1 | Earth Science

WATER RESOURCE
1. All Water
 Oceans – 97%
 Freshwater – 3%
2. Freshwater
 Icecaps and glaciers – 79%
 Groundwater – 29%
 Accessible surface freshwater – 1%
3. Accessible Surface Freshwater
 Lakes – 52%
 Soil moisture – 38%
 Water vapor – 8%
 Rivers – 1%
 Water within living organisms – 1%
Freshwater

 Stored in glaciers
 Polar regions or high mountains
 Glaciers – permanent body of ice
 Ice sheets – mass of glacial land ice
 Permafrost – a soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than 2 consecutive years

Surface Water

 Represents 0.3% of Earth’s total water

 Uses: irrigation, recreation, transport, fishing, drinking, and hydropower
 Examples: streams, lakes, wetlands, floods, groundwater

Earth’s Water Budget

 The total amount of water in the planet

Residence Time

 The average length of time water molecule in reservoir

 Icecaps and glaciers – thousands of years
 Groundwater – tens to hundreds of years
 Rivers – few weeks
 Water vapor – few days

Usable Water in the World

 Oceans – 97%
 Glaciers – 2%
 Rivers, lakes, and groundwater – 1%

3 Major Reservoirs

 Saltwater reservoir
 Freshwater reservoir
 Surface water reservoir

World’s Ocean

 Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern

 2 | Earth Science

SOIL
Activities that Degrades Soil Quality
1. Soil Erosion
 Refers to the absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients
2. Soil Compaction
 Reduces the amount of air, water, and space available to roots and soil organism
3. Desertification
 Irreversible change of the land to such a state where it can no longer be recovered for its original use
4. Intensive Agriculture
 Intensification of agriculture has led to the use of more and heavier machinery, deforestation, and clearing
of land for use in cultivation
5. Urbanization
 Increasing population has led to the conversion of land to urban centers which are generally characterized
by concrete structures, roads, and pavements
WASTE
Soil Degradation

 Change in the soil health status resulting in diminished capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and services for
its beneficiaries (FAO, 2015)
Types of Solid Waste
1. Municipal Waste
 Community that no longer need (broken, spoiled, or not useful)
 Sources: household, commercial establishments, institutions, industrial sources
2. Agricultural Waste
 Common form of waste derived from farming and poultry
 Good effect: used for soil-enhancing activities
3. Industrial Solid Waste
 Come from industrial sources other than mining
 Sources: demolition waste, scraps from manufacturing processes, ash from combustion
4. Mining Waste
 3 ways
 During extraction of the rock and the soil, the valuable ores and the waste materials are left outside
the mining area
 During milling operations, grinding and sorting of materials produce solid waste called tailings
which are dumped and stored in ponds near the milling site
 Water that is pumped from mines flows from piles of waste rock or tailings that contain hazardous
materials
Conservation of Soil Resource

 Increase soil organic matter

 Keeping the soil covered and vegetated
 Avoid excessive tillage
 Manage pests and nutrient efficiently
 Promoting crop rotation
 Reducing erosion and preventing soil compaction