character &
3 safety rules and practice rules and practice them rules and practice them practice them them
behavior, has Organization
them  85% display self-  90% display self-  95% display self-reliance  100% display self-reliance in
developed a  Not display self-reliance reliance in working reliance in working in working independently, working independently, and
characteristic in working independently, and independently, and and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
"lifestyle." Behavior is independently, and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,  100% display a professional
pervasive, consistent, cooperate in group activities, activities,  95% display a commitment to ethical
predictable, and most activities,  85% display a  90% display a professional commitment practice daily.
importantly,
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory
Universiti Teknologi MARA
characteristic of  Not display a
the learner. professional
commitment to ethical
practice daily.
 Not able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 Not able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team showed poor
cohesion, poor
interaction and poor
respect. Only one
person does all the
reports. Reports were
not completed
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab
Brings together different report
values, resolving conflicts  The team is unable to
among them, and starting collect any data,
to build an internally insufficient to analyze
4 consistent value system. Result and analysis and interpret
Organizes values into  Unable in comparing,
priorities by contrasting relating and
different systems. The synthesizing data based
emphasis is on on relevant standard
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
professional professional
commitment to ethical commitment to ethical
practice daily. practice daily.
 85% able to objectively  90% able to objectively
interpret case interpret case
study/problem study/problem
 85% able to revise  90% able to revise
judgments and changes judgments and changes
approach considering approach considering
new idea or issue arise. new idea or issue arise.
 Team demonstrated  Team showed good
some cohesion, cohesion, interaction
interaction respect. Most respect. Team member
work was done by only 1 did not share the tasks
member team. Reports equally and did not
were completed on time utilize abilities of each
but with unsatisfactory team members. Reports
compilations. were completed on time
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab
report report
 The team is able to  The team is able to
collect some data but collect some relevant
unable to analyze and data, related to the
interpret objectives, with fair
 25% comparing, relating analysis and
and synthesizing data interpretation.
based on relevant  50% comparing, relating
standard and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Academic Session: OCT 2021 – FEB 2022
to ethical practice daily.
 95% able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 95% able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team showed great
cohesion, interaction
respect. Team member
did not share the tasks
equally and did not utilize
abilities of each team
members. Reports were
completed on time but
with satisfactory
compilations.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 The team is able to collect
relevant data, related to
the objectives, with good
analysis and
interpretation.
 50% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
 100% able to objectively
interpret case study/problem
 100% able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering new
idea or issue arise.
 Team showed great
cohesion, interaction
respect. Team shared the
tasks equally and utilizes
abilities of each team
members. Reports were
completed on time with
satisfactory compilations.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab report
 The team is able to collect
relevant data, related to the
objectives, with excellent
analysis and interpretation.
 100% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data based
on relevant standard

A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting
to build an internally
5 consistent value system.
Organizes values into
priorities by contrasting
different systems. The
emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 Not organize,
unformatted and
unsystematic laboratory
Discussion report
 Not providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is unable to
discuss the findings
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 25% organize, formatted
and systematic
laboratory report
 25% providing solution
to the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is able to
discuss some of the
findings
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report  75% organize, formatted  100% fully organize,
 50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
and systematic report laboratory report
laboratory report  75% providing solution to  100% providing solution to
 50% providing solution the environmental the environmental
to the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems.
engineering problems.  The team is able to relate  The team is able to relate all
 The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
INTRODUCTION

The measurement of flow over crested weir experiment is used to determine the coefficient of discharge for the open channel using triangular and
rectangular notches. This laboratory experiments that require student to conduct the measurement of flow over broad crested weir laboratory experiment
and analyses and interpret the data based on obtained data. Student is given the approach and criteria for presenting results and analysis in their report.

BASIC CONCEPT

Theoretically, the discharge passing through a rectangular and triangular notch is given by the following equations:

A. Rectangular Notch

B. Triangular V Notch

The actual discharge is given by the following equation:

The discharge coefficient Cd should be determined earlier before we can measure the actual discharge in a channel.

Equation 1 and 2 can be written in a general form as follows:

Alternatively, in logarithmic form:

The variable c can be determined by obtaining the value at the point where the line intercepts -axis when log =0. Based on equation 1, 2 and 3, the
intercept is represented by (for rectangular notch):
For a triangular V notch,

Therefore, by rearranging equations 10.4, 10.6 and 10.7, the discharge coefficient can be determined by the following equations

For rectangular notch:

For a triangular V notch:

DATA AND ANALYSIS

Notches Time taken to Height of the Width of ∅ Flowrate of water, Q Discharge Coefficient,
get 5 litters water above the notch. (m3/s) Cd
water.tt (s) the notch. H b (cm)
(cm)
Rectangular 22.70 5 3 _ 0.000221 0.223

Triangular V 23.25 7 4 30˚ 0.000215 0.262

Triangular 20.16 4 8.5 90˚ 0.000248 0.328

Trapezoidal 23.85 4 5 15˚ 0.000210 0.153

Rectangular notch

3
2 (0.05)
= ( 0.03 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 )
3 2
=0.000991 m3/s

v
Q=
t
0.005
=
22.70
=0.000221 m3/s

Discharge Coefficient, Cd

0.000221
Cd =
0.000991
=0.223
Variable C;

2
= ( 0.223)( 0.03) √ 2(9.81)
3
=0.020

Triangular V Notch

5
8 30 ( 0.07)
= tan √ 2 ( 9.81 )
15 2 2

Qtheo =0.000821 m3/s

v
Q=
t
0.005
=
23.25
Q=0.000215

Discharge Coefficient, Cd

0.000215
Cd=
0.000821
Cd=0.262

Variable C;
 8 30
= ( 0.262 ) (tan )¿ )
15 2
C=0.735

Triangular 90˚ Notch

5
8 90 (0.04)
= tan
15 2
√ 2 ( 9.81 )
2
Qtheo =0.000756 m3/s

v
Q=
t
0.005
=
20.16
Q=0.000248 m3/s

Discharge Coeffiecient,Cd

0.000248
Cd=
0.000756
=0.328

Variable C;

8 90
= ( 0.328 ) (tan )¿ )
15 2
C=0.775

Trapezoidal Notch
7.5 – 2.5 = 5.0cm
5
= 2.5cm
2

2.5
Tan θ =
10
= 14.04˚

2θ
2(14.04) = 28.08˚

+
3 5
2 (0.04) 8 28.08 (0.04)
= ( 0.05 ) √ 2 ( 9.81 ) + tan √ 2 ( 9.81 )
3 2 15 2 2
=0.00118 + 0.000189
=0.00137 m3/s

v
Q=
t
0.005
=
23.85
=0.000210 m3/s

Discharge Coefficient, Cd

0.000210
=
0.00137
=0.153

Variable C;
 +
2 8 28.08
= ( 0.153)(0.05) √ 2(9.81) + ( 0.153 ) ( tan )( √ 2 ( 9.81 ) )
3 15 2
=0.0226 + 0.0904
=0.113

DISCUSSION

In this experiment, student must conduct the flow over crested weir experiment to determine the coefficient of discharge for open channel using
rectangular and rectangular notch. Furthermore, the weir is used to measure the flow discharge by forcing the water level to rise upstream of the weir,
causing the water to spill over. The more water pouring through the weir, the deeper the water upstream. As a result, determining flow rate may be as
simple as measuring the depth of the water upstream. Based on the weir, we use four types of notches that is two rectangular different degree, triangular
notches and trapezoidal notches. All the weir has classification that help us to determine the discharge of coefficient.

First, the triangular notch. For the dimension, 10cm for the height and 3cm for the width. The height of water above the notch from the experiment we
conduct is 5cm. Second, we use two type triangular V notch which is the degree are 30˚ and 90˚. The triangular with 30˚ has dimension that 4cm for the
width and the height of water above the notch is 7cm. Then, the triangular with 90˚ with the dimension is 8.5cm for the width and the height of water
above the notch is 4cm. Lastly, the trapezoidal notch that have 5cm of width and the degree is 15˚.The height of water above notch is 4cm. We use a
ruler, vernier calliper, and protractor to determine these values.

We have succeeded to determine the discharge of coefficients for all type of notch. By using the equation below,

There are all discharge coefficients for all notches. For the rectangular notch is 0.223 and for two types of triangular notches are 0.262 and 0.368.Then,
the trapezoidal notch is 0.153.
Based on the experiment, there are some current errors that can affect the several data collected. First, the error happens when the notch is not inserted
correctly into the designated place. That error making water able to pass from between the hollow areas makes the data obtained less accurate. This
error can prevent with make sure the notch placed right in place and make sure water does not come out through from the notch. Second, the notch has
broken pieces that make the dimension taken not accurate. It also can cause errors in the estimates that make the data incomplete. In that error, student
must check the tools before start the experiment. Other than that, the error also happens when take the measurement of water above the notch. This
happen when student didn’t carefully observe the scale of the ruler and get the inappropriate data. For the prevent, student’s eyes must perpendicular on
the scale to get the data correctly.

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, the objective of experiment has been achieved successfully in determine the discharge coefficients for all notches. Therefore, there are
many errors that obtain the result and affect some data. Student must to make sure the apparatus in the good condition before submit to conduct the
experiment.

APPENDIX