Where we are

O Impact of short circuits on power systems.

O Use of per unit systems and comparison with physical
units.
O Manual calculations of balanced short circuits
O Symmetrical components
O Manual calculations of unbalanced short
circuits
O Sources of data for short circuit calculations.
O Impact of rotating machines on short circuit
calculations.
O Applications of short circuit studies.
O Uses and abuses of fault studies.
 Unbalanced short circuits

O Use of symmetrical component networks

interconnected only at the fault point
allows treatment as three single phase
circuits constrained by the
interconnections
O Constraints of fault currents and
voltages define the connections of
sequence networks
O For this course, connections are “given”
Symmetrical component networks

Positive sequence network

Zs1 Zf1

V1

Negative sequence network

Zs2 Zf2

Zero sequence network

Zs0 Zf0
Three phase fault connection
s1 f1

1 I1=If

s2 f2

I2=0

s0 f0

I0=0
 Three phase fault calculation

O IA = I1
O |IA| = |IB| = |IC|
O I1 = V1/(Zs1+Zf1)
Single Line to Ground Fault
Connection
s1 f1

1
I1=I0

s2 f2

I2=I1

s0 f0

I0=I2
 Single Line to Ground Fault
Calculation

O For an A phase to ground fault

O I1 = I2 = I0
O IA = (I1+I2+I0) = 3I1
O I1 = V1/(Zs1+Zf1 +Zs2+Zf2 +Zs0+Zf0)
O IA = 3I1 = 3 V1/(Zs1+Zf1 +Zs2+Zf2 +Zs0+Zf0)
O In symmetrical networks, Z1 = Z2
O IA = 3 V1/(2[Zs1+Zf1] +Zs0+Zf0)
 Example SLG Calculation

O Given all impedances are all inductive

Q Zs1=Zs2= j0.5 pu
Q Zf1=Zf2= j0.5 pu
Q Zs0= j0.5 pu and Zf0= j1.5 pu
O The positive sequence source voltage is
1.0 pu, find the total SLG fault current.
O Ifslg = 3*1/j(2[0.5+0.5] +0.5+1.5)
O Ifslg = 3/j(2+2) = -j0.75 pu
Line to Line Fault Connection
s1 f1

1
I1= -I2

s2 f2

I2= -I1

s0 f0

I0=0
 Line to Line Fault Calculation

O For a phase B to C fault (seq. ref to A Ph.)

O I1 = - I2 and I0 = 0
O IA = (I1+I2+I0) = 0
O I1 = V1/(Zs1+Zf1 +Zs2+Zf2)
O IB = a2I1 + aI2 = a2I1-aI1 = I1(a2-a) =-j√3I1
O |IB|=√3V1/(Zs1+Zf1 +Zs2+Zf2)
O In symmetrical networks, Z1 = Z2
O |IB|=√3V1/[2(Zs1+Zf1 )] (87% of I 3Ph)
Line to Line to Ground Fault
Connection

I1= -(I2+I0)
 Line to Line to Ground Fault
Calculation
O For a phase B to C to G fault
O I1 = - (I2+I0) and IA = (I1+I2+I0) = 0
O I2*Z2=I0*Z0
O So obtain I2 and I0 in terms of I1
O I1 = V1/(Z1+(Z2//Z0))
O I1 = V1/(Z1 +(Z2Z0 /(Z2+Z0)) and If Z1=Z2
O I1 = V1(Z1 +Z0)/(Z12+2Z1Z0)
O IB = a2I1+aI2+I0
O IC = aI1+a2I2+I0