LECTURE 4
POLYHEDRON SURFACE AND ROTATION
Material of this topic is of great importance for cargo operations with
containers prismatic, cylindrical and their combinations
PLAN:
4.1 Polyhedra and the intersection of plane
4.2 Intersection of polyhedron straight
4.3 Mutual section polyhedra
4.4 Questions for self
4.1 Polyhedron and the intersection of plane
Polyhedron called spatial body that limited flat polygons (in some cases as
triangles). Each polyhedron has faces - compartments planes as polygons, edges
straight lines which intersect edges, and vertices - points of intersection edges
polyhedron. The set of all edges and vertices of the polyhedron is its grid. Grid full
sets polyhedron and can serve as its determinant. Construction projections
polyhedron reduced its projections to the construction of the grid.
Multifaceted shapes commonly used in the construction of modern buildings
and engineering structures. For example, the roofs of residential, public and
industrial buildings often represent themselves with prisms and pyramids that
intersect each other.
Multifaceted form with details of machinery, machine tools and tool in the
image are necessary to solve the problem of their mutual intersection.
The greatest practical interest are prisms, pyramids, pryzmatoyidy (Figures
4.1, 4.2) and the regular convex polyhedra - Plato body (of all five: tetrahedron,
hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, figures 4.3, 4.4), and many
such with arbitrary shape.
Figure 4.1 - Pryzmatoyid Figure 4.2- Antypryzma
pyramid Cube octahedron
Figure 4.3 - regular convex polyhedra (the body of Plato) - all facets and
levels of correct polygons
Figure 4.4 - dodecahedron (right convex polyhedron,
facets - the right level and pentagons)
Polyhedron on a plane intersects the polygon. It can be build in two ways:
1) define the vertices of a polyhedron edges of the intersection of the plane;
This way edges. The problem boils down to building the line point of intersection
of the plane;
2) define the sides of the polygon as the intersection of the faces of the
polyhedron plane; This method faces. The problem reduces to the construction of
the intersection of two planes.
Flat figure formed by the intersection of a polyhedron plane called section.
The number of sides of the polygon-section equal to the number of faces
polyhedron that pererizayutsya cutting plane.
Depending on the direction and position of the cutting plane section of a
cube, for example, may be a triangle, rectangle, pentagon and hexagon (Figure
4.5).
Figure 4.5 Types Figure 4.6 sections cube pyramid projection plane cross
section Figure 4.7 Cutting straight prism plane common position
If the cutting plane or projection verge polyhedron take measures, problem
solving easier. In the first case, one of the projections proektsyuyetsya sectional
shapes as the line is based on the track-projection cutting plane (Figure 4.6). In the
second - line section is defined as the intersection of the planes, the faces of the
cutting plane (Figure 4.7).
4.2 Intersection of polyhedron straight
Direct convex polyhedron can cross no more than two points. Algorithm for
solving this problem is based on the algorithm determining the point of intersection
of the line with the plane (Figure 4.8):
1 Direct absorbing projection plane T.
2 Build polyhedron shape intersection of
projection plane (this figure intersection and straight
as located in a projection plane is competing figures).
3 Determine entry and exit points as a direct
result of crossing the line with the figure section.
The question of crossing the polyhedron plane
and a straight line is not only a purely theoretical
interest, but also has great practical value in solving
many technical problems, especially such as mutual
intersection polyhedra.
Figure 4.8 Crossing
the line with the pyramid
4.3 Mutual section polyhedra
Two intersecting polyhedra in general for spatial broken, which in special
cases may break up into flat polygons.
The line of intersection of two polyhedra can be built in two ways:
1 Determine the peak
spatial broken ribs as a result
of the intersection of the first
polyhedron with faces and
edges of the second second
polyhedron with the faces of
the first (the way the edges),
this problem is known to
determine the point of
intersection of the straight
plane.
2 Determine broken
links as a result of crossing the
Figure 4.9 Mutual section polyhedra faces of polyhedra.
This task is to build a line of intersection of two planes (facets way).
Preference is given because of the ways that depending on the conditions of
the problem makes it the easiest and most accurate solution. These two ways of
constructing the intersection of two polyhedra are often combined.
Figure 4.9 shows an example of building mutual intersection of the pyramid
prism.
4.4 Questions for self
1 What is called polyhedra?
2 What creates a grid polyhedron?
3 How rib formed polyhedron?
4 How to construct projections polyhedron?
5 What flat shape can be formed at the intersection of the plane of the
cube?
6 What ways can construct a polyhedron sectional plane?
7 What ways can construct the line of intersection of two polyhedra?
Literature: № 6,8,9,
