We are the most

abundant living
organisms on Earth!

We are unicellular
and our cell is
simple
DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
KINGDOM MONERA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORB866QSGv8
We are prokaryotes

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BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
CAPSULE ( or SLIME)
Protects the cell
CYTOPLASM Bacteria exist in four basic shapes . . . . .
(or CYTOSOL)
• Circular – referred to as “cocci”
• Rod- – referred to as “bacilli”
• Helical – referred to as “spirilla” or
FIMBRIA – Helps “spirochetes”
the cell to adhere
to surfaces • Curved – referred to as “vibrios”

CELL MEMBRANE

NUCLEAR
CELL WALL
MATERIAL
(peptidoglycan) FLAGELLUM – Provides
motility to the cell

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BACTERIA . . . . . Structure BACTERIA . . . . . Structure

Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bacteria also gather in groups . . . . .

Shape: Rod
• In chains : prefix Strepto- is used to Arrangement: Pair
describe them
Shape & Arrangement : Diplobacillus
• In clusters : prefix Staphylo- is used to Escherichia coli
describe them
• As a pair : prefix Diplo- is used to describe
them Shape: Circular
Arrangement: Pair
Shape & Arrangement: Diplococcus
Neisseria
meningitidis

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BACTERIA . . . . . Structure BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape: Curved (Vibrios) Shape: Circular

Arrangement: Single Arrangement: In Chains
Shape & Arrangement : Streptococcus

Vibrio cholerae Streptococcus

pyogenes

Shape: Helical (Spirochetes) Shape: Circular

Arrangement: Single Arrangement: In Clusters
Shape & Arrangement : Staphylococcus
Borrelia Staphylococcus
burgdorferi aureus

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BACTERIA . . . . . Nutrition BACTERIA . . . . . Reproduction

Bacteria are able to . . . . .
Bacteria are able to reproduce . . . . .
• Derive nutrients from other organisms
(decomposers: saprotrophic nutrition) • Sexually through a process called
CONJUGATION : Transfer of genetic material
• Produce food in the presence of light (plasmid) from donor to recipient bacterium via
(photosynthetic) a pilus
Photosynthetic . . . . .
Blue-green bacteria Purple-sulfur bacteria In CONJUGATION . . . . .

PILUS

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BACTERIA . . . . . Reproduction BACTERIA . . . . . Locomotion

Flagella (flagellum-singular) are long, hair-like
Bacteria are able to reproduce . . . . . appendages that function like propellers. They allow
bacteria to swim and move. Unlike the flagella found on
•Asexually through a process called BINARY human sperm, bacterial flagella rotate 360 degrees
FISSION : Formation of 2 new cells of If the flagellum
approximately the same size, as the result of rotates counter-
clockwise, the
parent cell division cell swims in a
smooth line
called a "run."
In BINARY FISSION . . . .
During "tumbles"
the flagellum
"reverses"
direction and the
cell stops and
changes its
http://www.classzone.com/books/hs/ca/sc/bio_07/animated_ course.
biology/bio_ch05_0149_ab_fission.html

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2
 Food Industry Food Industry . . .
Propionibacterium
Bacteria can impart freudenreichii,
desirable aroma, subsp shermanii.
flavor or texture to
foods. Sourdough and Rye Bread
Common (Lactobacillus species)
substances such as
bread, cheese, Brevibacteria
linens
yoghurt & pickled
food are the result of
bacterial food
fermentations.
Lactococcus
lactis

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Food Industry . . . . Drugs . . . . .

- Most of the
antibiotics are
produced by a group
Sauerkraut (Leuconostoc species)
of Bacillus bacteria
- Examples:
Bacitracin B.subtilis

Curd (Lactobacillus species)

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Drugs . . . . .DPT D
I
Drugs . . . . . vaccine P
T
H
- Most of the Bacterial vaccines
E
antibiotics are contain killed or R
produced by a group attenuated bacteria I
Inflammation of the throat
of Bacillus bacteria that activate the A
(‘bullneck’)
- Examples: immune system.
Polymyxin Antibodies are built
against that
particular bacteria,
and prevents
bacterial infection
later.
Corynebacterium
B. diphtheriae
polymyxa
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3
 P
Drugs . . . . .DPT E Drugs . . . . .DPT T
R E
vaccine vaccine T
T
U A
S N
S U
I S
S Broken blood vessels and bruising
Muscle spasms
due to pertussis coughing
(Whooping Cough)

Clostridium tetani
Bordetella
pertussis

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Drugs . . . . .BCG
vaccine
T T
(Bacille Calmette U Y
Guerin vaccine) B Drugs . . . . . P
E H
R O
C I
U D
L
O F
S E
I V
S E
R Salmonella
typhi

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c
H
Drugs . . . . . O Environmental Waste
L Management . . . . .
E
R Soil bacteria play
A an important role
in Ecosystems.
They are involved
in the degradation
of plant and animal
matter and wastes.
A scanning electron
They also reduce micrograph of the
Vibrio cholerae organic aerobic soil bacterium
compounds to Pseudomonas
inorganic fluorescens . The
bacterium uses its long,
compounds such whiplike flagellae to
as carbon dioxide propel itself through the
and minerals. water layer that
surrounds soil particles.

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4
BACTERIA . . . . . Importance
Environment – In
Clean-up crews use the
Bioremediation Pseudomonas putida bacteria
(inset) to decontaminate soil
polluted by oil spills.
BACTERIA . . . . . Harmful effects
Spirochaete, or
Lyme Disease – "corkscrew-shaped"
Borrelia bacteria known as Borrelia
burgdorferi burgdorferi, which is the
pathogen that causes
Lyme disease. These
bacteria are transmitted to
humans by the bite of an
infected deer tick.

Meningitis– It is one of the most common causes

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is
Neisseria
bacterium commonly found in an inflammation of the meninges that
Health – In the meningitidis protect the brain and spinal cord that
the lower intestine. Most E.
gut, produces coli strains are harmless and can be caused by bacteria and
Vitamin K can produce vitamin K2 or viruses.
prevent harmful bacteria from
successfully invading the
intestine.

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BACTERIA . . . . . Which other bacteria do you know?

List one beneficial use and one harmful effect of

other bacteria that you know.

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