ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE CHAPTER 4a

STRUCTURES – BEAM
OUTLINE
 Internal forces
 Relationship between load,
shear and moment
 Shear force and bending
moment diagram of beam &
beam with hinge
INTRODUCTION
c
 Under applied load, beam w
and frame are subjected to:
Ax
1. Axial/normal force (N) c
Ay By
2. Shear force (V) M M V
3. Bending moment (M) Ax
N N
 Need to determine internal V
Ay By
forces for design using
equilibrium equation
 SIGN CONVENTION
Positive axial force: Positive shear force: Positive bending moment:
V

Negative axial force: Negative shear force: Negative bending moment:

INTERNAL FORCES
To analyse the internal forces, we could ‘cut’ the section from the left
and right side of the beam

c P
a b

x c
L
Positive Directions Shown!!!
M
Left side of cut
N
x V
Pb/L

Positive Directions Shown!!! P

M V
Right side of cut

N
L-x
Pa/L
FINDING INTERNAL FORCES Left side of cut
M

N
x V
Pb/L
 Pick left side of the cut:
 Find the sum of all the vertical forces to the left of the cut, including V.
Solve for shear, V.
 Find the sum of all the horizontal forces to the left of the cut, including N.
Solve for axial force, N. It’s usually, but not always, 0.
 Sum the moments of all the forces to the left of the cut about the point of
the cut. Include M. Solve for bending moment, M

 Pick the right side of the cut:

 Same as above, except to the right of the cut.
M V
Right side of cut

N
L-x
Pa/L
EXAMPLE:
Find the internal reactions at points indicated. All axial force
reactions are zero. Points are 2-m apart.

P = 20 kN

1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10

6 7

12 m
20 m
Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.
 P = 20 kN

1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10

12 m 6 7

20 m
8 kN 12 kN

At point 1;
𝑁=0
1 M

N Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 8−𝑉 = 0 𝑉 = 8 𝑘𝑁
2m V
Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀−8 2 =0 𝑀 = 16 𝑘𝑁

8 kN
Repeat for ALL points
 P = 20 kN

1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10

12 m 6 7
20 m
8 kN 12 kN

At point 6; (right before point load) At point 7; (right after point load)
P = 20 kN
6 M M
N=0 N=0
12 m V 12 m 7 V
8 kN 8 kN
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 8−𝑉 = 0 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 8 − 20 − 𝑉 = 0
𝑉 = 8 𝑘𝑁 𝑉 = −12 𝑘𝑁
Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀 − 8 12 = 0 Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀 − 8 12 = 0
𝑀 = 96 𝑘𝑁 𝑀 = 96 𝑘𝑁
 SFD & BMD P = 20 kN

12 m

20 m
8 kN 12 kN
What is the area
of the blue What is the area of the
rectangle? 8 kN green rectangle?
V
(kN) x

-12 kN
When SFD =0,
M is max (or min)
What is the slope What is the slope
of this line? 96 kNm
96 kNm/12m = 8 kN of this line?
b
-12 kN
M a c
(kNm) x
DRAW SOME CONCLUSIONS
 The magnitude of the shear at a point equals the slope of the
moment diagram at that point
 The area under the shear diagram between two points equals the
change in moments between those two points
 At points where the shear is zero, the moment is a local maximum or
minimum
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR, AND
BENDING MOMENT
Take a load with distributed load, w

A B
C C’
x Δx D

Draw the FBD of a small section;

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑉 − wΔ𝑥 − 𝑉 + Δ𝑉 =0
wΔx
𝑑𝑉 Δ𝑉
Δx/2 = lim = −𝑤
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

M V M+∆M Σ𝑀𝑜 = 0; Δ𝑥
𝑀 + 𝑉Δ𝑥 − wΔ𝑥 − 𝑀 + Δ𝑀 =0
2
O
𝑑𝑀 Δ𝑀 Δ𝑥
= lim = lim 𝑉 − 𝑤 =𝑉
Δx V+∆V 𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 2
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR,
AND BENDING MOMENT
Relation between load and shear; Relation between shear and moment;
𝑑𝑉 Δ𝑉 𝑑𝑀
= lim = −𝑤 =𝑉
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Slope of shear Intensity of Slope of moment

= = Shear
diagram distributed load diagram

𝑥𝐷
𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝐷
𝑥𝐶
𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐶
= −(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒)

Change in - Area under distributed Change in Area under shear

= =
shear loading diagram moment diagram
SLOPES DESCRIPTION
Slope=Zero
Positive slope
Constant positive decreasing
slope
Positive slope
Constant negative increasing
slope

Negative slope
increasing

Negative slope
decreasing
HOW TO DRAW
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD)
 Start at the left end and plot the external shear values with regard
to the following:
 The shear diagram is the graphic representation of the shear force
at successive points along the beam. Forces acting upward are
assumed positive and downward forces negative.
 The shear force (V) at any point is equal to the algebraic sum of the
external loads and reactions, perpendicular to the beam, to the left
of that point.
 Since the entire beam must be in equilibrium (sum of V = 0), the
shear diagram must close to zero at the right end.
 Consider the loading for increments along the length of the beam in
order to determine the shape of the curve.
HOW TO DRAW
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM (SFD)
 If there is no change in the load along the incremental length under
consideration, the shear curve is a straight horizontal line (or a curve of
zero slope). The slope at any point is defined as the tangent to the
curve at that point.
 If a load exists, but does not change in magnitude over successive
increments (uniformly distributed), the slope of the shear curve is
constant . Downward load results a negative slope.
 If a load exists, acts downward and increases in magnitude over
successive increments, the slope of the shear curve is negative increasing
(approaches the vertical); if the magnitude decreases, the slope of the
shear curve is negative decreasing (approaches the horizontal).
 Abrupt changes in loading cause abrupt changes in the slope of the
shear curve. Concentrated loads produce vertical lines (a jump) in the
shear curve
HOW TO DRAW
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
 Start at the left end and plot the bending moment values due to
external loads and reactions with regard to the following:
 The moment diagram is the graphic representation of the
magnitude of the bending moment at successive points along the
beam.
 The bending moment for the moment diagram (M) at any point
equals the sum of moments of the forces to the left about that point.
 Since the entire beam is in equilibrium (sum of M=0), the bending
moment diagram must close to zero at the right side.
HOW TO DRAW
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
 Consider the values of successive incremental ordinates(??) along
the length of the beam in order to determine the shape of the
curve.

 If the magnitudes of successive shear ordinates are constant, the

moment curve has a constant slope at that increment.
 If the shear is positive and the magnitudes of successive shear
ordinates decreases, the slope of the moment curve is positive
decreasing (it approaches the horizontal).
HOW TO DRAW
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (BMD)
 If the shear is positive and the magnitudes of successive shear
ordinates increase, the slope of the moment curve is positive
increasing (it approaches the vertical).
 Abrupt changes in the shear diagram will produce abrupt changes
in the slope of the moment curve. Concentrated moments produce
vertical lines in the moment curve.
 What if the shear is negative???
 COMMON RELATIONSHIPS
0 Constant Linear
Load

Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear
𝑥𝐷
𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐶 = − 𝑤 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐶

Linear Parabolic Cubic

Moment
𝑥𝐷
𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝐶
COMMON RELATIONSHIPS
0 0 Constant
Load M

Constant Constant Linear

Shear

Linear Linear Parabolic

Moment
RELATIONS AMONG LOAD, SHEAR, AND BENDING MOMENT
wL
• Reactions at supports, R A  RB 
2
• Shear curve,
x
V  V A    w dx   wx
0
wL L 
V  V A  wx   wx  w  x 
2 2 
• Moment curve,
x
M  M A   Vdx
0

 
x
L  w
M   w  x dx  L x  x 2
0 2  2
wL2  dM 
M max   M at  V  0
8  dx 
EXAMPLE 1

Draw shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD)
of the beam:

12 kN 8 kN

1m 3m 1m
 12 kN 8 kN

EXAMPLE 1
1m 3m 1m

Draw the free body diagram (FBD), find the support reactions.

12 kN 8 kN

7 kN 13 kN
 Draw the SFD & BMD

12 kN 8 kN

A C
1m B 3m 1m D
7 kN 13 kN
 Point A : 7 kN up
8
V 7 A→B : No load, no change
(kN) A1=7 A1=8  Point B : 12 kN down
B→C : No load, no change
 Point C : 13 kN up
A2=-15
C→D : No load, no change
-5  Point D : 8 kN down
7
M
(kNm)  Point A : Moment = 0,
A→B : ΔM = 7 kNm
B→C : ΔM = -15 kNm
 C→ D : ΔM = 8 kNm
-8
EXAMPLE 2

Draw SFD and BMD of the beam:

0.4 kN/m 8 kN

A B C D

10 m 5m 5m
 0.4 kN/m 8 kN

A D

10 m 5m 5m
5 kN 7 kN
V (kN)
 Point A : 5 kN up
5 A→B : Uniform load, 4 kN down
B→C : No load, no change
A1=30 1
A2=5  Point C : 8 kN down
A B C D C→D : No load, no change
A3=-35  Point D : 7 kN up

-7

M (kNm) 35
30  Point A : Moment = 0
A→B : ΔM = 30 kNm
B→C : ΔM = 5 kNm
A B C D  C→ D : ΔM = -35 kNm
Note that:

V (kN)
Linear,
5 magnitude +ve decrease
1 Constant, +ve

-7 Constant, -ve

M (kNm)
35
30
Linear,
slope +ve
Parabolic, Linear,
slope +ve decrease slope -ve
A B C D
EXAMPLE 3

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam:

4 kN/m
A B
C

4m 2m
EXAMPLE 4

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam
w
A
B

L
EXAMPLE 5

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam
4 kN

2 kN/m

3m
6m
EXAMPLE 6

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam

2 kN/m 4 kN 4 kN/m

A D
E
B C

6m 2m 2m 3m
 EXAMPLE 7

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam

2w
w

A
B

L
HOW TO SOLVE FOR HINGED BEAM?
 Internal hinge: hinge that link the ends of 2 beams
 Usually used to make a structure determinate
 No bending moment can develop in an internal
hinge: provides additional equation for calculating
support reaction
 A beam is not continuous at internal hinge: slopes
on both sides are different (discuss further in next
chapter) Hinge
 EXAMPLE 8

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam.

12 kN
hinge
4 kN/m
24 kNm
Ax

A B C D E F

9m 9m 4m 4m 4m
Ay By Fy
*Is the structure determinate?
Calculate the support reactions.
In beams with internal hinge, you could ‘cut’ the section at the hinge to solve for
the support reactions (as Mhinge = 0)
The most straightforward method is to take section C-F and solve for Fy

12 kNm
4 kN/m 24 kNm
C F
A
9m 9m 4m 4m 4m

Ay By Fy

12 kNm
4 kN/m M=0 24 kNm
M=0
C C F
A
9m 4m 4m 4m
9m
Ay By Fy
 Draw the SFD & BMD

12 kN
4 kN/m
24 kNm

9m 9m 4m 4m 4m
12 kN 30 kN 6 kN
 Point A: 12 kN up
V (kN)
 Point B: 36 kN down
12  A → B: UDL
6
D E F  Point B: 30 kN up
A B C  B → D: No load
-6 change
x
 Point D: 12 kN down
-
24  D → F: No load
change
 Point F: 6 kN up
 12 kN
4 kN/m
24 kNm

9m 9m 4m 4m 4m
12 kN 30 kN 6 kN

V (kN)
12  A1: 18 kNm
6
A1 A3 A4 D E F  A2: -72 kNm
A A2 B C A5 A6
-6
 A3: 54 kNm
3m
 A4: 24 kNm
- 24  A5: -24 kNm
M (kNm)  A6: 24 kNm
18 24 24

- 54
 EXAMPLE 9

Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following
beam.

25 kN 30 kN/m
20 kN/m
150 kNm

A B C D E

5m 3m 2m 3m 3m

*Is the structure determinate?

QUESTIONS?