MELC:

1. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9

2. dentify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10

Objectives:
1. Enumerate the significance of meiosis and mitosis in the process of
reproduction;
2. Appreciate the importance of meiosis and mitosis;
3. Explain the significance or applications of meiosis and mitosis; and
4. Relate the significance of meiosis and mitosis in real life.
DNA REPLICATION

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CYTOPLASMIC
DIVISION
NUCLEAR DIVISION

CELL CYCLE
CHECKPOINT
Across:
1. Joins the chromosome together
2. Chromosomes position at the middle of the cell.
3. Final stage of mitosis
4. Process by which cell divides into new daughter cells
5. The division of cytoplasm
6. Has 2 complete sets of chromosomes
7. Consists of interphase and cell division
Down
8. The DNA is duplicated during stage of cell cycle.
9. The chromosome can be clearly seen to consist of a pair of
sister chromatids
joined at the centromere.
10.Pull the sister chromatids away from each other during
anaphase
11.A combination of DNA and protein molecules
12.The sister chromatids separate from their partners.
13.It contains the genetic information DNA.
14.The process of cell division produces diploid cells.
15.The cellular structure where mitosis takes place
 Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive
cells) in eukaryotic organisms.

A single cell divides into two identical

daughter cells.

Daughter cells have same number of

chromosomes as does parent cell.
 Packing for the move…
When the cell is not dividing…
• DNA molecules are in extended,
uncondensed form = chromatin
• Cell can only replicate and
transcribe DNA when it is in the
extended state.

When the cell is preparing for

division…
• DNA molecules condense to form
chromosomes prior to division.
• each chromosome is a single
molecule of DNA
• easier to sort and organize the
replicated DNA into daughter cells
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase

2nd – Metaphase

3rd – Anaphase

4th – Telophase

followed by

Cytokinesis

Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 1. Prophase
chromatin condensing
nucleus
chromosomes
nucleolus

Three Major Events

centrioles
1. chromosomes
condense
2. spindle fibers form
1. (spindle fibers are
specialized microtubules
radiating out from centrioles)
3. chromosomes are captured by spindle
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 2. Metaphase
• chromosomes align along the
equator of the cell, with one
chromatid facing each pole

centrioles

chromosomes

spindle fibers

Images: Metaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Metaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown
 3. Anaphase
• sister chromatids separate

• spindle fibers attached to

kinetochores shorten and pull
chromatids towards the poles.

• free spindle fibers lengthen and

push the poles of the cell apart

Images: Anaphase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Anaphase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 4. Telophase
• spindle fibers disintegrate
• nuclear envelopes form around both groups
of chromosomes
• chromosomes revert to their extended state
• cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter
nucleus into a separate cell

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Telophase Onion Cell Drawing & Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell

• Plant cells undergo cytokinesis

by forming a cell plate between
the two daughter nuclei.

• Animal cells undergo cytokinesis

through the formation of a
cleavage furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract, pinching
the cell in half.

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body; Ciliate
dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Cancer & Cell Growth
• Cancer is essentially a failure
of cell division control
• unrestrained, uncontrolled cell growth
• What control is lost?
• lose checkpoint stops
• gene p53 plays a key role in G1/S restriction point
• p53 protein halts cell division if it detects damaged DNA
p53 is the • options:
Cell Cycle • stimulates repair enzymes to fix DNA
Enforcer
• forces cell into G0 resting stage
• keeps cell in G1 arrest
• causes apoptosis of damaged cell
• ALL cancers have to shut down p53 activity

p53 discovered at Stony Brook by Dr. Arnold Levine

 p53 — master regulator gene
NORMAL p53
p53 allows cells
with repaired
DNA to divide.
p53
protein DNA repair enzyme
p53
protein

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

DNA damage is caused Cell division stops, and p53 triggers the destruction
by heat, radiation, or p53 triggers enzymes to of cells damaged beyond repair.
chemicals. repair damaged region.

ABNORMAL p53

abnormal
p53 protein

cancer
Step 1 Step 2 cell
DNA damage is The p53 protein fails to stop Step 3
caused by heat, cell division and repair DNA. Damaged cells continue to divide.
radiation, or Cell divides without repair to If other damage accumulates, the
chemicals. damaged DNA. cell can turn cancerous.
Development of Cancer
• Cancer develops only after a cell experiences ~6 key
mutations (“hits”)
• unlimited growth
• turn on growth promoter genes
• ignore checkpoints
• turn off tumor suppressor genes (p53)
• escape apoptosis
• turn off suicide genes
It’s like an
• immortality = unlimited divisions out of control
• turn on chromosome maintenance genes car!
• promotes blood vessel growth
• turn on blood vessel growth genes
• overcome anchor & density dependence
• turn off touch-sensor gene
What causes these “hits”?
• Mutations in cells can be triggered by
◆ UV radiation ◆ cigarette smoke
◆ chemical exposure ◆ pollution
◆ radiation exposure ◆ age
◆ heat ◆ genetics
Tumors
• Mass of abnormal cells
• Benign tumor
• abnormal cells remain at original site as a lump
• p53 has halted cell divisions
• most do not cause serious problems &
can be removed by surgery
• Malignant tumors
• cells leave original site
• lose attachment to nearby cells
• carried by blood & lymph system to other tissues
• start more tumors = metastasis
• impair functions of organs throughout body
Traditional treatments for cancers
• Treatments target rapidly dividing cells
• high-energy radiation
• kills rapidly dividing cells
• chemotherapy
• stop DNA replication
• stop mitosis & cytokinesis
• stop blood vessel growth
New “miracle drugs”
• Drugs targeting proteins (enzymes) found only in
cancer cells
• Gleevec
• treatment for adult leukemia (CML)
& stomach cancer (GIST)
• 1st successful drug targeting only cancer cells

without with
Gleevec Gleevec

Novartes