Unit 3

Natural Resources
Lecture 4 : Gaurav Barhodiya
 Contents of Syllabus
• Land resources: Minerals, soil, agricultural crops, natural forest products, medicinal plants, and
forest-based industries and livelihoods; Land cover, land use change, land degradation, soil
erosion, and desertification; Causes of deforestation; Impacts of mining and dam building on
environment, forests, biodiversity, and tribal communities
• Water resources: Natural and man-made sources; Uses of water; Over exploitation of surface and
ground water resources; Floods, droughts, and international &interstate conflicts over water.
• Energy resources: Renewable and non-renewable energy sources; Use of alternate energy
sources; Growing energy needs; Energy contents of coal, petroleum, natural gas and bio gas; Agro-
residues as a biomass energy source.
• Case studies: Contemporary Indian issues related to mining, dams, forests, energy, etc (e.g.,
National Solar Mission, Cauvery river water conflict, Sardar Sarovar dam, Chipko movement,
Appiko movement, Tarun Bharat Sangh, etc).
Sustainable Water Management

:It is important to effectively manage fresh water due to its

declining availability and ever increasing demand.

:India has to take steps and make effective

policies and adopt effective measures for its conservation
1) Prevention of Water Pollution: Govt need to monitor the pollution
load and low usage of pollutants in agricultural and industrial sectors
• General public needs to work towards low waste generation and polluting water.
2) Sustainable water use: use of water that supports the ability of human
society to endure and flourish into the indefinite future without undermining the
integrity of the hydrological cycle.
• utilization of reclaimed wastewater is an smart option for fulfilling the demand of
industries. Similarly, in urban areas water from household drains can be used for
gardening. Water used for washing vehicle can also be used for gardening.
3) Watershed Management: Implies the conservation and efficient
management surface and groundwater resources especially watershed areas
It is the process of implementing land use practices and water management practices to protect
and improve the quality of the water and other natural resources within a watershed.
4) Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is used to capture and store
rainwater. It is also helpful to recharge groundwater. It is an eco-friendly and
cheap technique for preserving precipitated rainwater by guiding it to the
storage tank or bore well or pits or wells. It increases water availability,
sustains groundwater table, and improves groundwater quality through
dilution of contaminants like arsenic, fluoride, phosphates, nitrates etc. It also
prevents flooding, and soil erosion, and arrests saltwater imposition in coastal
areas.

5) Dam and its role in water conservation: Storage of water by the

construction of dams is regarded as an efficient component of water
management for irrigation.
 Watershed Management
• The States and Central Governments have started many watershed management programs in India such as
Haryali, Arvary Pani Sansad (Rajasthan), Neeru-Meeru (Andhra Pradesh) etc.
• It is essential to generate awareness about the welfare of watershed development and its management among
local communities and this approach will ensure the sustainable availability of water.
India Initiatives Taken on water shed management

• Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central Government which aims at
enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation.

• The Project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people’s participation.

• Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar,
Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks,
dug out ponds (Jihad), check dams, etc., through people’s participation.

• Tamil Nadu has made water harvesting structures in the houses compulsory.

• No building can be constructed without making structures for water harvesting.

Significance of Watershed Management
•Controls Pollution: Runoff from rainwater or snowmelt can contribute significant amounts of pollution into the lake or
river.
•Enhances Partnership Among the Stakeholders: Watershed management planning results in enhanced partnership
among all the stakeholders in the watershed which is essential for the successful management of the land and water
resources.

•Inclusive Growth: Inclusive growth refers to economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates
opportunities for all. Watershed management is key for sustainable and inclusive growth.

• For instance, in drought-prone rainfed areas watershed management has shown the potential of doubling the
agricultural productivity and assisting the rural families through increased water availability and diversifying
the cropping and farming systems resulting in diversified sources of income.
Case study : the Cauvery river Dispute
1924 to 1974
• Karnataka was (Princely state of Mysore ) and Tamilnadu (Madras
presidency)
• Madras was having more area of River
• Mysore wanted to use more water in agriculture and development
• Both states wanted to make dams

• British agreement of 1924 (for 50 years )

• Both states need to work in collaboration and was given permission to
make dams sustainably
• Krishnasagar Dams (Mysore) and Mettur Dam (Madras)
After independence
• All state was independent
• 1960 more dams were created by Karnataka
• Central Govt withdraws financial support
• Karnataka with its own state govt funds made their own dams
• Disputes aggravated
1990 : The Cauvery river Tribunal
• Took 17 Years

• Tamil Nadu : 58%

• Karnataka : 37 %
• Kerala : 4%
• Pondichery : 1%

• All States oppose this and oppose SC decision

• The dispute over distribution of Cauvery river water is about hundred-year-old
• The river water is almost fully utilized by the upstream state, Karnataka, and the downstream state, Tamil
Nadu.

• Both the states have increased demand of river water for agriculture and industries. To resolve the issue, the
• Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal (CWDT) was constituted in June 2, 1990.

• CWDT passes an interim order in 1991 directing the Karnataka state to release water from its reservoirs to
• ensure 205 Thousand million cubic feet (TMC) of water into Mettur reservoir of Tamil Nadu
• in a water year (1st June to 31 May) with weekly and monthly stipulations
• But since 1995, delayed rain and the complex cropping patten in Cauvery basin resulted into a crisis like
• situation over sharing of the water between these two states. In 2007, The Supreme Court (SC) reserved its
decision on the appeals filed by states agsinst CWDT’s final award. The SC on 16 February 2018 delivered its
verdict in the Cauvery water dispute, allocating more water
• to Karnataka state. As directed by SC, The Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA)
• and the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) were created to settle down the
• century old dispute.
Energy Resources
Energy Resources
• Energy : capacity to do work. Energy is found on our planet in a variety of forms, some of which are immediately
useful to do work, while other require a process of transformation.

• Energy can Neither be created nor can be destroyed

• Converted from one form to another.

• Types
• Renewable( non Conventional )
solar, Tidal , wind, waste bomass energy
• Non-Renewable ( Conventional )
Coal , Natural gas , Petrol

• Alternative sources
• Geothermal , Nuclear, Tidal