UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEEING.

FINAL REPORT

HAZARD S& DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO

Dr.Fiaz Tahir

TOPIC

CO VID -19 PANDEMIC WITH SPECIAL REFRENCE TO PAKISTAN

PRESENTED BY
Khawaja Imran Habib
21-CE-208
-
2

[1]
 P ROBLEM B ASED L EARNING

Select a Title: ( COVID-19) Hazard analysis and Management in

(Pakistan) )
Key:
1. Select a region and a hazard
2. Follow hazard analysis process flow chart
3. Collect data and information from sources like, journals, books, media, public,
government office personally visit site
4. Ta ke help from FEMA, NDMA, PDMA websites, visit their office and library
5. Use modern tools and software’s to generate your own maps and analysis
6. Present a comprehensive report.
7. Prepare an interesting Presentation.
8. Use your own tables and figures. But if you are using others work in your report
than refer it properly.

[2]
 HDM REPORT EVALUATION
GRADING OF REPORT AND PERFORMANCE

REPORT Title: (COVID-19) Hazard analysis and Management in (Pakistan)

_______________________________________________________________________________
________________

HDM Report Presentation

Sr. Registration 10% 5% Total
Student Name
No. Number (Marks (Marks (15)
100)X0.1 20)*0.25
1 Imran Habib khawaja 21-CE-208

Signature of Faculty member

 [3]

RUBRICS FOR FINAL REPORT ON HDM

Name of student: Registration Numbers:

_________ Imran Habib khawaja ________________________21-CE-208________________________

Sr. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Marks

Category Marks
No. (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) Obtained

HDM FINAL REPORT

The
The
introduction
The introduction
contains some
The work introduction contains
relevant
appears contains little relevant
information
(a) Content 15 sloppy and relevant information
about the task
unorganized information about the
and need
about the task task and well
some
organized
improvement
3.75 7.5 11.25 15
Literature
Literature Literature Literature
includes less
includes 20- includes 51- includes more
than 20%
Literature 49% papers 69% papers than 70%
(b) 30 papers from
Survey from last 5 from last 5 papers from
last 5 years
years years last 5 years

7.5 15 22.5 30
Is messy or
poorly Is acceptably
designed. Looks
attractive Looks good in
Problem Seems time though it may reallygood in
(c) 15 design and
Specification was not taken sustainable
be a bit objectives.
to complete development
messy.
it.
 3.75 7.5 11.25 15
Information is Information is Information is
Information is
gathered gathered gathered
gathered from
from non- from limited from multiple
multiple
Information electronic or electronic or electronic or
(d) 10 electronic or
Gathering electronic non- electronic
electronic
source only electronic source and
source
source cited properly
2.5 5.0 7.5 10

[4]

Sr. Level 1 (25%) Level 2 (50%) Level 3 (75%) Level 4 Marks

Category Marks
No. (100%) Obtained

HDM FINAL REPORT

Methodology Methodology Methodology
is marginally is reasonably is practical
Methodology practical and and highly
practical and
not suitable relevant to relevant to the
(e) Methodology 10 relevant to
at all project
the project the project
objectives objectives objectives
2.5 5.0 7.5 10
Good and
Detail research
reasonable
gap
A vague Some detail research gap
is reached
Conclusion research gap research gap is reached
(f) 15 from the
Reached is reached is reached from the
evidence
evidence
offered
offered
3.75 7.5 11.25 15
(g) Plagiarism of 5 Plagiarism Plagiarism Plagiarism Plagiarism less
Report more than 70 between between 10- than
% 35-69 % 34 % 10 %
1.25 2.5 3.75 5
 Total 100

Signature of Faculty member

[5]

RUBRICS FOR PRESENTATION

(Evaluation to be done by Faculty/Audience)

Name of Student: Registration No:

____ Imran Habib khawaja _________________________________21-CE-208_______
_______________________________________

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Marks

Mark
Sr. Category (25%) (50%) (75%) (100%) Obtaine
s
d

ORAL PRESENTATION
 ① Hold
attention of
audience with
① Display ① Consist the use of
① Hold
minimal eye ent use of eye direct eye
s no eye
contact with contact with contact,
contact
audience. audience. seldom
with
② Speaks ② Speaks looking at
(a) Delivery 5 audience.
with in uneven notes.
② Spea
satisfactory volume with ② Speaks with
ks low
vibration of little fluctuation
volume
volume infection in volume
and
emphasis in key
points
1.25 2.5 3.75 5
Does not
have grasp
of Attempts to
Has somewhat
information define Demonstrate
Content / clear purpose
(b) 10 and does purpose and full knowledge
Organization not clearly objectives and objectives
define
purpose
2.5 5 7.5 10
Enthusiasm 5 Demonstrate
Shows little or
Shows no Shows some strong
mixed feelings
interest in enthusiastic enthusiasm
about the
topic feelings about about topic
topic being
(c) presented topic during entire
presented
presentation

1.25 2.5 3.75 5

Signature of Faculty member

[6]
Abstract:
Since 26 February 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged
in the city of Karachi and has rapidly spread throughout Pakistan. In the first seven weeks,
more than 6,200 people were affected and more than 111 deaths were reported. If we
compare the COVID-19 disasters in Pakistan with other countries like China, Iran and
European Union states, many questions arise. We face many challenges in controlling this
pandemic, including the geopolitics of the country, poverty, low literacy, environmental
conditions, sanitary conditions, and dietary habits. In all these aspects the conditions are bad,
but the outbreak of COVID-19 in Pakistan has been slower than in other developing
countries. Pakistan's humid hot weather, early response to COVID-19, population immune
system, BCG vaccination and young population seem to moderate the impact of COVID-19.
In this document, we discuss the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Iran and
Pakistan and share the daily developments of this pandemic. We present the structure of
COVID-19 and its similarity to SARS-COV and SARS-COV2. We also discuss treatments
and their drawbacks, including the use of Remdesivir (an analog of adenosine) used against
RNA viruses, chloroquine (a widely used antimalarial drug), convalescent plasma, a
neutralizing antibody targeting the ACE-2 receptor, and an ACE-2-like molecule that could
bind to the S protein of the coronavirus. The impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan's economy
and government mitigation strategiesare also discussed.
[7]
Table Of Contents

Hazard Analysis Flow chart…………………………………………. 9

Introduction to Hazard and
Disaster………………………………………………………………...10
Hazard Identification…………………………………………………12
Covid-19 in Pakistan………………………………………………….15
Risk Analysis of Covid-19 in Pakistan………………………………17
Vulnerability and Risk Assessment………………………………….17
Covid in Punjab……………………………………………………….18
Covid in Sindh…………………………………………………………21
Covid in KPK………………………………………………………….24
Covid in Baluchistan………………………………………………….27
Covid in GB……………………………………………………………28
Covid in AJK………………………………………………………….29
Covid IN ICT………………………………………………………….30
Economy Impact……………………………………………………. 31
Health Workers………………………………………………………. 31
Coping Mechanisms………………………………………………… 34
Ministry Of Health Guidelines……………………………………… 36
Recommendations…………………………………………………… 37
Reference ………………………………………………………………38

[10]
HAZARD ANALYSIS PROCESS FLOW CHART

(Hazard Analysis ProcessTable 1)

Introduction to Hazard and Disaster:

[11]
 From the very first day human being has observed nature which has been very
gentle and sometimes very destructive. The calm of nature is loved by everyone while the
aggressive side is hated as we all know human beings cannot control them. Disaster can be
defined by UN as

“A situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to national

or international levelfor external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that
causes great damage, destruction, and human suffering” Natural disaster:
Many incidents in nature are beyond human control. Preventing them and predicting their
occurrence in a certain place is also beyond science. Naturally occurring destructive incidents
resulting in loss of human beings and property are called natural disasters. Among these natural
disasters are devastating earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides, coastal erosion,
avalanche.

Man-made disasters:
Man-made disasters are usually the result of things going wrong in our society. These include
power outages, hazardous material spills, air pollution, household fires, radiation spills, food or
water contamination, and industrial chemical spills. At best, they will simply rob us of our
modern luxuries for a short time. At worst, they impact the entire ecosystem in which we live.

Biological Health Hazard:

Biological healthhazards include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and molds or fungi. They can pose
a threat to human health if inhaled, ingested or in contact with the skin. They can cause illnesses
such as food poisoning, tetanus, respiratory infections, or parasite infections. Corona virus
mainly known as COVID-19 is also a type of Biological Hazard that indulged almost all the
world in difficulties.

Disaster management:
Disaster management involves the continuous process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and
implementing measures to prevent loss of life and property. The office's role is to design safe
disaster management methods to protect people and property. The disaster management cycle
includes four phases namely preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation.

[12]
(Disaster management cycle fig 1)

Preparation:
Preparation means that how much we are prepared to face the disaster and how can we
defend any kind of disaster.

Response:
Response means that how can we act when a disaster came.

Recovery:
Recovery means planning or reconstruction of affected areas.

Mitigation:
Mitigation means that how can we minimize the loss in the best efficient way.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:

[13]
Hazard identification is part of the process used to assess whether a particular situation, object,
thing, etc., may have the potential to cause harm. A term often used to describe the entire process
is risk assessment:

1) Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm (hazard
identification).
2) Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with this hazard (risk analysis and risk
assessment).
3) Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard or control the risk.
There are many hazards and disaster occurred in the country. Here I am privileged to discuss the
impact of Corona virus in Pakistan. To understand the covid pandemic we must know about
these terms.

Endemic:
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or settlement when
that infection is continuously maintained at a baseline level without additional infections being
introduced into the group through travel or similar means. An endemic disease always has a
constant, predictable number of patients, but this number can be high (hyperendemic) or low
(hypo endemic), and the disease can be severe or mild. Even a disease that is usually endemic
can become an epidemic.

Epidemic:
Epidemic is a disease that affects many people within a community, population, or region. A
pandemic is an epidemic that's spread over multiple countries or continents.

Pandemic:
A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread over a large region, such as
several continents or around the world, and affects a significant number of individuals. A
widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected individuals is not a pandemic.
Widespread endemic diseases with stable numbers of infected individuals, such as recurrences of
seasonal influenza, are generally excluded because they occur simultaneously in large areas of
the world rather than spreading globally.
Throughout human history, there have been several disease pandemics such as smallpox. The
deadliest pandemic in recorded history was the Black Death—also known as the Plague—which
killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century. The term was not used then, but
was used for later epidemics, including the 1918 flu pandemic – more commonly known as the
Spanish flu. Current pandemics include HIV/AIDS and COVID-19.
Introduction of Covid:
In this I am privileged to discuss covid in Pakistan. The Corona pandemic, which started in the
city of Wuhan in southern China in early December 2019, has now become a global pandemic.

[14]
The cause of the virus outbreak was later identified as a novel coronavirus known as SAR-
COV2. The World Health Organization (WHO) has already declared the pandemic a public
health emergency of international concern. The main purpose of this report is to describe the
detailed risk analysis process of this pandemic, which includes the identification of the
pandemic, the history of the outbreak site and the severity of the pandemic. Furthermore, the
Vulnerability Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic, which includes the zone of vulnerability, the
effect on the human population and its critical impact on society and the environment. In
addition, disaster
risk analysis, which includes the probability of a disaster, the severity of a disaster, and its
human and environmental consequences. As of 11 December 2022, the pandemic had
caused more than 649 million cases and 6.65 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the
deadliest in history.
Now there rise a question that corona is Human induced or Natural disaster?

Is COVID-19 Man Made or Natural?

New findings from the Scripps Research Institute confirm that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is
of natural origin and was not manufactured in a laboratory or artificial environment as many had
speculated. To reach their conclusion, the team used analyzed public SARS-CoV-2 genome
sequence data released by China and identified several signs that suggest that COVID-19 is an
organic virus.
Since the virus was first reported in Hubei province in December, it has infected more than 1.4
million people in more than 200 countries. The WHO has classified COVID-19 as a pandemic,
with global governments and health systems coming together to "flatten the curve" and save
lives.

COVID-19 is a product of natural evolution:

While there has been speculation that the virus was developed in laboratories and released either
by accident or as a form of bioterrorism, findings published in the journal Nature Medicine
confirm that COVID-19 is a product of natural evolution. The study was titled "The Proximal
Origin of SARS-CoV-2" and highlights strong evidence for natural evolution.
"By comparing available genome sequence data for known strains of coronaviruses, we can
firmly determine that SARS-CoV-2 arose through natural processes," says Kristian Andersen,
PhD, corresponding author of the paper and associate professor of immunology and microbiology
at Scripps Research.

[15]
(Corona Virus information fig 2)

(Corona variant fig 3)

[16]
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN PAKISTAN
History of Covid-19 in Pakistan:
The virus was confirmed to have reached Pakistan on 26 February 2020, when two cases were
reported (a student in Karachi who had just returned from Iran, and another person in the capital,
Islamabad) as of March 2020, cases were registered in all four provinces, two autonomous
territories and the capital city of Islamabad[and by 17 June every district in Pakistan had at least
one confirmed case of COVID-19.
Despite being the 5th most populous country in the world, Pakistan has so far recorded only the
29th highest number of deaths in the world (approximately 23,087) and the 29th highest number
of confirmed cases (approximately 1,011,708). However, these numbers do not include the
undercount of people infected with COVID-19 in the country.
Pakistan has so far experienced three different waves of COVID-19. The country's first wave of
COVID-19 began in late May 2020 and peaked in mid-June, when daily new confirmed cases
and daily new deaths peaked and ended in mid-July. The first wave was characterized by a low
death rate and passed very suddenly, as the number of cases and the death rate began to decline
very quickly after reaching the peak.After the first wave, the COVID-19 situation in Pakistan has
decreased with daily new deaths and the country's test positivity rate has stabilized at low levels.
The number of cases and deaths began to rise again, albeit in early November 2020, culminating
in the country's second wave. This wave was of low intensity, mainly affecting the southern
province of Sindh, and peaked in mid-December 2020. A third wave in the country began in mid-
March 2021, when positivity rates were tested, and new confirmed cases and deaths began to
skyrocket. daily. The third wave mainly affected the provinces of Punjab and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa. This wave peaked at the end of April 2021 and since then the positivity rate, the
daily number of new cases and the daily number of new deaths have been decreasing.

How it spreads:
The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they
cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to
smaller aerosols.
You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are near someone who has COVID-19, or by
touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth. The virus spreads more
easily indoors and in crowded settings.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and
recover without special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical
attention.

[17]
COVID-19 SITUATION MAPPING

(Covid Mapping fig 4)

[18]
RISK ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 IN PAKISTAN

Definition
The risk analysis is a judgment of probability and severity of consequences based on the history
of previous incidents, local experience, and the best available current technological information.
Risk Analysis gives an estimate of following factors.
1. The likelihood (probability) of a disaster based on the history of current
conditions and consideration of any unusual environmental conditions (e.g., areas in
flood plains), or the possibility of multiple incidents such as a hurricane with tornadoes
(e.g., flooding or fire hazards).
2. Severity of consequences of human injury that may occur (acute, delayed,
and/or chronic health effects), the number of possible injuries and deaths, and the
associated high-risk groups.
3. Severity of consequences on critical facilities (e.g., hospitals, fire stations,
police departments, communication centers).
4. Severity of consequences of damage to property (temporary, repairable,
permanent).
5. Severity of consequences of damage to the environment (recoverable,
permanent).
Risk in this view is the product of the likelihood of a hazard occurring and the adverse
consequences from the event. Simply stated,
RISK = LIKELIHOOD × CONSEQUENCE

Vulnerability and Risk assessment of Covid-19:

Vulnerability means who and what is vulnerable and why. So, in the case of covid-19 we have
seen that it’s a global pandemic, so each part of the country faced this disaster. We can say it as a
catastrophe for the world as well as for the Pakistan community.
Here we will discuss the covid situation in different Provinces of Pakistan as well as in the
Federal area of Pakistan. As in covid case whole Pakistan is in the state of vulnerability.

[19]
Covid-19 in Punjab:
The Government of Punjab declared a health emergency on 12 March in a cabinet meeting. A
quarantine facility was established in the Dera Ghazi Khan district for the pilgrims returning
from Iran.
On 22 March, the government decided to close shopping malls, markets, parks, and public
gathering places for two days until 24 March. Punjab Chief Minister, Sardar Usman Buzdar
urged people to stay at home, practice social distancing and avoid unnecessary travel Despite
this, local media reported that many residents in Lahore had failed to practice the measures and
downright defied it by opening up businesses and gathering in large numbers on various public
grounds. This led to the local police and city administration to forcibly vacate them.
On 23 March, The Chief Minister announced a 14-day lockdown from 24 March until 6 April.
All markets, shopping malls and public places were closed and pillion riding was banned. He
also stated that a 1,000-bed hospital would be set up in Lahore while five other hospitals were
designated for coronavirus patients across the province the next day on 23 March while the local
government and rescue services started disinfecting towns and cities. Public bus services were
also suspended to disinfect all buses and stations.
Pakistan's most populated province, Punjab, has so far seen the highest raw number of confirmed
cases (523,226) and deaths (13,617). Recovered people are (491,786) till today.

(Punjab covid cases as on 14-12-2022 fig 5)

As Punjab is the populated province of Pakistan. So, there are more chances to spread the corona
virus. It is the most vulnerable part of Pakistan.

[20]
Map Of Punjab with affected areas:

(Fig 6)

Human Deaths:

[21]
 (Covid -19 deaths in Punjab fig 7)

COVID-19 IN SINDH:

[22]
On 1 March, Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah announced the closure of all
educational institutes in Sindh till 13 March, which was later extended to 30 May. On 12 March,
the Sindh government also announced that the remaining PSL matches at the National Stadium in
Karachi would be held behind closed doors. The Sindh government announced on 13 March that
all educational institutions would remain closed until 30 May, and on 14 March imposed a
temporary ban on marriage halls, shrines, and festivals in the province.

On 20 March, the Pakistan Army helped establish a 10,000-bed field hospital at the Karachi
Exhibition Grounds to isolate and treat confirmed patients. ALL the costs of its establishment
were borne by the provincial government. On 21 March, the Sindh government announced a
14day lockdown in the province from the morning of 24 March, ordering the closure of all public
transport, markets, offices, malls, restaurants, and public spaces. The Sindh government has
announced paid leave for all workers during the lockdown and said no layoffs will be made
during the period under Section 3 of the Sindh Epidemics Act (2014) and other relevant labor
regulations. The province banned intra-city traffic to minimize the outbreak, and repeat offenders
were fined, confiscated, and disbarred. The national army was called in to enforce the lockdown.
On 23 March, an isolation and quarantine center were completed at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical
College, Karachi, which also provided free testing of suspected cases with results within 8 hours
of sample submission.

On 2 April, the Sindh government extended the lockdown till 14 April. It also announced new
restrictions, the closure of shrines and other sacred sites, and the suspension of inter-city and
intra-city public transport. There was also a restriction on the movement of people from 17:00 to
08:00 except for members of the armed forces, doctors and health workers, people requiring
immediate medical attention and people transporting goods. In early April, the local government
purchased 50,000 test kits for the province.

On 30 July 2021, Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah imposed an 8-day partial lockdown
in Karachi, Sindh's largest city, to fight the 4th wave of COVID-19 in the city. All non-essential
shops, educational institutions were closed and dine-in/dinner/take-out was also not allowed in
restaurants. Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Fawad Chaudhry criticized the
blocking measures, calling them an "attack on the economy". On August 8, the Sindh
government ended the lockdown and introduced new restrictions that were much more lenient
than the previous ones.

As of Wednesday, December 14, 2022, the Sindh government has recorded a 5.4 percent positive
rate for COVID-19. There has been an increase in reported cases in Karachi, with 4,582 tests
conducted in the province in the last 24 hours, of which 248 tested positive for COVID-19. There
are 2,947 active cases of coronavirus in the province.

There are 595,372 confirmed cases in which 8251 deaths are recorded as well as 567237
recoveries collectively.

Sindh Map with Affected Areas:

[23]
(Fig 8)

Sindh Data:

[24]
According to the Ministry of Health Pakistan there are the following cases in Sindh.There are
595,372 confirmed cases in which 8251 deaths are recorded as well as 567237 recoveries
collectively.

(Corona cases in Sindh fig 9)

Human Deaths:

(Fig 10)

COVID-19 IN KPK:
The provincial government has closed all educational institutes until April 5 and postponed all
public gatherings as a precaution until further notice. All inter-district public transport was

[25]
banned for seven days on 22 March. On March 23, the province announced a partial lockdown
for three days.

On 24 March, the Peshawar High Court ordered the closure of all courts in the province until 28
March. Only essential staff were allowed to attend the trials, with no more than one official in the
office.[255] On March 27, screening teams were deployed at all district entrances and exits to
screen visitors with COVID-19.

Provincial Chief Minister Mahmood Khan announced on March 26 that the government has
appointed at least 1,300 new doctors on contract basis across the province to help stop the spread
of the coronavirus. The KP Public Service Commission has also approved the recruitment of 635
more doctors to join the province's medical force.

On March 29, the government approved an economic stimulus package of Rs 32 billion to

provide relief to the masses and the business community amid the coronavirus crisis. Provincial
Information Minister Ajmal Wazir announced in a press conference that the relief package
includes Rs 11.4 billion to benefit 1.9 million deserving families, Rs 3000 will be provided under
the Ehsaas scheme and Rs 2000 by the KP government. He added that the business sector has
also received tax exemptions worth Rs 5 billion, and the provincial government has increased its
testing capacity with 500 new diagnostic kits.

Equipment and material including oxygen concentrators, cardiac monitors, infusion pumps,
dialysis catheter and other PPE were distributed to all districts of the province on March 30.

The Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) has sent 50,000 N95 masks to
departments involved in the fight against the coronavirus in the province. The health department
also received a total of 8,000 surgical kits and caps, 750 liters of disinfectants and 5,000 test kits.
An additional 20,000 test kits were provided in early April.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Sarhad Chamber of Commerce (SCC) was not on the same page
with the government, on the one hand it was concerned despite the business losses due to the
blockade of the other arm of the government which restricted the supply of electricity, on the
other hand the association was not willing to do business to cooperate with government time
restrictions during Ramzan to compensate for its losses.

Still on Wednesday, December 14, 2022, there are 224797 confirmed cases, 6374 deaths and
212,886 recoveries.

KPK MAP OF AFFECTED AREA

[26]
 (Fig 11)

KPK Data:
Still on Wednesday, December 14, 2022, there are 224797 confirmed cases, 6374 deaths and
212,886 recoveries.

[27]
(Fig 12) Human Deaths:

(Fig 13)

COVID-19 IN BALOCHISTAN:
The Baluchistan government established a 14-member technical committee in late January to
deal with the outbreak. All schools are closed until March 31. Baluchistan Minister Sardar Yar
Mohammad Rind said "action will be taken against schools that do not comply with the
decision". Matric exams were also postponed. The province, like the others, also requested the
deployment of the military.

[28]
On 24 March, the Baluchistan government imposed a complete lockdown across the province
until 7 April. This included a complete ban on leaving their homes in public, all kinds of social
and religious gatherings or any public or private events. All public and private offices were
closed. Exemptions included essential services such as hospital, laboratory and medical store
staff, law enforcement, people needing urgent medical care with one attendant, one person per
family going out to buy food and medicine near their residence, and funerals, people who died.
Only one person could travel in a private vehicle. Media employees assigned by the concerned
media houses and newspaper vendors were also allowed to move freely. Public and private
telecommunications companies, key employees of banks with limited public trading, defense
manufacturing industry, food industry and distribution offices, grocery stores, petrol pumps and
car repair shops and social service organizations have been granted permission to operate.
Similar to Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad, Section 144 was also invoked. A state of emergency
was declared in five districts that bordered Iran on 24 March.

Fumigation was carried out throughout the Quetta Central Jail on 30 March, while spray pumps
and disinfectants were distributed to 10 districts of the province. On 31 March, the provincial
government released Rs 500 million to upgrade, rehabilitate and establish quarantine centers in
Quetta, Chaman, Taftan and other areas of Baluchistan.

Starting on 2 April, the lockdown in the province was extended until 14 April as directed by the
federal government. On 7 April, the provincial government extended the lockdown period by
adding another week, making it last until 21 April. Provincial Finance Minister Zahoor Buledi
announced on April 8 that a tax break of Rs 1.5 billion will be provided during the lockdown.
Baluchistan data :

(Fig 14)

COVID-19 IN GB:
On March 12, the regional government declared a medical emergency in the province after more
cases were reported. Educational institutes were further closed until April 5 as a precautionary
measure. Similar to Islamabad, Section 144 was also imposed on 21 March.

The provincial government decided to close the entire region indefinitely on March 22 and
suspend intercity traffic. Paramilitary forces were also tasked with securing the lockdown.

[29]
On March 27, the Chinese government handed over medical equipment and 10 tons of other
goods to the government of Gilgit-Baltistan to help it fight against COVID-19. The equipment
included 5 ventilators, 2,000 N95 masks, 200,000 face masks, 2,000 test kits and medical
protective kits. On the same day, the government decided that all suspected travelers coming
from Taftan's borders would be tested for COVID-19.

The local government announced that all educational institutions would remain closed until April
5 as a precaution.[90] On 31 March, WHO staff joined the regional epidemic management by
providing data management support at the district level. From April 2, the lockdown in the
region was extended until April 14, according to the authority's instructions. federal government.
On 8 April, the local government decided to extend the lockdown until 21 April.

GB Data:

(Fig 15)

COVID-19 IN AJK:
On March 14, the local government declared a state of health emergency after a meeting of the
State Security Council. She also announced the closure of educational institutions until April 6
and the postponement of secondary school exams. AJK Chief Minister Raja Farooq Haider also
said that screening mechanisms have been installed at all 11 points of entry, while quarantine
facilities have been set up in all 10 districts. On March 21, a suspension of all inter-district traffic
was imposed for three days. No public transport vehicles were allowed to enter or leave the
province. It warned that violators would be punished under the Epidemic Act.

[30]
On March 23, the Prime Minister of AJK announced a 3-week lockdown for the region.
Movement was restricted and special passes were issued for journalists and those traveling in
unavoidable circumstances, with only one person from each family allowed to go out for basic
meals.

Two virology laboratories at the Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences in Muzaffarabad started
PCR testing for COVID-19 on March 30. From April 2, the lockdown in the region has been
extended till April 14 as directed by the federal government.
AJK DATA:

(Fig 16)

COVID-19 IN ICT:
On March 21, the city administration-imposed Section 144 on the region for 15 days. All
restaurants and shopping centers were closed, and violators could face legal consequences. A
local union council in Bhara Kahu region was sealed after 11 suspected cases were reported from
there on March 23.

On 25 March, the national government closed the outpatient departments of hospitals in the
capital to stop the spread of the virus, with only emergency services remaining optional. The
deputy commissioner of the capital, Hamza Shafqat, issued a notice declaring a "total ban on the
movement of people by public transport within the city, between districts and provinces".

[31]
However, the metro bus service will be functional but with a distance of one seat between
passengers.” In addition, gatherings of all kinds in public and private places were banned, no one
was allowed to move out of their respective union councils. From April 2, the lockdown in the
region has been extended till April 14 as directed by the federal government.
ICT Data:

(Fig 17)

Deaths in ICT:

(Fig 18)
ECONOMY IMPACT:
In April, the Pakistani government announced that Pakistan's economy had lost Rs 2.5 trillion
due to the coronavirus pandemic. Some government programs were maintained during the crisis
to keep people employed. For example, the Plant for Pakistan reforestation program was
maintained and employed 60,000 people during the pandemic. In June, it was reported that
mango exports had declined due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 5 June, the Government of
Pakistan announced plans to privatize a number of state-owned industries, including the
stateowned Pakistan Steel Mill. Such actions led to the layoffs and subsequent unemployment of
more than 9,300 employees.

On 20 June, Pakistan's Ministry of Interior announced that the borders of Torkham and Spin
Boldak would be opened six days a week under strict health precautions. On June 22, Pakistan

[32]
opened its border crossings with Afghanistan, allowing exports for the first time in three months.
On 15 July, Pakistan allowed Afghan exports to India through the Wagah border following the
adoption of COVID-19 measures. On 17 July, China applauded the resumption of trade relations
between Afghanistan and Pakistan after five land crossings were opened. The five land crossings
were Torkham, Chaman, Ghulam Khan, Angur Ada and Dand-e-Patan.

Health workers:
The federal government's economic relief package has also benefited health workers in the
country. It has been decided that if a doctor or paramedic dies while treating coronavirus
patients, they will be considered martyrs and their families will receive a package given to
martyrs.

As a landmark, Pakistan's law enforcement agencies awarded a guard of honor from March 27 to
29 as a mark of respect to doctors and health workers fighting on the front lines of the global
COVID-19 epidemic across the country in various cities.

The medical staff of Mayo Hospital Lahore received a guard of honor from the Lahore Police for
their efforts to help Pakistan fight the coronavirus pandemic. Social distancing (home
quarantined) citizens of Pakistan, along with celebrities, hoisted white flags across Pakistan from
their balconies and rooftops on March 27 to express their love for the doctors and health workers
who are fearlessly fighting the COVID-19 epidemic.

The Punjab government had announced a monthly honorarium for health workers at the end of
March. This meant that in the event of the death of a paramedic, the martyr's package was
included in the rescue package of the regional government. Doctors across the province were
also given a month's additional salary in recognition of their services.

The Guardian interviewed a doctor who said the country's mishandling of the epidemic was
"depressing and worrying”. Doctors in Pakistan have complained about the lack of personal
protective equipment (PPE) needed to fight the coronavirus, and that without the protection,
doctors have become infected and subsequently infected other patients. On 6 April, police broke
up protests in Quetta by more than 100 doctors demanding better safety equipment. Police
arrested 53 doctors involved in these protests, and doctors reported being "beaten and
humiliated" by the police.

By May 7, more than 500 Pakistani health workers had contracted COVID-19. Human Rights
Watch has criticized the closure of maternity wards in various hospitals due to the infection of
some health workers while visiting maternity wards. They argued that this threatened the already
compromised reproductive health of Pakistani women. According to a recent study, the
COVID19 pandemic has also had a devastating impact on dentists.

Sports:

[33]
Fears of the spread of the coronavirus disease have alarmed the Sindh provincial government,
which announced on March 13 that the remaining matches of the Pakistan Super League 2020
(PSL) scheduled in Karachi will be played behind closed doors. Similarly, the Pakistan Cricket
Board (PCB) has offered international players participating in the PSL to go to their home
countries (if they wish) while the PSL continues as scheduled. 10 international players and one
international staff member decided to leave the tournament.[296] The final match in Lahore was
postponed to 18 March instead of 22 March.

In March 2020, the knock-out matches (semi-finals and finals) of the Pakistan Super League
(PSL) were postponed indefinitely due to a sudden increase in cases of coronavirus in Pakistan.

After six years, matches were played before 16 March 2020 when the Pakistan Football
Federation returned. On 16 March 2020, the Pakistan Football Federation issued an
announcement that the matches had been postponed.

Federal Minister for Interprovincial Coordination Dr. Fehmida Mirza on March 30 announced
the creation of a fund to cover all medical expenses of athletes infected with COVID-19 in
Pakistan.

Religion:
Social distancing is an important step that everyone must follow in the fight against the
COVID19 pandemic, and some religious activities have come under scrutiny in Pakistan.
Returning devotees from Iran, Tablighi Jamaat religious congregations and prayer congregations
have become a cause for concern as they have the potential to worsen the epidemic in the
country. However, during the Eid Ul Adha holiday, volcanoes were observed and therefore there
was no increase in reported cases.

Cardinal Joseph Coutts of the Catholic Church has called on the faithful to observe appropriate
measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus and encouraged interfaith solidarity during the
pandemic.

"I also urge my Christian brothers who would like to go to churches on Fridays and
Sundays to avoid large gatherings. In the end, the Almighty will reward you for your
intentions. If we cannot go to a church, mosque, or temple, we can pray or worship at home
with our families, God will hear us. We people of all faiths should pray to God to save us
from this plague."

Unemployment:
The Ministry of Planning estimates that 12.3 million to 18.5 million people will be out of work
due to the pandemic. Additionally, the number of unemployed in Pakistan is estimated to reach

[34]
6.65 million in FY 2020-2021 compared to 5.80 million in the previous fiscal year. The
COVID19 pandemic is cited as one of the biggest factors increasing unemployment, especially
among vulnerable employment groups and daily wage workers.

As of July 2021, about 20.7 million workers were out of work in Pakistan due to the COVID-19
lockdown and other restrictions.

COPING MECHANISM:

1. Awareness of the responsible actors on the correct identification of cases a

implementation of promotional and preventive measures against COVID-19. 2.

Active search for persons with any respiratory symptoms: All persons a

support actors will attend and notify the health focal point who will do so

activate the route.

[35]
3. Sanitation points: Entrance to shelters and other access points to the interior must have

a sink in order to carry out the sanitation process.

4. Quarantine measures: It is recommended that persons placed in a collective centers

respect quarantine as a preventive measure.

5. Promotional and preventive activities for beneficiaries:educational discussions

according to age group, general measures (use of masks for recipients with acute
respiratory disease Infection/respiratory symptoms and attendants in contact with

Population)

6. Rescue area: An area where sampling is temporarily assumed and waiting until it is

transfer to a place where home isolation will be carried out, together withthe family of the
suspected case.

Precautionary Measures:

[36]
 (Fig 19)

Vaccination Data:
On Wednesday 12 decmber 2022, the govt. of Pakistan had done following vaccination.

(Fig 20)
Ministry of Health Guidelines:
Use Face Masks When In Closed And Crowded Places Cover

coughs and sneezes with tissues.

[37]
Avoid Crowd
As an individual, you can lower your risk of infection by reducing your rate of contact with other
people. Avoiding public spaces and unnecessary social gatherings, especially events with large
numbers of people or crowds, will lower the chance that you will be exposed to the coronavirus
as well as to other infectious diseases like flu.

Hand Hygiene
Wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use hand sanitizer if soap and
water are not available.

Sick People
Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness.

(Fig 21)

[38]
 (Fig 22)

RECOMMENDATIONS:
1) If elderly people are in shelters, reception centers and hotels, the following measures
should be considered
2) If possible, staff should check the body temperature of elderly residents in the morning and
afternoon.
3) Staff should be aware of the mental health and well-being of older people. Showing
affection can help ease anxiety.
4) Elderly residents and staff should be well nourished.
5) The equipment should be kept warm and the premises should be regularly ventilated.
6) Staff should try to maintain a normal schedule and daily routine for older residents.
7) Where possible, staff should organize or facilitate online contact between older residents
and their family and friends (via Skype, WhatsApp and other similar platforms). This will
help alleviate stress and isolation. Look for social distancing for 14 days.
8) RHU with good ventilation. Avoid visiting other people at the isolation site Cleaning and
disinfection of the isolation area should be carried out daily with common disinfectants.
9) Wash your hands with water, soap and clean towels for exclusive use. Things used for the
care of people will be for exclusive use.
10) Waste must be handled differently (separate bags and cans). 11) Do not attend any mass
events.

[39]
REFRENCES:
https://ijtmrph.org/index.php/IJTMRPH/article/view/139

https://reliefweb.int/map/pakistan/covid-19-situation-pakistan-dated-17-may-2020

https://covid.gov.pk/ https://covid19.who.int/table

https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/health -topics/environmental-occupational-health/
healthhazards/biological#:~:text=Biological%20health%20hazards%20include%20bacteria,respiratory
%20infec tions%20or%20parasite%20infection.

https://www.labmate-online.com/news/laboratory-products/3/breaking-news/is-covid-19-man-
madeor-natural/51980 https://www.aiche.org/ccps/introduction-hazard-identification-and-risk-
analysis

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Risk -Management-Cycle-source-Integral-Risk-Management-
CycleFOCP-2003_fig1_281629962 https://www.who.int/countries/pak/

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/controlprevention.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=health+safety+measures+for+covid+19&sxsrf=ALeKk02Bh0
ZPEHzU_GWvDAVAQrQnNFn2tg:1604250254924&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah
UKEwjogs306eHsAhVho3EKHWxKAzMQ_AUoAXoECAQQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgr
c=WvBp-yKRMcEhWM
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341176154_Analysis_and_Prediction_of_COVID-
19_Pandemic_in_Pakistan_using_Time-dependent_SIR_Model
https://www.google.com/search?q=covid+19&sxsrf=ALeKk02VsFvI6tKppZ8XgTSVA41s7rLU
fg:1604136629026&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSw8bPwt7sAhXFxYUKH
WU_ADQQ_AUoAnoECA0QBA&biw=1366&bih=657
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200423-sitrep-94covid-
19.pdf#:~:text=The%20first%20human%20cases%20of,%2C%20in%20December%202019

[40]