SAFETY AND HEALTH

AT WORKPLACE BY:
DR NURRUL HAFEEZAH
SAHAK

TOPIC 4
CONTROL MEASURE
PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL

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 HAZARD

 Hazard
▪ A source or a situation with a potential for harm
in terms of human injury or ill health, damage to
property, damage to the environment or a
combination of these

▪ Anything that cause harm (e.g chemicals,

electricity)

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 RISK
 Risk:
▪ Likelihood that a substance will cause adverse
health effect or illness in the conditions of its
used
▪ The risk to health usually increases with:
▪ Severity of the hazard
▪ The amount of used
▪ Duration and frequency of exposure

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 The concept- workplace should be modified
to suit people, not vice versa

 Three basic steps to ensure a safe and healthy

workplace:
▪ Identification of hazards
▪ Risk assessment
▪ Risk control

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 Available document
 Audit
 Walk-trough observation
 Feedback from workers
 Medical records
 Etc.

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 Available Document
▪ CSDS, checklist
▪ Plant layout
▪ etc

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 Risk is the like hood (tendency) that the
hazard will cause harm.
 It can divided into three
▪ High
▪ Medium
▪ Low

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 To determine or estimate the contact of
source to human in terms of magnitude,
frequency and duration

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 All activities involve risk

▪ Example:
▪ Sitting
▪ Eating
▪ Driving
▪ Mountain climbing

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 Voluntary Risk
▪ Smoking
▪ Alcohol and Marijuana intake

 Involuntary Risk
▪ Infectious Disease
▪ Natural Disaster

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 Not all hazard pose the same level of risk

 The process for evaluating the risk to

safety and health arising from hazards at
work

 Depends on:
▪ The control measures installed
▪ The exposure to the hazard
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 Gather info about each hazard

 Get duration and number of people exposed

to each hazard

 Use information to assess likelihood and

sequences of each hazard

 Produce a qualitative risk table

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 When risk in the workplace need to be prioritized,
attempts are made to rank them

 To estimate risk, the common technique that continues

to be used employs a risk rating derived from a matrix

 Dependent on both the hazard rating and the likelihood

rating

Risk rating= severity rating x likelihood rating

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 Using the “Hierarchy of Control”
▪ Elimination
▪ Substitute
▪ Isolate
▪ Engineering control
▪ Administrative control
▪ PPE

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1. Elimination 4. Engineering control
–Most effective control - Modification of tools/ machinery to
measure minimise risk
- Physically remove the 5. Administrative
hazard - Hazard is still in the workplace
2. Substitution - Change the way employees work
- Replace hazard with less (example: job rotation)
hazardous 6. PPE
3. Isolation
- Examples: safety eye wear, face shield,
- Isolate hazard from worker
safety boots, hard hat
 The most effective is
elimination. For
example get rid of
harmful substances
or actions or
equipments

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 Worker enclosure / Isolate worker from
hazard – involves confining workers to small
and define areas

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 Prevent disease by modification of tools, equipment and
process

 Examples – noise, chemical fumes and dust

 Pathway Modification - interrupt transmission or transfer of

dangerous by-product to workers by ventilation, or
installation of sound absorbent material.

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 Modifying job procedures – e.g. change job
rotation, limited entry, permit to work,
training and education

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 Least satisfactory
 The use of PPE does
not change the
hazardous condition
in the working place

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•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and
•Modify process •General education
•Enclosure ventilation •Worker rotation
•Local exhaust •Increase distance •Enclosure of
•Isolation worker
•Personal
monitoring
•Personal
protective devices
RISK MANAGEMENT@CONSIST
College 27
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