Lecture # 10

RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Wind Energy
Statistics of Wind Energy
 POTENTIAL
 Huge potential exists.
 Wind power available in the atmosphere is much greater than
current world energy consumption.
 Potential of wind power on land and near-shore to be 72 TW,
equivalent to 54,000 MToE (million tons of oil equivalent) per
year.
 Available potential can contribute five times the world energy
demand.
Wind Resources in Pakistan
 The area for the wind mapping is 1,100km along Sindh and
Baluchistan coast and up to 100km deep northward over land
from the coast.

 44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to

study the wind regime.

 Total potential of wind is around 300,000 MW in Pakistan (US

report)
Wind Resources in Baluchistan

List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari,
Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra,
Tump, Turbat, Winder.
Wind Resources in Sind

List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay,

Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad,
Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
 “Wind Corridor” in Pakistan
GUPIS
3.6
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN GILGIT
2 .5
CHITRAL 1.5
4.6 BUNJI
MONTH: JUNE DROSH 3 .3 2 .5 3.1
CHILAS ASTOR
DIR 2 .9 SKARDU
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS 1.0

DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN 1.3

PESHAWAR MUZAFFARABAD
1.7
1.9 BALAKOT
PARACHINAR 1.1 KAKUL
1 M/S 6 M/S
3 .4 1.9
ISLAMABAD
2 M/S 7 M/S

3 M/S 8 M/S 1.4 JHELUM

0.9
4 M/S 9 M/S KOTLI
SIALKOT
D. I. KHAN 3.3
5 M/S 10 M/S
2 .5
WIND SPEED 2 .2 4.3 LAHORE
COLOUR CODE ZHOB
2 .3
LORALAI
4.1 FAISALABAD
4.0
3 .3 3.8
QUETTA
MULTAN BAHAWALNAGAR
2 .5 BARKHAN
SIBI 2.5

JUNE
2 .2 2 .2
7.8 BAHAWALPUR
2.5
DALBANDIN KALAT JACOBABAD
NOKUNDI KHANPUR
3.4

3.1 SUKKUR
2.9
KHUZDAR
PANJGUR
3.6
STUDY REPORT BY
NAWABSHAH PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
6.1

PADIDAN 3.0
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
9.0
5.1
9.7 5.2 CHOR
HYDERABAD
KARACHI
JIWANI ORMARA

Average summer wind 5.9

BADIN
8.1

direction from Gharo to

Hyderabad
Fundamentals of Wind Energy
Wind

 Wind can be defined simply as air in motion. This motion is

mainly in the horizontal direction because the vertical
component is too small compared to horizontal.

 Air moves above the Earth's surface because of spatial

differences atmospheric pressure.
 Wind should blow from areas of high density
(pressure) to areas of low density (pressure).
 Wind is often described by two characteristics:
 wind speed
 wind direction
Formation of wind as a result of localized
temperature differences.
Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface and Rotation
Types of Wind around the globe

 The Brickfielder is a hot and dry wind in the desert of Southern

Australia that occurs in the summer season. It blows in the coastal
regions of the south from the outback, where the sandy wastes, bare
of vegetation in summer, are intensely heated by the sun.
 Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind
accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. The major
monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-
Australian monsoons.
 A haboob is a type of intense dust storm carried on an atmospheric
gravity current. Haboobs occur regularly in arid regions throughout
the world.
 Sirocco, is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and
reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe.
 In the western Mediterranean, particularly when the wind blows
through the Strait of Gibraltar, it is called the Levanter. It is also
known as the Solano. When blowing moderately or strongly, the
levant causes heavy swells on the Mediterannean.
 A Föhn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the
lee (downwind side) of a mountain range.
 The mistral is a strong, cold and northwesterly wind that blows from
southern France into the Gulf of Lion in the northern Mediterranean.
 Chinook winds in the interior West of North America, where the
Canadian Prairies and Great Plains meet various mountain ranges,
although the original usage is in reference to wet, warm coastal
winds in the Pacific Northwest
Wind instruments
 Wind speed is often given in kilometers per hour (kmph), miles
per hour (mph), knots, or meters per second (mps)
 Wind direction is measured as the direction from where a wind
comes from.
 Wind speed measured with an anemometer meanwhile wind
direction is measured by wind vane.
 Both of these instruments are positioned in the atmospheric
environment at a standard distance of 10 meters above the
ground surface.
Meteorological instruments used to measure wind speed
and direction.
Classification of Wind
Force Strength km/h Effect

0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically

1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly

2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle

3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls

4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out

7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind

8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard

9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down

10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings

11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings

12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation

Wind Classes Around The World
Velocity with Height
Power vs. Velocity
Forces affecting wind
 Forces influencing the wind characteristics are.

 Pressure gradient force

 Coriolis force
 Frictional force
 Centripetal force
Forces affecting wind
 Pressure gradient force .
 The change in pressure measured across a given distance is
called a "pressure gradient".
 The pressure gradient results in a net force that is directed
from high to low pressure and this force is called the
"pressure gradient force".
 The pressure gradient force is responsible for activating the
initial movement of air.
 The wind speed depends mainly upon the value of the
pressure gradient.
Pressure gradient force
Pressure gradient force
Effect of pressure gradient on wind speed
Relation between wind speed and pressure gradient ( thicker arrows
represent relatively faster winds)
Coriolis Force

 Once air has been set in motion by the pressure gradient force,
it undergoes an apparent deflection from its path due to the
earth's rotation.
 This apparent deflection is caused by a force called "Coriolis
force"
 In the Northern Hemisphere, wind is deflected to the right of
its path, while in the Southern Hemisphere it is deflected to the
left.
 The magnitude of the Coriolis force varies with the velocity
and the latitude of the object.
The strength of Coriolis force is influenced by latitude and the speed of the
moving object.
Coriolis Force
 Coriolis force is absent at the equator, and its strength
increases as one approaches either pole.
 Coriolis force only influences wind direction and never wind
speed.

The strength of Coriolis force is

influenced by latitude of the
moving object.
Frictional Force

 The surface of the Earth exerts a frictional drag on the air

blowing just above it acts in a direction opposite to the path of
motion causing the moving air to decelerate
 This friction can act to change the wind's direction and slow it
down
 Calm ocean surface is pretty smooth, so the wind blowing over it
does not move up, down, and around any features
 Hills and forests force the wind to slow down and/or change
direction much more.
 As we move higher, surface features affect the wind less
Frictional Force
 The height of this friction layer vary depending on the type
of terrain, wind, time of day, season of the year and vertical
temperature profile.
 However, usually the boundary layer exists from the surface
to about 1-2 km
Frictional force.
Centripetal force.
 Another force that acts on wind is centripetal force.
 The centripetal force is the force pulling an object toward the
center of its curved path.
 It is an inward force acts always toward the central location
about which the air stream is turning
 This force produces a circular pattern of flow around centers
of high and low pressure.
 The magnitude of the centripetal force is given by:
v2
CF =
r
Where
v is the wind speed and
r is the radius of the winds movement along a curved path
History of wind turbines
 The first windmills were developed to automate the tasks of
grain-grinding and water-pumping and the earliest-known
design is the vertical axis system developed in Persia about
500-900 A.D.
 Grain grinding was the first documented wind mill application
and was very straightforward. The grinding stone was affixed to
the same vertical shaft.
Vertical-axis windmills were also used in China, which is often
claimed as their birthplace.
 The earliest actual documentation of a Chinese windmill was in
1219 A.D.
 The first known documented design is also of a Persian windmill.
vertical sails made of bundles of reeds or wood which were
attached to the central vertical shaft by horizontal struts.
History of wind turbines
 One of the most attractive and successful applications of wind
power (and one that still exists), is the extensive use of water
pumping machines on the island of Crete.
 Here, literally hundreds of sail-rotor windmills pump water for
crops and livestock.
 The first windmills to appear in western Europe were of the
horizontal-axis configuration.
 The reason for the sudden evolution from the vertical-axis
Persian design approach may be the horizontal-axis
configuration of European water wheels apparently served as
the technological model for the early windmills.
Water Pumping Sail wing Machines on the Island of Crete
An early sail-wing horizontal-axis mill on the Mediterranean coast.
 The first mills had four paddle-like wooden blades.

 They were followed by mills with thin wooden slats nailed to

wooden rims.
 Most of these mills had tails to orient them into the wind, but
some were weather-vaning mills that operated downwind of
the tower.
 The most important refinement of the American fan-type
windmill was the development of steel blades in 1870.
 Steel blades could be made lighter and worked into more
efficient shapes.
An operating Dutch windmill (1994) that features leading edge airfoil sections
(at top right). The mechanism used to turn the rotor into the wind.
A steel-bladed water pumping windmill in the American Midwest (late 1800's)
Types of wind turbines

 Wind turbines can be classified into two main types based

on the axis about which the turbine rotates.
 Horizontal axis turbines (HAWT)
 are most common

 Vertical-axis turbines

 are less frequently used (VAWT)

Types of Electricity Generating Windmills

Small (≤10 kW)

• Homes Intermediate
• Farms (10-250 kW)
• Remote Applications • Village Power
(e.g. water pumping, • Hybrid Systems
telecom sites)
• Distributed Power

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
Horizontal-axis wind turbines

 Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor

shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must
be pointed into the wind.
 Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large
turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw
mechanism.
 Horizontal axis turbines either
 Upwind or

 Downwind
Upwind horizontal-axis wind turbines
 Upwind machines have the rotor facing the wind.
 It avoids the wind shade behind the tower
 By far the vast majority of wind turbines have this design.
 There is also some wind shade in front of the tower the wind
starts bending away from the tower before it reaches the tower
itself
 Therefore, each time the rotor passes the tower, the power from
the wind turbine drops slightly.
 The basic drawback of upwind designs is that the rotor blades
needs to be made rather stiff (nonflexible) , and placed at some
distance from the tower
 In addition an upwind machine needs a yaw mechanism to keep
the rotor facing the wind.
Downwind horizontal-axis wind turbines

 Downwind machines have the rotor placed on the lee side of

the tower.
 They have the theoretical advantage that they may be built
without a yaw mechanism
 A more important advantage is that the rotor may be made
more flexible
 The blades will bend at high wind speeds, thus taking part
of the load off the tower
 It may be built somewhat lighter than an upwind machine.

 The basic drawback is the fluctuation in the wind power due

to the rotor passing through the wind shade of the tower
Upwind Machines Downwind Machines
Vertical axis wind turbines

 Vertical axis turbines which catch omni-directional winds, do

not need orientation into the wind
 The earlier versions required a power source to start rotating
because of their high torque.
 More recent innovations have helical blade designs that have low
torque and can operate without external power.
 Vertical axis turbines are particularly suited to small wind power
applications because they have a small environmental impact
and no noise, but have not yet scaled up to the 5MW +.
Darrieus Wind turbine, named after the French engineer
Georges Darrieus who patented the design in 1931
FloWind 300 kW operated for more than 20
years in California
Giromill or H-Darrieus-Rotor vertical-axis
wind turbine
500 Watt, Darrieus variant known as a Giromill with three vertical
aerofoils, 4 foot diameter aluminium rotor.
Oregon Wind Corp. vertical axis wind turbine 2
kW, standing nine feet tall.
A new prototype of the Disk-Style, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
The 44% compared to an efficiency of 21% for a conventional
horizontal axis wind turbine
9 m x 9 m Wind Tunnel test on a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The
turbine's rotor is 5 meters in height, with a rated power of about 6 kW at
a wind speed of 12.5 m/s.
Bluenergy’s different wind turbine models range from 2KW to 8KW
 VAWT HAWT
 Lift is the main force
 Drag is the main force
 Much lower cyclic stresses
 Nacelle is placed at the bottom
 95% of the existing turbines
 Yaw mechanism is not required
are HAWTs
 Lower starting torque
 Nacelle is placed at the top of
 Difficulty in mounting the turbine
the tower
 Unwanted fluctuations in the
 Yaw mechanism is required
power output
Wind Turbine Components
Wind Turbine Components
Anemometer:
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the
controller.
Blades:
Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over
the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.
Brake:
A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or
hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies.
Controller:
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to
16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55
mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55 mph
because they might be damaged by the high winds.
Gear box:
Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft
and increase the rotational speeds from about 30 to 60
rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm, the
rotational speed required by most generators to produce
electricity. The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the
wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive"
generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't
need gear boxes.
 Generator:
 Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle
AC electricity.
 High-speed shaft:
 Drives the generator.

 Low-speed shaft:
 The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per
minute.
 Nacelle:
 The nacelle sits at top the tower and contains the gear box, low-
and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. Some
nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
 Pitch:
 Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor
speed and keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or
too low to produce electricity.
 Rotor:
 The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
 Tower:
 Towers are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice.
Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable
turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity.
 Wind vane:
 Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to
orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind.
 Yaw drive:
 Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep
the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction changes.
Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive, the wind blows the
rotor downwind.
 Yaw motor:
 Powers the yaw drive.
Rotor blades, Blades can have a stall regulated or variable-pitch design
This system controls the pitch of the blades to achieve the optimum
angle for the wind speed and desired rotation speed.
The hub serves as a base for the rotor blades and extenders, as well
as a means of housing the control systems for the pitch drive
The flexible coupling attaches to the high speed shaft and dampens out
oscillating loads introduced by the gearbox
The gearbox employs
a planetary gear
system
Friction-type Clutches and Brakes
The nacelle case encloses all of the major mechanical components
of the wind turbine.
The inner casing of the nacelle which encloses the core components
of the wind turbine.
tubular towers, the most common type, a ladder is built in the
hollow center to provide maintenance access.
These components join tower segments
THANKS