Exogenic-outside

Endogenic inside

Renewable resources= biomass, hydro power, hydroelectric, wind, solar power, geothermal energy

Geothermal energy (hydro-water) (thermal-heat)

- heat beneath that generates into electricity or other energy forms

- 1-2 miles’ meter deep into the ground
- 300 degrees to 700-degree F
- 1 (hot water pumped up) 2(steam) 3(turbine-generator will produce electricity) 4(cooling/lower)
5(injection well-bringing back to the earth)
- 3 types 1. Direct use and district heating 2. geothermal power plants and 3 geothermal heat
pumps

Geothermal heat pump=(warming or heating) within 50 to 60 degree Fahrenheit

- 1 water or refrigerant moves through a loop of pipes

- 2 when refrigerant/water heats up, it travels
- 3
- 4 when water cools down, and heat is transferred
- 5

Geothermal power plant

1. Flash cycle power plant- pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal reservoir and convert it
into steam and turn into electricity
2. Dry Steam Plants- sip directly hot steam beneath the ground through pipes
3. Binary Cycle power plants- a system that transfers heat from water sipped miles (with converter
already)

Hydrothermal- Process of steam producing heat from water bodies near volcanoes.

Environmental Effects

-depend on usage

-no negative effect if geothermal heat pumps

-reduce of non-renewable sources

- low air pollutants

-help in hydrological cycle

HYDROPOWER PLANT
- One requirement for water is the presence of current (based of the steepness of slope)
- Hydroelectricity- mechanical energy from running water to electrical energy called
hydroelectricity
- Higher volume of water and steepness of slope have better source of hydroelectricity
- Blue Marble (earth) due to the various mineral on the planet, rich in marble, mostly water

3 Types of Hydro Power Plant

1. Impoundment facilities- most common technology (dam)

2. Pumped storage facilities- have 2nd storage area, have reservoir, save to be used for later
3. Run of river facilities- rely on natural river flow

Various Water Resources

- Earth is 75 % water (covers ¾)

- Most water is found in the ocean
1. Rainwater, oceans, river, lakes, streams, ponds, and springs (natural)
2. Dams, wells, tube walls, handmade pumps, canal (man-made)
2 Main Source of Water
1. SURFACE WATER- Rainwater, oceans, river, lakes, streams, ponds, and springs (natural)
2. UNDERGROUND WATER- sipped water from rain (possibly made into man made)
- Aquifers- rocks that store water underground
- oceans (97.3%)

-glaciers (68.7%)

-fresh water (2%%)

- Ground water (30.1%)

-Permafrost (0.8%)

Sources of Drinking Water (stream, reservoir, spring, lake, river, well, pond)

Quality of water- condition of water in

 Chemical
 Physical
-temperature
-color
-taste and odor
-turbidity (measure of light)
  Sediments
- Particles
- Farming, deforestation, roads, mining
- Reduce capacity of reservoirs

SOIL
-organic and inorganic materials on the earth

-Composed of materials

-Necessity of human survival

-Help sustain life on earth

-Purify the water by draining underground water

-Main factor in decomposing and recycling

-gives home to organisms

Threats

-soil degradation

3 main activities Causing Soil Degradation

1. FARMING
 Positive
 Application of herbicide
 Organic manures
 Stabilize soil
 Negative
 Pesticides

2. CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURE
 Soil are washed to build urban areas

3. WASTE DISPOSAL
 Soil pollution
 Hazardous chemical
 Careless disposal
To Protect Soil

 Forest protection  Plant windbreak  Maintain PH level

 Buffer strips areas (acidic or base)
 No-till farming  Terrace Planting  Afforestation
 Fewer Concrete  Plant Trees  Monitor Grazing
surfaces  Crop Rotation  Dams
 Organic Materials

ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE
- Waste (any substance discarded after primary use, defective, worthless, no use)

Types of Waste

1. Liquid waste
2. Solid waste
3. Organic Waste
4. Recyclable waste
5. Hazardous waste

Waste Composition

1. Food and green

2. Glass
3. Metal
4. Paper and cardboard
5. Plastic
6. Rubber and leather
7. Wood

Waste Management

1. Waste removal
2. Waste replacement
3. Waste composition
4. Recycling and reusing
5. Landfill Disposal
6. Storage and collection
Republic Acts
1. Republic Acts 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management act of 2000
2. Republic Act 9275- Philippine Clean Water Act of2004
3. Republic Act 8749- Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
4. Republic Act 6969- Toxic Substances. Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
5. Presidential Decree 1586 – Environmental Impact Statement of 1978

WEATHERING
- Process where rocks & soil are broken down but not dissolved
- Agents of weathering = water, ice, salt, plants, animals, changes in temperature, acids
- Physical Weathering (mechanical weathering)= process wherein there is no changes in chemical
composition, rocks break apart (happens in desserts and no plants)
1.) Frost Wedging or Free thaw- refers to repeated
2.) Crystal Formation or Salt Wedging – salt
3.) Swiftly moving water
4.) Plant Roots
5.) Exfoliation – erosion
6.) Gravity
- Chemical Weathering= (changes in chemical composition)
1. Solution or Dissolution- removal of acid
2. Hydrolysis- produce clay
3. Oxidation- reaction with oxygen
4. Acid Rain- acid
5. Carbonation- combination of carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid
6. Microbial activity

Factors that affect rate of weathering

1. Climate
2. Properties if parent rock – structure of rock
3. Soil
4. Length of exposure

Importance of Weathering

1. Most important in the formation of soil

 2. Major forces that shape the earth surface
3. Important part of rock cycle
4. Provides the sediments that form sedimentary rocks

WHY THE EARTH’s INTERIOR IS HOT

1. Crust
- thinnest layer
- measure about 40km, ranging from 5-70 km
- 1600-degree Fahrenheit/ 870 degrees Celsius
2. Mantle
- 2890km in depth
- largest, thickest layer
- composed of very dense rock
- top layer is 1600-degree Fahrenheit
- bottom layer is 4000-degree Fahrenheit
3. Outer Core
- rocks are in liquid state
- 1800 miles beneath the crust
- 1400 miles thick
- composed of melted metals such as nickel and iron
- low in viscosity fluid
4. Inner Core
- temperatures & pressures are very high, thus, metals are quizzed together, and are
not be able to move like liquid
- forced to vibrate in place like solid
- 4000 miles beneath the crust
- 800 miles thick
- 9000-degree Fahrenheit
- pressure is 45 000 000 pounds per square inch

3 REASONS WHY CORE IS HOT

1. Heat from when the planet formed and created, which has not yet been lost
- left over heat when heat is formed
- “planetesimals” stored in the inner heat which cause heat
2. Friction Heating
3. Radio Active Decay
- fossils
 - such as uranium
- decomposing of natural elements, which cause volcanic eruption and earth quakes

4.
5.
-

2. Friction Heating