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ME LABORATORY REPORT 1
(Fluid Machinery and Heat Transfer Equipment)

MARK LOIES H. SIEZ

BSME 4

JUANITO M. ORIGINES, JR.

Instructor
I. INTRODUCTION

Laboratory Report 1 is about the familiarization of commonly used and

encountered fluid machinery and heat transfer equipment in the field of mechanical
engineering. This report includes an introduction, a description of the types,
functions, and applications of the equipment, and a figure with the label.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To familiarize commonly encountered fluid machinery and heat transfer

equipment in the field of mechanical engineering.
2. To describe the types, functions, and applications of the equipment.
3. To label the figures of fluid machinery and heat transfer equipment.
4. To introduce fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
5. To know the importance and relation of fluid mechanics and heat transfer.

III. FLUID MACHINERY AND HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

Fluid Machinery Equipment

- Pumps
 Centrifugal Pump
 Rotary Pump
 Reciprocating Pump
 Deep well Pump
- Hydraulic Turbines
 Impulse Turbines
 Reaction Turbines
- Fans and Blowers
- Compressors
 Centrifugal Compressor
 Reciprocating Compressor
 Rotary Compressor
- Fluid coupling and torque converter

Heat Transfer Equipment

- Shell and tube heat exchanger

- Condenser
- Economizer and pre-heater
- Radiator
- Cooling tower
- Heat pipe
 Fluid Machinery Equipment

Pumps

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy.
Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to
move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

Types:

Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of the

transfer of rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers.  Fluid
enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal force
along its circumference through the impeller’s vane tips.  The action of the impeller
increases the fluid’s velocity and pressure and also directs it towards the pump outlet. 
The pump casing is specially designed to constrict the fluid from the pump inlet, direct it
into the impeller and then slow and control the fluid before discharge. Centrifugal pumps
are commonly used for pumping water, solvents, organics, oils, acids, bases and any
'thin' liquids in both industrial, agricultural and domestic applications. The pump is used
for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration
(usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control,
marine services, etc.
Rotary Pump

Rotary pumps are most commonly used to circulate lubricating oil in mechanical
equipment or to provide pressure for hydraulic operating systems. The oil used in these
systems is usually cleaned by filtering. The pumped fluid lubricates the pump's internal
gears and bearings. The main applications where rotary pumps are used are -
Refrigeration Heating and Air Conditioning. They are also used as pumps carrying out
high viscosity substances transfer such as lubricating oil.Lobe-type, flexible-vane or
screw pump are generally used for high viscosity or metering.

Reciprocating Pumps

Reciprocating pumps are used where a precise amount of fluid is required to be

delivered, also where the delivery pressure required is higher than can be achieved with
other types. The fluid is moved by the means of a piston that travels in a cylinder. After
being drawn into the cylinder through an inlet valve, the piston continues moving down
the cylinder. As the piston moves back up the cylinder, the liquid is discharged at a
preset pressure, controlled by a delivery valve. The liquid is ejected from the cylinder
into the piping system in pulses, which are transmitted to the suction and discharge
piping; therefore, hold-down supports could be required on the piping system on the
suction and the discharge side of the pump. Industries that commonly use reciprocating
pumps include Oil and gas: Oil and gas industry applications include disposal, offshore
oil, production, injection, feed, charge, steam generators, mainline, and field gathering.
Deep Well Pump

A deep well jet pump uses suction at the jet for bringing water into the system. It also
uses pressure to lift up water in the well and deliver it into the house. They are efficient
enough to pump water up from great depths without using too much power or becoming
overstrained. Deep-well units are designed for use in water supply systems, for
pumping and increasing liquid pressures in technological processes, reduction of
ground water level, watering systems, and other industrial and residential applications.

Hydraulic Turbines

Hydraulic turbines are the prime movers that convert the energy of the falling water into
a rotational mechanical energy and consequently to an electric energy through the use
of the generators that are connected to the turbines. Turbines consist of a row of blades
that are fixed on a rotating shaft or a plate.

Types:

Impulse Turbine

An impulse turbine is comprised of a stage of stationary nozzles followed by a stage of

moving blades. In this turbine, the potential energy of steam is converted into kinetic
energy in nozzles. mpulse turbines are used in drinking water supply systems. Used in
hydropower plants. This type of turbine is used to generate electrical energy. It is used
in Hydro Power Plant.

Reaction Turbines

Reaction turbines are the turbines that use the pressure as well as the velocity of the
moving water to rotate. Reaction turbines are placed in the water stream where the
water enters the casing tangentially. After rotating the blades the water axially leaves
the casing of the turbine. hese turbines are used for generating electricity in wind power
mills and hydropower plants. This type of turbine gets maximum output power from a
low accessible water head & high velocity.

Fans and blowers

Fans and blowers are used for cooling and air circulation either in indoor areas, HVAC
systems, or inside industrial machines as well as electronic equipment. Ironically, the
term blower fan is also quite widely used, especially when it comes to industrial blower
fan. Industrial centrifugal fans and blowers accommodate a variety of applications. For
example, chemical processing, corrosive gas handling, dust collection, dryers, fume
control, process cooling, and process heating.

Compressors

Compressors are used throughout industry to provide shop or instrument air; to power
air tools, paint sprayers, and abrasive blast equipment; to phase shift refrigerants for air
conditioning and refrigeration; to propel gas through pipelines; etc.

Types:

Centrifugal Compressors

Centrifugal compressors increase the kinetic energy of the gas with a high-speed

impeller and then convert this energy into increased pressure in a divergent outlet
passage called the diffuser. Centrifugal compressors are particularly suited for
compressing large volumes of gas to moderate pressures. The centrifugal compressor
is generally used for refrigerant that requires large displacement and low condensing
pressure.

Reciprocating Compressors
Reciprocating compressors are positive-displacement machines that compress and
move gases by using a combination of rotational and linear (reciprocating) motion. Their
basic function is to raise the pressure level of the gas being compressed. Reciprocating
compressor is mainly used in the refrigeration cycle. It is widely used in oil refineries,
gas pipelines, natural gas processing plants, chemical plants, etc. it is also used in
blowing of the plastic bottle.

Rotary Compressors

Rotary compressors operate by trapping air between two meshed rotors and reducing
the volume of that trapped air as it moves down through the rotors. This reduction in
volume results in compressed air, which can then be used to power air tools, inflate
tires, or in numerous other applications. Rotary compressors are commonly used
on window units, refrigerated appliances, packaged terminal air conditioners, and
ductless split systems. The Rolling piston or fixed vane type compressors are used in
small refrigeration systems (up to 2 kW capacities) such as domestic refrigerators or air
conditioners

Fluid coupling and torque converter

Fluid Coupling transmits power of engine to gearbox through the fluid. Torque Converter
transmits power of engine to automatic transmission system through the fluid. It
provides a flexible connection between driving and driven members. It serves the
purpose of an automatic gearbox to increase torque. Torque converter and fluid
coupling are used in vehicles( especially in automatic power system) instead of the
clutch . They both are consist of two rotors while the torque converter also have an
extra part known as stator.

Heat Transfer Equipment

The shell-and-tube exchanger contains a large shell and many tubes. A fluid stream
passes through the tubes, and another stream passes through the shell to trade heat
energy. The improved heat transfer signifies a faster transfer rate and the higher heat
capacity of the system.

There is a wide range of shell and tube heat exchangers available across the market.
Each type has its own set of features, pros, and cons. Here are some common types of
shell and tube heat exchangers, which are popular in different industries:

1. Direct Contact Heat Exchangers – As the name suggests, in the direct contact heat
exchangers, there is a direct contact between hot and cold fluids. There is no physical
barrier present between them. This allows the fluids at different temperatures to mix
directly. As a result of this, heat and mass transfer takes place simultaneously. A
cooling tower comes under these types of heat exchangers.

2. Co-current (Parallel) Flow Heat Exchangers – In these types of heat exchangers,

both the hot, as well as the cold fluids flow in the same direction. The difference in the
temperature of the hot and cold fluids continue to decrease consistently. The change in
temperature occurs from one end to the other.

3. Recuperators – Recuperators are among the most widely used types of heat
exchangers. Evaporators used in automobile radiators and ice plants come under these
types of heat exchangers.

4. Regenerative Heat Exchangers – This is a popular type of heat exchanger. In a

regenerative heat exchanger, the heat from a heat surface is stored and removed
alternately. The surface is alternately moved in and out of the cold and hot fluid
streams. At times, hot and cold currents are switched into or out of the heat surface.
Following are some key application areas, where shell and tube heat exchangers are
used:

 Power Generation.

 HVAC.

 Marine Applications.

 Pulp and Paper.

 Refrigeration.

 Pharmaceuticals.

 Air Processing and Compressor Cooling.

 Metals and Mining.

A condenser (or AC condenser) is the outdoor portion of an air conditioner or heat pump
that either releases or collects heat, depending on the time of the year. Both split air
conditioner and heat pump condensers are made of the same basic parts. Condensers
are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam
power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air
as the coolant is common in many condensers.

Condensers are categorized by their cooling method. Three main types are separated
into:

1. Air-cooled condensers

2. Water-cooled condensers

3. Combined air and water-cooled condensers

Economizers are basically tubular heat transfer surfaces used to preheat boiler feed
water before it enters the steam drum. By recovering the energy from the flue gas
before it is exhausted to the atmosphere this performs a key function in providing high
overall boiler thermal efficiency. The main function of an air preheater is to extract the
excess heat from the flue gases in the boiler. An air preheater is any device designed to
heat air before another process (for example, combustion in a boiler. As we know,
combustion requires air, fuel, and fire to take place. Air preheaters help significantly in
feeding the hot air and increasing the combustion efficiency for the operation in steam
boilers. An economizer uses outside air to help control indoor temperatures and achieve
greater energy efficiency. Economizers are commonly used in data centers to reduce
the reliance on cooling devices, such as chillers, compressors or computer room air
conditioners. There are 2 types of economizers: non-condensing and condensing.
There are two types of air preheaters for use in steam generators in thermal power
stations: One is a tubular type built into the boiler flue gas ducting, and the other is a
regenerative air preheater. These may be arranged so the gas flows horizontally or
vertically across the axis of rotation.

Radiators work to eliminate heat from the engine. The process begins when the
thermostat in the front of the engine detects excess heat. Then coolant and water get
released from the radiator and sent through the engine to absorb this heat. Radiators
are used to convert thermal energy from one mode to another for the purpose of cooling
and heating. Radiators function in automobiles, buildings as well as in electronics. It
acts as a source of heat to the surrounding but might be the purpose of heating the
environment, it acts as a coolant source for automotive engine cooling.

Types of radiators:

There are mainly two types of Radiator:

 Tabular Type

 Cellular Type Core

A cooling tower is designed to remove heat from a building or facility by spraying water
down through the tower to exchange heat into the inside of the building. Air comes in
from the sides of the tower and passes through the falling water. A cooling tower is a
specialized heat exchanger in which air and water are brought into direct contact with
each other in order to reduce the water's temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of
water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated through the
tower. Cooling towers are primarily used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) and industrial purposes. Cooling towers provide a cost-effective and energy
efficient operation of systems in need of cooling. There are three main types of cooling
towers that are defined by how water or air pass through them. These types
include crossflow, counterflow, and hyperbolic. 
Heat Pipes are one of the most efficient ways to move heat, or thermal energy, from
one point to another. These two-phase systems are typically used to cool areas or
materials, even in outer space. Nowadays heat pipes are used in several applications,
where one has limited space and the necessity of a high heat flux. Of course it is still in
use in space applications, but it is also used in heat transfer systems, cooling of
computers, cell phones and cooling of solar collectors.

Types of Heat Pipes

 Standard Heat Pipes & Vapor Chambers.

 Variable Conductance Heat Pipes (VCHP)

 Thermosyphon & Loop Thermosyphon.

 Loop Heat Pipes.

 Rotating Heat Pipes.

 Oscillating / Pulsating Heat Pipes.

IV. INSTRUMENTATION
Instrument that will be used for the testing of performance of Equipments
1. The Head-Flow Curve. It is called the H-Q Curve.
2. The Efficiency Curve.
3. The Energy Curve. It records Brake Horsepower, BHP.
4. The Pump’s Minimum Requirement Curve. Its called Net Positive Suction
Head required, NPSHr.
5. Index testing
6. An anemometer, a test instrument that measures air velocity is used to determine
the average airspeed in the duct. Then the average feet per minute is multiplied
by the area of the duct in square feet to determine the airflow moving through the
duct. Example: You have a bathroom exhaust fan designed for 200 CFM.
7. KPI: Specific Compressor Power/Efficiency
8. stall-speed test
9. A dynamometer provides an apparatus and method for testing a torque converter
without requiring that an automotive transmission be attached.
10. eddy current testing
11. internal rotary inspection
12. visual inspection with a videoscope
13. RheoVac Condenser Monitors
14. Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology 
15. radiator test equipment
16. psychrometer
17. heat pipe tester 

V. CONCLUSION

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid behavior (liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas) at
rest and in motion. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of applications in mechanical and
chemical engineering, in biological systems, and in astrophysics. Heat transfer, any or
all of several kinds of phenomena, considered as mechanisms, that convey energy and
entropy from one location to another. The specific mechanisms are usually referred to
as convection, thermal radiation, and conduction. They are complementary and is
related to each other. One cannot exist if there is the absence of another one. Fluid
mechanics and heat transfer in general, is important physically, particularly to
engineering and technology. The transport of heat and mass, are fundamental features
of fluid flows. As such, thermal-fluid-mass transfer processes are vital to several
processes.