Junior Hacksaw

The Junior hacksaw has a springy, all-hard frame which holds the 150mm blade in tension. It is mostly used for
cutting small metal components.
Frame Coping saw

Pegs Handle

Junor Hacksaw Coping Saw Using coping saw to cut curves

Coping Saw
Coping saw is a small saw with springy steel frame. It has a straight wooden handle. The thin and narrow blade
(about 3mm wide and 170mm long) is held by pegs between two studs that are loosely held in the frame to allow for
rotation of the blade to any convenient position.

Coping saw is mostly used for cutting sharp curves in a thin boards. It is sometimes used for cutting the waste from
dovetail joints.
In order to avoid buckling and breaking the blade, the blade is always fixed in the frame with the teeth pointing
towards the handle so that it cuts on the backward stroke.

Tenon Saw
A Tenon saw is a Backsaw and is a cutting tool used in woodworking.
The tenon saw consists of the following:
Handle – made of wood or plastic
The Blade – made of steel
The back stiffener – made of brass or steel rib, folded over to prevent the blade from bending, in other words
keeping the saw (blade) straight.
Handle
Back stiffener

Blade
Teeth b). Dovetail saw
a). Tenon saw
The Length of the blade is 150mm long and has 8 – 12 teeth per 25mm of its length.
Uses

 It is used for sawing across the grain of wood of light work.

 It is used for sawing tenons
 It is also used for sawing shoulders and halving, and sides of trenches to gauged lines.

Dovetail Saw
The Dovetail saw is similar to the tenon saw. It is also a Backsaw. The handle which is made of wood or plastic may
be either closed open type.
Uses
The dovetail saw is used for
 Cutting dovetail
 Fine and accurate work
Cross-cut saw
Cross-cut saw is a wood saw consisting a blade made of high carbon steel or tool steel with the teeth at the edge
and a wooden/plastic handle fitted with screws or rivets. The length of the saw is from 550mm to 700mm and has 5
to 9 teeth per 25mm. The cross-cut saw may be distinguished by its pointed teeth with knife-like edges.
Uses: The teeth of the cross-cut saw are designed to cut across the grain of the wood

Cutting across the grain of wood

Rip saw
Rip saw is also a wood cutting saw similar to the cross-
cut saw. The rip saw is designed to cut along the grain
(parallel to the direction of the wood grain). The length
ranges from 620mm to 700mm and has 3to 6 teeth per
25mm.
Uses: the rip saw is used for cutting thick boards along
the grain. This sawing process is known as Ripping.

Cutting along the grain of wood - Ripping

Care and Maintenance of Cross-cut and Rip Saws

 Clean the blade and oil it after use to prevent rusting.
 Slip a plastic guard over the saw teeth to protect them when the saw is not in use.
 Recondition the teeth of the saws regularly to keep it sharp.
 Keep the saws safe on a tool rack.
Bolster
The Bolster is a block/brick cutting tool. The bolster is made of steel. It has a head, a wider blade with cutting edge.
The Bolster is used in together with a club hammer.  Cut blocks/bricks to any size (i.e. ¼ block, ½
Uses: the bolster is used together with a club hammer block and ¾ block)
to:  Cut new openings in an existing wall for
windows and doors.
 Club hammer
Head

Blade Bolster

Brick
Other types of Bolster
Cutting edge
Cutting brick with a bolster and club hammer
Chisels
Chisels are wood cutting tools used for many different jobs to cut off or remove waste materials from wood.
Chisels consist of the following parts:
 Hand – made of wood (Ash or Beech) or plastic.
 Ferrule – made of brass or steel.
 Tang – part of the blade which fits into the Handle
handle.
 Shoulder – part of the blade behind the tang
which prevents the tang from being driven far
into the handle.
 Blade – made of high carbon steel, hardened and tempered.
 Cutting edge – at the end of blade which is ground at an angle of 200 – 250, and sharpened at an angle of 300
– 350. Grinding is carried out on either sandstone or high speed grinding wheel. Sharpening or horning is
carried out on an oilstone.
Methods of Chiselling (wood) – the two methods of chiselling are:
 Paring – the method of cutting thin slices of wood by applying ordinary hand pressure on the chisel.
 Mortising (Chopping) – the method of cutting deep holes in wood by using mortise chisel and mallet.
Chisels are of three types, although there are other types for different work. These are:
 Firmer chisel
 Bevel-edged chisel
Firmer
 Mortise chisel.
Firmer Chisel
The Firmer chisel is the most basic general purpose Bevelled-edge
chisel. It is rectangular (flat) section blade and is strong
enough to be driven through tough woods with mallet.
The sizes of a chisel is determined by the width of the Mortise
blade. The sizes ranges from 3mm to 50mm.
Uses
The Firmer chisel is used for the following:
 It is used together with a mallet for general chiselling especially when making wood joints
 It is also used for paring.
Bevel-edged Chisel
The Bevel-edged chisel as the name indicates, has two edges of blade bevelled along its length. The width of the
blade ranges from 3mm to 50mm.
Uses:
The Bevel-edged chisel is used for the following:
 It is suitable for cleaning out corners of joints
 For paring and lighter chiselling
Mortise chisel
The Mortise chisel has a thicker blade to withstand the leverage when cutting mortises. The leather washer
between the shoulder of the blade and the handle absorbs the blow from the mallet. The handle is fitted with steel
ferrule at both ends to prevent splitting.
Uses
The Mortise chisel is used for
 Cutting mortises and deep work
 Heavy chiselling
Care and Maintenance of Chisels
 Keep the chisels in wall tool rack.
 The cutting edge of chisels must be protected with guard strip or a cap
 Recondition the cutting edge of chisels to keep them sharp all the time.
 Clean and oil metal blade to prevent rusting.
Spokeshave
The Spokeshave performs just like the bench plane except that it has a shorter sole which is either Fla-faced or
Round-faced. It also consists of two handles, adjusting screws, cutting blade, cap iron and a throat.

Features of a Spokeshave Planing curved surfaces of workpieces

Uses
The Spokeshave is used in woodwork for planing curved surfaces. The Flat-faced type is used on convex curved
surfaces whilst the Round-faced type is used on concave curved surfaces.

Cold Chisels
These are metal cutting tools used for removing surplus materials from metal surfaces.
Chipping is a metal cutting process for removing surplus material from metal surfaces using a cold chisel and a
hammer, preferably the ball-pein.
The cold chisels are made from high carbon steel. They have either octagonal or hexagonal cross-section and
they consist of the following:
  The head for striking and it is left soft There are four types of cold chisel and they are:
 The shank for holding and
 The blade which is hardened and tempered. i. Flat chisel
ii. Cross-cut chisel
iii. Half-round chisel and
iv. Diamond point chisel

Uses
Flat chisel – the flat chisel is used
for the following:

 Cutting metal sheets amd

plates
 Cutting rivets, bolts and nuts
 Cutting out slots and
Chipping flat metal surfaces

slightly towards the body. The shape allows the

body of the chisel to “clear” when a groove is being
cut.

Chipping a metal surface with a flat chisel

Cross-cut chisel – it is similar to the flat chisel, Cutting narrow grooves with cross-cut chisel
except that it’s cutting edge is wide and tapers

 The Cross-cut chisel is used for cutting narrows grooves and keyways.
 The Half-round chisel is used for forming oil channels in bearings
 The Diamond point chisel is used for clearing corners and vee grooves

Care and maintenance of cold Chisels

 A mushroom chisel head is a source of big danger and therefore must be cleared by grinding it off.
 The blade must be cleaned, oiled or greased after use.
  It should be kept in a tool rack after use.
 The cutting edge should be kept sharp and protected
 Care must always be taken not to drop chisels. Apart from the cutting edge getting damaged, it may
injure someone.

Chisel for Block/brick work

a). Pointed Brick/concrete Chisel b). Flat Brick/concrete Chisel

Uses:
The Brick/concrete is used together with a club hammer (similar to the uses of bolster) to:
 Cut blocks/bricks to any size (i.e. ¼ block, ½ block and ¾ block)
 Cut new openings in an existing wall for windows and doors
 They can also be used for applications such as removing excess mortar.
Moulds
Moulds are hollow containers or shaped cavities used to give a definite shapes/forms to molten or liquid
materials when they cool and harden. They are made of metals, plastics or woods. There are different types of
moulds for different purposes, examples are shown below:
 For cakes
 Blocks/Bricks/Pavers

The diagrams above are different moulds for cakes

These are also moulds for making plastic pavers

 Mould Box

The sketch above is a mould box for making blocks

made of wood. The sketch above is the exploded view of the mould box

Brick Hammer
The brick hammer is a block/brickwork striking tool used at the construction site. It consists of a head made of
medium carbon steel which has one end wedge-shaped, the eye to receive the handle (shaft) and a handle made of ash
wood.

Uses: the brick hammer is used for the following:

1. Cutting blocks/bricks into bats and closers.
2. Tapping blocks/bricks into position during wall construction.