Air, water and sun (soil) amoeba

Biotic : all living beings on earth

Abiotic : air, water sunlight, soil

Sphere of Earth ::

Atmosphere : 3majors layers (0-12 kms from land – troposphere -max oxygen ,life exists)12-50 kms –
stratosphere – variety of gases,clouds(sulphur), 50-53kms Ozone Layer Blue color(o3 molecules)
protecting earth from UV Rays.97% in galaxy (1% absorbed ozone) 2% of sunlight

Hydrosphere : 71% of earth covered 29% land (Fresh/Salty)91% is in form of glaciers(ICE)

Sea & Ocean – salty water, freshwater – 70% agriculture , 25% industries 5% domestic

Lithosphere : 29% (Rocks,soils, minerals, metals.used for agriculture

Biosphere : last Smallest layers(Life)between lithosphere & Atmosphere(Unique form of ecosystem)

Synyomys of earth

Biotic / abiotic

Spheres of earth

Atmosphere

Hydroshpere
Lithosphere : Earth crust (7kms)

Crust – rocks and soil

Upper mantle – minerals & Metals (Mining)

Core – lava (sulpher) Japan (volcano eruption)6.2 magnitute earthquake

World divided – developed , developing & Underdeveloped (Africa)(Natural Resources)

48% oxygen

Silicon

Aluminium

Iron

Copper

Other

Radio active (Uranium) hot water beds (Snowfall)large amount of radio active particles

Lithium

Biosphere (Smallest layer – life exists) biotic components – abiotic factors (living system -ecosystem)

Natural Resources : resources from nature original / process and use nautral resources

2 major types :

1 Renewable : 100 years grow (trees, water, sunlight, soil,Plants, Food)

2. Non-Renewable – more than 100 years (crude oil, coal,diamonds,)

* Reusable – quantity will not reduce (metals) steel, iron, copper aluminium, gold,silver

FORESTS RESOURCES -trees, shrubs,herbs, animals, birds,bacteria & Many

more which together makes a unique ecosystem.
1. balances the gases like carbon & Oxygen in the atmosphere needed
for survival
2. Balances the water cycle
3. Domestic Purpose : medicines, herbs, minerals, food, gum, rubber
 4. Balance the Ecosystem (cycle of life)
5. Watershed management
6. Prevents soil erosion alongwith balanced ecosystem.

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM

Water Resources : (Renewable resources)

71% of earth is covered with water
70% sea & Ocean (Uses : seafood-fishing, salt, crude oil, agriculture,
aquaponics(seawater-fishing, transportation, desalination- industries)
1% Freshwater : (Used : Agriculture -75% , industries – 20%, 5% for
domestic) (ends – river)- polluted
Human beings exploited resources – misutilization – proper – minimata
disease- Bhopal gas tragedy – fertilizer – natural & Manmade (nitrogen)
Hindustan Unilever ltd /Ganga River/ Red sea

Cause & Effects

Wood, minerals, herbs, roads,others

Reserved Forests(Govt)mining &forest resource / Sanctuary (aesthetic -

forest -animals)9-6pm/ Protected Forests no human beings / Agriculture
Land/ Non -Agriculture Land(House)/ Commercial Land(GIDC)/ hazardous
land(No-man’s land)

Deforestation : cutting down forest haphazardly.

Effect all 4 sphere

Atmosphere : imabalnce -global warming
Hydrosphere : drought /floods
Lithosphere : landslides/ soil erosion
Biosphere : extinction
Smog / acid rain
(SMOG(Smoke + fog)/ACID RAINS)
Forest / Water Resources/ minerals resources(Mining in forests)

4 Step Process :
Prospecting :
Exploration, (how many years)
Development; - mine – people digging and collecting ore
Extraction-
Closure/Reclamation

(dam – agriculture / electricity)

Exploitation of water resource
Synynoms of earth : earth, environment, globe, greenhouse, world, global

Earth : 2 Types of Components – Biotic & Abiotic (Livings & Non living things)

Biotic : human, animals, bacteria, plants, insects, trees

Abiotic : air, water, temperature soil (helps biotic factors to live)

Atmosphere : Air

53KMS from land

0-12 kms Troposphere – oxygen – life exist

12- 50 Kms Stratosphere – all types of gases (Sulphur dioxide, sulphur oxide, sulphur particles) which
helps in bringing rain. (Water Cycle)

50-53 ozone – shield earth from sun ( 9000 centrigrade – uv rays- 900 degree – 9 degree -891 reflected
back to the galaxy)
Water Resources :

71% of earth is covered with water

70 % sea & Ocean

1% is fresh water (90%glaciers,rest (Rivers, lakes, ponds, underground water,oasis,streams)

Uses of Water :

Agriculture(75%), Industrial Use (20%), domestic purpose (5%), 1% Fishing

Exploitation : Industrial Level,

Management :

Forest -

Water - hy

Minerals

Land Resources / Food Resources : biosphere

Agriculture / commercial – polluting

Fertilizer & Pesticides -polluting – water, land, atmosphere & biosphere

1 hectare of land – 50kg wheat

30kgs (fertilizer) 30 kgs is distributed 50 kgs wheat (quality depleted)

ITC(tabocco) – e-coupal

Energy Resources :

Power / electricity/ force

Input- process- output

Food – processed – energy (heat) to function

2 types of generating energy

Conventional – limited – non renewable

Non conventional – unlimited

Input : sunlight, running water, wind, coal, geothermal, nuclear, waste , biogas

Turbine : rotates (copper wire) heat (force pressure/ streampressure)

Transformer – heat into electricity

Insulator - breaks the electricity

Substation- store the electricity

Output – electricity

1. Hydroelectricity
2. Solar
3. Tidal & Wave energy
4. Biomass
5. Biogas
6. Nuclear Energy
7. Geothermal

Energy – power / urga/ vitality

Source : food / sunlight/water/ natural gas/ wind

Roti / vegetable – generates

Sunlight – process – energy

Energy – source

Electricity – next ten

Source : sunlight, wind, coal, running water, uranium, biomass(waste of agriculture), biogas(LPG
gas)steam, waste (animals), Pedal

Turbine : steam pressure / force pressure (copper wire with side magent) rotator, PV Panels (liver)

Transformer/ generator – absorb heat into electricity (volts, KV, MW) (heart)

Substation – storage tank (water) temperature is maintened

Insulator -breaks & Sends electricity

Sugarcane (ripe):

Sugar(brown) , jaggery*, juice, (methanol/ethanol), waste, bagasse (economic times) biodegradable

plates), biogas

1. Hydroelectricity
2. Solar Electricity : PV
3. Biomass
4. Biogas
5. Geothermal
6. Tidal Energy
7. Mechanical & Wave Energy
8. Nuclear power

Hydroelectricity :running water with downward flow, dam

River bed : cemented wall – break (gate) above the river atleast 50 feets create dam.

Store water in reservoir and will open gates to let water run through the penstock towards the turbine.
With waterforce the turbine will rotate and generate heat which is converted in electricity.

Advantages :

1 It is renewable source of energy. It is a free source of energy

2 It has low maintenance
3 We can generate a large amount of electricity
4 It is pollution free in atmosphere
5 Agriculture or electricity

Disadvantages :

1 . Large of forest & good quality is submerged for making this

2. affect aquatic life

3. it brings floods.

4. It affects largely to the tubines.

5. expensive to construct.

Solar : solar energy during rainy season(sunlight – light)

Ways to use sunlight

1. Solar cooker – box type / pipe type / SCP

2. Solar Water heater –
3. Mirror – reflection (Morroco)
4. PV Panel – Photovoltaic Panel (steady 8 -4 )generate – residential Purpose)
5. CSP – rotate 90 100% capacity
6. Biomass electricity
7. Biogas electricity

Solar Panel : aluminium frame, glass, silicon cells- fluid -steam- generator -convert into electricity

Base frame (sturdy)

Solar Energy : sunlight for generating electricity

Solar Cooker :

Solar Water Heater :

Solar Panel – aluminium lines - fluid – boil – turbine -generator only need light

(silicon panel/fibre – aluminium lines – fluid -glass)- generator – watts/KV

Rainy season ?

2.5 lacs – 4months

I litre of water can generate light (Liter of light)

Advantages :

1. Free source & unlimited source of energy

2. Its cheaper than any other form of generating electricity
3. It can be made in multiple forms
4. Large amount of electricity in deserts using that space.
5. Less maintenance
6. It is pollution free form of electricity

Disadvantages :

1. Huge initial investment.

2. Glass replacement is expensive
3. Large surface is required to install solar panel
4. U can only install where sunlight is available
5. Cleaning of panel is expensive and risky
6. Manufacturing method of solar panel (polluting)/ recycled/?

Biomass Energy : solar energy (agri waste, msw, plants.byproduct – burn them – generate heat- water-
steam- turbine – generate

Burning of waste of plants, byproducts, animals, agri waste, MSW (dryer – pellets) burned to boil the
water which gets converted into steam/vapors – used to turbine for generating electricity.

Starch based : Sugarcane(bagasse), corn, potatoes, tomatoes,bran, husks ,cowdung (cheapest) dry

Advantages :
 1. It is renewable source of energy
2. It is cheap form of generating electricity
3. You can make as much as electricity as we want.
4. Small scale & large scale

Disadvantages :

1. It is the most polluted form of generating electricity

2. It can be only generated if you have raw material of waste
3. Too much of vapors are needed to generate electricity

Biogas :

We decompose the Agri waste, human waste, municipal solid waste, animals waste in a biogas plant.
Where anerobic digestion happens which dissects the solid waste and the gas. The gas produced is
methane gas which is either used for generating electricity or cooking. The residue of the waste in
biogas is used as fertilizer. Biofuel the liquid particles are cleaned from this plant and gets converted into
biofuel.

Role of Individual in Conserving Natural Resources.

 One should focus on Sustainability : use the resources in the best

possible (Efficiently) & Effectively) manner that u save the
resources for the next generation to use.
 Adapting : 3 R Concept : Reduce / Reuse / Recycling
 Using Solar Panels
 Protecting the Important Components of survival: Environment,
Society, Economy
 Using of cycles rather than using two wheeler /car
  Using bucket to take shower/ shower/tub
 Putting the household waste In the right manner
 Installing RWH
 Providing training to farmer – cross cultivation, green house,
sprinklers
 Less dependency – pesticides / fertilizers

ECOSYSTEM : (Exclude – humanbeing- 1 species) – harmed actual

ecosystem for our use.

Eco- Living beings on earth

System : Cycle -start(Birth) and end(death) with continuous in process

1 cell amoeba – multiplied somany times – species formed

Plants, animals, reptiles, mammals, fishes, amphibians, birds

Biotic : living organism(Will survive where) Plants, animals, reptiles,
mammals, fishes, amphibians, birds

Abiotic : non living things (air, water, sunlight, temperature, soil quality,
rainfall)

North Pole
South Pole
Equator
Mountains
Sea
Oceans
Rivers
Plainfield
Valley
Ponds,
lakes

Plants : Trees, shrubs,herbs, climbers, grasses,roots, algae

Eco - living beings on earth

System : cycle start and its end but it continuous in process – birth,
growth, maturity, reproduction, death
Balanced way
Ecosystem : living being dependent on each other for survival in
balanced way.
Human – 1 species disrupted this ecosystem – extinction of many
species

Hunting(skin, fur, bones), poaching(boar, tiger, reindeer),consumption

Start – plants – primary producers (make food for themselves)

End – decompose – sent them back to soil – nutrition

4 important cycles 1 ecosystem :

1 : Photosynthesis

2. Water cycle

3 Carbon Cycle / Food Cycle

4 Nitrogen Cycle

Photosynthesis :

In the presence of sunlight plants (leaves) absorb carbon from the atmosphere and water and nutrition
from soil and convert it into carbohydrates (Cellulose/glucose) and exhale oxygen in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis – Primary Producers

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

FOOD CYCLE / CARBON CYCLE

1. Primary Producers : (Trees, algae, plants, herbs, shrubs, climbers, roots, grasses)
Carbohydrates – carbon + Water
Temperature : 96 F(body temperature) – carbon dioxide (Respiration Process)/88F
2. Primary consumers : species eat primary producer – vegetarian species herbivores – dependent
on plants only (Snails, grasshoppers, beetle, butterfly, bees (pollination), deer, cow,
goat(Grazing), panda, camel, zebra, giraffe, elephant, hippos, horse, rhino – herbivores)
3. Secondary Consumers : species eat primary consumers (carnivores) – birds, tiger, lion, snake,
crocodile, leopard, frogs, fox, weasel, eagle, hyna – carnivores- non vegetarian
4. Tertiary consumer – omnivores – species – plants and animals – bear,crow, hawks, fox - both
plants as well animals
5. Decomposers : decay all the dead organic matter into small particles which is used as nutrition
by the soil. Ex earthworms, mushrooms, fungi, termites, algae, snail, bacteria

OVER Exploitation – doing agriculture

Biotic Components – living (animals, plants, birds, reptiles, fishes)

Abiotic Components – nonliving things (air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature) decides what kind of
species will live where

Water Cycle : in the presence of sunlight water evaporates(leaves, sea, ocean, rivers, underground,
ponds and lakes) and converts into vapors which goes all the way in stratosphere and settles in clouds
in the form of ice…due to presence of Sulphur’s particles in the atmosphere, pores form in the clouds
and ice drops on earth in the form of water droplets.

This water cycle will purify the water. This process converts the liquid to gaseous to solid and finally to
liquid form.

Water glass / add some ink / add some aloe vera gel – sun end of day – water reduced -2 days – few
small particles

Drought / floods

Evaporation – condensation – precipitation

Carbon Cycle : (global warming)

Plants – carbon+ water = carbohydrates consumed by (Food) herbivores – carnivores(food and

nutrition) – decomposers(nutrition – plants)

Animals – respiration process – sends back carbon to atmosphere – excreta- carbon- soil nutrition

Slash burns – carbon back to the soil.

Deforestation : imbalance in carbon – soil/ atmosphere = carbon artificially into the soil - slash and burn
method

Ecosystem Types :

Biotic factors : trees, animals, birds, plants, underwater (single cell amoeba)

Abiotic Factors : air, water, soil, temperature, sunlight, rainfall

2 types

1 on land – terrestrial ecosystem

2 under water – aquatic ecosystem

Terrestrial Ecosystem (Land)

 1. Forests Ecosystem :
2. Grasslands Ecosystem (Livestock – cow, goat, sheep, buffalo, chicken, ostrich, alligators,fishes)
3. Desert Ecosystem :
4. Mountain Ecosystem :

Aquatic Ecosystem

1. Flowing Water : Rivers, Streams, Sea & Ocean

2. Non flowing water : ponds, Lakes, Tanks,(Brackish water)

Forest Ecosystem: Biotic & Abiotic

Species based types of forests.

Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Climbers, Grass, Plants, Algae- based on temperature, soil quality, climate,
rainfall, sunlight, variety of trees, plants.

5 Majors types of Forest in India (MOEF- Ministry of Environment &Forest)- forests are
maintained.
1. Coniferous
2. Evergreen : Rain Forests/Dark Forests (7-8 Months rainfall)variety of vegetation (karnataka,
bangalore, kerela, tamilnadu, north east india, sun cannot of ground (Mushroom, algae,
herbi,carni)
3. Deciduous Forest : Central India & Western India (3-4 Months) 5 season (Including spring
autumn),leaves turn yellow and fall down. Variety of herbs,shrubs
4. Thorn forests : little and sporadic rainfall, cactus, bor, saffron
5. Mangrove forests : half on land and half under water. Variety of medicines.

USES & THREATS TO FOREST ECOSYSTEM(10&7) HW

GRASSLANDS ECOSYSTEM (PASTURES) : LIVESTOCK (MILK, EGGS,MEAT,WOOL,TRANSPORTATION)

(COW, BUFFALO,YAK,CAMEL, GOAT,SHEEP, OSTRICH,EMU)

RAINFALL IS LESS, SOIL DEPTH IS LESS AND SOIL QUALITY IS LOW

THIS IS HOME FOR SMALL BUGS AND INSECTS

USED AS PASTURE FEEDING THE LIVE STOCK

EVERY FOREST HAVE A GRASSLAND NEARBY THEM

1. HIMALAYAN PASTURES : found nearby coniferous forest, seasonal grasses grow here and are
consumed by herbi for grazing
2. Shola Grasslands : always green, variety of small insects, and in larger number nearby
evergreen forests
 3. Terai grasslands : tall grass grow, low lying water logged areas, 5 meter high (6 feet),
elephanta grasses.(mangroves forests)
4. Semi Arid Grasslands : nearby thorn forest , plant have thorn but these grasslands are used as
pastures and cows and goat . agriculture.

Uses of Grasslands ecosystem

1. Grazing
2. Pastures
3. Home for small bugs and insects
4. Pollination
5. Agriculture
6. Herbs and shurbs and variety of grass

Threats

1 .overgrazing

Small bugs and insects resulting in reduction in pollination

Agriculture -loses its fertility

Construction of building and plants (barren land)

Desert ecosystem : rainfall is scanty and sporadic once in every few years. The soil quality is poor and
soil depth is more. The are found near semi arid areas. Few vegetation grows here. And this land is
major used is used for agriculture. the vegetation grows here is unique . The roots are longer that the
actual plants, cactus grows more and they leaves are thick & waxy in nature also sticky to protect
themselves from herbivores.the species found here are poisonous.

Hot : Sahara, thar, namib

Cold : Ladakh, gobi

BBA _ITM (28 November)

GRASSLANDS ECOSYSTEM – majorly found outside forests

Depth of the soil; is low, quality is average, rainfall is less, [grazing of livestock(species that are
breeded and stocked for meat, eggs, wool, milk, transportation]

Grassland grow where there is less rainfall, quality of soil is average, and soil depth is low (Variety of
grasslands)

1. Himalayan Pastures :these types are found near coniferous forest where seasonal grasses
grow summer which are used by herbivores as pastures.
2. Shola Grasslands : Grasslands are found near evergreen forests and variety of grasses grow,
maximum herbivores are found in this type of grasslands. heavy rainfall, grasses always green
3. Terai Grasslands : Tall grass grow up to 5-6 meters high and low lying water logged areas.
Elephanta grasses (Mangrove Forest)
4. Semi-Arid Grasslands : majorly near deciduous and thorn forest.(Tigers, lion).variety of herbs
and shrub, also seasonal grasses.

BBA_ITM (1DECEMBER)

Uses of Grasslands :

1. They are majorly used as pastures to feed the livestock

2. Variety of grasses grow which are used for medicinal purpose
3. Majorly used by farmer for agri products
4. Variety of grasses grow here which can be dried and and can be used later for feeding the
livestock.

Threats to grasslands

1. Overgrazing
2. No food left for small insects, migrate
3. Soil quality is depleting , barren land
4. Convert this grassland into agri (land is getting more polluted)

Desert Ecosystem / SEMI ARID AREAS:

Hot Desert : Thar, little rann of kutch(diaster)30% (70% - Pakistan) (Sahara, Namib)

Cold Desert : Ladakh, Gobi(China/Mangolia)

The rainfall is sporadic once in every few years, but the evaporation is very high. Variety of herbs and
shrubs grow here where the depth of their roots is 3 times more than what they grow above land.
This kind of desert falls under SEMI - ARID AREAS (CONSTRUCTION – Building/ Canal)
Extreme dry atmosphere.

The leaves are very thick and slippery in nature to reduce evaporation loss.(few leaves)

BBA - 23 November

Ecosystem :

Eco- life

System- cycle which has and end but it is conti. In process

Cycle of life : birth, growth, maturity, reproduction, death – birth

Biotic : living being – plants, animals, birds, fishes, algae, bacteria

Abiotic : Non living beings – Air, Water, soil, temperature, sunlight will decide what kind of living
beings will live where.
Hunting, poaching, overextraction, deforestation, mining etc - resulted imbalance in ecosystem (Man
made)

First thing life- single cell amoeba

Multiplied -taking shapes – star, square, - plants, animals, fishes

Lie cycle – survival (abiotic)

1st Process : Pollination through the process of photosynthesis

In the presence of sunlight, plants(Leaves) absorb carbon from the atmosphere, and water along with
nutrition from soil and convert it into carbohydrates (Cellulose/glucose) food for themselves and exhale
oxygen – photosynthesis (Primary Producers)

Trees, shrubs, herbs, weeds, climbers, grass, algae -primary producers

Based upon – pollination -cross pollination

71% earth is covered with water

- 29% - 2% desert (27% of land-Forest- soil loose nutrition)

2nd process –Primary Consumer – herbivores- vegetarian – eat plants or plant products -control growth
of vegetation – herbivores

Cow, horse, rabbits, elephants, grasshopper, honeybees, butterfly (pollination), deer

4 important cycles survival :

1. Process of Photosynthesis - food for themselves

2. Food Cycle/ Carbon Cycle – primary producers- Herbivores(eat only vegetation)primary
consumers-carnivores(eat only other species)-Omnivores(eat both vegetation/other species)-
decay into smaller particles becomes nutrition for soil- plants for making food

Primary Producers – Trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, grass, algae, plants

Primary Consumers – grasshopper, honeybees, cow, deer, goat, butterfly, buffalo, horse, rhino, hippo,
giraffe, ostrich -pollination -grazing

Secondary Consumers – lion, tiger, fox, weasel, leopard, hyena, cat, dog,snakes, eagle, owl, woodpecker

Tertiary consumer : Omnivores – fox, boar,

Decomposers- earthworms, mushrooms, snails,

3. Water cycle : process of converting liquid to gaseous (Evaporation) and it then condenses into
clouds in solid form (Ice) , brought back to earth through precipitation (Liquid)

Anytype of water evaporates – clouds do the process of cleaning the water- fresh water- (RO)

Evaporation – condensation – precipitation – rivers, ponds, lakes, sea, ocean, undergroundwater, leaves
4. Nitrogen Cycle