UG - Common UG Part-I - Tamil - 1. UG Common Paper I - 11 A - Part I Tamil

mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; fw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;G

gy;fiyf; fofk;
Njrpa ju kw;FOtpd;
epHzaf; Wk; jd; dwhl;
%d; hk;rfw;
pj;WjFjpAk; ngw;
j; ju kjpg;gPl A+(CGPA:
;by; w J) 3.64)jFjpAk;
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)
11A fhiuf;Fb - 630003
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gFjp-I : jkpo; jhs;-I
Kjw; gUtk;
,sq;fiy,sq;
gl;lf
g;iy
gbg;Ggl;lg;gbg;G
11A

Kjw; gUtk;
11A
1 12/6/2018 9:22:15 AM
Njrpa ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; fw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64)jFjpAk;

gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ) ,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;G
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
Kjw; gUtk;
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;G
Kjw; gUtk;
11A
10811A_rev2.indd 1 12/6/2018 9:22:15 AM

Reviewer
Dr. V. Thiruveni Assistant Professor in Tamil
Directorate of Distance Education
Alagappa University, Karaikudi
Author: Srinivasan Banumathi, Freelance Author
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or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
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been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their
knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for
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First Semester
Under Graduate Programmes
Course Code Title of the course

11 A Part-1: Tamil Paper - I
TôPj§hPeLs
úSôdLm: nkhop mwpT> ,yf;fz mwpit tsHj;jy;
áß 1
1, LiQRôNu – c ¡ÚxQ Lô]m
1. Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j
2. FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs;
áß 2
1. NfhFyj;J gRf;fs;
2. NfhFyj;jpy; xU ehs; uhij
3. MaHghb khspifapy;
áß 3
ThÓdúLôhûP LpVôQ ÑkRWm
1. neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk;
2. nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;
áß 4
ghujpahH
fz;zd; vd; tpisahl;Lg; gps;is
ghuj khjh
jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
áß 5
1. ghujpjhrd; - cyfg;gd; ghl;L (5)
2. ehkf;fy; ftpQH – Nehaw;w tho;T ghl;L 7
3. ng. Àud; - epyh gpQ;R
áß 6
1. ty;ypf; fz;zd; - ntWk; Gfo;
2. F. g. ,uh[Nfhghyd; - vjw;fhf?
3. kPuh – gjpide;J
áß 7
1. rpw;gp – rHg;g ahfk;
2. Qhdf;$j;jd; - NjhoH NkhrpfPudhH
10811A_rev2.indd 3 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

áß 8
1. mg;Jy; uFkhd; - fz;Zk; vONjk;
2. rz;Kf Rg;igah - tapW
áß 9
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - tof;Fiu fhij
2. fk;guhkhazk; - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;
áß 10
1. rPwhg;Guhzk; - <j;jq;Fiy tutioj;j glyk; (1)
áß 11
Njk;ghtzp – fhl;rpg;glyk;
ghly; vz; (xt;nthU ghlypd; Kjy;thp)
1. ,d;dthapy;
2. nfhOe;JWk;
3. gQ;(r) muq;fpy;
áß 12
4. vz;ZNs
5. xz;jyq;fs;
6. ,utpNae;j fQ;rf;
áß 13
7. fd;dpahajhAk;
8. Ve;jp Xq;F csj;J
9. Mt NjKdH
10. nfhy;Yk; NtnyhLk;
áß 14
11. vd;w thrfk;
12. mk;gpdhy;
13. Ntz;Lk; XH tpid
10811A_rev2.indd 4 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

ùTôÚ[PdLm
áß 1 1
1, LiQRôNu – c ¡ÚxQ Lô]m
1. Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j
2. FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs;
áß 2 9
1. NfhFyj;J gRf;fs;
2. NfhFyj;jpy; xU ehs; uhij
3. MaHghb khspifapy;
áß 3 16
1. neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk;
2. nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;
áß 4 24
ghujpahH
fz;zd; vd; tpisahl;Lg; gps;is
ghuj khjh
jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
áß 5 39
1. ghujpjhrd; - cyfg;gd; ghl;L (5)
2. ehkf;fy; ftpQH – Nehaw;w tho;T ghl;L 7
3. ng. Àud; - epyh gpQ;R
áß 6 57
1. ty;ypf; fz;zd; - ntWk; Gfo;
2. F. g. ,uh[Nfhghyd; - vjw;fhf?
3. kPuh – gjpide;J
áß 7 67
1. rpw;gp – rHg;g ahfk;
2. Qhdf;$j;jd; - NjhoH NkhrpfPudhH
áß 8 78
1. mg;Jy; uFkhd; - fz;Zk; vONjk;
2. rz;Kf Rg;igah - tapW
áß 9 83
1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - tof;Fiu fhij
2. fk;guhkhazk; - mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;
áß 10 119
1. rPwhg;Guhzk; - <j;jq;Fiy tutioj;j glyk; (1)
10811A_rev2.indd 5 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

áß 11 124
1. ,d;dthapy;
2. nfhOe;JWk;
3. gQ;(r) muq;fpy;
áß 12 125
4. vz;ZNs
5. xz;jyq;fs;
6. ,utpNae;j fQ;rf;
áß 13 126
7. fd;dpahajhAk;
8. Ve;jp Xq;F csj;J
9. Mt NjKdH
10. nfhy;Yk; NtnyhLk;
áß 14 127
11. vd;w thrfk;
12. mk;gpdhy;
13. Ntz;Lk; XH tpid
Uô§¬ ®]ôjRôs-I138
Uô§¬ ®]ôjRôs-II139
10811A_rev2.indd 6 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

áß 1 TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
c ¡ÚxQ Lô]m
Ï±l×
LiQRôNu
,Ugjhk; Áw;whz;bd; jiyrpwe;j jkpo;f; ftpQHfSs; xUtH
fz;zjhrd;. ftpauR vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltH. murpaYk jpiug; glKk;
tpsk;guk; kpf;f Jiwfs; my;yth? jkJ jpwikahy; ,e;j ,uz;bYk;
Kd;thpirapy; ,lk; gpbj;jtH ,tH. ,yf;fpag; gj;jphpiffs; elj;jp
,jopay; JiwapYk; rpwe;J epd;wtH. ,jdhy; cyfwpe;j GfOld;
tpsq;fpdhH. ,tuJ ftpijfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
,e;jg; ghlg; gFjp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ rpW$ly;gl;b
vd;Dk; rpw;ÅH. ,q;F tho;e;j rhj;jg;gd;-tprhyhl;rp ngw;w vl;Lg;
gps;isfSs; xUtH Kj;ijah. ,yf;fpa MHtj;jhy; jk; ngaiuf;
fz;zjhrd; vd;W Gide;J nfhz;lhH. gpwe;j ehs;: 24.6.1927.
BoYØm Bt\Ûm
,sikapNyNa ftpij GidAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;jhH. ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpy; MHtk; kpFjp. je;ij nghpahhpd; r%fr; rpe;jidfSk;>
mwpQH mz;zhtpd; jkpOk;> murpay; fUj;JfSk; ,tiu <Hj;jd.
rpwe;j Nkilg; Ngr;rhsHÉ jpuhtpl ,af;f Kd;dzpj jiytHfSs;
xUtH MdhH.
NôRû]Ls
jkpo;j; jpiug;gl cyfpy; ey;y jkpOk;> gFj;jwpTf; fUj;JfSk;
Eioe;j fhyg;gFjp mJ. ghujpjhrd;> cLkiy ehuhazftp> fk;gjhrd;
,tHfisj; njhlHe;J jpiuj;JiwapDs; fz;zjhrd; GFe;jhH. mopahj
,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W ghuhl;lg;gLk; Mapuf; fzf;fhd jpiug;ghly;fis
vOjpdhH. ,tuJ jpiug;gl ciuahly;fspy; ,yf;fpaj; juk; ,Ue;jJ.
AW£VÛm ùLôsûLÙm
murpaypy; jpuhtpl ,af; f j; j pypUe; J mjw; F vjpuhd Njrpa
,af;fj;jpw;F khwpdhH. ,e;jf; nfhs;if khw;wk; ,tuJ ,yf;fpag;
Self-Instructional
Material 1
10811A_rev2.indd 1 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

TÏ§-I gilg;Gfspy; ,UNtW Kuz;gl;l epiyfis Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lJ. ehL>
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,dk;> nkhop> rkak; gw;wpa fUj;Jfspy; ,e;j Kuz;gl;l epiyfisf;
fhzyhk;.
Ï±l× TûPl×Ls
MW ftpijj; njhFjpfs;É Mapuf; fzf;fhd jpiug;ghly;fs;É khq;fdp>
Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp vd;Dk; FWq;fhtpaq;fs;É ,NaR fhtpak;>
fpU~;z me;jhjp> ijg;ghit Mfpait ,tuJ ftpijg; gilg;Gfs;.
tdthrk;> kdthrk;> mHj;jKs;s ,e;J kjk; ,it ,tuJ ciueilg;
gilg;Gfspy; rpwe;jit. nrg;Gnkhop> Fl;bf;fijfs; Mfpa njhFg;Gfs;
Gfo;ngw;wit.
gy jpiug;glq;fSf;Fj; jpiuf;fij> ciuahly; jPlb; As;shH. gy
Gjpdq;fisg; gilj;Js;shH. Nrukhd; fhjyp ,e;jpa mstpy; rpwe;j
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;F toq;fg;gLk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
njd;wy;> njd;wy;jpiu> fbjk;> fz;zjhrd; Kjypa rpwe;j
,yf;fpa ,jo;fis elj;jpdhH. fz;zjhrd; jkpopd; jiyrpwe;j
,yf;fpa ,jo;fSs; xd;whFk;.
Uû\Ü
mnkhpf;f rpfhNfh efhpy; 17.10.1981 md;W capH ePj;jhH.
ftpQH fz;zjhrdpd; ghly;fspy; = fpU~;z fhdk; vd;w Nghpy;

Ie;J ghly;fs; ghlkhf cs;sd. mitahtd
1. Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs…
2. FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs;…
3. NfhFyj;J gRf;fs;…
4. NfhFyj;jpy; xU ehs; uhij…
5. MaHghb khspifapy;…
Gy;yhq; Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs – vq;fs;

GUN~hj;jkd; Gfo; ghLq;fNs!
Self-Instructional
2 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 2 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

Gy;yhq; Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs – vq;fs; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
GUN~hj;jkd; Gfo; ghLq;fNs!
tz;lhLk; fq;if kyHj; Njhl;lq;fNs - vq;fs;
kJ#jdd; Gfo; ghLq;fNs! Ï±l×
gd;dPH kyH nrhhpAk; Nkfq;fNs - vq;fs;
gue;jhkd; nka;aoifg; ghLq;fNs
njd;Nfhbj; njd;wy;jUk; uhfq;fNs - vq;fs;
= fpU~;z %Hj;jpGfo; ghLq;fNs - vq;fs;
= fpU~;z %Hj;jpGfo; ghLq;fNs.
FUthA+H jd;dpy; mtd; jto;fpd;wtd; - xU
nfhbNahL kJuhit Ms;fpd;wtd;
jpUNtq;flj;jpy; mtd; mUs;fpd;wtd; - me;j
=uq;fj;jpy; gs;sp nfhs;fpd;wtd; - me;j
=uq;fj;jpy; gs;sp nfhs;fpd;wtd;
ghQ;rhyp Gfo; fhf;f jd;if nfhLj;jhd; - me;j

ghujg;NghH Kbf;fr; rq;if vLj;jhd;
ghz;ltHf;F chpikAs;s gq;iff; nfhLj;jhd; - ehk;
gbg;gjw;Ff; fPij vd;Dk; ghlk; nfhLj;jhd; - ehk;
gbg;gjw;Ff; fPij vd;Dk; ghlk; nfhLj;jhd; - Gy;yhq;
FUth A+Uf;F thUq;fs; - xU

Foe;ij rphpg;gijg; ghUq;fs;
xUtha; NrhWCl;Lk; jha;Kd;
cl;fhHe; jpUg;gijf; fhZq;fs;…FU
fz;zdpd; Nkdp fly;ePyk; - mtd;

fz;fs; ,uz;Lk; thd;ePyk;
flYk; thDk; mtNd vd;gijf;

fhl;Lk; FUthA+Hf; Nfhyk;…FU
re;jpah fhyj;jpy; ePuhb…mtd;

re;epw TUthH xUNfhb … FU
Self-Instructional
Material 3
10811A_rev2.indd 3 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

TÏ§-I ehuhaz ehuhaz `hp`hp
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ehuhaz ehuhaz
ehuhaz ehuhaz `hp`hp
Ï±l× ehuhaz ehuhaz
re;jpah fhyj;jpy; ePuhb – mtd;

re;epjp tUthH xUNfhb
ke;jpuf; Foe;ijf;F thifrhj;J
khiyfs; ,LthH FiwNthb
ehuhaz … ehuhaz … `hp`hp … FU
cr;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rpUq;fhuk; - mtd;

xt;nthU moFf;Fk; myq;fhuk;
gr;irf; Foe;ijiag; ghHf;Fk;NghJ

ghitaH jha;ik hPq;fhuk;
ehuhaz … ehuhaz
ehuhaz `hp`hp ehuhazh
ehuhaz ehuhaz
khiy Neuj;jpy; rPNtyp – mtd;

khspif KOtJk; nea;Ntyp
nea;tpsf; Nfw;wp fz;zpfs; mfw;W
epj;jk; jUths; = Njtp
rhj;jpuk; je;j fz;zDf;F

uhj;jphpg; G+i[ xUNfhb
ghj;jpuk; fz;zd; ghy;Nghy; kf;fs;
gf;jpapy; rpwe;j caHePjp
ehuhaz … ehuhaz
ehuhaz … `hp`hp ehuhazh
ehuhaz ehuhaz
FUth A+Uf;F thUq;fs; - xU
Self-Instructional
4 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 4 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

Foe;ij rphpg;gijg; ghUq;fs; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
xUtha; NrhWCl;Lk; jha;Kd;
cl;fhHe; jpUg;gijf; fhZq;fs;…FU
ehuhaz … ehuhaz
Ï±l×
ehuhaz … `hp`hp ehuhazh
ehuhaz ehuhaz
ehuhaz `hp`hp ehuhazh…FU
®[dLÜûW
fz;zdplk; nfhz;l gf;jp fhuzkhfj; jd; ngaiuf; fz;zjhrd; vd;W

Gide;J nfhz;ltH ftpaurH. ,e;j Ie;J ghly;fspYk; fpU~;zdpd;
Gfioj;jhd; ghLfpwhH.
Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghlypy;
ftpQH ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fis miof;fpwhH. %q;fpy;fNs kyHj;
Njhl;lq;fNs Nkfq;fNs njd;wNy ePq;fs; fz;zd; Gfo; ghLq;fs;.
fz;zd; ifg;gl> tha;g;gl> FoÂjg; Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;jd
%q;fpy;fs;. hPq;fhuk; ,Lk; tz;Lfis cilad kyHj;Njhl;lq;fs;.
fz;zd; epwj;ij xj;jd Nkfq;fs;. njd;Nfhbapy; gpwe;jjdhy;
uhfq;fis cilad njd;wy. MfNt fz;zd; Gfo;ghl ePq;fs; jFjp
cilatHfs;. mjdhy; mtd; Gfiog; ghLq;fs; vd;W Ntz;LfpwhH.
fz;zidg; GUN~hj;jkd;> kJ#jdd;> gue;jhkd;> fpU~;z%Hj;jp
vd;W gy ngauhYk; miof;fpwhH. cyfk; KOtJk; fz;zd; Gfo;
gut Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftpQdpd; ngU tpUg;gk;.
mLj; J fz; z dpd; gy nray; f isAk; Fwpg; g pLfpwhH.
FUthA+hpy; jto;fpwhd;. kJuhit Ms;fpd;whd; jpUNtq;flj;jpy;
VO kiyahdhf mUs;Ghpfpd;whd; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; gs;sp nfhz;l
ngUkhshf tpsq;Ffpd;whd;. Nfush> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh> tlehL vd;W
gy ,lq;fspYk; GfNohL epiwe;J epw;Fk; fz;zidf; ftpQH ,g;
ghlypy; epide;J Nghw;wpg; Gfo;fpwhH.
mLj;J gpwUf;F cjTk; fz;zdpd; ngUe;jd;ikiaf; ftpQH
ghLfpwhH. JhpNahjdd; mitapy; ghQ;rhyp JfpYhpag;gLfpwhs;.
Self-Instructional
Material 5
10811A_rev2.indd 5 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

TÏ§-I jd;khdk; fhf;fg; NghuhLfpwhs;. ,Wjpapy; fz;zid epidf;fpwhs;.
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fz;zd; mgaf; fuk; fhl;l mts; Gfo; fhg;ghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
fz; z dpd; rq; f ehjk; ghujg; Nghiu Kbj; J itf; f pwJ.
Ï±l× mUr;RdDf;Fj; NjNuhl;bahf miktNjhL ghz;ltH tho;f;if
KOtjw; F k; topfhl; b ahfTk; mikfpd; w hd; fz; z d; . mtd;
newpg;gl;ljdhy; ghz;ltHfs; ghujg;NghhpYk; ntd;W Ml;rp ngWfpwhHfs;.
NghHf;fsj;jpy; gpwe;jJjhd; fPNjhgNj~k;. mJ fz;zDila mwpTiu>
mUSiu. mJ mUr;RdDf;F kl;Lkd;W mfpy cyfj;jpdUf;Fk;
mUspajhFk;.
GUN~hj;jkd; Gfo; ghLq;fNs! fpU~;z%Hj;jp Gfo; ghLq;fNs
=uq;fj;jpy; gs;sp nfhs;fpd;wtd;> gbg;gjw;Ff; fPij vd;Dk; ghlk;
nfhLj;jhd; vd;W ,ul;bj;J tUgit. ftpQH mOj;jk; nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; vd; W epidj; J g; ghLtdthFk; . ngUk; g hYk; ,irg;
ghly;fspy; ,t;thW tUk;.
ftpQH fz;zjhrd; FUthA+ug;gidf; fz;zidf; Foe;ijahff;

fz;L ghLfpwhH. mJ rphpg;gijg; ghUq;fs;. NrhW Cl;Lk; jha;Kd;
cl;fhHe;jpUg;gijg; ghUq;fs;. ,ijg; ghHg;gjw;fhfNt FUthA+Uf;F
thUq;fs; vd;fpwhH.
#hpaepwf; fz;zidf; ftpQH vg;gb vy;yhk; ghuhl;LfpwhH
ghUq;fs;. mtd; Nkdp fly; ePyk; - mtd; fz;fNsh thdj;J ePyk;
- ,e;jf; FUthA+Hf; Nfhyk; flYk; thDk; ehNd vd;W fz;zd;
kf;fSf;F czHj;Jtjhfg; ghLfpwhH. gQ;r G+jq;fisAk; ,iwtd;
gilf;fpwhd;. vy;yhkhf epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gJ Md;NwhH thf;F.
Cû\ Y¯TôÓm TVàm

gf;jHfs; re;jpah fhyj;jpy; ePuhb ,iwtd; Kd;dH tUtH. thif
khiyfs; rhj;JtH – mt;thW tUgtHfs; NfhlhDNfhb ‘ngWk;
gad;’ Fiwfs; vy;yhk; mtHfis tpl;L XLk;. fz;zd; jpUehkj;ij
108 Kiwfs;> 1008 Kiwfs; vd XJtH. ,t;thW topgLk; gof;fk;
,d;Wk; ehl;by; cs;sJ. ,iwtd; ngaiu cr;rhpf;f cr;rhpf;f mJNt
ke;jpukhfp tpLfpwJ. ,iwtid ke;jpuf; Foe;ij vd;fpwhH. ehuhaz
vd;Wk; `hp vd;Wk; gyKiw $wpf; $wpf; ftpQH cUFfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
6 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 6 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

fz;zDf;Fj; jhd; vj;jid tpjkhd myq;fhuq;fs;. cr;rpf; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fhyj;jpy; rpUq;fhu ehafdhfj; Njhd;Wfpd;whd;. gr;irf; Foe;ijiag;
ghHf;Fk;NghJ mijg; ngw;nwLj;j jhia ay;yth ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.
mq;F jha;ik Nghw;wg; gLfpwJ vd;fpwhH ftpQH. Ï±l×
khiy Neuj;jpy; rPNtyp. mtd; khspif KOtJk; nea; tpsf;Ffs;.
mijf; ftpQH Nfhtpiyr; Rw;wp nea;ahNyNa Ntypapl;ljhff;
$WfpwhH. mJ jhd; ftpij. nea; tpsf;F Vw;wpajw;Fg; gad; =Njtp
epj;jk; nry;tk; jUths; vd;W ciuf;fpwhH.
,uT Neuj;jpYk; mtDf;Ff; Nfhbg; G+ir epfOk;. fz;zidg;
ghj;jpukhfTk;> kf;fisg; ghyhfTk; cUtfk; nra;fpwhH ftpQH.
ghYf;Fg; ghj;jpuk; Njit. mJNghy kf;fSf;Ff; fz;zd; Njit.
,t;thW czHtJjhd; ePjp. mJkl;Lky;y mJ gf;jpAkhFk;.
jpUk;gTk; ehuhazidg; gyKiw $wp topgLfpwhH. kf;fNs
FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs; mtd; mlf;fj;ijg; ghUq;fs; moif
ghUq;fs;.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. fz; z idg; Gfo; ghl jFjpAs; s tHfs; vd ,aw; i fg;

nghUs;fis fz;zjhrd; vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?
Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghlypy;

ftpQH ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fis miof;fpwhH. %q;fpy;fNs>
kyHj;Njhl;lq;fNs> Nkfq;fNs> njd;wNy ePq;fs; fz;zd; Gfo;
ghLq;fs;. fz;zd; ifg;gl> tha;g;gl> FoÂjg; Gy;yhq;Foy;
nfhLj;jd %q;fpy;fs;. hPq;fhuk; ,Lk; tz;Lfis cilad
kyHj; N jhl; l q; f s; . fz; z d; epwj; i j xj; j d Nkfq; f s; .
njd;Nfhbapy; gpwe;jjdhy; uhfq;fis cilad njd;wy;. MfNt
fz;zd; Gfo;ghl ePq;fs; jFjp cilatHfs;. mjdhy; mtd;
Gfiog; ghLq;fs; vd;W Ntz;LfpwhH.
2. #hpa epwf; fz;zid ftpQH vg;gb vy;yhk; ghuhl;LfpwhH?
#hpa epwf; fz;zidf; ftpQH> mtd; Nkdp fly; ePyk; -

mtd; fz;fNsh thdj;J ePyk; - ,e;jf; FUthA+Hf; Nfhyk;
flYk; thDk; ehNd vd;W fz;zd; kf;fSf;F czHj;Jtjhfg;
ghLfpwhH. gQ;r G+jq;fisAk; ,iwtd; gilf;fpwhd;. vy;yhkhf
epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gJ Md;NwhH thf;F. Self-Instructional
Material 7
10811A_rev2.indd 7 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

TÏ§-I 3. ftpQH kf;fis FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs; vd Vd; miof;fpwhH?
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fz;zDf;Fj; jhd; vj;jid tpjkhd myq;fhuq;fs;. cr;rpf;
fhyj; j py; rpUq; f hu ehafdhfj; Njhd; W fpwhd; . gr; i rf;
Ï±l× Foe;ijiag; ghHf;Fk;NghJ mij ngw;nwLj;j jhia ay;yth
ghuhl;LfpNwhk;. mq;F jha;ik Nghw;wg; gLfpwJ vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
khiy Neuj;jpy; rPNtyp. mtd; khspif KOtJk; nea; tpsf;Ffs;.

mijf; ftpQH Nfhtpiyr; Rw;wp nea;ahNyNa Ntypapl;ljhff;
$WfpwhH. mJ jhd; ftpij> nea; tpsf;F Vw;wpajw;Fg; gad;
=Njtp epj;jk; nry;tk; jUths; vd;W ciuf;fpwhH.
,uT Neuj;jpYk; mtDf;Ff; Nfhbg; G+ir epfOk;. fz;zidg;

ghj;jpukhfTk;> kf;fisg; ghyhfTk; cUtfk; nra;jpwhH ftpQH.
ghYf;Fg; ghj;jpuk; Njit. mJNghy kf;fSf;F fz;zd; Njit.
,t;thW czHtJjhd; ePjp. mJkl;Lky;y mJ gf;jpAkhFk;.
kf;fNs FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs;. mtd; mlf;fj;ijg; ghUq;fs;.

moifg; ghUq;fs; vdf; $WfpwhH.
4. “= fpU~;z fhdk;” vd;w ngahpy; ghly;fis vOjpatH ahH?
= fpU~;z fhdk; vd;w ngahpy; fz;zidg; gw;wp ghly;fis

ftpauR fz;zjhrd; vOjpAs;shH.
5. fz;zjhrd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy vOjpatH. jpiuAyfpy;

ngUk;Gfo; ngw;wit ,tH jk; ghly;fs;. fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs;
gy njhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd. ftpQhplk; fhjy; ftpijfs;
NghyNt jj;Jtf; ftpijfSk; gpwf;fpd;wd. ,tH ,aw;ngaH
Kj;ijah. “kd;dh cyfj;jpy; kd;Djy; Fwpj;NjhH jk; Gfo;
epwP,j; jhkha;e; jdNu” vd;Dk; thpfSf;F ,yf;fzkhf tho;eJ ;
kiwe;j ngUq; ftpQH MthH. rpW$lw;gl;bapy; gpwe;jtH. khq;fdp>
fpotd;-NrJgjp> ,NaR fhtpak; Nghd;w rpWfhtpaq;fSk;>
ijg;ghit vd;Dk; rpw;wpyf;fpaKk; ,tH gilj;jit. Gjpdk;>
rpWfij> ehlfk; vd gy vOjpAs;shH. mHj;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;
,tH vOjpa rpwe;j ciueil ÁyhFk;.
Self-Instructional
8 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 8 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

áß 2 TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
1
Ï±l×
NfhFyj;Jg; gRf;fs; vy;yhk;
Nfhghyd; Foiyf; Nfl;L
ehYgb ghy; fwf;FJ uhkhhp – me;j
Nkhfddpd; Ngiur; nrhy;yp
%bitj;j ghj;jpuj;jpy;
%d;Wgb nea;apUf;FJ fpU~;zhhp
uhkhhp `Nu fpU~;zhhp `hp`hp
uhkhhp `Nu fpU~;zhhp
fz;zdtd; eldkpl;Lf;
fhspe;jpia ntd;wgpd;jhd;
jz;zpg; ghk;gpy; eQ;R,y;iy uhkhhp – mtd;
fdp,jopy; ghy;Fbj;J
G+jfpiaf; nfhd;w gpd;jhd;
fd;dpaHf;NfhH tQ;rkpy;iy fpU~;zhhp
Fsj;jpy; Kq;fpf; Fspf;ifapNy

Nfhtpe;jd; Ngiur; nrhd;dhy;
fOj;jpy; cs;s jhypkpd;DJ uhkhhp – Nriy
jpUj;Jk; NghJ mtd; ngaiu
=uq;fh vd;W nrhd;dhy;
mOj;jkhd RfkpUf;FJ fpU~;zhhp

gbg;gbaha; kiyapy; Vwp

gf;jp nra;jhy; Jd;gk; vy;yhk;
nghbg;nghbaha; nehWq;Fjb uhkhhp – mb
gbg;gpy;yhj Ml;fs; $l
ghjj;jpNy Ngha; tpOe;jhy;
Self-Instructional
Material 9
10811A_rev2.indd 9 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

TÏ§-I Ntjj;Jf;Nf nghUs; tpsq;FJ fpU~;zhhp
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Ntjj;Jf;Nf nghUs; tpsq;FJ fpU~;zhhp
Ï±l× uhkhhp `Nu fpU~;zhhp
NfhFyj;jpy; xUehs; uhij

Nfhgj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jhs;
Vdb uhjh ,d;W vd;db
Nrjp vd;W =ee;j ghyd; te;jhd;
jhndhU Mde;j uhfk; je;jhd;
NfhgpaH jk;ikj;njhl;L
nfhQ;fpa iffs; ve;jd;
$e;jiyj; njhlNtz;lhk; ehd;
Nfhbapy; xd;W my;y
Nfhtpypd; ngz;ik vd;id
nfhQ;rpl tuNtz;lhk; - ,dp vd;
NfhyKk; nflNtz;lhk;…NfhF
uhijapd; ClYf;Fk;
fPij gbj;j fz;zd;
Nfhijia trpak; nra;jhd;
Nfhijia trpak; nra;jhd; - mq;F
Nrhiy aKid nts;sk; Js;sp vOe;J mts;
Nkdpia trpak; nra;jhd; - fz;zd;
kPz;nlhU fyfk; nra;jhd;…NfhF
MaHghb khspifapy; jha;kbapy; fd;wpidg;Nghy;

khaf;fz;zd; Àq;Ffpd;whd; jhNyNyh – mtd;
tha;epiwa kz;izcz;L kz;lyj;ijf; fhl;bagpd;
Xa;ntLj;Jj; Àq;Ffpd;whd; MuhNuh … MaH
gpd;dypl;l Nfhgpahpd; fd;dj;jpy; fd;dkpl;L
kd;dtd; Nghy;yPiy nra;jhd; jhNyNyh – me;j
Self-Instructional
10 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 10 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

ke;jpuj;jpy; mtUwq;f – me;j TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
kaf;fj;jpNy ,tDwq;f
kz;lyNk cwq;Fjk;kh MuhNuh
kz;lyNk cwq;Fjk;kh MuhNuh … MaH Ï±l×
ehfglk; kPjpy; mtd; eHj;jdq;fs; Mbagpd;
jhfnky;yhk; jPHj;Jf; nfhz;lhd; jhNyNyh – mtd;
Nkhfepiy $l xUNahfepiy NghypUf;Fk;
ahutidj; Àq;f tpl;lhH MuhNuh
ahutidj; Àq;f tpl;lhH MuhNuh … MaH
fz;zdtd; Àq;fptpl;lhy; fhrpdpNa Àq;fptpLk;

md;idaNu Japy;vOg;g thhPNuh – mtd;
nghd;doifg; ghHg;gjw;Fk; NghijKj;jk; ngWtjw;Fk;
fd;dpaNu NfhgpaNu thhPNuh
fd;dpaNu NfhgpaNu thhPNuh … MaH
®[dLÜûW
,e;jg; ghlypy; fz;zDila FoNyhirapd; kfpikia czHj;JfpwhH.

Nfhghyd; Foy; Nfl;L; NfhFyj;Jg; gRf;fs; vy;yhk; 4 gb ghy;
fwf;FJ. cwpapNyh 3 gb nea; ,Uf;FJ vd;W ngUkpjk; nghq;ff;
$WfpwhH.
aKid ejp jPuj;jpy; fz;zd; fhspe;jp vd;w ghk;gpid ntd;whd;.
mjd; gpwF jhd; jz;zpg; ghk;Gf;F tp~kpy;iy vd;W ftpQH xU Gjpa
fUj;ijf; $WfpwhH. NkYk; fk;rdhy; Vtg;gl;Lf; fz;zidf; nfhy;y
G+jfp vd;w nfhba muf;fp tUfpwhs;. mtSila tp~k; epiwe;j
ghiyf; Fbj;Jf; Fbj;Nj mtisf; fz;zd; nfhd;W tpLfpwhd;.
mJ Kjy; jhd; ngz;fSila ghypYk; tp~j;jd;ik ePq;fpg; ghy;
mKjkhapw;W vd;Wk; xU Gjpa fUj;ijf; $WfpwhH.
uhkh`hp> fpU~;zh`hp vd;gid tpiuthff; $Wk;NghJ uhkhhp>
fpU~;zhhp vd;W xypf;fg; ngWtJ ,ay;G. uhkhhp> fpU~;zhhp> `hp>
`Nu vd;nwy;yhk; fz;zid miof;fpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 11
10811A_rev2.indd 11 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

TÏ§-I Cû\Yû] GlúTôÕ. GlT¥ YQeÏYÕ
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,iwtid vg;nghOJk; tzq;fyhk;. Fsj;jpy; Fspf;ifapy; Nfhtpe;jh

vd;why; fOj;jpy; cs;s jhyp kpd;DJ vd;fpwhH ftpQH. ,jd;
Ï±l×
nghUs; - jhypg; ghf;fpak; epiyf;fpwJ ePbf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. Nriy
jpUj;Jk;NghJ =uq;fh vd;why; mjpNyAk; xU Rfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk;
vd;d nray;fisr; nra;jhYk; ,iwtd; rpe;jidNahL nra;tJ eyk;
gaf;Fk; vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
NkYk; gbg;gbaha; kiyapy; Vwpg; gf;jp nra;jhy; Jd;gk;
nghbg;nghbaha; Mfp ePq;Fk; vd;W cWjp $WfpwhH. mJ kl;Lky;y
gbahjtHfs; $lg; gf; jpNahL ,iwtd; jpUg; ghjj; i jr; ruz;
mile;jhy; mtHfs; Qhdthd; Mfyhk;. Ntjf; fUj;Jf;fNs $l
mtHfSf;Fg; GhpAk; vd;fpwhH. gf;jpapd; Nkk;ghl;ilf; fz;zjhrd;
,t;thW typAWj;JfpwhH.
Cly; vd;gJ kUj epyj;J xOf;fkhFk;. CLjy; fhkj;jpw;F ,d;gk;

vd;gH ts;StH. uhijapd; CliyAk; fz;zd; Cly; jzpj;jijAk;
,e;jg; ghlypy; fz;zjhrd; ghLfpwhH.
uhij xU ehs; NfhFyj;jpy; Nfhgkhf ,Uf;fpwhH. mijg; ghHj;j
fz;zd; Vdb uhjh ,d;W vd;db Nrjp xU khjphpaha; ,Uf;fpwhNa
vd;W Nfl;L tpl;L mts; Nfhgj;ijf; nfhQ;rk; $lg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
xU Mde;j uhfk; jUfpwhd;.
WôûR«u úTfÑ
Nfhgpaiuf; nfhQ;rpa iffshy; fz;zd; jd; $e;jiyj; njhl
Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhs;. jd;Dila Nfhyk; nflTk; Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhH.
NkYk; vd;id ahnud;W ,e;jf; fz;zd; epidj;jhd; ehd; Nfhbg;
ngz;fs; Nghy xUj;jp ,y;iy. ehd; Nfhbf;F xUj;jp. vd; ngz;ik
Nfhtpypy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ngz;ikahFk; vd;W uhij jd; ngUkpjk;
Njhd;wg; NgRfpwhs;.
cyfj;jpw;Nf fPij je;j fz;zd; ,ts; cs;sj;ij mwpa
khl;lhdh Nfhijiaj; jd; topf;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpwhd;. mtis
Self-Instructional
12 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 12 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

trpak; nra;fpwhd;. mtDila Kaw;rpiaf; ftpQH mLf;fpr; nrhy;fpwhH. TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
me;j trpaj;jpy; aKid nts;sk; Js;sp vOfpwJ gha;e;J guTfpwJ.
CLjy; fhkj;jpw; fpd;gk; mjw;fpd;gk;

$b Kaq;fg; ngwpd; vd;gH ts;StH
Ï±l×
,g;ghlypy; ftpQH kf;fSila Cly; xOf;fj;ijr; rpwg;gpf;fpwhH.
RôXôhÓl TôPÛm LiQu E\dLØm

mOfpd;w Foe;ijfSf;F epytpidf; fhl;br; NrhW Cl;lYk;> NrhW
Cl;bagpd; njhl;bypw; fplj;jpj; jhyhl;bj; Àq;f itj;jYk; jha;khHfs;
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w ,d;gf; flikfshFk;. ,g;ghlypy; ftpQH jhyhl;LfpwhH
fz;zd; Àf;fj;ijg; ghLfpwhH.
MaHghb khspifapy; fz;zd; cwq;Ffpd;whd;. jha; kbapy;
fd;wpidg; Nghy; vd;W mtd; Àf;fj;jpw;F ctik $WfpwhH ftpQH.
md;idaplk; Japy; fpd; w Foe; i j cyif kwe; J mr; rkpd; w pj;
Jd; g kpd; w p MjuNthLk; mizg; N ghLk; Àq; F fpwJ. mt; t hW
Àq;Ffpwhd; fz;zd;.
tha;epiwa kz;iz cz;L md;id aNrhijf;f thiaj; jpwe;J
cyifNa fhl;Lfpwhd; fz;zd;. mjdhy; mtidf; ftpQH khaf;
fz;zd; vd;fpwhH. xU ngUQ;nray; nra;jgpd; xa;T vLj;jy; cyf
,ay;G. mJNghyf; fz;zDk; Xa;ntLj;Jj; Àq;Ffpd;whd;.
LiQu Õ«Ûm Lô£²«u E\dLØm

Nfhgpahpd; fd;dj;jpy; fd;dk; itj;J kd;dd; Nghy; yPiy nra;jtNd
Àq;F. me;j yPiy fhuzkhf khjHfs; Àq;Ffpd;wdH. mtHfs; kl;Lkh
mtDk; Àq;Ffpwhd;. mtd; kl;Lkh mfpy cyfKk; Àq;FfpwJ.
Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MnuhUtH Mlh jhNu

mlq;Ftpj;jhy; MnuhUtH mlq;fhjhNu vd;W
jpUehTf;furH ghLthH. mJNghy ,iwtdpd; xLf;fk; rfy capHfspd;

xLf;fkhfpwJ. mij ,q;F fz;zjhrd; fz;zd; cwq;f cyfk;
cwq;Ftjhff; fhl;LfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 13
10811A_rev2.indd 13 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

TÏ§-I kf;fs; jiuapNy eldk; MLthHfs;. ,td; khaf; fz;zd;.
Rªrf ùNnÙs
mjdhy; ehfg;glk; kPjpy; MLfpd;whd;. MlNtz;Lk; vd;w mtDila
jhfk; jPHfpwJ. mtd; ve;j epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhd; mtd; Nkhfepiy
Ï±l× $l xU Nahfepiy NghypUf;Fk; vd;W ftpQH tpaf;fpwhH.
mtd; Àq;fpdhy; cyfk; Àq;fptpLk; cyfk; Àq;ff; $lhJ.
mtid vOg;Gq;fs; vd;W mLj;j ghlypy; Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fpwhH.
md;idaH Foe;ijapd; Àf;fj;ijf; nfLj;J vOg;GthHfsh vOg;g
khl;lhHfs;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; nrhy;YfpwhH ftpQH mtd; nghd;doifg;
ghHg;gjw;Fk; Nghij Kj;jk; ngWtjw;Fk; md;idaNu thhPH mtid
vOg;Gq;fs; vd;fpwhH.
md;idaH tUthNuh khl;lhNuh
fd;dpaNu NfhgpaNu thhPH vd mLj;J miof;fpwhH. fz;zd;
JapnyOg;g tUfpd;wtHfis thoPH vd tho;j;JfpwhH.
,t;thW ftpQH ,e;jg; ghlypy; jhyhl;Lk; ghbj; Àq;f itj;Jg;
gpd;dH Japy; vOg;gTk; ghLfpwhH.
= fpU~;z fhdk; nkhj;jj;jpy; fz;zd; ngUikiaAk;> mtd;
Foypd; ehjg; ngUikiaAk; ,irf;fpwJ.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. FoNyhirapd; rpwg;ghff; fz;zjhrd; $Wtij tpsf;Ff.
Nfhghyd; Foy; Nfl;L NfhFyj;Jg; gRf;fs; vy;yhk; 4 gb ghy;

fwf;FJ. cwpapNyh 3 gb nea; ,Uf;FJ vd;W FoNyhirapd;
kfpikia ngUik nghq;ff; $WfpwhH.
2. ngz;fspd; jha;gg
; hiy mKjj;jpw;F vt;thW MrphpaH xg;gpLfpwhH?
aKid ejp jPuj;jpy; fz;zd; fhspe;jp vd;w ghk;gpid ntd;whd;.

mjd; gpwF jhd; jz;zpg; ghk;Gf;F tp~kpy;iy vd;W ftpQH
xU Gjpa fUj;ijf; $WfpwhH. NkYk; fk;rdhy; Vtg;gl;Lf;
fz;zidf; nfhy;y G+jfp vd;w nfhba muf;fp tUfpwhs;.
mtSila tp~k; epiwe;j ghiyf; Fbj;Jf; Fbj;Nj mtisf;
nfhd;W tpLfpwhd;. mJ Kjy; jhd; ngz;fSila ghypYk;
tp~j;jd;ik ePq;fpg; ghy; mKjkhapw;W vd;Wk; xU Gjpa
fUj;ijf; $WfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
14 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 14 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

3. ,iwtid vg;NghJ> vg;gb tzq;FtJ vd ftpQH $WfpwhH? TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ftpQH $WtJ> ,iwtid vg;nghOJk; tzq;fyhk;. Fsj;jpy;
Fspf;ifapy; Nfhtpe;jh vd;why; fOj;jpy; cs;s jhyp kpd;DJ
vd;fpwhH ftpQH. ,jd; nghUs; - jhypg; ghf;fpak; epiyf;fpwJ> Ï±l×
ePbf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. Nriy jpUj;Jk;NghJ =uq;fh vd;why;
mjpNyAk; xU Rfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; vd;d nray;fisr;
nra;jhYk; ,iwtd; rpe;jidNahL nra;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;
vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
NkYk; gbg;gbaha; kiyapy; Vwpg; gf;jp nra;jhy; Jd;gk;

nghbg;nghbaha; Mfp ePqF
; k; vd;W cWjp $WfpwhH. mJ kl;Lky;y>
gbahjtHfs; $lg; gf;jpNahL ,iwtd; jpUg;ghjj;ijr; ruz;
mile;jhy; mtHfs; Qhdthd; Mfyhk;. Ntjf; fUj;Jf;fNs $l
mtHfSf;Fg GhpAk; vd;fpwhH. gf;jpapd; Nkk;ghl;ilf; fz;zjhrd;
,t;thW typAWj;JfpwhH.
4. fz;zdpd; cwf;fj;ij vjw;F xg;gpLfpwhH ftpQH?
MaHghb khspifapy; fz;zd; cwq;Ffpd;whd;. jha; kbapy;

fd;wpidg; Nghy; vd;W mtd; Àf;fj;jpw;F ctik $WfpwhH
ftpQH. md;idaplk; Japy;fpd;w Foe;ij cyif kwe;J
mr;rkpd;wpj; Jd;gkpd;wp MjuNthLk; mizg;NghLk; Àq;FfpwJ.
mt;thW Àq;Ffpd;whd; fz;zd;.
5. fz;zid Japy; vOg;g vt;thW Nfhgpaiu miof;fpwhH ftpQH?
fz;zd; Àq;fpdhy; cyfk; Àq;fptpLk;. cyfk; Àq;ff;

$lhJ. mtid vOg;Gq;fs; vd;fpwhH. md;idaH Foe;ijapd;
Àf;fj;ijf; nfLj;J vOg;GthHfsh? vOg;g khl;lhHfs;. mjw;f
fhuzkhf ftpQH mtd; nghd;doifg; ghHg;;gjw;Fk;> Nghij
Kj;jk; ngWtjw;Fk; md;idaNu thhPH mtid vOg;Gq;fs;
vd;fpwhH.
NkYk;> md;idaH tUthNuh khl;lhNuh fd;dpaNu NfhgpaNu

thhPH vd miof;fpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 15
10811A_rev2.indd 15 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs áß 3
Ï±l×
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfshy; nghpJk;
<Hf;fg;gl;ltHÉ nghJTilikia tpUk;gpatHÉ Viofspd; tho;fi
; fiaf;
ftpijahf;fpatHÉ ,sikapypUe;Nj RakhpahijNahL tho;e;jtHÉ
kf; f spd; epiy cau vOjpajhYk; > mtHfs; gLk; g hl; i lAk;
gz;ghl;ilAk; mtHfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; vOjpajhYk; \
kf;fs; ftpQH| vd miof;fg;gl;ltH. nghJ kf;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;
gbahf vspa ghly;fisg; ghbj; jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; rhjid
gilj;jtH.
gpwg;gplk; : jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpYs;s nrq;fg;gLj;jhd; fhL
je;ij : mUzhryf; ftpuhaH
jha; : tprhyhl;rp
gpwg;G : 13.04.1930
fy;tp :
mz;zd; fzgjp Re;juj;NjhL cs;@H Re;juk;
gps;is jpz;idg; gs;spapy; mhpr;Rtb gbj;jpUf;fpwhH.
mjpy; mtUf;F ehl;lkpy;iy. Mdhy; mbg;gilf; fy;tpia mz;zdplk;
fw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. jk; tho;f;ifapd; topfhl;bahf> gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH
mz;zidNa Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH.
je;ij mUzhryk; ftpQuhf ,Ue;jjhy; mtH kfd;fshd
fzgjp Re;juKk;> fy;ahzRe;juKk; ftpghLk; jpwj;ijg; ngw;W
,Ue;jdH. gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH rpWtajpNyNa ftpij ghLtjpy; MHtk;
fhl;bdhH.
mtH tho;e;j CH epytsk; epiwe;jJ. Vhpf;fiuapy; xUehs;
taiyg; ghHf;fr; nrd;w gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH tPL jpUk;Gk; NghJ> Ntg;gku
epoypy; mkHe;J Vhpiag; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. Vhpapy; ePH nesptij>
#hpa xsptPr;rpy; ePH rphpf;fpwJ vdf;fz;L kfpo;e;jhH. jhkiu kyHfs;
gspr;nrdf; fhl;rpaspj;jd. me;j Neuj;jpy; nfz;ilkPd; Js;spj; jhkiu
,iykPJ ePHj;Jspiaj; njspj;Jj; jiyfPoha;f; Fjpj;jJ. ,ijg;
ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j mtH>
Self-Instructional
16 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 16 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

Xbg;Ngh Xbg;Ngh TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
nfz;ilf; FQ;Nr – fiu
Xuj;jpy; NkahNj
nfz;ilf; FQ;Nr Ï±l×
Àz;bf;fhud; tUk;Neukhr;R – nuhk;gj;
Js;spf; Fjpf;fhNj nfz;ilf; FQ;Nr
(Nf. rPtghujp (njh. M)> gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH ghly;fs;> g. 63)
vd;W ghbdhH. ,e;jg; ghl;il vy;NyhhplKk; ghbf; fhl;bdhH.

midtUk; urpj;jdH. ,t;thW gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH ,sikapypUe;Nj
ghly; vOjp tsHe;jhH vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mijtpl> me;j
,sikg; gUtj;jpNyNa tHf;f vz;zk; - Jd;GWNthH – Jd;GWj;JNthH
gw;wpa vz;zk; - Jd;GWNthH rhHghf mtHfSf;Fj; Jizahf epw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mtUf;Fj; Njhd;wptpl;lJ vd;gij ,g;ghly;
njspTgLj;JfpwJ. gpw;fhy tsHr;rpapy; Àz;bypy; gpbf;fg;gLk;
kf;fSf;fhd gilg;ghspahfNt mtH Mfptpl;lhH vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
nghpahH<. nt. uh. 1925,y; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpr;
Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. ePjpf; fl;rpNahL ,ize;J
rhjp xopg;G> jPzl
; hik xopg;G> gpw;gl;l rhjpapdH NfhapYf;Fs; EioAk;
chpik> ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk; Kjypad Fwpj;Jj; jPtpukhfg; NgrpdhH.
,jdhy; ehl;by; xU GJ vOr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
ftpQH fy;ahzRe;juk; murpay; Nghf;ifAk;> ehl;bd; epiyiaAk;
czHe;J ghly;fs; gilj;jhH.
nghpahhpd; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfs;> fy;ahzRe;juj;jpd; ghlypy;
gspr;rpl;ld. “jhd; gpwe;j r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;JtUk; %lek;gpf;iffisAk;>
Mrhu mDl;lhdq;fisAk; fpz;ly; nra;J gy ghly;fisj; jd;
ez;gHfsplKk;> cwtpdHfsplKk; ghbf; fhl;bf; fpz;ly; nra;Ak;
gof;fk; cilatH ftpQH” vd;W jpU M. K. godpNty; $WfpwhH.
ghujpjhrd; ghly;fspd; jhf;fj;jhy; nghJTilikr; rpe;jidfSk;>
r%ff; nfhLikfspd; kPjhd rhlYk; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH ftpijfspy;
NkNyhq;fpj; njhpe;jd.
nfhLf;fpw fhyk; neUq;Ftjhy; - ,dp

vLf;fpw mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ
Self-Instructional
Material 17
10811A_rev2.indd 17 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

TÏ§-I ,Uf;fpwnjy;yhk; nghJtha;g; Nghdhy;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gJf;Fw NtiyAk; ,Uf;fhJ
(gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; ghly;. glk;: jpUlhNj. 1961)
Ï±l× vd;W nghJTilik Afj;jpd; tUifia mwptpf;fpwhH.
nghJikr; rpe;jidf;Fg; ghujpjhrd;jhd; mbj;jsk; mikj;Jf;
nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhH. gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy;
Vio tptrhapapd; Jauq;fisj; njhpe;J nrhy;fpwhH.
thio epiyf;FJ Nrhiy jiof;FJ

ViofSf;fjpy; vd;d fpilf;FJ
$iof;Fbf;FJÉ ehisf; fopf;FJ
Xiyf;Fbirapy; xl;bf;fplf;FJ
fhL ntsQ;nrd;d kr;rhd; - ciog;NghHf;F
ifAq;fhYe;jhNd kpr;rk;
(gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; ghly;fs;> [drf;jp 1956)
ftpQhpd; nrhe;j tho;f;ifr; #oy;> mtH thOk; r%fk; Mfpad

ftpijapd; fUg;nghUshfpd;wd vd;gij ,jd;%yk; czuyhk;.
ùRô¯Ûm TôhÓm
gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH jk; ghly;fspy; cotH> fl;blj; njhopyhsH>
Ruq;fj; njhopyhsH> fy; cilf;Fk; njhopyhsH> kPd; gpbg;NghH>
Kj;jnjLg;NghH> jr;rH> njhopw;rhiyfspy; gzpGhpAk; njhopyhsH
Nghd;Nwhiug; ghbaJld; mtHfs; tpopg;gilaTk; ghly;fs; %yk;
czHr;rp Cl;LfpwhH.
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; - me;jj;

jpwik jhd; ekJ nry;tk;
ifAk; fhYe;jhd; cjtp – nfhz;l
flikjhd; ekf;Fg; gjtp
(glk;: MSf;nfhU tPL> 1960)
,e;j thpfspy;> ifAk; fhiyAk; gad;gLj;jpf; flik czHNthL

nra;fpd;w njhopiyj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp cioj;jhy; mJNt
tho;Tf;fhd rpwe;j nry;tk; vd;w fUj;ij mOj;jkhfr; nrhy;fpwhH.
XJthH njhOthnuy;yhk;
Self-Instructional
18 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 18 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

cOthH jiyf;filapNy TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
cyfk; nropg;gnjy;yhk;
VH elf;Fk; eilapNy
(Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpad;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH ghly;fs; – Ï±l×
xU jpwdha;T> gf;fk; 181)
vd;w thpfspy;> cly; ciog;gpy; <Lglhky; caHe;jtHfnsd;W

nrhy;ypf; nfhs;fpd;w XJk; njhopy; nra;Nthiuf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;jtH>
cyfk; nropf;f coTj;njhopiyr; nra;fpwtHfs;jhd; vd;W cotiuAk;>
coitAk; ngUikg;gLj;JfpwhH.
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH.
fy;tp mjpfk; gapyhjtH.
ciog;ghsHfisAk;> njhopyhsHfisAk; ftpijapd; ghL
nghUshf;fpatHÉ Vio ù gzf;fhud; vd;w Vw;wj;jho;T khwg; ghbatH.
tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; tptrhapfspd; gpur;rpidfisg; Ghpe;J
nfhz;L vOjpatH.
nghJTilik tpUk;gpÉ tHf;f vjpHg;ghsHÉ nghpahH <. nt. uh. tpd;
gFj;jwpTf; nfhs;iffisg; ghlypy; ghbatHÉ %l ek;gpf;iffisr;
rhbatHÉ rhjp Vw;wj;jho;T $lhJ vdg; ghbatH.
jpiug;glj;ij jk;Kila fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;y Clfkhfg;
gad; g Lj; j patHÉ ey; y ,yf; f pag; g ilg; g hsH. ,f; f Uj; J fis
,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
1, ùSg£p Ï¥«ÚdÏm
ngz; neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk;

md;gUf;F ehdpUf;Fk;
epiyik vd;dntd;W njhpAkh
epiditg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh – vd;
Mz; fz;zpy; FbapUf;Fk;

fhjypf;F ehdpUf;Fk;
ftdk; vd;dntd;W njhpAkh
fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh – vd;
fUj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh
Self-Instructional
Material 19
10811A_rev2.indd 19 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

TÏ§-I ngz; vd;Wk; Ngrhj njd;wy;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,d;W kl;Lk; fhjpy; te;J
,d;gk; ,d;gk; vd;W nrhy;tJk; vd;d
Ï±l×
Mz; Xutpopg; ghHitapNy
cs;s njy;yhk; nrhy;yp tpl;L
xd;Wk; njhpahjJNghy;
Nfl;gJNkNdh
ngz; kyHf;nfhb jiyahl;l

kuf;fpisAk; ifePl;lf;
fpisapy; nfhb ,izAk;gb
MdJNkNdh
Mz; ,aw;ifapd; tsHr;rpKiw

,sik nra;Ak; fpsHr;rp Kiw
Vndd;W eP Nfl;lhy; ahdwpNtNdh
(glk;: ,Uk;Gj;jpiu)
2, ùNnÙm ùRô¯úX ùRnYm
nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; - me;jj;

jpwik jhd; ekJ nry;tk;
ifAk; fhYe;jhd; cjtp – nfhz;l
flikjhd; ekf;Fg; gjtp (nra;Ak;)
gapiu tsHj;jhy; gydhFk; - mJ

capiuf; fhf;Fk; czthFk;
ntapNy ekf;Fj; JizahFk; - ,e;j
NtHitfs; vy;yhk; tpijahFk;
jpdk; Ntiy cz;L Fykhdk; cz;L

tUq;fhyk; cz;L mij ek;gpLNthk; (nra;Ak;)
rhkpf;Fj; njhpAk; G+kpf;Fj; njhpAk;

Viofs; epiyik – me;jr;
rhkp kwe;jhYk; G+kp je;jpLk;
Self-Instructional
20 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 20 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

jFe;j gyid - ,ijg; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghbg; ghb tpisahb Mbg; gy
Nfhbf; Nfhb Kiw Fk;gpLNthk; (nra;Ak;)
fhAk; xUehs; fdpahFk; - ek;

Ï±l×
fdTk; xUehs; edthFk;
fhAk; fdpAk; tpiyahFk; - ek;
fdTk; epidTk; epiyahFk; - cly;
thbdhYk; grp kPwpdhYk; - top

khwplhkNy tho;e;jpLNthk; (nra;Ak;)
(— MSf;nfhU tPL)
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; ghly;fs; vd;w ÁypypUe;J ,it

vLf;fg; ngw;wd.
®[dLÜûW
ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy itaj;ijg; ghypf;fg; gpwe;jtH gl;Lf;Nfhl;il
fy; a hzRe; j uk; . kf; f s; ftpahf tpsq; f pa ,tH Vio vspa
kf; f Sf; f hfNt ghbatH MthH. ,tH ghly; f spd; jpwj; j hNy
rpdpkhtpd; juk; caHe;jJ.
jdpAilikf; nfhLikfs; jPu

njhz;L nra;ahd; vd;Wk;
fhAk; xU ehs; fdpahFk; - ek;
fdTk; xU ehs; edthFk; vd;Wk;
ek;gpf;if je;jhH.
jkpo;j; njd;ghq;f rpe;J> ,yhtzp Nghd;w ehl;Lg; ghly;fSf;Fj;
jpiuAyfpy; Gj;Jap&l;bdhH.
LôRtTôhÓ
neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk; vd;w ghly; ,Uk;Gj; jpiu vd;Dk; glj;jpy;
tUfpwJ. MZk; ngz;Zkhfg; ghLk; ghly;.
jd; epiyikia-epiditg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh vd;fpwhs;
jiytp. jd; fUj;ij-ftdj;ij mtshy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh
vd;fpwhd; jiytd;.
Self-Instructional
Material 21
10811A_rev2.indd 21 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

TÏ§-I jiytp njd;wy;> fhjpy; te;J ,d;gk; ,d;gk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Vd; vd;fpwhs;.
jiytd; cd; ghHitapNy cs;snjy;yhk; cdf;Fj; njhpahjh
Ï±l× vd;fpwhd;.
jiytp kyHf;nfhb jiyahl;l kuf;fpis ifePl;l fpisapy;
nfhb ,izAk;gb MdJNkNdh mts; Nfs;tp.
jiytd; gjpy; ,aw;ifapd; tsHr;rp Kiw ,sik ,sq;nfhb
mUfpUf;Fk; kuj;ijr; Rw;wpg; glUk; vd;Dk; ,ay;igg; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH
,g;gbg; ghLfpwhH.
ùNnÙm ùRô¯úX ùRnYm

gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH njhopypd; Nkd;ikia kf;fSf;F czHj;JfpwhH.
nra; A k; njhopNy nja; t k; vd; f pwhH. ghujpahUk; > coTf; F k;
njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk; vd;whH. njhopiyj; jpwikahfr;
nra;tNj nry;tk; vd;whH. gpwUjtpia ek;g Ntz;lhk;. ekf;Ff; ifAk;
fhYNk cjtp vd;W typAWj;JfpwhH. Ntiy nra;tjhy; Fykhdk;
fhf;fyhk;. vjpHfhyk; cz;L vd;W ek;gpf;if njhptpf;fpwhH.
Viofs; epiyik rhkpf;Fk; njhpAk;> G+kpf;Fk; njhpAk;. G+kp jUk;
gyidf; Fk;gpLNthk;.
cly; thbdhYk;> grp kPwpdhYk; top khwplhkNy tho;e;jpLNthk;
vd;W ViofSf;F ey;top fhl;LfpwhH. cioj;J thO vd;gJ mtuJ
rpj;jhe;jkhFk;.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. \neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk;| vd;w ghlypy; jiytDk; - jiytpAk;

vt;thW ciuahLfpwhHfs;?
neQ;rpy; FbapUf;Fk; vd;w ghly; ,Uk;Gj;jpiu vd;Dk; glj;jpy;

tUfpwJ. MZk; ngz;Zkhfg; ghLk; ghly;. jd; epiyikia –
epiditg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh vd;fpwhs; jiytp. jd; fUj;ij
– ftdj;ij mtshy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAkh vd;fpwhd; jiytd;.
jiytp njd;wy;> fhjpy; te;J ,d;gk; ,d;gk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ
Vd; vd;fpwhs;. jiytd; cd; ghHitapNy cs;snjy;yhk;
czf;Fj; njhpahjh vd;fpwhd;. jiytp kyHf;nfhb jiyahl;l
kuf;fpis ifePl;l fpisapy; nfhb ,izAk;gb MdjNkdh
Self-Instructional
22 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 22 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

vd;W mts; Nfl;fpwhs;. jiytdpd; gjpy; ,aw;ifapd; tsHr;rp TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Kiw ,sik ,sq;nfhb mUfpUf;Fk; kuj;ijr; Rw;wpg; glUk;
vd;Dk; ,ay;igg; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH ,t;thW tpsf;FfpwhH.
2. gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH njhopypd; rpwg;Gfshff; $Wtdtw;iwj; Ï±l×

njhFf;f.
gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahH njhopypd; Nkd;ikia kf;fSf;F czHj;JfpwhH.

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; vd;fpwhH. ghujpahUk;> coTf;Fk;
njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk; vd;whH. njhopiyj; jpwikahfr;
nra;tNj nry;tk; vd;whH. gpwUjtpia ek;g Ntz;lhk;. ekf;Ff;
ifAk; fhYNk cjtp vd;W typAWj;JfpwhH. Ntiy nra;tjhy;
Fykhdk; fhf; f yhk; . vjpHfhyk; cz; L vd; W ek; g pf; i f
njhptpf;fpwhH. Viofs; epiyik rhkpf;Fk; njhpAk;. G+kpf;Fk;
njhpAk;. G+kp jUk; gyidf; Fk;gpLNthk;. cly; thbdhYk;> grp
kPwpdhYk; top khwplhkNy tho;e;jpLNthk; vd;W ViofSf;F
ey;top fhl;LfpwhH. cioj;J tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtH
$WtjhFk;.
Self-Instructional
Material 23
10811A_rev2.indd 23 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

TÏ§-I
ULôL® TôW§Vôo
Ï±l×
thioab thionadj; jkpo;g; ghuk;ghpaj;ijf; (tradition) fhj;J
tUk; GytH jpUf;$l;lk; xd;W jkpOf;F cz;L. mf;$l;;lj;jpNy
jhKk; xUtH vd chpik ghuhl;bf; nfhz;ltH ghujpahH. “vdf;F
Kd;Nd rpj;jH gyH ,Ue;jhug;gh> ahDk;te;Njd; xU rpj;jd; ,e;j
ehl;by;” (ghujp mWgj;jhW: 1-2) vd xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; je;jtH
mtH. vl;laGuj;jpy; xU rhjhuzf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j mtH “Rit
GjpJ> nghUs; GjpJ> tsk; GjpJ> nrhy;GjpJ>“vdf; ftpij gilj;j
mthpd; fz;zd; vd; tpisahl;Lg;gps;is kw;Wk; ghuj khjh gw;wp
,e;jg; ghlj;jpy; gbf;fyhk;.
,Ugjhk; Áw;whz;Lj; jkpo;f; ftpijAyfpd; jiykfd; ghujp.
ghujpjhrd; nkhopapNy Fwpg;gpLtJ vd;why;> ghujp ige;jkpo;j;
NjHg;ghfd;É mtd; xU nre;jkpo;j; NjdPÉ rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ijÉ Ftpf;Fk;
ftpijf;Fapy;. ituKj;Jtpd; thHj;ijfspNy $WtJ vd;why; ghujp>
vl;laGuj;Jf; nfhl;L Kurk;É Rje;jpur; #hpad;É jkpOf;Fg; GJ uj;jk;
je;j ftpQd;É vOj;Jf;Fk; tho;Tf;Fk; ,ilNa gs;sk; ,y;yhj
ghtyd;.
“,j; juzpapy; jkpo;nkhop cs;s tiuapy; ghujpahupd; jPQR
; itr;
nrhw;fs; ke;jpuk; Nghd;W xt;nthU jkpodpd; cs;sj;jpYk; xypj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy”É vd;ghH g. Nfhjz;luhk;.
ek;ikg; ngw;W> tsHj;J cUthf;Fk; jhapd; kPJ ehk; kpFe;jh
gw;Wf; nfhz;bUg;Nghk; ,y;iyah? jha;f;F xU Jd;gk; my;yJ
Mgj;J te;jhy;> kpfTk; Jbj;J tpLNthk;É Jd;gg;gLNthk; mts;
Jd; g j; i jg; Nghf; F tjw; F ek; k hy; Kbe; j cjtpfis clNd
nra;Nthk;. mijg;Nghy> ehk; gpwe;J tsHe;j> ekJ jha; ehl;bw;F xU
Jd;gk; my;yJ Mgj;J te;jhy; clNd cjt Ntz;Lk;. ,J ekJ
Kjd;ikahd flik. ,jidNa ghujpahH jkJ Njrpag; ghly;fspy;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH. ,e;jg; ghlk; ghujpahH ,e;jpa ehl;ilAk;> mjd;
tpLjiyiaAk; gw;wpg; ghba ghly;fis tpsf;FfpwJ. ghujpahhpd;
Njrpag; ghly;fs; ghujehL> jkpo;ehL> Rje;jpuk;>Njrpa ,af;fg;
ghly;fs;> Njrpaj; jiytHfs;> gpw ehLfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;>
Self-Instructional
gy cs;jiyg;Gfs; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
24 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 24 12/5/2018 3:48:31 PM

ghuj ehL gok;ngUik tha;e;j ehL. rpwe;j ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk;> TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
caHe;j gz;ghl;ilAk; cila ehL. ,q;Fj; Njhd;wpa rpe;Jntsp
ehfhpfk;> cyf ehfhpfq;fSs; njhd;ikahdJ. epy tsKk; ePHtsKk;
fiytsKk; kpFe;j ehL. ,jd; rpwg;gpidg; ghujpahH gy ghly;fspd; Ï±l×
%yk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwhH.
jkpopy; fpilf;Fk; Áy;fspy; kpfg; goikahdJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.
me;Áypy; jpUkhy;> KUfd;> ,e;jpud;> tUzd; Kjypa nja;tq;fs; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mijaLj;Jj; Njhd;wpa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy Mfpa epyq;fSf;Fhpa
nja;tq;fSld; rptngUkhidg; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,Ug;gpDk; gf;jpia kl;Lk; ghly; fUj;jhff; nfhz;L Kjypy; vOe;j
Áy;fs; ehad;khHfs; ,aw;wpa Njthuk;> jpUthrfk; kw;Wk; Mo;thHfs;
,aw;wpa ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; Áy;fNsahFk;. ghujpahH
ghlhj JiwNa ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;YksT jkpo;ehL> jkpo; nkhop>
ghuj ehL> Fapy;> fpsp> juhR Kjypad gw;wpg; ghbAs;shH.
ghujpahhpd; nja;tg; ghly;fshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ghly;fspy;
KjyhtJ ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ tpehaH ehd;kzpkhiy. ,ijaLj;J>
KUfd;> ts;sp> guhrf;fp (fhsp> rf;jp> NjrKj;Jkhhp>Nfhkjp) ,uhkH>
fz;zd;> jpUkfs;> fiykfs;> Gj;jH> ,NaR fpwp];J> my;yh Kjypa
nja;tq;fisg; gw;wpg; ghbapUf;fpwhH. ,aw;ifiaAk; nja;tkhfNt
nfhz;L rpwg;ghfg; ghbAs;shH.
rKjhak; > murpay; Kjypatw; w py; ghujpahH Gul; r pfukhd
rPHjpUj;jthjp vd;whYk; nja;t ek;gpf;if kdpj tho;f;iff;F kpf
,d;wpaikahjJ vd;W fUjpdhH. Ntj Mfk rh];jpuq;fspd; cz;ikf;
fUj;Jfisj; njspthf czHe;j ghujp> flTis ek;gpNdhH iftplg;
glhH vd vz;zpdhH MapDk; vy;yh kjq;fSk; kdpj eyj;ijNa
NgRfpd;wd vd;gJ mtuJ cWjpahd nfhs;if.
ùRnY Sm©dûLÙm Y¯TôÓm

\nja; t ek; g pf; i fAk; topghLk; | vd; g J flTs; kP J nfhz; l
cWjpahy; mtiu tzq;Fk; nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ. ghuj ehl;by; nja;t
ek;gpf;ifAk; topghLk; gz;ilf;fhyk; njhl;Nl fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;
ehl;by; gf;jpiag; ghly; nghUshff; nfhz;L ghbatHfs; vy;yhk;
jhq;fs; topgl;l nja;tj;ij kl;LNk ghbdhHfs;. irt rkaj;ijr;
rhHe;j ehad;khHfs; rptngUkhd; kPJk;> itzt rkaj;ijr; rhHe;j Self-Instructional
Material 25
10811A_rev2.indd 25 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

TÏ§-I Mo;thHfs; jpUkhy; kPJk; ghbapUg;gij Nehf;Fk;NghJ> mtHfs;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gpw rkaj;jpYs;s nja;tq;fs; gw;wpg; ghltpy;iy vd;gJ njhpfpwJ.
Mdhy; ghujpahH ,tHfspypUe;J NtWgl;L epw;fpd;whH. mtH itjpfr;
Ï±l× (Ntjj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;l rkak;) rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtH. MapDk;
gpw rkaj; nja;tq;fshd Gj;jH> ,NaR fpwp];J> my;yh MfpNahiuAk;
ghbAs;shH. mtH ghba ghly;fspNyh> fl;LiufspNyh XH ,lj;jpy;
$lr; rka ntWg; G zHT ,lk; n gwtpy; i y. kf; f s; vy; N yhUk;
rNfhjuHfs; vd;w vz;zk; mtH cs;sj;jpy; MzpNtuha; epiy
ngw;wpUe;jJ. midtiuAk; xd;whfg; ghHf;Fk; nghJNehf;F> gue;j
cs;sk;> rkag; nghiw Nghd;wit mthplk; fhzg;gl;ld. vy;yhj;
nja;tq;fisAk; ghujp tzq;FfpwhH. ,e;j xg;gw;w Nkyhd epiy NtW
ve;jf; ftpQdplKk; njd;gltpy;iy vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj cz;ik.
LiQu TôhÓ
ghujp rf;jpapd; gy tbq;fisg; ghbatH vd;gij Kd;dNu fz;Nlhk;.
rf;jpia kl;Lkd;wp> gps;isahH> KUfd;> ts;sp> fiykfs;> jpUkfs;>
QhapW> epyT> mf;fpdp> Mfpa nja;tq;fisg; ghLtNjhL Njhj;jpug;
ghly;fs; my;yJ nja;tg;ghly;fspy; fz;zidAk; ghLfpd;whH. nja;tg;
ghly;fspNyNa ghujpahH fz;zidf; fz;zk;kh Mf;fpapUf;fpwhH.
,tw;iwj; jtpuf; \fz;zd; ghl;L| vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,Ugj;J %d;W
jiyg;Gfspy; fz;zidg; gy Nfhzq;fspy; Gide;J vOjpAs;shH.
Njhod;> jha;> je;ij> Nrtfd;> murd;> rPld;> rw;FU> Foe;ij>
tpisahl;Lg;gps;is> fhjyd;> fhjyp> Mz;lhs;> Fy nja;tk; vdg;
gy;NtW cwT epiyfspy; ghujpahH fz;zid ,g;ghly;fspy; itj;J
vz;Zfpd;whH.
kfhghujk;> ghftjk; Mfpa ,U Áy;fs; fz;zdpd; moF>
,sik> mwpT> Mz;ik> murpay; je;jpuk;> Ml;rpj;jpwk;> vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk;
Nkyhd nja;tg; Nguhw;wy; Mfpatw;iwg; Gidfpd;wd. kfhghujj;jpd;
gFjpahfpa \gftj; fPij|apy; fz;zid mj;itj Ntjhe;jj;jpd;
rpfukhff; fhz;fpNwhk;. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; \
Ma;r;rpaH Fuit|> Mo;thHfspd; ghRuq;fs; Mfpad fz;zidg;
Nghw;Wfpd;wd. gftj; fPijapy; mUr;Rdd; “kfDf;Fj; je;ijahfTk;>
NjhoDf;Fj; NjhodhfTk;> fhjypf;Ff; fhjydhfTk; mUs; nra;f”
vd;W fz;zid Ntz;Lfpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
26 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 26 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

ez;gdha; ke;jphpaha; ey;yhrphpaDkha;g; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gz;gpNy nja;tkha;g; ghHitapNy Nrtfdha;
(fz;zd; ghl;L – 4)
tpsq; F fpwhd; fz; z d; vdg; ghujpahH $WtJ mtH gftj; Ï±l×

fPijapd; jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jhH vdf;fhl;Lk;. Mo;thHfs; itzt
rpj;jhe;jq;fSld; gf;jp czHr;rpNahLk; fz;zid mZfpapUf;fpd;wdH.
ghujp ,e;j vy;iyfisj; jhz;b kpf chpikNahL fz;zid
mZFfpd;whH.
TôW§ úSôd¡p LiQu

ghujp fz; z idj; jpUkhypd; XH mtjhukhff; fz; L > me; j
mtjhuj;jpd; nraw;fhpa nray;fs; Ghpe;j tpj;jfj;ijg; (jpwikia)
Nghw;wp topgLk; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fSf;F chap fUg;nghUshff;
fhztpy;iy. kdpjHfspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W mtHfspd; Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wtdhfTk;> kdpjHfSf;F kpf neUq;fpa cwtpddhfTk;
ghujp fz;zidf; fhz;fpwhH. mtUila ,e;j mZF Kiw Fwpj;J>
“,iwtidg; ghLjy; ,uz;L tif. xd;W cyfpay; tl;lj;jpypUe;J
ghLjy;> gpwpnjhd;W ,iw tl;lj;jpypUe;J ghLjy;| vd;fpwhH
gp. =. ghujp. cyfpay; tl;lj;jpypUe;J fz;zd; ghly;fisg;
ghLfpwhH vd;gJ njspT. kPuhgha;> Mo;thHfs; Nghy; ghujp gf;jp
kakhf kl;LK; tho;e;jtuy;yH. jd; ,iwg;gw;wpd; ntspg;glyhfg;
gy gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghLfpwhH. vd;whYk; mtH tWik>
mwpahik> Neha;> gpzp Mfpa rKjhaj; jPikfis ePf;Fk;
MirAk; > NjrtpLjiy> ngz; t pLjiy Nghd; w rKjhaf;
flikfSk; epiwe;jtH. mtH ghba fz;zd; ghly;fspYk; ,r;
rKjha czHTjhd; NkNyhq;fpr; rpwf;fpwJ”
vd;W $WtJ fUjj;jf;fJ. fz;zid itzt rkatopahf mZFk;
mZFKiw ghujpaplk; ,y;iy. ,jidg; gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; xU
tsHr;rp vd;Wk;> ,iwtidf; NfhapypypUe;J tPl;Lf;Nf nfhz;L
Ngha;tpLk; Nehf;F vdTk; $wyhk;.
Td§ CXd¡Vj§p JÚ T¬QôUm

gf;jp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; %d;Wtiff; Nfhl;ghLfis ,yf;fpaq;fspd;
topahf ehk; fhzyhk;. mitahtd:
Self-Instructional
Material 27
10811A_rev2.indd 27 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

TÏ§-I 1. ,iwtidg; Nghw;Wk; ke;jpuq;fs;> (108> 1008 Nghd;wit) Nghw;wpg;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghly;fs; topahfj; njhOJ Nghw;Wjy;.
2.
,iwtid Mz;ltdhfTk;> gpwtpg;gpzp ePf;FgtdhfTk; fUjp
Ï±l× tPl;Lyfk; Ntz;Lk; ghly;fisg; ghLjy;.
3. ,iwtid ehafdhfTk; jd;id ehafpahfTk; itj;J> gf;jpapy;
fhjw;Ritiaf; Fioj;J vd;id Vw;Wf; nfhs; vd Ntz;Ljy;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; ,UgJ Áw;whz;L ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Nkw;$wpa %d;W jd;ikfNs fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ghujp ,e;j %d;iwAk;
fle;J> flTis ,d;Dk; neUf;fkhd Kiwapy; Nehf;Ffpd;whH. ,e;j
chpikiag; ghujpahUf;F ahH nfhLj;jJ? ehl;bd;> r%fj;jpd; fjpaw;w
epiy> gpzp jPHg;gjw;Fhpa neUf;fkhd Ms; ,y;yhj #oy; Mfpad
ghujpahUf;F ,e;j Nehf;F epiyia (chpikia) toq;fpapUf;fpwJ.
NkYk; Kd;id ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,e;j chpik kdg;ghq;f Mq;fhq;F
,y;yhky; ,y;iy. KUfid flTs; MapDk; Mf> klit kd;w thopa
KUNf| (KUfNd tho;f! eP jpz;zkhf mwpahik cilatd;) vd;W
ew;wpizapy; (34> mb 11) $WtijAk;> ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,iwtidg;
gopg; g JNghy; GfOk; newpapy; GytHfs; ghba (epe; j h]; J jp)
ghly;fisAk; ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;. vdpDk; ghujpNa
,jid KOg; ghpkhzq;fNshL tphpTgLj;jpatH vd;gijf; fz;zd;
ghl;Lf; fhl;Lf;fpd;wJ. ghujpahH ghbAs;s nja;tg;ghly;fspy;> fz;zd;
ghl;bNyNa ,e;jg; ghpzhkk; njspthf ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ.
TôWR SôÓ
ghuj ehL gok;ngUik tha;e;j ehL. rpwe;j ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk;>
caHe;j gz;ghl;ilAk; cila ehL. ,q;Fj; Njhd;wpa rpe;Jntsp
ehfhpfk;> cyf ehfhpfq;fSs; njhd;ikahdJ. epy tsKk; ePHtsKk;
fiytsKk; kpFe;j ehL. ,jd; rpwg;gpidg; ghujpahH gy ghly;fspd;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwhH.
\ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL|
cyfpy; cs;s ehLfSs;> ghuj ehL xU ey;y ehL. mwptpYk;>
tPuj;jpYk;> khdj;jpYk;> fw;gpYk;> ,uf;fj;jpYk;> Md;kPfj;jpYk; rpwe;j
xU ehL. ,tw;iwf; fUjpj;jhd; ghujpahH>
ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL – vq;fs;

Self-Instructional
ghuj ehL (ghuj ehL – gy;ytp)
28 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 28 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

vd;W Gfo;fpwhH. NkYk; ,e;j ehl;bd; ngUikf;F vd;d fhuzk; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
vd;gjidAk; thpirahf vLj;Jf; $WfpwhH. cyfpYs;s kpf caHe;j
kiyahfpa ,kakiyia cila ehL. tw;whj fq;if ejpia cila
ehL. Ntjq;fis cila ehL. nfsjk Gj;jH Njhd;wpaJk; ,e;ehL. Ï±l×
,j;jifa rpwg;Gfisg; ghujpahH jk; ghly;fspy; ghbg; ngUik
milfpwhH.
kd;Dk; ,kakiy vq;fs; kiyNa

khepyk; kPjpJ Nghy;gpwpJ ,iyNa!
,d;dW ePu;f;fq;if ahnwq;fs; MNw
,q;fpjd; khz;gpw; nfjpnuJ NtNw?
G+uz Qhdk; nghype;j ed;dhL

Gj;jH gpuhd; mUs; nghq;fpa ehL
ghuj ehL gok; ngUk; ehNl
ghLtk; ,/ij vkf;fpiy <Nl.
(vq;fs; ehL – 1> 2)
,t;thW> ghuj ehl;bd; ngUikiag; gw;wpg; ghb kfpo;fpwhH ghujpahH.
§ÚlTs° GÝf£
ghujpahH ghba ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp vd;w ghly; vz;rPH
Mrphpa tpUj;jj;jhy; MdJ. ,J khzpf;f thrfH rptngUkhidg;
gs;sp vOe;jUSkhW ghba jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif
Nghd;wJ. ghujpahH>
epd;ndopy tpopaUs; fhz;gjw;F vq;fs;

neQ;rfj;J Mtiy ePmwp ahNah?
,d;dKk; JapYjp Nay;,J ed;Nwh?
,d;Dap Nugs;sp vOe;jU shNa!
(ghuj khjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – 14)
vd;W ghuj khjhitj; Japy; czHj;JfpwhH. ,g;ghly; ghujpapd;
Rje;jpu Ntl;ifiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
ghuj ehl;bd; midj;J khepy kf;fSk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg;
NghuhLk; epiyia>
tpjKW epd;nkhop gjpndl;Lk; $wp

Self-Instructional
Material 29
10811A_rev2.indd 29 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

TÏ§-I Ntz;ba thWcidg; ghLJk; fhzha;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
(ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – 5)
(tpjk; ® tif)
Ï±l×
vd;Wk;>
nghq;fpaJ vq;Fk; Rje;jpu ehjk;

(ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp – 2)
vd;Wk; tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
1, LiQu – Gu ®û[VôhÓl ©sû[
Nfjhuk;> fz;l[hjp Vfjhsk;

urq;fs; mw;Gjk;> rpUq;fhuk;
jPuhj tpisahl;Lg; gps;is – fz;zd;

njUtpNy ngz;fSf; Nfhahj njhy;iy (jPuhj) 1
jpd;dg; goq;nfhz;L jUthd; - ghjp

jpd;fpd;w NghjpNy jl;bg; gwpg;ghd;
vd;dg;gd; vd;idad; vd;why; - mjid
vr;rpw; gLj;jpf; fbj;Jf; nfhLg;ghd; (jPuhj) 2
Njndhj;j gz;lq;fs; nfhz;L – vd;d

nra;jhYk; vl;lhj cauj;jpy; itg;ghd;
khndhj;j ngz;zb vd;ghd; - rw;W
kdkfpO Neuj;jp Nyfps;sp tpLthd; (jPuhj) 3
moFs;s kyHnfhz;L te;Nj – vd;id

momor; nra;Jgpd; fz;iz% bf;nfhs;>
FoypNy #l;LNtd; vd;ghd; - vd;idf;
FUlhf;fp kyhpidj; Njhopf;F itg;ghd; (jPuhj) 4
gpd;diyg; gpd;dpd; wpOg;ghd; - jiy

gpd;Ndjp Uk;GKd; Ndnrd;W kiwthd;
td;dg; GJr;Nriy jdpNy – GOjp
thhpr; nrhhpe;Nj tUj;jpf; Fiyg;ghd; (jPuhj) 5
Self-Instructional
30 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 30 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

Gy;yhq; Foy;nfhz;L tUthd; - mKJ TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
nghq;fpj; jJk;Gew; fPjk; gbg;ghd;
fs;shy; kaq;FtJ NghNy – mijf;
fz;%b tha;jpwe; NjNfl; bUg;Nghk; (jPuhj) 6 Ï±l×
mq;fhe; jpUf;Fk;tha; jdpNy – fz;zd;
MNwO fl;nlWk; igg;Nghl;L tpLthd;
vq;fhfpYk; ghHj;j Jz;Nlh – fz;zd;
vq;fisr; nra;fpd;w Ntbf;if nahd;Nwh (jPuhj) 7
tpisahl thntd; wiog;ghd; - tPl;by;

Ntiynad; whyijf; Nfsh jpOg;ghd;
,isahnuh lhbf; Fjpg;ghd; - vk;ik
,ilapw; gphpe;JNgha; tPl;bNy nrhy;thd; (jPuhj) 8
mk;ikf;F ey;ytd; fz;BH - %sp
mj;ijf;F ey;ytd; je;ijf;F k/Nj
vk;ikj; JaHnra;Ak; nghpNahH – tPl;by;
ahtHf;F ey;ytd; NghNy elg;ghd; (jPuhj) 9
NfhSf;F kpfTQ; rkHj;jd; - ngha;ik

#j;jpuk; gopnrhyf; $rhr; rof;fd;
MSf; fpire;jgb Ngrp – njUtpy;
mj;jid ngz;fisA khfh jbg;ghd; (jPuhj) 10
2, TôWR UôRô
§Úl Ts° GÝf£

nghOJ GyHe;jJ> ahQ;nra;j jtj;jhy;
Gd;ik ,Ul;fzk; Nghapd ahTk;
vOgRk; nghw;RlH vq;fZk; gutp
naOe;J tpsq;fpa jwpntDk; ,utp
njhOJid tho;j;jp tzq;Fjw; fpq;Fd;
njhz;lHgy; yhapuH #o;e;J epw;fpd;Nwhk;.
tpopJapy; fpd;wid apd;Dnke; jhNa>
tpag;gpJ fhz; gs;sp naOe;jU shNa 1
Gs;spdk; MHj;jd> MHj;jd Kurk;
Self-Instructional
Material 31
10811A_rev2.indd 31 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

TÏ§-I nghq;fpd njq;Fk; Rje;jpu ehjk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
nts;spa rq;f Koq;fpd Nfsha;
tPjpna yhkZ Fw;wdH khjH
Ï±l× njs;spa me;jzH NtjKk; epd;wd
rPHj;jpU ehkKk; Xjpepw; fpd;whH.
ms;spa njs;sK jd;idna kd;id
MUap Nugs;sp naOe;jU shNa. 2
gUjpapd; Ngnuhsp thdpilf; fz;Nlhk;

ghH kpir epd;ndhsp fhZjw; fye;Njhk;
fUjpepd; Nrtb azptjw; nfd;Nw
fdpTW neQ;rf kyHnfhL te;Njhk;
RUjpfs; gae;jid rhj;jpuk; Nfhb
nrhy;yU khz;gpd; <d;wid ak;Nk
epUjHfs; eLf;Fwr; #y;-fuj; Njw;wha;
epHkiy Nags;sp naOe;jU shNa 3
epd;ndopy; tpopaUs; fhz;gjw; nfq;fs;

neQ;rfj; jhtiy ePawp ahNah
nghd;did aha;ntz; gdp%b apikag;
nghUg;gpd dPe;j ngUe;jdg; nghUNs
vd;dj tq;fs;nra; njj;jid fhyk;
Vq;Ftk; epd;dUl; Nfioak; ahNk
,d;dKk; JapYjp NaypJ ed;Nwh
,d;DapNugs;sp naOe;jU shNa 4
kjiya nuOg;gTk; jha;Japy; thNah

khepyk; ngw;wtsp/Jz uhNah
#jiy nkhopf;fpuq; fhnjhU jhNah
Nfhkf NsngUk; ghujHf; fuNr
tpjKW epd;nkhop gjpndl;Lq; $wp
Ntz;ba thWidg; ghLJq; fhzha;
,jKw te;njik ahz;lUs; nra;tha;
<d;wt Nsgs;sp naOe;jUs; thNa 5
Self-Instructional
32 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 32 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

®[dLÜûW TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
“vspa gjq;fs;> vspa eil vspjpy; mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba re;jk;>

nghJ[dq;fs; tpUk;Gk; nkl;L ,tw;wpidAila fhtpankhd;W
Ï±l×
jw;fhyj;jpNy nra;J jUNthd; ekJ jha;nkhopf;Fg; Gjpa capH
jUNthd; Mfpd;whd;” vdg; ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; KfTiuapy; ghujp
$WfpwhH. ,f; n fhs; i fiag; gpd; g w; w pNa ghujpapd; ftpijfs;
mikfpd;wd. vspikAk; NeHikAk; cz;ikAk; ,tH ftpijfspy;
xsptpLfpd;wd.
ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij

ehl;bw; Fioj;jy; vd;ghH ghujpahH
tapw;Wf;Fr; NrhwplNtz;Lk; - ,q;F

thOk; kdpjUf;nfy;yhk;
gapw;wpg; gyfy;tp je;J - ,e;jg;
ghhpid caHj;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ghujpapd; Mir.
1, LiQu – Gu ®û[VôhÓl ©sû[
fz;zidj; jhahfj; je;ijahff; FUthf murdhfg; gytbtq;fspy;

mikj;Jg; ghbatH ghujpahH. mJTk; Nghjhnjd;W ngz;zhfg;
ghtpj;J fz;zk;kh vd; fhjyp> vd; Fynja;tk; vd;Wk; ghLfpwhH.
fz;zidj; jPuhj tpisahl;Lg; gps;isahff; fhz;fpwhH.
fz;zdpd; FWk;Gj;jdq;fs;
njUtpy; cs; s mj; j id ngz; f Sf; F k; Xahj njhy; i yahf
tpsq;Ffpwhd; fz;zd;. mtd; nra;Ak; FWk;Gfs; jhd; vj;jid?
vj;jid? ngz;fs; $Wtjhfg; gl;bay; ,LfpwhH ftpQH.
1. goq; nfhz;L te;J jUthd;. mij KOtJkhfj; jpd;d tplkhl;lhd;.
ghjpapNyNa jl;bg; gwpg;ghd;. Vdg;gh ,g;gbr; nra;jha; vd;why;
mij vr;rpw; gLj;Jthd;. gpd;dH fbj;Jf; nfhLg;ghd;.
2. Njd; Nghd;w Ritahd gz;lq;fs; nfhz;L tUthd;. mij
vLf;fNt Kbahjgb cauj;jpy; itg;ghd;. mJ ekf;F tUj;jj;ijj;
jUk;. tUj;jk; Nghf;f khndhj;j ngz;zb vd;W Gfo;thd;. cyfpy;
Gfo;r;rpf;F kaq;fhjtH ahH? ehk; kaq;fp kfpOk; Neuj;jpy; fps;sp
tpLthd;.
Self-Instructional
Material 33
10811A_rev2.indd 33 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

TÏ§-I 3. fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; kyH nfhz;L tUthd;. nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhYk; ju
Rªrf ùNnÙs
khl;lhd;. mo itj;Jg; gpd;dH fz;iz %bf; nfhs;sr; nrhy;Ythd;.
ek;ikf; FUlhf;fp kyhpidj; Njhopf;Fr; #l;Lthd;.
Ï±l× 4. gpd; ,Ue;J gpd;diy ,Og;ghd;. NtjidNahL ehk; jpUk;Gk; Kd;Nd
kiwthd;. Gj;jk; GJr;Nriy cLj;jp ehk; kfpOk;NghJ mjpy; GOjp
thhpj; Àw;wp mOf;F Mf;Fthd;.
5. ,Njh ghH Gy;yhq;Foy; mjpy; fPjk; xd;W ,irg;ghd;. mJ
Njtfhdk; NghypUf;Fk;. kf;fs; fs;shy; kaq;FtJ NghNy ehq;fs;
fz; %b tha; jpwe;J Nfl;bUg;Nghk; vd;W ngz;fs; $Wfpd;wdH.
fPjj;Jf;Ff; fs;is ctikahf;FfpwhH ftpaurH ghujpahH. fs;
Fbj;jtH kaq;FkhW Nghy ,irkLj;jtUk; kaq;FthH. me;j
kaf;fj;jpy; fz; %bf; nfhs;fpwJ. tha; jpwe;J nfhs;fpwJ. fhJ
epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
6. mq;fhe;j tha;jdpy; xd;wh> ,uz;lh> MNwO fl;nlWk;igg; Nghl;L
tpLthd; vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;Lfpd;wdH ngz;fs;. vq;fsplk; fz;zd;
nra;fpdw FWk;Gfs; xd;Nwh vd;W ngz;fs; KiwapLfpd;wdH.
7. tpisahl th vd;W miog;ghd;. tPl;by; Ntiy vd;whYk; Nfl;f
khl;lhd;. ifiag; gpbj;J ,Og;ghd;. gpd;dH ek;ik tpl;Ltpl;L
,isa ngz;fNshL Mbf; Fjpg;ghd;. ,ilNa Ngha; ek; tPl;bYk;
GfhH nrhy;yp tpLthd;.
; y; cs;s mk;kh> mg;gh> mj;ij – mj;jid NgUf;fk; ey;ytd;
8. tPlb
Nghy; ebg;ghd;. ,td; njhy;iy nghwhJ ,tNdhL jphpe;jhy; tPlb
; y;
cs;stHfs; ekf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;tH.
9. ngha; nrhy;yy;> gop nrhy;yy;> rz;il NghLjy; - ,tw;wpy; vy;yhk;
ifNjHe;jtd; fz;zd; MdhYk; Ms; MSf;F ,ire;jgb Ngrp
mj;jid ngz;fisAk; xd;Wk; nra;ahj gb nra;J tpLthd;.
MfNt fz;zd; - jPuhj tpisahl;Lg; gps;is vd;w ngz;fspd;
Fuiyg; ghujpahH gpujpgypf;fpwhH.
2, TôWR UôRô §Úl Ts° GÝf£

ngUq;ftpQH ghujpahH Rje;jpu jhfk; nfhz;ltH. mbikj; jisapy;
%o;fpf; fplf;fpw ehl;il-kf;fisg; ghHf;fpwhH. neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa
vd;W nehe;J NghfpwhH. mtUila MNtrk; ghujkhjhtpd; jpUg;gs;sp
Self-Instructional
34 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 34 12/5/2018 3:48:32 PM

vOr;rpahf kyHfpwJ. jd; ghl;bd; jpwj;jhNy ehl;Lkf;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpu TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
czHit Cl;b tpLfpwhH.
jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp vd;gJ Japy;fpd;w ,iwtidj; Japy;
eP f ; f p vOe; j Usr; nra; t J. ,q; F ghujkhjhitj; Japnyor; Ï±l×
nra;fpwhH ghujpahH. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Japnyilepiy vdf;
Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ.
LôûXd Lôh£
kf;fs; nra;j jtj;jhy; nghOJ tpbe;jJ vd;fpwhH ghujpahH. Gy;ypa
,Us; $l;lq;fs; fiye;jd. vq;Fk; nghw;Rliug; gug;gpr; #hpad;
vOe;jhd;. #hpaid – mwpT vDk; #hpad; - (mwptd;) vOe;jhd;
vd;fpwhH. eP votpy;iyNa vd;W ghujpahH. ghuj khjhitf; Nfl;fpwhH.
cd;idr; #o;e;J cd;id tzq;Ftjw;Fj; njhz;lH gy;yhaputH
epw;fpwhH. jhNa ,d;Dkh Àq;Ffpwha;> vq;fSf;F ,J tpag;igj;
jUfpwJ jhNa tpopj;J vO vd;fpwhH.
fhiyr; nray;fshfg; gytw;iw ghujpahH fhl;LfpwhH. gwitfspd;
Xir> Kurq;fspd; Xir kf;fsplk; nghq;Ffpw Rje;jpu Xir (te;Nj
khjuk;) ntz;rq;Ffs; Koq;Ffpd;wd. tPjpnay;yhk; ngz;fs; te;J
epw;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jid XirfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vk; md;idNa> mKNj
MUapNu eP Japy;fpd;whNa mk;kh tpopj;J vO.
TôWR UôRô®u TZm ùTÚûULs

#hpadpd; Ngnuhspia tpz;zpilf; fz;l ehq;fs; jhNa cd; mUs;
xspia kz;zpilf; fhz;gjw;F tpUg;Gw;Nwhk;. vz;zpg; ghHj;J vq;fs;
,jakhfpa kyHfis cd; rpwe;j ghjq;fspy; #l;l te;Njhk;. RUjpfs;
je;jtNs rhj;jpuq;fs; gy gilj;jtNs muf;fHfs; rha;Twf; fuj;jpy;
#yhAjk; Ve;jpatNs khrw;wtNs jhNa tpopj;J vO.
cd; fz;fspy; nghq;Fk; fUiz fhz;gjw;F vq;fs; cs;sj;J
Mtiy mwpahah nghd; Nghd;wtNs gUtj uhrd; <d;w ghHtjpNa
jtNk Viofshfpa ehq;fs; epd; mUs; ngWtjw;F vj;jid fhyk;
jtk; nra;Nthk; Vq;FNthk; jhNa ,d;dKk; eP Àq;Ffpwha; vd;why;
,J ey;yjh vq;fl;F capH Nghd;wtNs tpopj;njO.
Self-Instructional
Material 35
10811A_rev2.indd 35 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I EXL YZdLm
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jhahH gps;isfis vOg;GtH. ehq;fs; vOg;g eP Japyyhkh? cdf;Ff;

NfhlhD Nfhb kf;fs; (khepyk; mt;tsT) ngw;wtSf;F ,J njhpa
Ï±l×
Ntz;lhkh? gps;isf;F ,uq;fhjts; xU jhah vd ghujpahH Nfl;fpwhH.
murpNa ghuj kf;fSf;F murpNa gjpndl;L nkhopapdUk; cd;idg;
ghLfpwhHfs;> Gfo;fpwhHfs;. md;ghf te;J vk;ik Mz;L mUs;
nra;tha; (cyF) <d;wtNs tpopj;J vO.
ghuj khjh tpopj;J vOtjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fis mLf;fpg;
ghLfpwhH kfhftp ghujp. mbikj; jisapy; tP o ; e ; J fplf; F k;
ghujkhjhit epidj;Jf; $lg; ghHf;f Kbatpy;iy ghujpahy;. nghq;fp
vOfpwJ mtUs;sk;. mq;F nts;snkd ntspg;gLfpwJ jpUg;gs;sp
vOr;rpg; ghly;fs;.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. fz;zd; nra;Ak; FWk;Gfs; ahit?
1.
gok; nfhz;L te;J jUthd;. mij KOtJkhfj; jpd;d
tplkhl;lhd;. ghjpapNy jl;bg; gwpg;ghd;. Vdg;gh ,g;gbr;
nra;jha; vd;why; mij vr;rpw; gLj;Jthd;. gpd;dH fbj;Jf;
nfhLg;ghd;.
2.
Njd; Nghd;w Ritahd gz;lq;fs; nfhz;L tUthd;. mij
vLf;fNt Kbahjgb cauj;jpy; itg;ghd;. mJ ekf;F
tUj;jj;ijj; jUk;. tUj;jk; Nghf;f khndhj;j ngz;zb vd;W
Gfo;thd;. cyfpy; Gfo;r;rpf;F kaq;fhjtH ahH? ehk; kaq;fp
kfpOk; Neuj;jpy; fps;sp tpLthd;.
3. fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; kyH nfhz;L tUthd;. nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhYk;

ju khl;lhd;. mo itj;Jg; gpd;dH fz;iz %bf; nfhs;sr;
nrhy;thd;. ek;ikf; FUlhf;fp kyhpidj; Njhopf;Fr; #l;Lthd;.
4.
gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J gpd;diy ,Og;ghd;. NtjidNahL ehk;
jpUk;Gk; Kd;Nd kiwthd;. Gj;jk; GJr;Nriy cLj;jp ehk;
kfpOk;NghJ mjpy; GOjp thhpj; Àw;wp mOf;F Mf;Fthd;.
5.
Gy;yhq;Foypy; fPjk; xd;W ,irg;ghd;. mJ Njtfhdk;
NghypUf;Fk;. kf;fs; fs;shy; kaq;FtJ NghNy ehq;fs; fz;
%b tha; jpwe;J Nfl;LUg;Nghk; vd;W ngz;fs; $Wfpd;wdH.
Self-Instructional
36 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 36 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

fPjj;Jf;Ff; fs;is ctikahf;FfpwhH ftpQH ghujpahH. fs; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Fbj;jtH kaq;FkhW Nghy ,irkLj;jtUk; kaq;FthH. me;j
kaf;fj;jpy; fz; %bf; nfhs;fpwJ. tha; jpwe;J nfhs;fpwJ.
fhJ epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. Ï±l×
6.
mq;fhe;j tha;jdpy; xd;wh> ,uz;lh> MNwO fl;nlWk;igg;
Nghl; L tpLthd; vd; W Fw; w k; rhl; L fpd; w dH ngz; f s; .
vq;fsplk; fz;zd; nra;fpd;w FWk;Gfs; xd;Nwh> gy vd;W
ngz;fs; KiwapLfpd;wdH.
7.
tpisahl th vd;W miog;ghd;. tPl;by; Ntit vd;whYk;
Nfl;f khl;lhd;. ifiag; gpbj;J ,Og;ghd;. gpd;dH ek;ik
tpl;L ,isa ngz;fNshL Mbf; Fjpg;ghd;. ,ilNa Ngha;
ek; tPl;bYk; GfhH nrhy;yp tpLthd;.
8.
tPl;by; cs;s mk;kh> mg;gh> mj;ij – mj;jid NgUf;Fk;
ey;ytd; Nghy; ebg;ghd;. ,td; njhy;iy nghwhJ ,tNdhL
jphpe;jhy; tPl;by; cs;stHfs; ekf;Fj; Jd;gk; nra;tH.
9.
ngha; nrhy;yy;> gop nrhy;yy;> rz;il NghLjy; - ,tw;wpy;
vy;yhk; ifNjHe;jtd; fz;zd;. MdhYk; Ms; MSf;F
,ire;jgb Ngrp mj;jid ngz;fisAk; xd;Wk; nra;ahjgb
nra;J tpLthd;.
,t;thW fz;zd; nra;Ak; FWk;Gfisg; ngz;fs; gl;baypLtjhf

ghujpahH ghLfpwhH.
2. ghuj khjhtpd; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpr; rpwg;ig tpthp.

jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp vd;gJ Japy;fpd;w ,iwtidj; Japy;
ePf;fp vOe;jUsr; nra;tJ. ,q;F ghujkhjhitj; Japnyor;
nra;fpwhH ghujpahH. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Japnyilepiy
vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kf;fs; nra;j jtj;jhy; nghOJ tpbe;jJ
vd;fpwhH ghujpahH. Gy;ypa ,Us; $l;lq;fs; fiye;jd. vq;Fk;
nghw;Rliug; gug;gpr; #hpad; vOe;jhd;.
#hpaid – mwpT vDk; #hpad; - (mwptd;) vOe;jhd; vd;fpwhH.

eP votpy;iyNa vd;W ghujpahH ghuj khjhitf; Nfl;fpwhH.
cd;idr; #o;eJ ; cd;id tzq;Ftjw;Fj; njhz;lH gy;yhaputH
epw;fpwhH. jhNa ,d;Dkh Àq;Ffpwha;> vq;fSf;F ,J tpag;igj;
jUfpwJ. jhNa tpopj;J vO vd;fpwhH. Self-Instructional
Material 37
10811A_rev2.indd 37 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I fhiyr; nray;fisg; gytw;iw ghujpahH fhl;LfpwhH. gwitfspd;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Xir kf;fsplk; nghq;Ffpw Rje;jpu Xir (te;Nj khjuk;)
ntz;rq;Ffs; Koq;Ffpd;wd. tPjpnay;yhk; ngz;fs; te;J
Ï±l× epw;fpwhHfs;. ,j;jid XirfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vk; md;idNa>
mKNj> MUapNu eP Jay;fpd;whNa mk;kh tpopj;J vO vd ghuj
khjhit jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp nfhs;SkhW $WfpwhH.
3. cyf tof;fk; vd vij ghujpahH $WfpwhH?
jhahH gps;isfis vOg;GtH. ehq;fs; vOg;g eP Japyyhkh?

cdf;Ff; NfhlhD Nfhb kf;fs; (khepyk; mt;tsT) ngw;wtSf;F
,J njhpa Ntz;lhkh? gps;isf;F ,uq;fhjts; xU jhah vd
ghujpahH Nfl;fpwhH. murpNa> ghuj kf;fSf;F murpNa gjpndl;L
nkhopapdUk; cd;idg; ghLfpwhHfs;> Gfo;fpwhHfs;. md;ghf te;J
vk;ik Mz;L mUs; nra;tha; (cyF) <d;wtNs tpopj;J vO.
,Jjhd; cyf tof;fk; vd ghujpahH $WfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
38 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 38 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I
áß 5 Rªrf ùNnÙs
TôW§RôNu
Ï±l×
,Ugjhk; Áw;whz;Lj; jkpo;f;ftpij cyfpy; ngUNte;jh;fshfj;
jpfo;gtH ,UtH. xUtH Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahHÉ kw;nwhUtH Gul;rpf;ftpQH
ghujpjhrd;.
TôW§RôNu
GJr;Nrhpapy; 1891 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 29 Mk; ehs; fdfrig
kw;Wk; yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;F kfdhf gpwe;jhH. ,thpd; ,aw;ngaH
fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;. jkpohrphpaH> ftpQH> murpay;thjp> jpiuf;fjhrphpaH>
vOj;jhsH vd gy ghpkhzq;fspy; jdJ jpwikia epUgpj;jtHjhd;>
ghujk; tpaf;Fk; “ghujpjhrd;”.
jkpo; j ; j ha; ngw; n wLj; j jtg; G jy; t HÉ jkpOf; n fd; W jd;
tho;ehs; KOtijAk; mHg;gzpj;jtHÉ jkpof kf;fSf;F vOr;rp
czHit Àz;batHÉ Gul;rpf;ftpQH> ghNte;jH vd;w ngaHfshy;
miof;fg;gl;ltHÉ \jkpo;f;F mKnjd;W vd;W NgH| ,e;j thpfSf;F
nrhe;jf;fhuHÉ jkpohrphpaH>ftpQH> murpay;thjp> jpiuf;fjhrphpaH>
vOj;jhsH vd gy ghpkhzq;fspy; jdJ jpwikia epUgpj;jtHjhd;>
ghujk; tpaf;Fk; “ghujpjhrd;”.
jpUg;Gs;sp rhkpaplk; jdJ Muk;gfy;tpia gapd;whH. gpnuQ;R
nkhop gs;spapy; fy;tp gapd;whYk; jkpopy; vOJtjpNyNa mjpf <LghL
fhl;bdhH. jdJ 16-tJ tajpy; fy;Nt fy;Âhpapy; NrHe;jhH. jkpo;
Gyikapd; fhuzkhf %d;W Mz;Lfs; gbf;f Ntz;ba fy;tpia
,uz;lhz;LfspNyNa Kbj;jhH. (1919) jdJ 18 tJ tajpypUe;J
jkpohrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhH. kfhtpj;thd; G.m. nghparhkp> GytH
gq;fhU gj;jhplKk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;> rpj;jhe;j Ntjhe;j
ghlq;fis fw;whH. rpW taJ KjNy ftpij ,irapy; MHtk;
,Ue;jjhy; ghly;fis vOjp NjhoHfSf;f ghbfhl;LthH. ed;whf>
ghly; ghLthH. cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JthH>
rpyk;gk; kw;Wk; Fj;Jrz;il Nghd;w fiyfis gapd;whH.
Self-Instructional
Material 39
10811A_rev2.indd 39 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I L]LÑl×Wj§]j§ÚkÕTôW§«uRôN]ôL
Rªrf ùNnÙs
xU ehs; jd; ez;ghpd; jpUkzj;jpw;F nrd;wpUe;jhH> ghujpjhrd;. mq;F

ghujpAk; nrd;wpUe;jhH. ghujpjhrd; tpUe;Jf;Fg; gpwF jpUkzj;jpy;
Ï±l×
ghujpahhpd; ehl;LGw ghly; xd;iw ghbAs;shH. ghujpahH jpUkzj;jpw;F
te;jpUg;gJ mtUf;F njhpahJ. mg;ghly; epfo;Nt ,tHfs; ,UtiuAk;
Kjd;Kjypy; re;jpf;f itj;jJ. gpwF> ghujp jd; ez;gHfs; Kd;dhy;
ghujpjhrid mwpKfk; nra;J ghly; ghLkhW $wpAs;shH. mg;nghOJ
vq;nfq;F fhzpZk; rf;jpalh vd;w ghliy ghbAs;shH. ghujpahhpd; kPJ
nfhz;l gw;wpdhy; jdJ ngaiu ghujpjhrd; vd khw;wpf;nfhz;lhH. Njr
Nrtfd;> GJit fiykfd;> NjNrhgfhhp> Njrgf;jd;> Mde;jNghjpdp>
RNjrpkpj;jpud;> GJit KuR> Fapy; Nghd;w ,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhf
gzpahw;wpdhH.
TôW§RôN²u TûPl×Ls
flTs; kWg;G> rhjp kWg;G> kj vjpHg;G Nghd;w jiyg;GfspNyNa jdJ
gilg;Gfis vOjpdhH. ftpij> ,irg;ghly;> ehlfk;>Gjpdk;> rpWfij>
fl;Liu vd gy tbtq;fsp; gilg;Gfis vOjpdhH. ghujpjhrdpd; rpy
gilg;Gfs;>...
1. mk;ikr;rp (ehlfk;)
2. 1948 – y; caphpd; ,aw; i f> kd; w k; ntspaP L > chpik

nfhz;lhl;lkh> flTis fz;BH> vJ gopg;G (Fapy;)
3. fiof;$j;jpapd; fhjy; (ehlfk;)

4. 1955 – fiy kd;wk;> tpLjiy Ntl;if
5. 1959 – tPl;Lf; NfhopAk; fhl;Lf;NfhopAk; Fapy; GJit
6. 1960 – fw;G fhg;gpak; (Fapy;)
7. rj;jpKj;Jg; GytH (ehlfk;)
8. ePytz;zd; Gwg;ghL
9. gprpuhe;ijahH (ehlfk;)
10. 1967 – y; ghhp epiyak;
11. ngz;fs; tpLjiy
12. u];GBd; (ehlfk;)

Self-Instructional
40 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 40 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

13. jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia ntspg;gLj;jk; tifapy; Ie;J fl;lis TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fypj;Jiw ghliyAk; vOjpAs;shH.
jkpOf;f ngUk; njhz;lhw;wpa ghNte;jH jdJ 73-k; tajpy;> 21.04.1964
Mz;L fhykhdhH. Ï±l×
NUjÕYm Nôj§Vm
cyfk; ,g;gbNa ,Ue;JtplhJ vd;Wk; mtH fUJfpd;whH. Vio
Nfhioahf ,Uf;Fk; tiujhd; ,e;j epiy ,Uf;Fk;. mtd; jho;e;J
Fdpe;J gzpe;J thOk; epiyapypUe;J epkpUk; epiy tUk;. mg;gb
epkpHe;jhy; xNu nehbapy; cyfk; khwptplhjh vdf; Nfl;fpd;whH. ifapNy
jpUNthLjhd; cz;L vd;W $Wk; Xlg;gH xUGwk;É nry;tepiyapd;
cr;rpapNy ,Uf;Fk; caHg;gH kw;nwhUGwk;. Vioag;guhf ,Uf;Fk;
Xlg;gUk;> caug;gUk; xd;whf KbAkh? KbAk; vd;fpwhH ftpQH.
Xlg;g uhapUf;Fk; Vioag;gH

cijag;g uhfptpl;lhy; XHnehbf;Fs;
Xlg;gH caug;gH vy;yhk; khwp
Xg;gg;gH Ma;tpLthH czug;gh eP!
(cyfg;gd; ghl;L: 37-40> Kjy; njhFjp)
mb> cij vd;whNy mQ;RNthH fPNohH my;yth? me;j epiyapNyjhd;

,tHfs; Ruz; b r; RUl; b itj; j pUf; F k; nry; t j; i jg; gpwNuhL
gfpHe;J nfhs;thHfs;. ,ae;jpuj;jpy; ,l;Lg; gpope;jhy;jhNd fUk;G
rhWjUk;? cyfk; toq;Fk; cilik vy;yhk; nghJ vDk; kdepiy
tuNtz;Lnkd;W ghujpjhrd; fUJfpd;whH. nghUshjhu epiyapy; xU
rkj;Jtk; epyTk; rKjhaj;ijNa mtH fhz tpUk;gpdhH.
EXLlTu TôhÓ
gFj;jwpT kd;wj;jpy; cyfk; vd;w

gioaKj yhspapid epw;f itj;J
kpFj;jpUe;j cd;ed;nra; Gd;nra; ahTk;
ntFfhyj;jpd; Kd;Nd kf;fs; ahUk;
Rfpj;jpUf;ff; Fj;jiff;F tpl;l Jz;Nlh
nrhy; vd;Nwd; cyfg;gd; Mk; Mk; vd;whd;
tFj;j me;jf; Fj;jiff;Fr; rPl;L Kz;Nlh
tha;r; nrhy;Nyh vd;Wiuj;Njd; tha;r;nrhy; vd;whd; 1 Self-Instructional
Material 41
10811A_rev2.indd 41 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I Fjjiff; fhuHjkf;Ff; Fwpj;j vy;iy
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Fwpj;jgb cs;sJth vd;W Nfl;Nld;
ifj;jpwDk; tha;j;jpwDk; nfhz;l NgHfs;
Ï±l× fz;%b kf;fsJ epyj;ij nay;yhk;
nfhj;jpf;nfhz; Nlg;gkpl;L te;j jhNy
$ypkf;fs; mjpfhpj;jhH vd;d nra;Ntd;
nghj;jy;,iyf; fykhdhH Vio kf;fs;
Gdy;epiwe;j njhl;biag; NghyhdhH nry;tH 2
mjpfhpj;j njhifnjhifaha;r; nry;t nky;yhk;
mLf;fLf;fha;r; rpyhplk; NghNawpf; nfhz;L
rjpuhL Njtbahs; Nghy;M bw;W
jhpj;jpuNuh Gog;NghNy Jbf;fpd; whHfs;
,J,e;ehs; epiynad;whd; cyfg; gd;jhd;
,e;epiy apypUg;gjdhy; cyfg; gheP
GJf; fzf;Fg; Nghl;LtpL nghUis nay;yhk;
nghJthf vy;yhHf;Fk; ePFj;jif nra; 3
Vio Kjyhsp vd;gjpy; yhky;nra;

vd;Wiuj;Njd; cyfg;gd; vOe;J Js;sp>
Mokg;gh cd;thHj;ij cz;ik ag;gh>
mjw;nfd;d jilag;gh> ,y;iy ag;gh
Mokg;gh cd;fUj;J nka;jhdg;gh
mofhAk; ,Uf;Fjg;gh> ey;y jg;gh>
jho;that ePq;Fkg;gh vd;W nrhy;ypj;
jfjnfd Mbdhd; ehd; rphpj;J 4
MLfpd;wha; cyfg;gh Nahrpj;Jg; ghH

MHg;ghl;lf; fhuH,ij xg;gh ug;gh
Njlg;gh xUtopia vd;W nrhd;Ndd;
nrfj;jg;gd; Nahrpj;Jr; rpj;jk; NrhHe;jhd;
xlg;g uhapUf;Fk; Vio ag;gH
cijag;g uhfptpl;lhy; XHnehbf;Fs;
Xlg;gH caug;gH vy;yhk; khwp
Xg;gg;gH Ma;tpLtH czug; gheP 5
Self-Instructional
42 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 42 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I
TôW§RôNu EXLlTu TôhÓ Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghujpahUf;Fg; gpd;dH ghNte;juhfTk;> Gul;rpf; ftpQuhfTk;> GJit

je;j FapyhfTk; tpsq;fpatH ghujpjhrd; MthH. Ï±l×
fhiyapsk; gUjpapNy mtisf; fz;Nld;

flw;gug;gpy; xspg;Gdypy; fz;Nld; me;jr;
NrhiyapNy kyHfspNy> jspHfs; jk;kpy;
njhl;l ,lnky;yhk; fz;zpy; jl;Lg;gl;lhs;
khiyapNy Nkw;wpirapy; ,yf fpd;w
khzpf;fr; Rlhpyts; ,Ue;jhs; MyQ;
rhiyapNy fpisNjhWk; fpspapd; $l;le;
jdpye;j monfd;ghs; ftpif je;jhs;
vd;W mofpd; rphpg;ig tbj;Jj; jUfpwhH.
Vio kf;fs; ,ay;ghd Viokf;fshf ,Ug;gijg; nghWj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; tQ;rfuhYk; nry;tHfshYk; Vo;ik epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gLtijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,t;thW Gul;rpf; ftpQH
ghujpjhrd; epidf;fpwhH. xU Gjpa rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nry;tk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. fw;gid tphpfpwJ.
ftpQhplk; cyfg;gd; ghl;L Njhd;WfpwJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cyif
epWj;JfpwhH. mJ gFj;jwpT kd;wk; tof;FiuQuhff; ftpQH Nfl;fpwhH.
cyNf goq;fhyj;jpy; cd;Dila ed;nra; gd;nra; epyq;fis
kf;fSf;Ff; Fj;jiff;F tpl;lJz;lh.
cyfg;gd; Mkhk; vd;fpwhd;
Nfs;tp mjw;F vjhtJ xg;ge;jr; rPl;L cz;lh ,y;iy tha;r;
nrhy; jhdh
cyfg;gd; tha;r;nrhy; vd;fpwhd;. tha;nkhopf;Fg; gioa fhyj;jpy;
mt;tsT khpahij. cyfk; khwpDk; kf;fs; nrhd;d
nrhy; khwkhl;lhHfs;.
ftpQH mLj;J Nfl;fpwhH
Fj;jifjhuHfSf;Fr; nrhd;dgb> fhy vy;iy> epy vy;iy cs;sdth
cyfg;gd; ifiag; gpire;jgb nrhy;Yfpwhd;
ifj;jpwDk; tha;j;jpwikAk; cs;stHfs; kw;wtHfsJ epyj;ij
mgfhpj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. kw;wtHfs; Àq;fpdhHfs;. ehd; vd;d
Self-Instructional
Material 43
10811A_rev2.indd 43 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I nra;tJ ftpQH ,e;jg; ghlypy; ,uz;L ctikfisf; ifahs;fpwhH.
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Vio kf;fs; nghj;jy; ,iyahdhH (nghj;jy; ,iy> ,Ue;Jk gad;
,y;yhjJ) nry;tH ePH epiwe;j njhl;bahdhH. Nkd;NkYk; tuT
Ï±l× ,Ug;gjdhy. njhl;b ePH epiwe;jjhapw;W.
ùNpYo ¨ûX
rpyhplk; nry;tk; NrHe;J NrHe;J MLfpwJ. me;jr; nry;t Ml;lj;ijr;
rjpuhLk; NjtbahSf;F xg;gpLfpwhH ftpQH ,J xU Gwk;.
kWGwk; jhpj;jpuH Gog;Nghyj; Jbf;fpwhH. ,J ,e;ehs; epiyik
vd;fpwhd; cyfg;gd;
ftpQH fl;lis ,LfpwhH. cyfg;gh eP GJf;fzf;Fg; NghL.
nghUis vy;yhk; vy;yhHf;Fk; Fj;jif nra;.
×Wh£d L®O¬u LÚjÕ

Vio> Kjyhsp ,y;yhky; nra;. cyfg;gd; Js;spdhd;> kfpo;e;jhd;.
cd; thHj;ij Mok; cd; fUj;J Mok; epiwe;jJ vd;W ftpQiug;
ghuhl;bdhd;. mJjhd; rhp. jho;T caHT ePqF; k;. cd; fUj;J ed;whfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ. mofhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. (Fyj;jho;rr ; p> caHr;rp nrhyy; ghtk;
vd;ghH ghujpahH) cyfg;gd; kfpo;r;rpapy; jfjf ntdf; Fjpj;jhd;.
mtidf; ifakHj;jpf; ftpQH $WfpwhH mg;gh cyfg;gh eP
Nahrp MHg;ghl;lf; fhu kf;fs; ,ij xg;Gf; nfhs;Sthuh xU top
NjL – cyfg;gd; rpe;jpj;J top njhpahJ jpifj;jhd;.
L®Oo LôhÓm Y¯
Xlg;guha; ,Uf;Fk; Vio kf;fs; cijag;gH Mfptpl;lhy; nehbg;nghOjpy;
Xlg;gH> caug;gH vy;yhk; khwp xg;nghg;gH MfptpLthH vd;W $WfpwhH.
NkYk; cyfg;gidg; ghHj;J ,ij czug;gh vd;fpwhH.
ftpQH fhl;Lk; top> vy;NyhUk; vy;yhKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
caHe;j Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; topahFk;.
SôUdLp L®Oo
Njrpa vOr;rpNahL eilNghl;ltHÉ tpLjiy tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;wtH.
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;ij vjpHj;jtH. ehkf;fy; ftpQH nt. ,uhkypq;fk;.
je;ij ntq;fl;uhkg; gps;is> jha; mk;kzp mk;khs; Mfpa
Self-Instructional ,UtUf;Fk; 19.10.1888 ,y;> ehkf;fy;ypy; gpwe;jhH.
44 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 44 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

ntq;fl;uhkH> ,s tajpy; kpFe;j tWikapy; tho;e;J te;jhH. TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,tH VO ngz; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; je;ij. xUKiw> ntq;fl;uhkH>
jk; Ntiy njhlHghf> fhty; Jiw Ma;thsH xUtiug; ghHf;f
te;jpUe;jhH. Ma;thshpd; %d;W taJ Mz; Foe;ij njUtpy; Ï±l×
tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j topNa te;j Fjpiu tz;b xd;wpd;
fPo;f; Foe;ij mfg;gl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. tz;bf;fhud; tz;bia epWj;j
Kbahky; jpzwpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ,ijg; ghHj;j ntq;fl;uhkH xNu
jhthfj; jhtpr; nrd;W Foe;ijiaj; Àf;fpf; nfhz;lhH. mt;tz;bapy;
te;jtH Ma;thsH Re;juhRY jhd; jd; Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;wpa
ntq;fl;uhkiug; ghuhl;b mtUf;F fhty;Jiw gzpf;F ghpe;Jiuj;jhH.
me;j Ntiyapy; NrHe;j ntq;fl;uhkH gpd; jiyikf; fhtyuhfg;
gjtp caHT ngw;whH. ,e;jr; #oypy;jhd; ntq;fl;uhkUf;F vl;lhtJ
Foe;ijahfg; gpwe;jhH ehkf;fy; ftpQH nt. ,uhkypq;fk;.
ehkf;fy; ftpQH gpwg;gjw;F Kd;dNu mtUila jhahH gyuhYk;
Gfog;gl;lhH. gpwf;Fk; Foe;ij Mzhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W gyH tho;jj
; pdhH.
\rpwe;j mwpthspahfTk; epiwe;j Mas; cilatuhfTk; tphpe;j
GfOilatuhfTk; ck; kfd; tpsq;Fthd;| vd;W me;jzH xUtH
ghuhl;baJ midj;Jk; ftpQH tho;tpy; cz;ikahapw;W.
\vl;lhtJ Foe;ij fl;b murhSk;| vd;w gonkhopf;F Vw;g>
ftpQH jkpo; ehl;by; ftpij cyfpy; jdpg;ngUk; kd;duhf> muritf;
ftpQuhf tpsq;fpdhH. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mtH ,sikg; gUtj;jpy;
ngw;w fy;tpahFk;. tpisAk; gapH KisapNyNa njhpAk; vd;ghHfs;.
mjw;F ehkf;fy; ftpQH rpwe;j rhd;whthH.
Lp®
Muk;gf; fy;tp : ek;kho;thH gs;sp> ehkf;fy;
caHepiyf; fy;tp : Nfhit nkl;hpFNy~d; gs;sp
fy;Âhpf; fy;tp : gp~g; <gH fy;Âhp> jpUr;rp
§ÚUQm
ftpQUf;F ,uz;L kidtpaH. Kjy; kidtp Kj;jk;khs;. mtH tapw;W
typahy; 1924,y; ,we;J tpLfpwhH. mtH Ntz;LNfhSf;Nfw;g> mtHjk;
jq;if nrse;juk;khis kzf;fpwhH ftpQH. mtH %ykhfg; gpwe;j
Foe;ijfs; ItH. ngz;fs; ,UtHÉ Mz;fs; %tH.
Self-Instructional
Material 45
10811A_rev2.indd 45 12/5/2018 3:48:33 PM

TÏ§-I K®Vl ×XûU
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ehkf;fy; ftpQH ehd;fhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. mg;nghOJ

ek;kho;thH vd;w MrphpaH xU fzf;Ff; nfhLj;jpUe;jhH. vy;yh
Ï±l×
khztHfSk; fzf;Fg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. Mdhy; ,uhkypq;fk;
kl;Lk; md;iwa ehlf tpsk;guj;jpy; mr;rbf;fgl;bUe;j fky,e;jpurgh
ehlfg; glj;ijg; ghHj;J> ghHj;Jj; jk; gyifapy; vOjpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH.
MrphpaH fzf;iff; fhl;lr; nrhd;dhH. ,uhkypq;fk; Xtpaj;ijf; fhl;l
gsPH vd mb tpOe;jJ. caHepiyg; gs;spapYk; ,J njhlHe;jJ.
kw;nwhU epfo;r;rpiaAk; ,q;Nf Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;. fy;Âhpapy;
Mq;fpyf; fl;Liu xd;W vOj Kjy;tH gzpj;jhH. mij vOjp
Kbj;Jtpl;L> ,uhkypq;fk;> Kjy;tH mkHe;J vijNah gbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;gij mg;gbNa tiue;jhH. ,ijg; ghHj;j Kjy;tH mtiu
ghuhl;bdhH. fl;Liu vOjpa jpwj;ijAk;> Xtpak; tiue;j jpwj;ijak;
ghuhl;b> iggpisak; fl;Liu vOJtJ vg;gb vd;w xU ÁiyAk;
ghprhfj; je;J> Xtpaf; fiyg; gapw;rpia tplhkw; nra;J tUkhW
Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhH.
,uhkypq;fk; gps;is> jk; ez;gUk; rpwe;j tof;FiuQUkhd
ehfuh[ Iaq; f hhpd; Àz; L jyhy; jpU. ,uhkfpUl; b zH> jpU.
tpNtfhde;jH> jpyfH> mutpe;jH> y[gjpuha; Kjypa jiytHfisg;
glkhf tiue;jhH. me;j Xtpaq;fisf; nfhz;L fz;fhl;rp mikj;jhH.
Xtpag; Gyik iftug; ngw;wtH ftpQH vd;gij ,jdhy; mwpa
Kbfpd;wjy;yth?
K®Vj§u êXm YÚUô]m DhPp

ftpQH ,uhkypq;fj;jpd; Mrhd; jpU. tp. yl;Rkzd; jk; NtiyapypUe;J
Xa;T ngw;wNghJ mtUila glj;ij ehkf;fy; efu kz;lgj;jpy;
jpwe;J itf;f> mtUila khztHfs; tpUk;gpdH. mjw;F ,uhkypq;fk;
gps;is glk; tiue;J nfhLj;jhH. mg;glk; efu kz;lgj;jpy; jpwe;J
itf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopy; Jiwapy; tUthAk;> ntw;wpAk; ,uhkypq;fj;Jf;F
Njbf; nfhLj;j glk; ,JthFk;.
,Jtiuapy; ,uhkypq;fj;jpd; gpwg;G> #oy;> fy;tp> jpUkzk;>
Xtpag;Gyik Mfpatw;iwg; ghHj;Njhk;.
,dp> ftpQhpd; gilg;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpayhk;.
Self-Instructional
46 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 46 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TûPl×Ls TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ehkf;fy; ,uhkypq;fk; mtHfs; kpfr; rpwe;j ftpijfs; gytw;iwg;

ghbAs;shH. mit Njrpa czHit ntspg;gLj;Jk; cd;djkhd
Ï±l×
ghly;fs;. ciueil Áy;fs; gytw;iwAk; gilj;Js;shH. NkYk;
Gfo;tha;e;j Gjpdq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shH.
L®ûR
1. Njrgf;jpg; ghly;fs;> 1938.
2. gpuhHj;jid> 1938.
3. jkpod; ,jak;> 1942.
4. fhe;jp mQ;ryp> 1951.
5. rq;nfhyp> 1953.
6. ftpjhQ;ryp> 1953.
7. kyHe;j G+f;fs;> 1953.
8. jkpo;kzk;> 1953.
9. jkpo;j;Njd;> 1953.
10. ehkf;fy; ftpQH ghly;fs;> 1960.
11. mtDk; mtSk;
EûWSûPd LhÓûWLs
1. jkpo;nkhopAk; jkpouRk;> 1956.
2. ,irj;jkpo;> 1965.
3. ftpQd; Fuy;> 1953.
4. MhpauhtJ jpuhtpluhtJ> 1947.
5. ghHg;gdr; #o;r;rpah> 1948.
6. jpUf;Fws; - ciu
7. fk;gd; ftpij ,d;gf; Ftpay;
×§]m
1. kiyf;fs;sd;> 1942.
2. jhkiuf;fz;zp> 1966.
Self-Instructional
Material 47
10811A_rev2.indd 47 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I 3. fw;gfty;yp> 1962.
Rªrf ùNnÙs
4. kufjty;yp> 1962.
5. fhjy; jpUkzk;> 1962.
Ï±l×
6. khkd; kfs;
cyfpy; gy; N tW ,af; f q; f s; Njhd; w pj; jj; j k; nfhs; i ffis
epiwNtw;wpAs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jpyfH rfhg;jk;
vd;gJ xd;WÉ fhe;jp rfhg;jk; vd;gJ kw;nwhd;W. me;ehspy; ,t;tpU
rfhg;jq;fs; cUthapd. fhe;jp rfhg;jkhdJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;NjhL
NrHe;J fpis ,af;fq;fs; gy Njhd;wpd. mit fjH tsHr;rp ,af;fk;.
jPz;lhik xopg;G ,af;fk;> mfpk;ir gpurhu ,af;fk; vd;gdthFk;.
,it mj;jidf;Fk; ghly;fisg; Gide;J mspj;j ngUik ftpQH
,uhkypq;fk; gps;is mtHfisNa rhUk;.
SôUdLp L®Oo
úSôVt\ YôrÜ
cyfpdpw; rpwe;j njd;Wk;

cUtpdpy; gue;j njd;Wk;
caHjt Nahf rpj;jH
xg;gpyhH ,Ue;j njd;Wk;
gytsk; epiwe;j njd;Wk;
gFj;jwp TaHe;j njd;Wk;
gbj;jdk; Nfl;Nlh ke;jg;
ghuj Njr kf;fs;
GyGy ntd;W epj;jk;
GJg;GJ Neha;fshNy
GOf;fs;Nghy; tpOe;J khz;L
Nghtijf; fz;L ikNah
tpyfpl topNj lhky;

tpyq;fpdk; Nghy tho;e;J
tpjpnad thjk; Ngrp
tPzuh apUj;jy; ed;Nwh 1
fw;gKk; mwpe;J fha

rpj;jpAk; fw;f NkNyhH
Self-Instructional
48 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 48 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

gw;gyH ,Ue;j ,e;jg; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghuj Njr kf;fs;
mw;gkha; Mas; Fd;wp
Mo;e;jply; VNdh ntd;W Ï±l×
nrhw;gde; jd;dpw; $l
vz;zplj; Jzpe;Njh kpy;iy 2
cly;typ kpFe;J ey;y

Cf;fKk; cWjp nghq;f
cyfpdpy; ,d;g nky;yhk;
caHtop mDg tpj;j
jplKs;s jPu tPuH

jpfo;e;j ,r;rpwe;j ehl;by;
rpwpa NjhH Neha;te; jhYk;
jhq;fplj; jpwdpy; yhky;
eilgpzk; Nghy ehKk;

ehs;fopj; jpUe;Njh ikNah
ehbNyhk; ,jid khw;w
ey;top vd;d ntd;W
klikNah kjpNah td;W

tpjpnaD kaf;fe; jhNdh
khw;wehk; my;y njd;why;
kjpapdhw; gad;jh ndd;Nd 3
Kw;wpa xOf;fj; jhYk;
Kiwnjhp tho;f;if ahYk;
ngw;wtH fhz Kd;dhs;
gps;isfs; ,we;j jpy;iy
fw;wtH nghpNahH epj;jk;
fijfspw; nrhy;yf; Nfl;Nlhk;
,w;iw-ehs; Nfhb Nfhb
gpwf;FKd; ,wg;g NjNdh 4
kzj;ijNa tpUk;gp Nahb

kyhpidf; frf;F thHNghy;
Self-Instructional
Material 49
10811A_rev2.indd 49 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I gzj;ijNa nghpnjd; nwz;zpr;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Rfj;jpidg; gopj;J tho;e;J
Fzj;ijNa tpiyf;F tpw;Wf;
Ï±l× Fuq;fpidf; nfhz;lhH Nghy
,dj;ijNa gpzpfs; thl;l
,Ue;jdk; mwptp Ue;Jk; 5
cz;bapy; Mir itj;Njhk;

xOf;fNk kwe;J NghNdhk;
ngz;Lfs; kf;fs; jk;ik
tsHj;jpLk; Kiwik NgzhH
kz;ilap nyOj;jp njd;W
kaq;fpNdhk; fHke; jd;id
kz;bd Neha;fs; Ñhkk;
kype;jpl eype;Njh ikNah 6
gpzpapNy gpwe;J epj;jk;

gpzpiaNa mUe;jpg; nghy;yhg;
gpzpapNy tsHe;Jk; me;jg;
gpzpapdhw; rhff; fz;Lk;
mzpapNy Mil ahNy

myq;fhpj; NjhNk ad;wp
mwptpNy Mrh uj;jhy;
monfJk; nra;Njh kpy;iy
gzpapYk; gzj;jp NyAk;

Rfnkyhk; ,Ue;jhw; Nghyg;
gofpNdhk; ehNk ad;wpg;
gof;fpNdhk; kf;fs; jk;ik
JzptpNyhk; Àa;ik apy;Nyhk;

Rrpfu elj;ij ,y;Nyhk;
Jtf;FNthk; ,dpNk NyDk;
Neha;fisj; Jilf;Fk; tho;f;if 7
ehkf;fy; ftpQH ghly;fs; vd;w ÁypypUe;J ,it vLf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Self-Instructional
50 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 50 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I
SôUdLp L®Oo úY, CWôUeLm ©sû[ Rªrf ùNnÙs
fhtpaf; fiyapYk; ftpijf; fiyapYk; kl;Lkd;wp Xtpaf; fiyapYk;

ty;ytH ,uhkypq;fk; gps;is mtHfs;. xU Kiw kfhftp ghujpahH> Ï±l×
gps;isths; ePH ek;ik Xtpaj;jpy; jPl;Lk; ehk; ck;ikf; fhtpaj;jpy;
jPlL
; Nthk; vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shH. fhe;ja
P f; fUj;Jf;fs; ftpQH neQ;rpy;
gjpe;jd. cg;Gr; rj;jpahf; fpufj;jpd; NghJ mtH ghba fj;jpapd;wp
uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ rj;jpaj;jpd; epj;jpaj;ij ek;Gk; ahUk;
NrUtPH vd;w ghliyg; ghbf;nfhz;L njhz;lHfs; nrd;whHfs;.
ghuj Njr kf;fs; Nehaw;w tho;f;if tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpUk;GfpwhH. Nehapdhw; rhtijf; fz;Lk; kf;fs; fhzhjJNghy;
,Ug;gijr; rhLfpwhH. ePz;l ehs; tho;tjw;F topKiwfs; $WfpwhH.
TôWRj§u ùTÚûUÙm úSô«u YXpûUÙm

ghuj Njrk; cyfpdpw; rpwe;jJ cUtj;jhy; nghpaJ jtNahfpfs;
rpj;jHfs; tho;e;jJ. gy tsk; epiwe;jJ gFj;jwptpy; caHe;jJ. mJ
vy;yhk; rhp me;j Njrj;J kf;fs; epj;jk; NehahNy nghynghy vd;W
rhfpwhHfNs mijg; Nghf;f top Njlhky; mJ mtHfs; tpjp vd;W
thjkpl;L ehk; tPzuha; tho;jy; ey;yjh kf;fisg; ghHj;Jf; ftpQH
Nfl;fpwhH.
clk;igg; nghd;dhf;Fk; ,Uk;ghf;Fk; fhafw;gk;> vz;zpa
nty;yhk; ngw cjTk; fharpj;jp ,tw;iw vy;yhk; fz;l NkNyhHfs;
tho;e;j ehL ek;ehL kf;fs; mw;gkha; kbjy; Vd; vd;W nrhg;gdj;jpy;
$l ehk; epidj;Jg; ghHf;f tpy;iy. ,J Vd; vd;W ftpQH tUe;JfpwhH.
cly; typik> Cf;fk; cilik> cWjpAilik nfhz;L cyf
,d;gq;fis vy;yhk; caHe;j topKiwfspy; mDgtpj;j tPuHfs;
jPuHfs; tho;e;j ehLjhd; ek;ehL. ,d;W rpwpa Nehiaf; $lj; jhq;fr;
rf;jp ,y;yhJ eilg; gpzk;Nghy tho;fpNwhk;. ,ij khw;Wk; topia
epidj;Njhkpy;iy. tpjp vd epidj;jhy; kjp ngw;wjhy; vd;d gad;
ftpQH Nfl;fpwhH.
L®Oo LôhÓm ùS±

xOf; f j; j hYk; > caHe; j tho; f ; i f newpKiwfshYNk rpwe; j
tho;fi
; fia tho KbAk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; ngw;NwhH ,Uf;fg; gps;isfs;
Self-Instructional
Material 51
10811A_rev2.indd 51 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I ,we;jhHfsh (mJ vt;tsT nfhLik) ,d;W gpwf;FKd; ,wg;NghNuh
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Nfhb Nfhb.
kzj;ij tpUk;gp kyiuf; frf;FthH Nghy
Ï±l× gzj;ij tpUk;gp tho;itf; Fiyj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhH
fNs MrphpaH ey;y ctik xd;iwf; $WfpwhH. Mrphpahpd; mLj;j
Nfs;tp. Fzj;ij tpw;Wf; Fuq;F nfhs;thNuh? kf;fs; ,dj;ijg; gpzp
thl;LfpwJ. nra;tjwpahJ ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;fpwhH.
úSôndÏ A±Ï±Ls
cztpNy ngUtpUg;gk;> xOf;fk; kwj;jy;> ngz;Lfs; kf;fis
Kiwahf tsHf;fhik> jiy vOj;J vd tpid nra;ahik Kjypad
Nehiaj; jUtdthFk;.
ehk; gpzpapNy gpwe;J> gpzpapNy tsHe;J gpzpapNy rhfpd;wtHfshf
,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ehk; Mil mzpfisNa nghpjhf kjpf;fpNwhk;.
mwpT> Mrhuj;jpy; ek; kdk; gw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mJNy
vy;yhf; Nfl;Lf;Fk; fhuzkhfpwJ. gzp nra;jypYk; gzk; NrHj;jypYNk
tho; f ; i fapd; Rfk; ,Ug; g jhff; nfhz; N lhk; . gps; i sfisAk;
gof;fpNdhk;. mJty;y rpwe;j tho;f;if. JzpTk;> Àa;ikAk;>
ed;dlj;ijAk; xUq;Nf mikag; ngWtNj rpwe;j tho;f;ifahFk;.
,dpNkyhtJ Nehaw;w tho;f;ifiaf; fUJNthkhf vd;fpwhH ehkf;fy;
ftpQH.
ng. Àud; vd; D k; nghparhkpj; Àud; mtHfs; godpNtyg; g f;
fTz;lH – ghthj;jhs; MfpNahUf;F kfdhf 1908 Mk; Mz;L
<NuhL khtl;lk; nkhlf;Fwpr;rpf;F mUfpYs;s kQ;rf;fhl;L tyR
vd;Dk; Chpy; nrg;nlk;gH 26 Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhH. gs;sp ,Wjp tFg;G
tiu <Nuhl;by; gbj;j ,tH fy;Âhpg; gbg;ig nrd;id khepyf;
fy;Âhpapy; gbj;jhH. Mdhy; gl;l tFg;Gj; NjHT vOjtpy;iy.
rpW tajpy; ,Ue;Nj fjH Mil mzptjpy; tpUg;gk; nfhz;l ,tH
ghujpapd; ghly;fisg; gutyhf;Ftjpy; <Lgl;lhH. jkpo; tsHr;rpf;
fofj;jpd; rhHgpy; ntspaplg;gl;l fiyf; fsQ;rpaj;jpd; Mrphpauhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;whH. Foe;ijfs; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; gj;J njhFjpfis 1976
tiu ntspapl;lhH. 1987 Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk; 20 Mk; ehs;
kiwe;jhH.
Self-Instructional
52 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 52 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

Àudpd; ghl;b mtuJ khztg; gUtj;jpNyNa ,uhl;il xd;iw TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
mspj;J mjpy; Áy; Áw;fTk; fw;Wj; je;jhH. me;j ,uhl;ilapy;
Áy; Áw;W> nghpahH jk; tPl;bNyNa elj;jpa fjHf; filapy; Áy;
rpl;lq;fisf; nfhLj;J fjH thq;fp mzptij tof;fkhf;fpf; nfhz;lhH. Ï±l×
nrd;idapy; fy;Âhpf; fy;tp fw;Fk;NghNj cld; gapd;w khztHfSld;
,ize;J “tdkyHr; rq;fk;” vd;w mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;J ghujp
ghly;fisg; gutyhf;fp> Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F tY NrHj;jhH. “gpj;jd;”
vd;w khj ,jio elj;jTk; Àud; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH.
,sk;tajpy; rpw;wg;gh mUzhryf;fTz;lH $wpa fijfSk;>
kw;nwhU cwtpdH mUzhryf;fTz;lH fw;Wf; nfhLj;j ,irg;ghly;fSk;
ÀuDf; F f; fijapYk; ,irapYk; MHtk; Vw; g lf; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ. gpwtpapNyNa ftp cs;sk; gilj;j Àud; jkpopy; ghly;fs;
(fPHj;jidfs;) Gidaj; njhlq;fpdhH. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tuJ fPHj;jidfs;>
Ru> jhs ,irf; Fwpg;GfSld; njhFjpfshf te;Js;sd. jkpofj;jpd;
kpfg; nghpa ,irthzHfs; gyUk; Àudpd; ghly;fis Nkilapy;
ghbAs;sdH. ,irf; fy;Âhpfspy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; rpytw;iwg; ghlkhf
itj;Js;sdH.
ùT, çWu - ¨Xô ©gÑ
gpd;dw; nfhbajdpy; kpfeakha;j; jwpj;njLj;j

td;dr; rpWtistha; kaq;fe;jp Nky;thdpy;
tpQ;irf; fditg; Nghy; NtSf;Fg;GJ tpy;Nghy;
gpQ;Rg; gUtj;jpd; Ngrhpa mjpraj;jhy;
md;id KfNehf;Fk; mUq;Fotp nad Tyfe;
jd;id nal;bnal;bg; ghHf;Fk; jspHf;fPw;Nw.
fhjyidr; re;jpf;ff; fjpHkiwtpy; te;jfd;dp
ghijKid mtd;tuitg; ghHj;jq;F GjHr;nrwptpy;
tpisahl;lha;g; Nghnahspf;Fk; NtisapNy
csk;nghq;fp
Kisfhl;Lk; Gd;rphpg;ig Nkhdntsp ePyj;jpy;

tPrptpl;Lr; nrd;wJNghy; tpsq;Ffpd;w epyhg;gpQ;Nr
Miraw;Wj; NjhYLj;J muTGid rptdhHf;Fk;
,j;jid NgnuopYld; eP ,Ug;gjdhy; rpukzpa
nkj;jTNkhH Nguhirg; gpj;jnkoy; tpag;ghNkh
Self-Instructional
Material 53
10811A_rev2.indd 53 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I fiykyUk; nky;yUk;Ng ftpQDsf; fw;gidapd;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ciynahspu tUfpd;wha; cidf; fhZk; Nghnjy;yhk;
tsHr;rpapYk; G+uzkhk; kyHr;rpapYk; GjpanjhU
Ï±l× jsHr;rpapyh ek;gpf;if jioj;Njhq;fk; vd;Dsj;Nj.
,irf; f iy mwpQHfs; Nghw; W k; tpjj; j py; ,irg; ghly; f s;
,aw;wpaNjhL ftpijfSk; Mf;fpj;je;jtH ng. Àud;. vspikAk;
,dpikak; cila eil> ,se;jkpoH vd;Dk; mtUila ftpijj;
njhFg;G rpwe;j gilg;ghFk;. ftpij ehlfq;fSk; ,aw;wpatH. ,dpa
,ir eak; tha;e;j Foe;ijg; ghly;fisAk; ghbAs;shH.
epyitg; ghlhj ftpQd; ,y;iy

KOik epyh moF epyh
Kisj;jJ tpz;NkNy – mJ
goikapNy GJepidT
gha;e;njOe;jhw; NghNy vd;ghH Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd;.
ng. Àud; mtHfs; gpQ;R epyhit epyhg; gpQ;R vdg; ghLfpwhH.
kpd;dw;nfhbapy; rpWtisthfj; jwpj;njLf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,e; epyhg;
gpQ;R. mjdhy; kd;kjDf;Fg; GJtpy; Nghyj; jpfo;fpwJ.
ng. Àud; GJ ctik xd;W gilf;fpwhH. md;id Kfk; Nehf;Fk;
Fotp Nghyr; re;jpud; cyif vl;b vl;bg; ghHf;fpwjhk;. mwptpay;
hPjpahfr; re;jpud; G+kpj;jhapd; Foe;ij jhd; G+kpiaj; jhd; Rw;wpr;
Rw;wp tUk;.
©û\¨X®p ×u]ûL
khiyapNy fhjyd; tuit vjpHNehf;Ffpwhs; fd;dp xUj;jp. ghijapNy
KidapNy mtd; tuitg; ghHj;jJk; csk; G+hpf;fpwhs;. GjHr; nrwptpy;
kfpo;rr
; pNahL kiwfpd;w mts; Gd;dif rpe;Jfpwhs;. mJ Nghyg; gpiw
epyNt eP tpsq;Ffpwha; vdf; ftpQH ghuhl;LfpwhH.
Miraw;wtd; rptd;. Njhyhil cLj;J muT Gide;jtd;.
cd; mofd;Nwh mtidAk; kaf;fpr; rpuj;jpy; mzpa itj;jJ.
fiy fiyahf kyUk; mUk;Ng ftpQDf;Ff; fw;gid jUk; epyNt
Self-Instructional
54 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 54 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

cd;idf; fhZk;Nghnjy;yhk; cd; tsHr;rpAk; kyHr;rpAk; vdf;Fg; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Gjpa ek;gpf;ifiaj; jUfpwJ.
jdf;F ek;gpf;if jUk; xspf;fPw;whfg; gpiwepyitf; fUJjpwhH
ng. Àud; mtHfs;. Ï±l×
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. Vio kw;Wk; nry;te;jiug; gw;wp ghujpahH vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?
Vio kf;fs; ,ay;ghd Viokf;fshf ,Ug;gijg; nghWj;Jf;

nfhs; s yhk; . Mdhy; tQ; r fuhYk; nry; t HfshYk; Vo; i k
epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLtijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,t;thW
Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd; epidf;fpwhH. xU Gjpa rKjhaj;ij
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. nry;tk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;> vd ftpQH $WfpwhH.
2. ftpQH fhl;Lk; top ahJ?
Xlg; g uha; ,Uf; f k; Vio kf; f s; cjag; g H Mfptpl; l hy; >

nehbg;nghOjpy; Xlg;gH> caug;gH vy;yhk; khwp Xg;nghg;gH
MfptpLthH. ,ij czuNtz;Lk; vd ftpQH $WfpwhH. ftpQH
fhl;Lk; top> vy;NyhUk; vy;yhKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w caHe;j
Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; topahFk; vd $WfpwhH.
3. ghujj;jpd; ngUikia ftpQH vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?
ghuj Njrk; cyfpdpw; rpwe;jJ. cUtj;jpy; nghpaJ. jtNahfpfs;

rpj;jHfs; tho;e;jJ. gy tsk; epiwe;jJ. gFj;jwptpy; caHe;jJ
vd ftpQH ghujj;jpd; ngUikia tpsf;FfpwhH. cly; typik>
Cf;fk; cilik> cWjpAilik nfhz;L cyf ,d;gq;fis
vy;yhk; caHe;j topKiwfspy; mDgtpj;j tPuHfs; jPuHfs;
tho;e;j ehL ek; ehL vd tpsf;FfpwhH.
4. Neha;f;F mwpFwpfshf ftpQH vtw;iwf; $WfpwhH?
cztpNy ngUtpUg;gk;> xOf;fk; kwj;jy;> ngz;Lfs; kf;fis

Kiwahf tsHf;fhik> jiy vOj;J vd tpid nra;ahik
Kjypad Nehiaj; jUtdthFk;> vd ftpQH $WfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 55
10811A_rev2.indd 55 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I 5. gpiwepyitg; gw;wp ng.Àud; vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?
Rªrf ùNnÙs
khiyapNy fhjyd; tuit vjpHNehf;Ffpwhs; fd;dp xUj;jp.
ghijapNy KidapNy mtd; tuitg; ghHj; j Jk; csk;
Ï±l× G+hpf;fpwhs;. GjHr; nrwptpy; kfpo;r;rpNahL kiwfpd;w mts;
Gd;dif rpe;Jfpwhs;. mJ Nghyg; gpiw epyNt eP tpsq;Ffpwha;
vdf; ftpQH ghuhl;LfpwhH. Miraw;wtd; rptd;>Njhyhil cLj;J
muT Gide;jtd;. cd; mofd;Nwh mtidAk; kaf;fpr; rpuj;jpy;
mzpa itj;jJ. fiy fiyahf kyUk; mUk;Ng ftpQDf;Ff;
fw;gid jUk; epyNt cd;idf; fhDk;Nghnjy;yhk; cd;
tsHr;rpAk; kyHr;rpAk; Gjpa ek;gpf;ifiaj; jUtjhf ftpQH
$WfpwhH.
Self-Instructional
56 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 56 12/5/2018 3:48:34 PM

TÏ§-I
Yp d LiQu
Ï±l×
ùYßm ×Lr
ty;ypf;fz;zd; (uh. R. fpU~;zrhkp> etk;gH 12> 1920 – etk;gH
9> 2006) vd;gtH xU jkpof vOj;jhsH. ,tuJ je;ij uh. K.
Rg;gpukzpa gps;is> jha; kfkhap mk;khs;. vOj;jhsuhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhfNt muRg; gzpapypUe;J tpyfpatH. muRg; gzpapypUe;J
tpyfpa gpd;dH njhlf;fj;jpy; ,jo;fspy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpGhpe;Js;shH.
gpd;dH rpWfij> ehty;> FWehty;> fl;Liu vd Ik;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Áy;fis vOjpapUf;fpwhH. ,tUila rpWfijfspy; rpy Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;L gj;jphpiffspy; ntspahfpAs;sd. ,tUila nghpa
kD~p vDk; rpWfij midj;J ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; NeU ghy Gj;jf
thpirapYk; ntspte;Js;sJ. ,tH vOjpa “ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; rpwg;Gr;
rpWfijfs;” vDk; Áy; jkpo;ehL murpd; jkpo; tsHr;rpj; Jiwapd;
2002 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rpwe;j Áy;fspy; rpWfij vDk; tifg;ghl;by;
ghpR ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
ghHf;fg; Nghdhy;
ntWk; Gfopy;
vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ
Gfo; xU Ntrp
VVa; NtrpahtJ
fhR rk;ghjpg;ghs;
fpuhf;fp tuhjNghJ
,d;gk; jUths;
ntWk; Gfo;
vd;d ju KbAk;
fhg;gp jhfk;
kdir twl;LJ
Gfior; Fbf;f KbAkh
grp Ntl;il ehnad
Fliyf; FjWJ
Gfo; jPdp MFkh
Self-Instructional
Material 57
10811A_rev2.indd 57 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I fz;lJk; ftUk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gz;lKk; gfl;Lk;
fz;zpy; gl;lhy;
Ï±l× Mir Àz;LJ
thq;fp kfpo; vd
kzpg; gH]; fhyp
Gfiof; nfhz;L
gzg;ig nuhk;Gkh
cs;sj;jpy; mhpg;G
CH Rw;w NtZk;
rl;ilNah fpopry;
Gfior; rl;ilahf
mzpa KbAkh
njUtpy; Nghdhy;
jhH NuhL nghRf;FJ
Gfo; nrUg;G MFkh
fLk; ntapy; jhf;fp
%is Fok;GJ fhj;jpl
Gfo; vd;d Filah
FspH ,utpy;
gdpf; fhw;W
cliy thl;LJ
Gfo; NghHit ,y;iyNa
ghHf;fg; Nghdhy;
ntWk; Gfopy;
vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ
®[dLÜûW
ty;ypf;fz;zd; rpWfij MrphpaH. NfypAk; fpz;lYkhf vOJgtH.
Mz; rpq;fk;. jj;Jt jhprdk; Kjypa rpWfijfs; mtUf;Fg; Gfo;
je;jit. Mw;wYk; NtfKk; cilait mtUila gilg;Gfs;. nghpa
kD~p vd;w fij gyuhYk; ghuhl;lg; ngw;w fij.
gioa nra; A s; kuGfis tpl; L tpl; L GJf; ftpijfs;
Gidtjpy; <Lgl;ltH rpyH. mf; ftpijfspy; ciueil Nghd;w vspa
Self-Instructional
58 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 58 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

nrhy;yikg;G fhzg;gLk;. rpy GJf; fw;gidfs; ,lk; ngWk;. ,j; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Jiwapy; <Lgl;ltHfspy; ty;ypf; fz;zDk; xUtH.
,g;ghlypy; ftpQH md;whl tho;f;ifia vz;zpg; ghHf;fpwhH.
jhfk; vLf;fpwJ. grp vLf;fpwJ. CH Rw;w Mir nghq;FfpwJ. fLk; Ï±l×
ntapy; jiyapy; RLfpwJ fhiyg; nghRf;FfpwJ gdpf;fhw;W cliy
thl;LfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;J vy;yhk; ek;ikf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ ek;
flik. Ntz;Lk; NghJ fhgp mUe;j Ntz;Lk;. czT Ntz;Lk;. ey;y
Milfs; Ntz;Lk;. FilAk;> nrUg;Gk; Ntz;Lk;. NghHit Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;nfy;yhk; fhR Ntz;Lk;. fhR ,y;yhj NghJ tho;fi ; fNa eufkhfp
tpLfpwJ. ntWk; Gfohy; vd;d gad; vd;W ftpQH tUe;JfpwhH. GfOk;
Njit. Mdhy; mjw;F Nky; gzKk; Njit. ,e;j ajhHj;jj;ijf;
ftpQH ftpijapy; czHj;JfpwhH. grpia Ntl;il ehnahL ctkpg;gJ
rpwg;GilaJ.
Ï, T, CWô_úLôTôXu
g.uh vd;W gutyhf mwpag;gl;l F.g. uh[Nfhghyd; ([dthp 1902 –
Vg;uy; 27> 1944) xU jkpo; vOj;jhsH. rpWfij> ehty;> ftpij> trd
ftpij> Xuq;f ehlfk;> jpwdha;T> tho;f;if tuyhW>nkhopngaHg;G
vdg; gytifg; gilg;Gfis mspj;jtnudpdk; mtuJ rpWfijfspd;
rpwg;gpdhy; “rpWfij Mrhd;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
YôrdûL YWXôß
F.g. uh Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtUila ngw;NwhH gl;lhgpuhikaH
– [hdfp mk;khs;. jpUr;rp nfhz;ilak;Ngl;ilg; gs;spapy; Muk;gf;
fy;tpAk;> Njrpaf; fy;Âhpapy; ,ilepiy (,z;lHkPbal;) fy;tpAk;
ngw;whH. Fk;gNfhzk; murpdH fy;Âhpapy; tlnkhopia rpwg;Gg;
ghlkhff; nfhz;L ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whH. jdJ 24Mk; tajpy;
mk;kzp mk;khis kze;jhH. kJiu khtl;lk; NkÂH tl;lhl;rpaH
mYtyfj;jpy; fzf;fuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. fz;Giu Nehapd; fhuzkhf
fz; ghHit Fd;wpajhy; mg;gzpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpdhH. fz; ghHit
Fd;wpa epiyapYk; kzpf;nfhb Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; mtuJ ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gfis vOjp ntspapl;lhH.
kUj;Jt rpfpr;irf;Fg;gpd; fz; ghHit kPz;Lk; fpl;baJ.
nrd;idf;F ,lk;ngaHe;J KONeu vOj;jhsuhf khwpdhH. kzpf;nfhb>
fiykfs;> Rje;jpu rq;F> #whtsp> `Dkhd;> `pe;J];jhd; Nghd;w
Self-Instructional
Material 59
10811A_rev2.indd 59 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I ,jo;fspy; mtuJ gilg;Gfs; ntspahfpd. t. uhkrhkp Mrphpauhf
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,Ue;j “ghuj Njtp” vd;w ,jopYk;> fh. rP. ntq;flukzp elj;jpa
“ghuj kzp” ,jopYk; rpyfhyk; gzpahw;wpdhH. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;
Ï±l× Nghhpd; NghJ Fk;gNfhzj;Jf;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;gp “kWkyHr;rp epiyak;”
vd;w ngahpy; Gj;jf epiyak xd;iw elj;jpdhH. 1943Mk; Mz;L
fpuhk Copad; ,jopd; rpwg;ghrphpauhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whH. mjw;F mLj;j
Mz;L mt;tpjopd; MrphpauhdhH. Mdhy; ,ioa mOfy; Nehahy;
jhf;fg;gl;L 1944Mk; Mz;L ,we;jhH.
GRtLôL
ghk;Ng> glnkLj;J eP Vd; ,g;gb
kFbKd; nka;kwe;J MLfpwha;
ghk;ghl;bf;Fg; gpiog; gspf;fth
,y;iy> ,y;iy
MbahbAd; Mtiyj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s
uhNj> FoNyhir Nfl;Nld; eP

fhjy; nfhz;L fhdfnky;yhk; XLfpwha;
fz;zDf;Fd; fz;Ndhf;fpd;g kspf;fth
,y;iy> ,y;iy
Xb Xb cd; cs;sg; G+hpg;igf; nfhl;l
ngz;Nz> GU~Df;Nfd; ,g;gbg; gzpe;J
mbik Nghy; ,l;lnjy;yhk; nra;fpwha;
gz;Z vd;W nrhy;Yk;
GU~Df; fQ;rpah
,y;iy> ,y;iy
,l;lijr; nra;J nra;J
czHr;rpia mlf;f
rpwpJ ntspr;rk; vd;w F. g. uh. tpd; ÁypypUe;J ,g; ghly;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
®[dLÜûW
rpW fij cyfpy; epiyahd ,lk; ngw;wtHfspy; uh[NfhghyDk;
xUtH. FLk;g tho;f;ifapd; ,d;g Jd;gq;fis mtH fijfs;
ed;whff; fhl;Ltd. cs;sj;J czHr;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; jpwik
Self-Instructional
60 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 60 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

tha;e;jtH. tpbAkh vd;w fij nghOJ tpbtijAk; mts; tho;f;if TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tpbahjijAk; nrhy;YfpwJ. fpuhkj;Jr; #o;epiy mtUf;Fg; gpbj;jJ.
jpiu vd;w fijapy; ,sk; tpjit jd; cld; gpwe;jhSf;fhf tho;tij
mUikahfr; rpj;jhpf;fpwhH. Ï±l×
vjw;fhf vd;w ,e;jf; ftpijapy; ftpQH F. g. uh[Nfhghyd;
Gjpa rpe;jidfisj; jUfpwhH. kFbKd; ghk;G nka;k;kwe;J MLfpwJ.
kFb ,ir ghk;ig Ml;Ltpf;fpwJ. me;j Ml;lk; ghk;ghl;bf;F tho;T
mspg;gjw;Fk; jhd;. Mdhy; ftpQH mij kWj;J ghk;gpd; MLk;
Mtiyj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s vd;fpwhH.
FoNyhir Nfl;l uhij fz;zidf; fhzf; fhdfnky;yhk;
XLfpwhs;. fz;zidf; fhz;gJTk; mts; Nehf;fk;. cs;sg; G+hpg;ig
ntspg;gLj;JtJk; mts; Nehf;fk;. fz;zDf;Fg; ghHitahy; ,d;gk;
jUtJ vd;gijf; ftpQH kWf;fpwhH.
gz;Z vd;Dk; fztDf;F mQ;rpah kidtp gzptpilfs;
nra;fpwhs;. ,y;iy vd;fpwhH ftpQH. mts; czHr;rpfis mlf;f
mt;thW nra;fpwhs; vd;fpwhH. vjw;fhf vd;gJ ftpQhpd; Gjpa rpe;jid
MFk;.
ÁWô
kPuh vd;w kP. uhNre;jpud; 1938 Mk; Mz;L rptfq;ifapy; gpwe;jtH.
rptfq;iff; fy;Âhpapy; gbj;J mq;NfNa NguhrphpauhfTk; gzpahw;wpatH.
te;jpUf;Fk; tpUe;jpdUf;F
,iyapdpNy cztpUf;Fk;
tug;NghFk; tpUe;jpdUf;F
mLg;gpdpNy ciyapUf;Fk;
N[hlidf;Nfh Gfo;r;rpf;Nfh vOjg;gl;l thpfs; my;y ,it. 2.

rptd;Nfhtpy; njw;Fj; njU> rptfq;if vd;w tpyhrj;jpy; tho;e;j
ftpQH kPuhtpd; ,y;yj;jpd; ajhHj;jk;. ,jid ,d;iwa vOj;Jf;
fiyQHfs; gyUk; mwpthHfs;.
rptfq;if Vd;w rpW efuj;jpy; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtH
gjpg;Gj; Jiwf;F nra;j gq;fspg;G kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
fp. uh[ehuhazd;> fe;jHtd;> gh. nrag;gpufhrk;> ,d;Fyhg;>
ehQ;rpy; ehld;> Nfhzq;fp> ghtz;zd;> v];. uhkfpU~;zd; Kjyhd
Self-Instructional
Material 61
10811A_rev2.indd 61 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I gilg;ghspfs; gyiuj; Njbf; fz;lwpe;J mtHfspd; gilg;Gfisj;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jdJ \md;dk;| gjpg;gfj;jpd; %ykhf vspikahfTk; NeHj;jpahfTk;
ntspf;nfhzHe;jtH ftpQH kPuh. ,sk; gilg;ghspfs; gyiuAk;
Ï±l× milahsk; fz;Lnfhz;L mtHfspd; Gj;jfq;fis ntspapl;lJ
kPuhtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;G.
,it jtpu> mq;fjf; ftpijfspd; Kd;Ndhb> rptfq;if kd;dH
fy;Âhpapd; gpbj;jkhd NguhrphpaH> gif mwpahj kdpjH> kdpjHfis
FiwepiwfNshL thq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; gz;G nfhz;ltH vd;W mtiug;
gw;wpr; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.
AZÏm AfÑm
mtUila mr;Rf;$lk; fiyak;rk; kpf;fJ. 5 ù 3 vd;w mstpy;
Kfg;gpy; ghujpapd; rpj;jpuk;. cs;Ns Eioe;jJk; jkpohrphpaH. nghpatH
tujuhrd; nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jk; nra;Jnfhz;bUg;ghH. ,ilfopapy;
mr;Rf;Nfhf;Fk; gzpapy; ngz;fs;. me;j ,lj;Jf;Nf nghUe;jpg;Nghfpw
khjphp gzpahsHfs;. Kfg;giwapy; mtH gjpg;gpj;j Áy;fs; thpir
khwhky; NeHj;jpahff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kPuh rd;dkhd
Fuypy; Ntiy thq;fpf;nfhz;bUg;ghH. thrypy; KjpHe;j murkuk;.
,g;gb xU #oYs;s mr;rfj;ij ,dp ghHf;f KbahJ. mr;rfk;
kl;Lky;y> md;dk; gjpg;gfj;jpd; %ykhf mtH gjpg;gpj;j gilg;gpyf;fpa
Áy;fisg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ kPuh vd;w NjHe;j uridahsiuAk; ghHf;f
KbfpwJ. mofpaiyAk; fiyiaAk; rhHe;J ,aq;Fk; gilg;ghspfis
,dq;fz;Lnfhz;l fz;fs; mtUilait.
\fdTfs; ñ fw;gidfs; ® fhfpjq;fs;|
kPuhtpd; \fdTfs; ñ fw;gidfs; ® fhfpjq;fs;| ftpijj; njhFg;gpd;
ghjpg; g py; JZf; F j; Njhuzq; f shf Áw; W f; f zf; f hd ftpijj;
njhFg;Gfs; ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wd. ftpQuhf mtH nra;j gq;fspg;igf;
fhl; b Yk; gjpg; g hsuhff; ftpijAyFf; F g; ngUk; gq; f spg; i gr;
nra;jpUf;fpwhH.
ghujpahH Áw; w hz; L tpohitnahl; b md; d k; ntspapl; l
etftpij thpir jkpopy; mg;NghJ vOjj; njhlq;fpapUe;j Kf;fpakhd
ftpQHfis milahsk; fhl;baJ. fy;ahz;[p> eh. tpr;tehjd;> e.
[agh];fud; vd;W mt;tsthf mwpag;glhjpUe;j GJf;ftpQHfspd;kPJ
ngUk; ftdk; Ftpe;jJ.
Self-Instructional
62 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 62 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

,yf;fpa Áy;fSf;F ,d;iwf;F cUthfpapUf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tpw;gidr; re;ijAk;$l md;dk; njhlq;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy.
gjpg;gfk; njhlq;fpa jkpo;g; NguhrphpaHfs; xUrpyH mij ntw;wpfukhf
elj;Jtjw;fhfg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fisg; ghlÁy;fshf;fptpLk; Ï±l×
rhkHj;jpaj;ijf; fw;Witj;jpUe;jhHfs;. xUrpyH KidtH gl;l
Ma;NtLfisAk;$l <tpuf;fkpd;wp mr;rpl;L Áyf Mizfisg;
ngw;whHfs;.
kPuhTk; Áyf Mizfis ek;gpj;jhd; Gj;jfk; Nghl;lhH vd;whYk;>
mtH me;j vy;iyf;Fs; nra;j Kaw;rpfSf;F jkpo; ,yf;fpa cyfk;
ed;wpf;fld; gl;bUf;fpwJ. Kjyhtjhf>mtH ,sq; ftpQHfisAk;
vOj;jhsHfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.
jkpo; ,yf;fpar; #oYf;F etPd ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghl;L Áy;fspd;
thapyhf tsk;NrHj;jhH. ghujpiaf; nfhz;lhbdhH. kPuh njhFj;jspj;j
\ghujpak;| mtiug; gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdJ.
khHf;]pa ,af;fj; njhlHGfNshL vOj Muk;gpj;j ,sk;
vOj;jhsHfSf;F ngUk; thrf tuNtw;igg; ngw;Wj;je;jJ md;dk;
gjpg;gfk;jhd;.
gjpg;gpj;j Áy;fSf;fhd rd;khdj;ijf; nfhLg;gij tof;fkhf
itj;jpUe;jtH kPuh. ,d;Wk;$l ngUk;ghyhd gjpg;ghsHfshy; mij
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu Kbatpy;iy.
khky;yGur; rhiyapy; ftpQHfSf;fhf ghujp ftpjh kz;lyk;
mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W kPuh Mirg;gl;lhH. rpWgps;isahf gHkhtpy;
tho;e;j fhyj;ijg; Gjpdkhf;fTk; kPuh Mirg;gl;lhH. ,g;gbg; gy
MirfisAk; Rke;j ,jak; mtUilaJ. Mdhy;> ,it ahTk;
jd;id Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;shj Mirfs; vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpakhd
tp~ak;.
cd; new;wpiag; ghHj;J tpl;L

ve;jf; NfhapYf;Fg;
Ngha; tpl;L tUfpwha;
vd;fpNwd;
KUfd; NfhtpYf;F …
gjpy; gQ;rhkpHjkha; tUfpwJ
mtd;
Self-Instructional
Material 63
10811A_rev2.indd 63 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I xU kapy;Nky; kl;Lky;y
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,U kapy;fNshLk; ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;gij kwe;J tpl;lhah
Ï±l× vd;fpNwd;.
me;jj; Jzpr;rypy;
miuthrpahtJ
cq;fSf;F ,Ue;jhy;
,e; Neuk;…
vd;W jhd; epidj;Jf; nfhz;L tUfpNwd;
cd; gjpy; Ntyha; te;J tpOfpwJ.
eP nghy;yhjts;
®[dLÜûW
kP. uh. fdTfs; ñ fw;gidfs; ® fhfpjq;fs; vd;w ÁypypUe;J ,J
vLf;fg; ngw;wJ.
GJf; ftpijfs; vOJtjpy; <Lgl;ltH. ,tNuhL gy GJf;
ftpQHfs; khDlk; ghLk; thdk;ghb MapdH. vjpHfhyr; rpe;jid
Kjypatw;Wf;F ,tHfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jdH. GJf;ftpij
cyfpd; tpb nts;spfs; ,tHfs;.
jiytd; jiytpapd; ciuahlyhf ,f; ftpij kyHfpwJ.
NfhapYf;Fg; Ngha; tUfpw jiytpapd; new;wpiag; ghHj;Jtpl;Lj;
jiytd; Nfl;fpwhd;. ve;jf; NfhtpYf;F KUfd; NfhtpYf;F gjpy;
me;j gjpy; jiytDf;F gQ;rhkpHjkha; ,dpf;fpwJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;
mLj;j Ngr;rpy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
KUfd; xU kapy; Nky; kl;Lky;y gf;fj;jpYk; ,uz;L kapy;fis
itj;jpUf;fpwhd; ghHj;jhah vd ftpQH ts;sp> nja;tahidiaf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mjpy; mtUf;F ,uz;L kidtpaH ,y;iyNa vd;w
Vf;fKk; fye;jpUf;fpwJ.
jiytp gjpy; nrhy;Yfpwhs;. me;jj; Jzpr;rypy; cq;fSf;Fg;
ghjpahtJ ,Ue;jhy; ,e;Neuk;… epWj;Jfpwhs; jiytp. tPlb ; w;F xUj;jp
te;jpUf;f khl;lhsh vd;w fUj;J njhdpf;fpwJ. NkYk; ahuhtJ
te;jpUf;ff; $lhJ vd;w vjph ghHg;Gk; jiytpapd; Ngr;rpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
jiytd;> mts; gjpy; Ntyha; te;J tpOfpwJ vd;W $wpg;
nghy;yhjts; vd;Wk; ghuhl;Lfpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
64 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 64 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

KUfd; vd;wJNk ftpQUf;Fg; gQ;rhkpHjKk;> NtYk; epidTf;F TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tUfpd;wd.
®]ô-®ûPLs
Ï±l×
1. ty;ypf; fz;zidg; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
ty;ypf; fz;zd; rpWfij MrphpaH. NfypAk; fpz;lYkhf

vOJgtH. Mz;rpq;fk;> jj;Jt jhprdk; Kjypa rpWfijfs;
mtUf; F g; Gfo; je; j it. Mw; w Yk; NtfKk; cilait
mtUila gilg;Gfs;. nghpa kD~p vd;w fij gyuhYk;
ghuhl;lg; ngw;w fij. gioa nra;As; kuGfis tpl;Ltpl;L
GJf; ftpijfs; Gidtjpy; <Lgl;ltH rpyH. mf; ftpijfspy;
ciueil Nghd;w vspa nrhy;yikg;G fhzg;gLk;. rpy GJf;
fw;gidfs; ,lk; ngWk;. ,j;Jiwapy; <Lgl;ltHfspy; ty;ypf;
fz;zDk; xUtH.
2. “ntWk; Gfo;” ftpijapy; ajhHj;jj;ij vt;thW tpsf;FfpwhH?
,g;ghlypy; ftpQH md;whl tho;f;ifia vz;zpg; ghHf;fpwhH.

jhfk; vLf;fpwJ. grp vLf;fpwJ. CH Rw;w Mir nghq;FfpwJ.
fLk; ntapy; jiyapy; RLfpwJ. fhiyg; nghRf; F fpwJ.
gdpf;fhw;W cliy thl;LfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; ,Ue;J vy;yhk; ek;ikf;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ ek; flik. Ntz;Lk; NghJ fhgp mUe;j
Ntz;Lk;. ey;y Milfs; Ntz;Lk;. FilAk;> nrUg;Gk; Ntz;Lk;.
NghHit Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfy;yhk; fhR Ntz;Lk;. fhR ,y;yhj
NghJ tho;f;ifNa eufkhfp tpLfpwJ. ntWk; Gfohy; vd;d
gad; vd;W ftpQH tUe;JfpwhH. GfOk; Njit. Mdhy; mjw;Fk;
Nky; gzKk; Njit. ,e;j ajhHj;jj;ijf; ftpQH ftpijapy;
czHj;JfpwhH.
3. “vjw;fhf” vd;w ftpijapy; MrphpaH $WtJ ahJ?
“vjw;fhf” vd; ftpijapy; ftpQH F.g. uh[Nfhghyd; Gjpa

rpe;jidfisj; jUfpwhH. kFbKd; ghk;G nka;kwe;J MLfpwJ.
kFb ,ir ghk;ig Ml;Ltpf;fpwJ. me;j Ml;lk; ghk;ghl;bf;F
tho;T mspg;gjw;Fk; jhd;. Mdhy; ftpQH mij kWj;J ghk;gpd;
MLk; Mtiyj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s vd;fpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 65
10811A_rev2.indd 65 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I FoNyhir Nfl;l uhij fz;zidf; fhz; fhdfnky;yhk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
XLfpwhs;. fz;zidf; fhz;gJTk; mts; Nehf;fk;. cs;sg;
G+hpg;ig ntspg;gLj;JtJk; mts; Nehf;fk;. fz;zDf;Fg;
Ï±l× ghHitahy; ,d;gk; jUtJ vd;gijf; ftpQH kWf;fpwhH.
gz;Z vd;Dk; fztDf;F mQ;rpah gzptpilfs; nra;fpwhs;.

,y;iy vd;fpwhH ftpQH. mts; czHr;rpfis mlf;f mt;thW
nra;fpwhs; vd;fpwhH. “vjw;fhf” vd;gJ ftpQhpd; Gjpa rpe;jid
MFk;.
4. “kPuh”tpd; ftpij jUk; fUj;ij vOJf.
jiytd; jiytpapd; ciuahlyhf ,f;ftpij kyHfpwJ.

NfhapYf;Fg; Ngha; tUfpw jiytpapd; new;wpiag; ghHj;Jtpl;L
ve;jf; NfhtpYf;F Ngha; tUfpwha; vdf; Nfl;fpwhd;. mjw;F
jiytp KUfd; NfhtpYf;F vd;fpwhs;. me;j gjpy; jiytDf;Fk;
gQ;rhkpHjkha ,dpf;fpwJ. mjw;F fhuzk; mLj;j Ngr;rpy;
ntspg;gLfpwJ. KUfd; xU kapy; Nky; kl;Lky;y gf;fj;jpYk;
,uz;L kapy;fis itj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ghHj;jhah vd ftpQH
ts;sp> nja;thidiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mjpy; mtUf;f ,uz;L
kidtpaH ,y;iyNa vd;w Vf;fKk; fye;jpUf;fpwJ. jiytp
gjpy; nrhy;fpwhs;. me;jj; Jzpr;rypy; cq;fSf;Fg; ghjpahtJ
,Ue;jhy; ,e;Neuk;… epWj;Jfpwhs; jiytp. tPl;bw;F xUj;jp
te;jpUf;f khl;lhsh vd;w fUj;J njhdpf;fpwJ. NkYk; ahuhtJ
te;jpUf;ff; $lhJ vd;w vjpHghHg;Gk; jiytpapd; Ngr;rpy;
,Uf;fpwJ.
jiytd;> mts; gjpy; Ntyha; te;J tpOfpwJ vd;W $wpg;

nghy;yhjts; vd;Wk; ghuhl;Lfpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
66 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 66 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I
£t©
Ï±l×
jkpo;ehl;bd; njd;Nkw;F vy;iyapy; Nfusj;ij xl;b ,Uf;Fk; khtl;lk;
Nfhak;Gj;ÀH. Nfhit vd;w ,e;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Mj;Jg;
nghs;shr;rpapy; 29-7-1936-,y; gpwe;jhH. ngh. ghyRg;gpukzpad; vd;w
jk; ngaiuf; ftpijf;fhfr; rpw;gp vd;W Gide;J nfhz;lhH.
Lp®Ùm T¦Ùm
,sk; tajpNyNa ftpijfs; vOjpdhH. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whH. kiyahs nkhopiaAk;
ed;F mwpe;jtH. kiyahs kfhftp ts;sj; NjhSld; jkpo; kfhftp
ghujpia xg;gpl;L Muha;r;rp nra;J KidtH (gpvr;.b) gl;lk; ngw;whH.
nghs;shr;rp ehr;rpKj;Jf; fTz;lH fy;Âhpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg;
gzp Mw;wpdhH. gpd;dHf; Nfhit ghujpahH gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;
fkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzp Mw;wp Xa;T ngw;whH.
kuG ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzg; gapw;rp ngw;Wg; gpd;dHg; GJik
ehl; l j; j hy; GJf; f tpij vOj te; j ftpQHfSs; gyH jkpo; g ;
NguhrphpaHfs;. rpw;gp> kPuh> mg;Jy; uFkhd;> mgp> eh.fhkuhrd;> jkpod;gd;>
,d;Fyhg;> K.Nkj;jh… vd;W ,g;gl;bay; ePSk;. ,tHfSs; jkf;nfd;W
xU jdp top tFj;Jf; nfhz;L vOjp tUgtH rpw;gp.
nghJTilikf; nfhs;ifapy; <LghL nfhz;ltH. thdk;ghb
ftpij ,af;fj;jpd; ce;J tpiraha; ,Ue;J> GJf;ftpij tsHr;rpapy;
gq;Nfw;wtH.
TûPl×Ls
epyTg;G+ (1963)> rphpj;j Kj;Jf;fs;(1968)> xspg;gwit (1971)> rHg;g ahfk;
(1974)> Gd;dif G+f;Fk; G+idfs; (1980)> nksd kaf;fq;fs ;(1982)>
#hpa epoy; (1991)> ,wF (1996) xU fpuhkj;J ejp Kjypa ftpij
Áy;fisg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,d;Dk; vOjp tUfpwhH. ftpij ehlfk;:
Mjpiu> Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;: tz;zg;G+f;fs;> rpw;gpjUk; Mj;jp#b.
ciueilapYk; gj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l Áy;fisAk;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; xU
ÁiyAk; gilj;Js;shH.
Self-Instructional
Material 67
10811A_rev2.indd 67 12/5/2018 3:48:35 PM

TÏ§-I ®ÚÕLs
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ> jkpo;ehL murpd; ghpR> ghNte;jH tpUJ

jkpo;g;gy;fiyf; fofg; ghpR vdg; gy ngUikfisg; ngw;wtH.
Ï±l×
jk; ngahpy; xU \ftpij mwf;fl;lis|ia epWtp ,Uf;fpwhH.
Mz;LNjhWk; rpwe;j KJngUk; ftpQH xUtiuAk; ,sq;ftpQH
xUtiuAk; NjHe;njLj;Jg; ghpR toq;fpg; ghuhl;b tUfpwhH.
,f;fhyj; jkpo;f; ftpQHfSs; xU jdpr;Rluha; xspHfpwhH.
£t©«u L®ûRLs
fy;> kuk; ,tw;iw cspahy; nrJf;fp mofpa rpiyfis tbg;gtidr;
rpw;gp vd;fpNwhk;. kz;> ghhP]; gpsh];ll
; H Nghd;w FioTg; nghUs;fshy;
mofhd cUtq;fisr; nra;gtidAk; rpw;gp vd;Nghk;.
rpw;gf; fiy vd;gNj Njitahdij itj;Jf; nfhz;L Njitaw;w
gFjpfisr; nrJf;fpj; js;StJ jhNd? ftpQd; vd;Dk; nrhw;rpw;gp
gilf;Fk; cyfk; kpf mofhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kpfr; rhpahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Fiwfs; mw;wjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ik cyfk; jd; Fiwfisg;
ghHj;Jg; ghHj;J ePf;fp nfhs;s topfhl;Lk; xU \khjphp| cyfkhf
MfptpLfpwJ.
ftpQH rpw;gp> moF czHr;rpAk;> caHe;j xOf;fKk;> Àa;ikAk;>
kdpj NeaKk;> nrhy;iy MSk; ty;yikAk; gilj;j ey;y kdpjH.
,jdhy; ,tH gilf;Fk; cyfk; Fiwfs; ,y;yhj Àa cyfkha;
,Uf;fpwJ. mjDs; EioAk; ekJ FiwfisAk; ePf;Ffpd;w kha
cyfkha; ,Uf;fpwJ.
L®ûR Tt±V £t©«u ùLôsûL

ez;gHfNs> ghujpf;Fg; gpd; kuGf; ftpij tbtj;jpy; gyH ftpij
vOjpdH. GJikia tpUk;gpa rpyH ahg;G ,yf;fzj;ijg; gpd;gw;whky;
\GJf;ftpij| vOjpdH. ,e;j ,U gphpTfisr; rhHe;jtHfSf;F ,ilapy;
fUj;Jg; NghH epfo;e;J te;jJ> ,e;jr; nra;jpfis mwpe;jpUf;fpwPHfs;
my;yth?
Yô]mTô¥ CVdLØm GÝjÕ CVdLØm

ftpij gioaNjh GjpaNjh> mJ tho;f;ifapd; gpur;rpidfis>
kf;fspd; rpf;fy;fis Kd; epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj Kf;fpak; vd;w xU
Self-Instructional
68 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 68 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

Gjpa vOr;rp gpwe;jJ. ,t;thW rKjha eyd;fSf;fhf vOj Kide;j TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rpyH xd;W NrHe;jdH. \khDlk; ghLk; thdk;ghbfs;| vd;W jq;fis
mioj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. thdk;ghb vd;w GJf;ftpijr; rpw;wpjioj;
(rpW gj;jphpif) njhlq;fpdH. thdk;ghb ,af;fk; Njhd;wTk; tsuTk; Ï±l×
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtHfSs; rpw;gp Kd; ,lk; ngWfpwhH. Vw;fdNt
kuG topapy; vOjp te;jtHfSk; Gjpjhf vOjj; njhlq;fpatHfSk;
,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;jdH. ,e;j ,jopy; GJf;ftpij tbtj;jpy;
(mjhtJ> kughd ahg;g ,yf;fzj;ijj; Jwe;J) vOjpdH.
e.gpr;r%Hj;jp topapy; GJf;ftpij gilj;jtHfspd; ,jo; vOj;J
vd;gJ. ,e;j vOj;J ,jo;rhHe;j GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;jpdH \thdk;ghb|
,af;ff; ftpijfisg; GJf;ftpij vd;Nw Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
mNjNghy khh;f;rpar; rhHGs;s thdk;ghbg; gilg;ghspfs; \vOj;J|
topapyhd ftpijfis Vw;gJk; ,y;iy.
£t© - UW×m ×ÕûUÙm

jk; ,wF vd;Dk; Áypy; \vd;Diu| vd;w Kd;Diuapy; rpw;gp fPo;f;
Fwpg;gpLkhW vOJfpwhH:
“vOj;J ,jOk; thdk;ghb ,af;fKk; ntt;NtW jpirfspy;
ftpijia ,Of;f Kide;jhYk;> me;jj; jHf;fj;Jf;Fs; ehDk; vd;
ftpijAk; jj;jspj;J xUthW fiu VWfpNwhk;.
ghpNrhjidfisg; ghuhl;Lfpw mNj Ntisapy; %r;Rg; gpbj;Jf;
ftpijfisg; gbf;f Ntz;ba nfhLikia ehd; epuhfhpf;fpNwd;.
(mjhtJ> Ghpe;Jnfhs;sr; rpukg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfis xJf;Ftjhff;
$WfpwhH)
\nrj;j cly;Gijj;Jr; rpj;jpuq;fs; NknyOJk;| CWfha;f;
ftpijg; ghzpAk; (,f;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;jhj goikfis myq;fhuk;
nra;J ghuhl;bj; jphpAk; Nghf;F) vdf;F ctg;G+l;Ltjha; ,y;iy.
nrhe;jf; ftpijfis vOjhky; md;dpa thridfSf;F kaq;Fk;
etPdj;Jtq;fSk; vdf;Fr; rk;kjkpy;iy.
ehd; kugpd; gps;is> GJikapd; Njhod;. vd;fsk; -vd;kz;. vd;
ghj;jpuq;fs; - vd; kdpjHfs; vd; gpd;Gyk; - jkpo;,yf;fpak;. kw;witAk;
kw;wtHfSk; vdf;F tpUe;jpdH kl;LNk!”
Self-Instructional
Material 69
10811A_rev2.indd 69 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

TÏ§-I ,t;thW> rpw;gpf;Fj; jk; vOj;Jf;fhd ghij vJ vd;w njspthd
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Nfhl;ghL ,Uf;fpwJ. ,ijj;jhd; ,e;j \vd;Diu| Fog;gk; ,d;wp
czHj;JfpwJ.
Ï±l× ,tuJ ftpijfspd; thlhj GJikf;Fk;> njspe;j Xl;lj;Jf;Fk;
,e;jj; njspNt fhuzkhf epw;fpwJ.
L®ûR Gu] ùNnV úYiÓm?

\Gd;dif G+f;fk; G+idfs;| - Áypd; Kd;Diuahf> rpw;gp ftpij gw;wpf;
ftpij vOJfpwhH.
vOj;J
Md;khtpd; uj;jk;
ftpijfs;
fhyj;jpd; cjLfs;
jfpLjj;jq;fSf;F
eff;fz; Crp
tlf;Fk; njw;Fk;
Nkw;Fk; fpof;Fk;
Ngjkha;g; ghNuhk;!
ahk; jpirfis tpOq;Fk;

jpfk;gu ftpfs;
(Md;kh ® capHÉ jfpLjj;jk; ® ngha;Gul;Lfs;É jpfk;gu ftpfs; ®
jpirfisNa Milahf cLj;j ftpfs; - ,e;jg; ngaUld; njYq;fpy;
Njhd;wpa Gul;rpf; ftpij ,af;fk;)
ftpij ftpQDila Md;khtpd; capHg;ghf (uj;jkhf) ,aq;f
Ntz;Lk;. fhyj;jpd; khw;wq;fisg; gpujpgypf;f Ntz;Lk;É fhyj;jpd;
NjitfSf; f hff; Fuy; n fhLf; f Ntz; L k; É ngha; Gul; L fspd;
eff;fz;fspy; Crpaha Vwpj jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,dk;> nkhop> Njf
vy;iyfs; jhz;bg; nghJ khdplj;ij Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,itNa
ftpijapd; gzp vd;fpwhH rpw;gp.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l topapy; rpw;gpapd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf; nfhs;if
mike;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ,tuJ ftpijfs; jk; kz;zpd; kzj;ijf;
Self-Instructional
70 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 70 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

nfhz;L cs;sd. jk; kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ilAk;> kuG rhHe;j fiyr; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
nropg;igAk; KOikahf Ve;jpg; gpwf;fpd;wd. mNj Ntisapy; cyfpd;
vy;yhj; jpirfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Gwg;gl;L tUk; GJikfis Vw;fpd;wd.
cyfg; GJikNahL> jkpo;g; Gyik ifNfhj;J elf;fpwJ. ,JNt Ï±l×
rpw;gpapd; gilg;Gtop.
tapw;Wg; gpiog;Gf;fhfj; njUtpy; elf;Fk; \rpd;d rHf;f]py;| -
jd; kPJ Vwp epw;Fk; jd; je;ijapd; Rikiaj; jhq;fpf; fplf;fpwhd; xu
rpd;dQ; rpWtd;. ,tDk; rpw;gpapd; ftpijapy; ehafd; - ghLnghUs; -
Mfpwhd;. fzpdp Afj;jpd; fz;L gpbg;ghd> fz;zPH tbf;fj; njhpahj>
,ae;jpu kdpjDk; (NuhNgh) ftpijg; nghUs; Mfpwhd;.
rpw;gp kz;zpy; epd;W epyitg; ghLk; goq;ftpQuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhHÉ
mg;ghl;bYk; GJik rphpf;fpwJ. epytpy; Vwp epd;W kz;izg; ghHf;Fk;
GJf;ftpQuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhHÉ me;jg; ghHitapy; vd;Wk; khwhj kdpjg;
gz;gpd; kuGg; goik NtNuhb ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; jkpodpd; toptop
te;j gz;ghl;L kuG jdpj;jd;ikNahL kyHe;J kzf;fpwJ.
NolT VôLm
guk gjj;Jr;
Nrhghd glk;
vq;fs; Njrk;
mjpy;
fl;lq;fs; NjhWk;
er;Rg; ghk;Gfs;
fhj;Jf; fplf;fpd;wd
Mjp Nr~d;
fhHf; Nfhlfd;
fz;zhb tphpad;
nfhk;Ngwp %Hf;fd;
glq;fs; tphpj;J
cly;fs; nespj;J
fhj;Jf; fplf;fpd;wd
jhaq;fs; Nghl;L
ehq;fs; njhlq;Fk;
Self-Instructional
Material 71
10811A_rev2.indd 71 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

TÏ§-I xt;nthU gazj;ijAk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jLj;Jf; fbf;f
mLj;Jf; nfLf;f
Ï±l× ,j;jid ehfq;fsh
Gwg;gl;l jpirf;Nf
tpul;babf;Fk;
,Ul;Lj; jhiufNs
guk gjj;jpd;
jlj;ij kiwf;Fk;
jpUl;Lr; rhiufNs
toptplr; nrhy;yp
tpuy;fs; eLq;fj;
jhak; cUl;LfpNwhk;…
cq;fs;
thapy; tpOe;J
thypy; tope;J
New;iwg; Gul;LfpNwhk;
vq;Nfh rpy rpy
Vzpfs; - mtw;wpy;
Vwp epkpHe;jTld;
rPwpa cq;fs;
tp~ ehf;Ffspd;
<uj;jpy; tOf;FfpNwhk;
jiyNky; G+kpia
itj;jhy; Rkf;Fk;
Mjp(f;f) NrlHfNs
Rw;wp tisj;jhy;
rKjhag; ghw;
flypd; miyeLNt
,yhgk; fUjpr;
RoYK; ke;ju
kiyapd; Njhs;fspNy
fil fapwhfpf;
Self-Instructional
72 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 72 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

fijia elj;Jk; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
thRfpg; ghk;GfNs
eLq;fp eLq;fpj;
jhaf; fl;ilfs; Ï±l×
cUl;bf; fhj;jpUe;jhy;
gukgjj;ij
xU ehSk; ePH
mile;jpl tplkhl;BH
mjdhy;
ehfq;fs; mopf;Fk;
ahfq;fs; njhlq;fpNdhk;
nfhba rHg;g ahfk;
vkJ rHg;g ahfj;jpy;

rpwpaJ – FwpaJ
nghpaJ – nebaJ
G+ehfk; Kjy; nghwpehfk; tiu
vhpAk; - vhpAk;
fhpAk; - fhpAk;
me;j
vhpjow; rhk;gypy;
xU
guk gjj;ij
vq;fs; rpuk gjj;jhy;
rpU~;bj;Jf; nfhLg;Nghk;.
Vnddpy; ,J
[dNk [a
Afk;
rpw;gpapd; ftpij thdk; vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpypUe;J ,g; ghly;
ghlkhf te;Js;sJ.
GJf; ftpij vOJk; ftpQHfspd; thdk;ghb ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F
ngw;wtHfspy; ,tUk; xUtH.
ftpQH rpw;gp ghy Rg;gpukzpak; 1936 ,y; gpwe;jtH. 1963 ,y;
,tuJ Kjy; ftpijj; njhFjpahfpa epyTg;G+ ntspte;jJ. mLj;J Self-Instructional
Material 73
10811A_rev2.indd 73 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

TÏ§-I mLj;J VO ftpijj; njhFjpfs; ntspte;jd. Mjpiu ,tuJ ftpij
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ehlfk; ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid> miyAk; RtLk>; kiyahsf; ftpij
Mfpad ,tuJ ciueil Áy;fs;.
Ï±l× ®[dLm
rHg;g ahfk; xU FwpaPl;Lf; ftpijahFk;. ftpQH rpw;gp tho;tpy;
ntw;wp ngw tpUk;gk; kf;fisr; rpj;jhpf;fpwhH. mtHfspd; Kaw;rpfisj;
jLf;Fk; gpd;dilar; nra;Ak; jilfisg; ghk;Gfisj; (jPatHfisg;)
gilf;fpwhH. ,tw;wpd; gpbapypUe;J eOtp NkNy nry;y KaYk;
kf;fspd; Kaw;rpapidf; fhl;LfpwhH. MdhYk; mtHfshy; Kbtjpy;iy.
jpUk;gj; jpUk;g gioa ,lj;jpw;Nf tUfpwhHfs;. mtHfSf;F cjtr;
rpy Vzpfshf (rpy ey;y kdpjHfs;) ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. MdhYk; jPik
epiwa ,Ug;gjhy; kf;fshy; kPs Kbatpy;iy.
®¥ùYs°
ftpQH rpe;jidapy; xU Gjpa tpbnts;sp Njhd;WfpwJ. ,e;j
ehfq;fisNa nfhSj;jpdhy; vd;d ,J jhd; rHg;g ahfk;. mjhtJ
ahfk; elj;jp vy;yh rHg;gq;fisAk; mjpy; NghLtJ.
vy;yh tif ehfq;fSk; (® jPikfSk;) mq;Nf vhpfpd;wd –
fhpfpd;wd. me;jr; rhk;gypy; xU gukgjj;ij (xU Gjpa ghujj;ij)
– ed;ik jUk; epiyiar; rikg;Nghk;. ,J ftpQhpd; jPHg;G MFk;.
,d;iwa rKjhaj;ij – kf;fis – caH epiyf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuf;
ftpQH vz;ZfpwhH. rKjhaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; jPikfisf; fise;jhy;
jhNd ed;ikf;F top fpilf;Fk;. tho top fpilf;Fk;. me;j ed;ikia
mila jPikiag; nghRf;FNthk; vd;fpwhH. ,J Gwj;jPikfis
kl;Lk; Fwpg;gjd;W mfj;jPikfisAk; fisa nrhy;YtjhFk;. mf
khRfisAk; Gw khRfisAk; ePf;fpdhy; kf;fs; cd;djkhd tho;it
– Rf mDgtj;ijg; ngwyhk;. ,J jhd; MrphpaH ,f;ftpijapy;
Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;YtjhFk;.
Oô]dájRu
úRôZo úUô£ ¸W]ôo
Nkhrp fPuh
kfpo;r;rpapdhy;
Self-Instructional
74 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 74 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

khpahijia ehd; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Fiwj;jjw;F
kd;dpj;jUs Ntz;Lk; eP.
nrhe;jkhf cdf;fpUf;Fk;
Ï±l×
rq;ff; ftpij ahnjhd;Wk;
gbj;jjpy;iy ehd; ,d;Dk;
Mdhy; cd;Nky; mstpwe;j

md;G Njhd;wpw;W
,d;nwdf;F
murhq;fj;Jf; fl;blj;jpy;
Àf;fk; Nghl;l Kjy; kdpjd;
ePjhd; vd;Dk; fhuzj;jhy;
Qhdf;$j;jd; md;W NtW fpoik vd;w ÁypypUe;J.
1970 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; vOj;J vd;Dk; gj;jphpf;if> mijj; njhlHe;J
eil> FUr; Nrj;jpuk;> fizahop> frlj gw Nghd;w ,jo;fs; thapyhfg;
GJf; ftpijfs; tsHe;jd. mg;NghJ GJf;ftpijfs; ,aw;wpatHfspw;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs; ePy gj;k ehgd;> ghy Fkhud;> Qhdf; $j;jd;
Nghd;NwhuhtH.
rq;f fhyg; GytHfspy; xUtH NkhrpfPudhH. mtH xUKiw
Nrukhd; jf^H vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwapd; KuR fl;bypy;
Japd;whH. mijg; ghHj;j Nrud; mtH Japy; vOk; tiu mtUf;Ff;
fthp tPrpdhd;. Nrudpd; ,g;ngUikiag; GytH GwehÇw;W 50 MtJ
ghlypy; ghLfpwhH. mJ fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
… vz;nza;
EiuKfe; jd;d nkd;G+Q; Nrf;if
mwpah Njwpa vd;idj; njWtu
,Ughw; gLf;Fk;epd; ths;tha; xopj;jij
mÀck; rhYk; ey;jkpo; KOJ mwpjy;
mjNdhLk; mikahJ mZf te;Jepd;
kjDil KoTj;Njhs; xr;rp jz;nzd
tPrpNahNa… vd;W ghuhl;LfpwhH. ehd;
Self-Instructional
Material 75
10811A_rev2.indd 75 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

TÏ§-I jkpo;g; Gytd; vd;gjhYk; eP jkpo; mwpe;jtd; vd;gjhYk; vd;idj;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jz;bf;fhJ eP gzptpil nra;jha;. ,ij vd;ndd;Ngd; vd;W gyglg;
ghuhl;LfpwhH.
Ï±l× ,ijg; GJf;ftpQH Qhdf; $j;jd; ,Ugjhk; Áw;whz;Lg;
ghHitapy; ghHf; f pwhH. muR mYtyq; f spy; ,d; W Àq; F fpw
kdpjHfSf;F md;Nw topfhl;batH NkhrpfPudhH vd;W ghLfpwhH.
mjdhy; md;G Njhd;wpw;W vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH.
nghUs; xd;W MdhYk; mijg; ghHf;fpd;w tpjq;fs; gy vd;gjw;F
Qhdf; $j;jd; ghly; xU rhd;whFk;.
®]ô-®ûPLs
1. ftpQH rpw;gpiag; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

ftpQH rpw;gp ghy Rg;gpukzpak; 1936-,y; gpwe;jtH. 1936-,y;
,tuJ Kjy; ftpijj; njhFg;ghfpa epyTg;G+ ntspte;jJ.
mLj;J> mLj;J VO ftpijj; njhFjpfs; ntsp te;jd. Mjpiu
,tuJ ftpij ehlfk; ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid> miyAk; RtLk;>
kiyahsf; ftpij Mfpad ,tuJ ciueil Áy;fs; MFk;.
2. “rHg;gahfk;” ftpijapd; tpsf;fk; ahJ?
rHg;g ahfk; xU FwpaPl;Lf; ftpijahFk;. ftpQH rpw;gp tho;tpy;

ntw;wp ngw tpUk;Gk; kf;fisr; rpj;jhpf;fpwhH. mtHfspd;
Kaw; r pfisj; jLf; F k; gpd; d ilar; nra; A k; jilfisg;
ghk;Gfisj; (jPatHfisg;) gilf;fpwhH. ,tw;wpd; gpbapypUe;J
eOtp NkNy nry;y KaYk; kf;fspd; Kaw;rpapidf; fhl;LfpwhH.
MdhYk; mtHfshy; Kbtjpy;iy. jpUk;gj; jpUk;g gioa
,lj;jpw;Nf tUfpwhHfs;. mtHfSf;f cjtr; rpy Vzpfshf
(rpy ey;y kdpjHfs;) ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. MdhYk; jPik ,Ug;gjhy;
kf;fshy; kPs Kbatpy;iy.
3. Qhdf;$j;jd; Nkhrpf;fPudhiu vt;thW rpwg;gpf;fpwhH?
rq;ffhyg; GytHfspy; xUtH NkhrpfPudhH. mtH xUKiw

Nrukhd; jf^H vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwapd; KuR fl;bypy;
Japd;whH. mijg; ghHj;j Nrud; mtH Japy; vOk; tiu mtUf;Ff;
fthp tPrpdhd;. Nrudpd; ,g;ngUikiag; GytH ,t;thW $WfpwhH.
jkpo; Gytd; vd;gjhYk; eP jkpo; mwpe;jtd; vd;gjhYk; vd;idj;
Self-Instructional
76 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 76 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

jz;bf;fhJ eP gzptpil nra;jha;. ,ij vd;ndd;Ngd; vd;W TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gyglg; ghuhl;LfpwhH. ,ij GJf;ftpQH Qhdf;$j;jd; ,Ugjhk;
Áw;whz;Lg; ghHitapy; ghHf;fpwhH. muR mytyfq;fspy; ,d;W
Àq;Ffpw kdpjHfSf;F md;Nw topfhl;batH NkhrpfPudhH vd;W Ï±l×
ghLfpwhH. mjdhy; md;G Njhd;wpw;W vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH.
4. 1970fspy; ve;j ,jo;fs; thapyhfg; GJf; ftpijfs; tsHe;jd?
1970Mk; Mz;Lfspy; vOj;J vd;Dk; gj;jphpf;if> mijj;

njhlHe;J eil> FUr;Nrj;jpuk;> fizahop> frljgw Nghd;w
,jo;fs; thapyhfg; GJf; ftpijfs; tsHe;jd.
Self-Instructional
Material 77
10811A_rev2.indd 77 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

TÏ§-I
AlÕp WÏUôu
Ï±l× ,f;fhyj; jkpo;f; ftpQHfSs; rpwe;j GJf;ftpQH mg;Jy; uFkhd;.
GJikAk;> ,dpikAk;> nrOikAk; ,ay;gha; mike;jit ,tuJ
ftpijfs;. ,jdhy; gbg;gtH neQrq;fis vspjpy; ftHfpd;wd.
ftpij gbf;Fk; MHtj;ijAk; gilf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; Àz;Lfpd;wd.
Gfo;ngw;w thu> jpq;fs; ,jo;fspYk;> njhiyf;fhl;rpapYk; ,tuJ
ftpijfs; ntsp tUfpd;wd.
jkpo;ehl;by;> kJiuapy; 9-11-1937-,y; gpwe;jhH mf;fhyj;jpy;
jkpo;> cUJ Mfpa ,UnkhopfspYk; rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhf tpsq;fpa \
k`jp| iraj; m`;kj; vd;ghH ,tUila je;ijahH MthH. ,jdhy;
,stajpy; ,Ue;Nj nkhopg; GyikAk; ftpij vOJk; Mw;wYk; mg;Jy;
uFkhdplk; tsuj; njhlq;fpd.
Lp®Ùm T¦Ùm
jkpo;f; fy;tpf;Fr; rpwe;j fy;Âhp vd;W Gfo; ngw;wpUe;j kJiu
jpahfuhrH fy;Âhpapy; ,sq;fiy> KJfiyg; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;whH.
nrd;id cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpy; GJf;ftpijapy; FwpaPL
vd;Dk; nghUs;gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;J KidtH gl;lk; ngw;whH.
thzpak;ghbapy; ,Ryhkpahf; fy;Âhpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf Kg;gJ
Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhH. fle;j gjpd;%d;W Mz;Lfshfr; nrd;idapy;
,Ue;J jk; gilg;Gg; gzpiaj; jPtpuj;Jld; nra;J tUfpwhH.
L®ûR BoYm
mg;Jy; uFkhd; gs;spg; gUtj;jpNyNa ftpij Gide;jtH. fy;Âhp
ehl;fspNyNa GJikahf vOjpg; Gfo; ngw;wtH. fy;Âhp ,yf;fpa
kd;wq;fSk; thndhyp epiyaq;fSk;> mz;zhtpd; murpay; ,af;fKk;
epfo;j;jpa gy ftpauq;fq;fspy; gq;Nfw;whH. GJikaha;g; ghLk;
jpwj;jhy; jkpofk; KOJk; Gfo; gutg; ngw;whH.
L®Wôj§¬
Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw; w pa fhyj; j py; GJf; f tpijia Mapuf;
fzf;fhNdhH $bf; Ritf;f top nra;jhH. ftpuhj;jphp vd;w ngahpy;
Self-Instructional
78 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 78 12/5/2018 3:48:36 PM

ftpauq;fj;ijg; GJikg; gLj;jpdhH. jk; khztHfisg; GJf;ftpij TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
vOjitj;J mtHfspd; ftpijfisj; njhFj;J Áy;fshf ntspapl;lhH.
Au]m T§lTLm
Ï±l×
jk; tFg;Gj; NjhoUk; ftpQUkhd kPuhTlDk; kw;w ez;gHfSlDk;
NrHe;J> Gjpa gilg;ghspfspd; ,yf;fpa Áy;fis ntspapLtjw;fhfNt
md;dk; vd;Dk; gjpg;gfj;ij cUthf;fpdhH.
Rªr EQoÜ
jkpo;nkhopapd; kPJ gw;Wk;> rKjha eydpy; mf;fiwAk;> ey;nyhOf;fKk;
epiwe;jtH mg;Jy; uFkhd;.
jk; mWgjhtJ taJ epiwitf; nfhz;lhl khztHfSk;
ez;gHfSk; jpul;bj; je;j epjpiaf; nfhz;L jk; ngahpy; xU ftpij
mwf;fl;lis epWtpdhH. Mz;L NjhWk; jkpopy; rpwe;j ftpij Áy;
gilf;Fk; ftpQUf;F &gha; Kg;gjhapuk; ghprspj;Jg; ghuhl;b tUfpwhH.
£\l×m®ÚÕm
ftpf; N fh vd; D k; milnkhopahy; jkpofj; j pYk; > jkpowpe; j
mayfq;fspYk; mwpag;gLk; mg;Jy; uFkhd;> 1999-Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd
jkpo;f; ftpijf;Fhpa rhfpj;jpa mf;fhnjkp tUJ ngw;wtH. 1989-,y;
jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk; toq;fpa jkpod;id tpUJ> jkpof muR
toq;fpa ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; tpUJ> fiykhkzp tpUJ Mfpatw;iwg;
ngw;whH. 1997-Mk; Mz;L fiyQH tpUJ ngw;whH. ,itay;yhj
gy;NtW tpUJfSk; rpwg;GfSk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhH.
LiÔm GÝúRm
fz;zpy; Vd;
ik jPl;l tpy;iy
vd;fpwhah Njhop
nrhy;fpNwd;
fz;Zf;Fs; vd;
fhjyH
mtH Kfj;jpy;
fhp G+ryhkh
Self-Instructional
Material 79
10811A_rev2.indd 79 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I vd; #hpad; kPJ
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,Ul;ilj; jlTtNjh
tPl;bw;Fs;Ns mtH
Ï±l× thrypy; vjw;F
tuNtw;Gf; Nfhyk;
mtidNa jPl;b
moF ngw;w fz;Zf;F
ikayq;fhuk;
Ntz;Lkh
fz;iztpl nkd;ikahdtH
fhjyH
Nfhy; gl;lhy; typf;fhjh
mtiu itj;j ,lj;jpy;
Ntnwhd;iw itg;gJ
fw;Gf;F ,Of;fy;yth
®[dLÜûW
mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; NeaH tpUg;gk; vd;w ftpij ÁypypUe;J GJf;
ftpijfs; ,aw;Wk; ftpQH $l;lj;jpy; epiyahd XH ,lj;ijg; ngw;wtH
mg;Jy; uFkhd; MthH. mtUila ftpij ,J.
jpUts;StH Fwspy; $wpa xU njhliuj; jiyg;ghff; nfhz;lJ
,f; ftpij.
fz;Zs;shH fhj ytuhff; fz;Zk; vONjk; fug;ghf; fwpe;J
– Fws; 1127.
jiytp fz;zpy; ik jPl;lhikf;Ff; fhuzk; $Wfpwhs;. ik jPl;Lk;

NghJ fz;iz ,ik %bf; nfhs;fpwJ. me;jr; rpW nghOjpy; fz;zpy;
cs;s fhjyH kiwfpwhNu mij vg;gbg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;
mjdhy; fz;Zk; vONjk; vd;fpwhs;.
,e;jf; Fwis mbnahw;wpf; ftpQH mg;Jy; uFkhd; jd;Dila
fw;gidr; rpwFfis tphpf;fpwhH. mtH fhZk; Kiwiag; ghUq;fs;.
jiytp-Njhopapd; ciuahlyhff; ftpij Njhd;WfpwJ. Njhop
jiytpNa fz;zpy; Vd; ik jPl;ltpy;iy jiytpapd; gjpy;fs;
Self-Instructional gytifg;gLfpd;wd.
80 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 80 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

1. vd; fhjyH fz;Zf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwhH. mtH Kfj;jpy; fhp (ik) TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
G+ryhkh
2. vd; fhjyH #hpad; Nghd;W xsp gilj;jtH. mtH kPJ ,Uis

jlTtjh Ï±l×
3. vd; tPlb
; w;Fs; (fz;Zf;Fs;) mtH ,Uf;fpwhH. thrypy; (,ikapy;)
vjw;F tuNtw;Gf; Nfhyk;
4. vd; fhjyiuNa jhq;fpf; jhq;fp mjdhy; moF ngw;w fz;Zf;Fg;

gpd;Dk; XH myq;fhuk; Njitah
5. fz;zpDk; nky;ypaH vd; fhjyH. mtH kPJ ik vOJk; Nfhy;

gl;lhy; mtUf;F typf;fhjh
6. ,J ftpQdpd; cr;r fl;lkhd gjpy; mtH ,Uf;fpw ,lj;jpy;

Ntnwhd;iw itg;gJ fw;Gf;F ,Of;F Mfhjh
gioa ftpQdpd; fUj;Jf;Fg; GJf; ftpQH mg;Jy; uFkhd; nkUF
Cl;LfpwhH. jiytpapd; nkd;ikahd czHTfisf; ftpQHfs; vt;thW
vy;yhk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdH vd;gij vz;zpg;ghUq;fs;. mjdhyd;Nwh
ts;Stg; ngUe;jif kyhpDk; nky;ypJ fhkk; vd;whH.
`iØL ÑlûTVô
Y«ß
jiyiar; nrhwp
ehf;iff; fb
gy;iy ,sp
KJif tis
ifiaf; fl;L
fhiyr; NrH
vd;d ,J
tapw;iwf; Nfs;
nrhy;Y kJ
®[dLÜûW
~z;Kf Rg;igah ftpijfs; vd;w Áypy; ,Ue;J ghlkhf te;Js;sJ.
rq; f g; GytHfs; tWikia – twpatHfisg; gythW
rpj;jhpj;Js;shHfs;. vy;yh ehl;bYk; tWik ,Uf;fpwJ. vy;yhf;
Self-Instructional
Material 81
10811A_rev2.indd 81 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I fhyq;fspYk; tWik ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j Vo;ikia-gpzpia-%g;igr;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rpj;jhHj;jd; ghHj;jhd;. fhuzk; mwpe;J Gj;jd; Mdhd;.
me;j tWikia tapW vd;w jiyg;gpy; GJf; ftpQH ~z;Kf
Ï±l× Rg;igah rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHf;fpwhH. kdpjd; jiyiar; nrhwpfpwhd;>
ehf;iff; fbf;fpwhd;> gy;iy ,spf;fpwhd;> KJif tisf;fpwhd;
ifiaf; fl;Lfpwhd;> fhiyr; NrHj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd; vy;yhk;
vjw;fhf Vd; ,g;gb kdpjd; my;yy; cWfpwhd;. ftpQH tapw;iwf;
Nfl;fr; nrhy;YfpwhH. gjpiy tapW nrhy;Yk; vd;fpwhH. mJ vd;d
gjpy; grp jhd;. tapw;Wg; grpjhd; kdpjid ,e;jf; Nfhyj;jpw;F Ms;
Mshf;FfpwJ. grpf;fg; Grpf;f ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtd; cyfj;ijNa
nty;Ythd;. ,ijj;jhd; kfhftp ghujpahH jdp xUtDf;F czT
,y;iy vdpy; ,e;j [fj;jpidNa mopg;Nghk; vd;fpwhH.
mj;jid cWg;GfSf;Fk; tapW [Ptdhf tpsq;Ftijf; ftpQH
~z;Kf Rg;igah ekf;F czHj;JfpwhH.
®]ô-®ûPLs:
1. jiytp fz;zpy; ik jPl;lhikf;f vd;d fhuzk; $Wfpwhs;?
ik jPl;Lk; NghJ fz;iz ,ik %bf;nfhs;fpwJ. me;jr; rpW

nghOjpy; fz;zpy; cs;s fhjyH kiwfpwhNu> mij vg;gbg;
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk;. mjdhy; ik jPl;ltpy;iy vd;fpwhs;.
2. tapW [Ptdhf tpsq;Ftijf; ftpQH ~z;Kf Rg;igah vt;thW

tpsf;FfpwhH?
kdpjd; grpapdhy; jiyiar; nrhwpfpwhd;> ehf;iff; fbf;fpwhd;>
gy;iy ,spf;fpwhd;> KJif tisf;fpwhd;> ifiaf; fl;Lfpwhd;>
fhiyr; NrHj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. tapw;Wg; grpjhd; kdpjid
,e;jf; Nfhyj;jpw;F Mshf;FfpwJ. grpf;fg; Grpf;f ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
mtd; cyfj;ijNa nty;Ythd;. mj;jid cWg;GfSf;Fk;
tapW [Ptdhf tpsq;Ftijf; ftpQH ~z;Kf Rg;igah ekf;F
czHj;Jfpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
82 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 82 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I
£XlT§LôWm
Ï±l×
YZdÏûW LôûR
Mq;Ff;
FilnahL Nfhy;tPo epd;W eLq;Fk;
filkzp ,d;Fuy; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
jpirapU ehd;Fk; mjpHe;jpLk; md;wpf;
fjpiu ,Us;tpOq;ff; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;y
tpLq;nfhb tpy;ypu ntk;gfy; tPOk;
fLq;fjpH kPdpit fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
fUg;gk;
nrq;NfhYk; ntz;FilAk;
nrwpepyj;J kwpe;J tPo;jUk;
eq;Nfhd;wd; nfhw;wthapy;
kzpeLq;f eLq;F Ks;sk;
,uT tpy;ypLk; gfy;kPd; tpOk;
,Uehd;F jpirAk; mjpHe;jpLk;
tUtNjhH Jd;gKz;L
kd;dtHf;fpahk; ciuj;Jnkd
MbNae;jpdH fyNde;jpdH
mtpHe;J tpsq;Fk; mzpapioapdH
Nfhb Nae;jpdH gl;Nle;jpdH
nfhOe;jpiu aypd;nrg; Nge;jpdH
tz;z Nke;jpdH fz;zNke;jpdH
khd;kjj;jpd; rhe;Nje;jpdH
fz;zpnae;jpdH gpizaNye;jpdH
fthpNae;jpdH ÀgNke;jpdH
$Dq; FwSk; CKq; $ba
FWe; njhopypisQH nrwpe;J #o;ju
eiu tpiu,a eWq;$e;jyH
ciutpiu,a gyH tho;j;jpl
<z;LePH itaq; fhf;Fk;
ghz;bad; ngUe; Njtp tho;nfd
Self-Instructional
Material 83
10811A_rev2.indd 83 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I MaKq; fhtYk; nrd; ebaPL gurp Naj;jf;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Nfhg;ngUe; Njtpnrd;Wjd; jPf;fdhj; jpwKiug;g
mhpkh Nde;jpa mkspkpir ,Ue;jdd;
Ï±l× jpUtPo; khHgpd; njd;dtHNfhNt ,g;ghy;
thap NyhNa thap NyhNa
mwptiw Nghfpa nghwpaW neQ;rj;J
,iwKiw gpioj;Njhd; thap NyhNa
,izahpr; rpyk;nghd; Nwe;jpa ifas;
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhnsd;W
mwptpg; ghNa mwptpg; ghNa, vd
thapNyhd;> thopnaq; nfhw;if Nte;Nj thop
njd;dk; nghUg;gpd; jiyt thop
nrspa thop njd;dt thop
gopnahL gluhg; gQ;rt thop
mlHj;njO FUjp alq;fhg; gRe;Jzpg;
gplHj;jiyg; gPlk; Vwpa klf;nfhb
ntw;wpNtw; wlf;iff; nfhw;wit ay;ys;
mWtHf; fpisa eq;if ,iwtid
Mly;fz; lUspa mzq;F #Uilf;
fhdfk; cfe;j fhsp jhUfd;
NgUuq; fpopj;j ngz;Z ky;ys;
nrw;wds; NghYk; nrapHj;jds; NghYk;
nghw;nwhopw; rpyk;nghd; Nwe;jpa ifas;
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhNs
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhNs> vd
tUf kw;wts; jUf <q;nfd
thapy; te;J Nfhapy; fhl;lf;
Nfhapy; kd;didf; FWfpds; nrd;Wop
ePH thH fz;iz vk;Kd; te;Njha;
ahiu NaheP klf;nfhb Naha;vdj;
Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;
vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikatH tpag;gg;
Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPHj;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePH neQ;RRlj; jhd;jd;
Self-Instructional
84 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 84 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

mUk; ngww; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ngUk;ngaHg; Gfhnud; gjpNa mt;T+H
Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,irtpsq;F ngUq;Fb
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfid ahfp Ï±l×
tho;jy; Ntz;b Co;tpid Jug;gr;
#o;foy; kd;dh epd;dfHg; GFe;jPq;F
vd;fhw; rpyk;G-gfHjy; Ntz;b epd;ghy;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
fz;zfp nad;gnjd; ngaNunadg; ngz;zzq;Nf
fs;tidf; Nfhwy; fLq;Nfh yd;W
nts;Ntw; nfhw;wq; fhz;vd xs;spio
ew;wpwk; gluhf; nfhw;if Nte;Nj
vd;fhw; nghw;rpyk;G kzpAil mhpNa> vdj;
Njnkhop ciuj;jJ nrt;it ed;nkhop
ahKilr; rpyk;G Kj;Jil mhpNa
jUnfdj; je;J jhd;Kd; itg;gf;
fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhw;rpyk; Gilg;g
kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa> kzpfz;L
jho;e;j Filad; jsHe;j-nrq; Nfhyd;
nghd;nra; nfhy;yd; jd;nrhw; Nfl;l
ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;
kd;gij fhf;Fk; njd;Gyq; fhty;
vd;Kjw; gpioj;jJ nfLfntd; MAnsd
kd;dtd; kaq;fp tPo;e; jdNd njd;dtd;
Nfhg;ngUe; Njtp Fiye;jds; eLq;fpf;
fztid ,oe;NjhHf;Ff; fhl;Lt jpy;nyd;W
,izab njhOJtPo;e; jdNs klnkhop.
ùYiTô
1. my;yit nra;jhHf; fwq;$w;w khnkd;Dk;
gy;yitNahH nrhy;Yk; gOjd;Nw-nghy;yh
tLtpidNa nra;j taNte;jd; Njtp
fLtpidNad; nra;tÀcq; fhz;
Self-Instructional
Material 85
10811A_rev2.indd 85 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I 2. fhtp AFePUq; ifapy; jdpr;rpyk;Gk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Mtp FbNghd mt;tbTk;-ghtpNad;
fhnly;yhk; #o;e;j fUq;FoYk; fz;lQ;rpf;

Ï±l×
$lyhd; $lhap dhd;.
3. nka;apw; nghbAk; tphpj;j fUq;FoYk;
ifapy; jdpr;rpyk;Gk; fz;zPUk;-itiaf;Nfhd;
fz;lsNt Njhw;whd;mf; fhhpifjd; nrhw;nrtpapy;
cz;lsNt Njhw;whd; capH.
£XlT§LôWm
YZdÏûW LôûR
®[dLm
goe;jkpopy; Áy;fs; nra;As; tbtpy; vOjg;gl;ld. njhlHepiyr;
nra;As; tbtpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ fhg;gpak; vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; nkhopapy;
Ie;J ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSk; Ie;J rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk; cs;sd. ,it
jtpu NtW rpy fhg;gpaq;fSk; cs;sd.
Ik;ngUq; fhg;gpaq;fSs; Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpakhfg; Nghw;wg;gLtJ
rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;. mjpy; xU rpWgFjp tof;Fiu fhij vd;gJ.
,e;jg; gFjp %yk; fhg;gpaj; jiytp fz;zfp> jd; fztd; Nfhtyd;
fs;td; my;yd; vd epWtpaijAk; mjd;top Kg;ngUk; cz;ikfSs;
,uz;L czHj;jg;gLtijAk; fhzyhk;.
£XlT§LôWm
jkpo; nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ngUq;fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,e;Áypd;
MrphpaH ,sq;Nfh mbfs; MthH. ,J rkz rkaf; fhg;gpak;. ,e;jf;
fhg;gpak; rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fk; Njthuf; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
vOe;jJ.
fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; tzpfH Fyj;jpy; gpwe;J> FynthOf;fg;gb
jpUkzk; nra;J> ,y;ywk; elj;jpa Nfhtyd; fz;zfp tho;f;if
tuyhw;iw tpsf;FtJ ,e;Áy;. ,tHfs; tho;e;j tho;f;ifia %d;W
fhz;lq;fspy; Kg;gJ fhijfspy; tphpthf MrphpaH tpsf;fpAs;shH.
Self-Instructional
86 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 86 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

Lôl©V AûUl× TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpa epfo;r;rpfs; KiwNa Nrho> ghz;ba> Nru

ehL vd;Dk; %d;W ehLfspy; %Nte;jhpd; jiyefuq;fspYk; ele;j
Ï±l×
epfo;r;rpfshk;. vdNt ,f;fhg;gpak; GfhHf; fhz;lk;> kJiuf; fhz;lk;>
tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; vd;W %d;W fhz;lq;fshf tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j %d;W fhz;lq;fspy; Kg;gJ fhijfs; mike;Js;sd. (fhz;lk;
® ngUk; gphpTÉ fhij ® rpW gphpT)
ùTVodLôWQm
,e; j f; fhg; g paj; j pd; fij rpyk; g pidf; fhuzkhff; nfhz; L
mike;jjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ.
Lôl©V úSôdLm
fhg;gpaj;jpy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; %d;Wk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
NfhtyDk; fz;zfpAk; thdtH cyF (tPL) nry;tJk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
vdpDk; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,sq;Nfhtbfspd; Nehf;fk; mwNk vdyhk;.
jk;ik mwTzHT ce;j> jhKk; kf;fsplk; mwTzHit tpopg;Gwr;
nra;a ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ghbaJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
Lôl©Vf £\l×
rpyg;gjpfhuk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j jkpopyf;fpak; mfj;jpiz>
Gwj;jpizg; ghly;fNs. mit jdpkdpj czHr;rpfisg; nghJikapy;
epd;W czHj;jpd. Mdhy; xUtuJ tho;fi ; fia KOikahfg; ghHj;J>
caHe;j cz;ikfisf; fhl;b> kdpj rkjhaj;ij top elj;jpr;
nry;Yk; Kjy; ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpahf> ngUq;fhg;gpakhf> mike;jJ
rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;.
Lôl©Vj RûX®
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzg;gb ngUq;fhg;gpak; jd;Ndhpy;yhj jiytidf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rpyk;gpy; fz;zfp jd; epfhpy;yhj
jiytpahfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whs;.
ØjRªrd Lôl©Vm
,sq;Nfh mbfs; ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w %d;W
jkpioAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. mjdhy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kj;jkpo;f;
fhg;gpak; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. Self-Instructional
Material 87
10811A_rev2.indd 87 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

TÏ§-I êuß ¿§Ls ApXÕ EiûULs
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,t;Tyf kf;fs; mwpe;J gad;ngWk; tifapy; %d;W

cz;ikfisf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. me;j %d;W
Ï±l×
cz;ikfs; vit vd mwpe;J nfhs;Nthkh? mitahtd:
murpay; gpioj;NjhHf;F mwk; $w;whtJÉ

ciurhy; gj;jpdpia caHe;NjhH Vj;JtJÉ
Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; vd;gJ
(gpioj;jy; ® jtW nra;jy;É $w;W ® vkd;É ciurhy; ® Gfo;kpFe;jÉ

cUj;J ® rpde;J)
,it rpyg;gjpfhu Áy; KOikAk; tputp te;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.
Lôl©Vl ùTÚûU
rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j jkpoHjk; gz;ghL> rka newpfs;>
gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fiyfs; mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s ,f;fhg;gpak;
nghpJk; Jizepw;Fk;. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; ngUikiaf; ftpQH
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahH “neQ;ir ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;NwhH
kzpahuk;” vdg; ghuhl;bAs;shH.
YZdÏûW LôûR
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lkhd kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; gj;jhtJ
fhijahf tof;Fiu fhij ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. Mrphpag; ghtpdhy;
mike;j ,f;fhijapy; rpy ntz;ghf;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
LûRf ÑÚdLm
Nfhtyd; jd; kidtp fz;zfpAld; nghUs; Njl kJiu nry;fpwhd;.
kJiuapy; khjhp vd;w MaHFyg; ngz;zplk; fz;zfpia milf;fykhf
,Uf;fr; nra;J> fz;zfp je;j fhw;rpyk;ig tpw;W tuf; fUjp kJiu
efuf; filj;njUtpw;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. mq;F muz;kidr; rpyk;igj;
jpUba nghw;nfhy;yd; xUtdJ #o;rr ; pf;F Mshfpwhd;. mjd; tpisT
Nfhtyd; jpUld; vdf; fUjg;gl;L murd; Mizahy; nfhiy
nra;ag;gLfpwhd;. Nfhtyd; nfhiyAz;l nra;jp Nfl;l fz;zfp rpde;J
vOe;J ghz;bad; muritf;Fr; nrd;W tof;Fiuj;Jf; Nfhtyd; fs;td;
my;yd; vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whs;. cz;ik czHe;j ghz;bad;
mf;fzNk jd;DapH ePj;J ePjpia epiy epWj;Jfpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
88 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 88 12/5/2018 3:48:37 PM

LûR AûUl× TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
mureP j p gw; w p vOe; j ,e; j tof; F iu fhij ehlfg; ghq; f py;

mike;Js;sJ.
Ï±l×
LûR UôkRo
tof;Fiu fhijf; fij epfo;rr
; papy; Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp> ghz;ba kd;dd;>
thapy; fhtyd;> fz;zfp MfpNahH ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdH.
YZdÏûW LôûR¨Lrf£Ls
fz;zfp czHr;rp nghq;f tof;Fiuj;J nty;tJk;> Njhw;w ghz;ba
kd;dd; capH ePg;gJk; ,f;fhij epfo;r;rpfs; MFk;.
úLôlùTÚkúR®«u L]Ü
muz;kidapy; ghz;ba murp Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp jhd; fz;l jPa
fdtpdhy; cs;sq; fyq;fpj; jd; Njhopaplk; $wpaJ:
“NjhoP! Nfs;. ek; kd;duJ ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil nrq;NfhYld;
fPNo tpOe;jJ. muz;kid thapypy; fl;lg;gl;l Muha;r;rp kzpapd;
Xir ,iltplhJ xypj;jJ. vy;yhj; jpirfSk; mg;NghJ mjpHe;jd.
mg;nghOJ #hpaid ,Us; #of; fz;Nld;. ,ut Neuj;jpy; thdtpy;
Njhd;wf; fz;Nld;. gfy; nghOjpy; tpz;kd
P f
; s; kpf;f xspNahL G+kpapy;
tpof; fz;Nld;. ,njy;yhk; vd;d? mjdhy; ekf;f tuf;$ba Jd;gk;
xd;Wz;L. mjid ek;kd;dtHf;Fr; nrd;W $WNtd;.”
,t;thW $wpa Njtp kd;dd; ,Uf;Fk; murit Nehf;fpr; nrd;whs;.
(gpd; d hy; epfog; NghFk; epfo; r ; r piaf; Fwpg; g hf Kd; d Nu
czHj;JtJ ehlf cj;jpahFk;. ,q;Fj; Njtp fz;l fdtpd; %yk;
ghz;ba kd;dd; tPo;r;rp milag; NghtJ Fwpg;ghf czHj;jg;gl;lJ)
,g;gFjpia MrphpaH fPo;tUkhW ghLfpwhH:
Mq;Ff;
FilnahL Nfhy;tPo epd;W eLq;Fk;
filkzp ,d;Fuy; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
jpirapU ehd;Fk; mjpHe;jpLk; md;wpf;
fjpiu ,Us;tpOq;ff; fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;y
tpLq;nfhb tpy;ypu ntk;gfy; tPOk;
Self-Instructional
Material 89
10811A_rev2.indd 89 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I fLq;fjpH kPdpit fhz;ngd;fhz; vy;yh
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fUg;gk;
(tof;Fiu fhij: 1-8)
Ï±l× (vy;yh ® NjhopÉ filkzp ® KiwNtz;b tUNthH xypf;Fk; nghUl;L
muz;kid thapypy; fl;lg;gLtNjhH nghpakzpÉ fjpH ® #hpad;É
fUg;gk; ® mwpFwp)
úLôlùTÚkúR®«u YÚûL
murp kd;did ehbr; nrd;w NghJ NjhopaUk; cld; te;jdH. fz;zhb
Ve;jp te;jdH rpyHÉ Mil> mzpfyd;> Ve;jpdH rpyHÉ kzg;nghUs; Ve;jp
te;jdH rpyHÉ khiy> fthp mfpw;Gif Kjypad Ve;jp te;jdH rpyHÉ
$duhAk;>FwsuhAk;> CikauhAk; cs;s gzp nra;Ak; ,isQNuhL>
Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; kfspH murpiar; #o;eJ
; te;jdHÉ KJkfspH gyUk;
\ghz;bad; ngUe;Njtp tho;f!| vd cs;sd;NghL tho;j;jpdH.
($dH> Fs; s H> CikaH Kjypa FiwghL cilNahH
muz;kidapy; gzpGhptJ mf;fhyj;J tof;fkhFk;.)
,t;thW jd; ghpthuj;Jld; Njtpahdts; nrd;W> jd; jPa fdtpy;
fz;ltw;iw vy;yhk ghz;ba kd;ddplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;.
rpq;fk; Rke;j muR fl;bypd; Nky; tPw;wpUe;J> njd;dtH Nfhkhdhfpa
ghz;bad; Njtp $Wtijf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.
LiQ¡YÚûL
mt;NtisapNy fz;zfp muz;kid thapiy mile;jhs;É mq;fpUe;j
fhtyid Nehf;fp>“thapy; fhtyNd! thapy; fhtyNd! ey;y mwpT
mw;Wg; Nghd> jPa neQ;rj;jhy; nrq;Nfhy; Kiwapdpd;Wk; jtwpa
nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;dDila thapy; fhtyNd! guy;fisAila ,izr;
rpyk;GfSs; xU rpyk;gpid Ve;jpa ifia cilatsha;> jd;
fztid ,oe;jhs; xUj;jp muz;kid thapypy; cs;shs; vd;gij
cd; kd;ddplk; nrd;W mwptpg;gha;” vd;W $wpdhs;.
thapNyhNa thapNyhNa
mwpT miw Nghfpa nghwpaW neQ;rj;J
,iwKiw gpioj;Njhd; thapNyhNa
,izahpr; rpyk;nghd;W Ve;jpa ifas;
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj;jhs; vd;W
Self-Instructional
90 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 90 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

mwptpg;ghNa mwptpg;ghNa TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
(tof;Fiu fhij: 24-29)
(mwpT miw Nghjy; ® mwpT rkaj;jpy; cjthky; Nghjy;É ,iwKiw

Ï±l×
® nrq;Nfhd;ik)
Yô«p LôYXu Uu]àdÏ A±®jRp

thapy; fhtyd; fz;zfpapd; rpdq;nfhz;l Njhw;wk; fz;L mQ;rpatdha;
tpiue;J nrd;W kd;did tzq;fp tho;j;jp epd;whd;.
“vk; nfhw;ifg; gjpapd; Nte;jNd tho;f! njd; jpirapYs;s
nghjpif kiyf;F chpik cilatNd tho;f! nropa tho;f!
njd;dtNd tho;f! gop tUtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd newpapy; nry;yhj
gQ;rtNd tho;thahf!
FUjp gPwpLk; kfplhRuDila gplHj;jiyg; gPlj;jpd; Nky; epd;w
nfhw;witNah vd;why; mtSk; my;ys;É rg;j khjH VO NgUs;
,isatshd gplhhpNah vd; w hy; mtSk; my; ys; É ,iwtid
eldkhlf; fz;lUspa gj;jpu fhspNah vdpy; mtSk; my;ys;É
ghiy epyf; flTshd fhspNah vdpy; mtSk; my;ys;É jhUfd;
vd; w mRudpd; mfd; w khHigg; gpse; j JHf; i fAk; my; y s; É
cs;sj;jpNy kpfTk; rpdq;nfhz;lts; Nghy; Njhd;Wfpd;whs;É mofpa
Ntiyg;ghlike;j nghd; rpyk;G xd;wpidf; ifapNy gpbj;Js;shs;É
fztid ,oe;jtshk;É ek; muz;kid thapypy; cs;shs;>” vd;whd;.
thopvk; nfhw;if Nte;Nj thop

njd;dk; nghUg;gpd; jiyt thop
nropa thop njd;dt thop
gopnahL gluhg; gQ;rt thop
mlHj;njO FUjp mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzpg;
gplHj;jiyg; gPlk; Vwpa klf;nfhb
ntw;wpNty; jlf;iff; nfhw;wit my;ys;
mWtHf; fpisa eq;if ,iwtid
Mly;fz;L mUspa mzq;F #Uilf;
fhdfk; cfe;j fhsp jhUfd;
NgUuq; fpopj;j ngz;Zk; my;ys;
nrw;wds; NghYk; nrapHj;jds; NghYk;
nghw;nwhopw; rpyk;nghd;W Ve;jpa ifas;
Self-Instructional
Material 91
10811A_rev2.indd 91 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj; jhNs
Rªrf ùNnÙs
(nfhw;if ® rpwe;j Kj;Jfs; fpilf;Fk; flw;fiug; gl;bdk;. nropad;>

Ï±l× njd;dtd;> gQ;rtd; vd;gd ghz;ba murHf;Fhpa ngaHfs;.
gopnahL gluhg; gQ;rt vd;wJ md;W tiuapYk; murpay; ePjp jtwhJ

murhz;ltd; vd;gij czHj;Jk;.
gRe;Jzp ® ntl;lg;gl;l Jz;lk;É gplHj;jiy ® gplhpNahL $ba
kfplhRud; jiyÉ ,iwtd; ® rptngUkhd;É mzq;F ® gj;jpufhspÉ
fhdfk; cfe;jfhsp ® ghiyepyj; nja;tk;É nrw;wds; ® cl;gif
nfhz;lts;É nrapHj;jy; ® rpdj;jy;)
,g;gFjp fz;zfp rpdj;jhYk; cUtj;jhYk; kf;fs; jd;ikapy;
,Ue; J NtWgl; L > nfhw; w it Kjypa nja; t kfspNu Nghy;
fhzg;gl;lhs; vd;gij czHj;JfpwJ.
AWNu ®]ôÜmLiQ¡ ®ûPÙm

jdJ Mizg;gb> jd;Kd; te;J epd;w fz;zfpia Nehf;fp murd;
“ePH xOFk; fz;fSld; vk;Kd; te;jpUg;gtNs! ,isatNs! eP ahH?”
vdf; Nfl;lhd;.
“cz;ik njspah kd;dNd! nrhy;YfpNwd; Nfs;. NjtHfSk;
tpaf;Fk;gb xU GwhtpdJ Jd;gj;ij ePf;fpa rpgp vd;Dk; nrq;Nfhy;
kd;dDk;É jdJ muz;kid thapypy; fl;lg;gl;l Muha;r;rp kzpia
,iltplhJ mirj;J xypj;j xU gRtpd; Jaiug; Nghf;f vz;zp>
mg;gRtpd; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf jdJ mUk;ngwy; kfidj;
jhNd jdJ NjHr; rf;fuj;jpypl;Lf; nfhd;wtdhd nrq;nfhy; Nte;jd;
kEePjpr; NrhoDk; mUshl;rp nra;j ngUk; Gfio cila GfhH efuk;
vd;Dila CuhFk;.
GfhH efhpy; kpf;f GfOld; tpsq;Fk; ngUq;Fb tzpfdhd
khrhj;Jthd; vd;Dk; tzpfdJ kfdha;g; gpwe;J> thzpfk; nra;J
tho;jiy tpUk;gp> Co;tpid fhuzkhf cdJ nghpa efukhfpa
kJiuapNy GFe; J > ,q; F mj; n jhopYf; F Kjyhf vd; D ila
fhw;rpyk;GfSs; xd;wpid tpw;gjw;F te;J> cd;dhy; nfhiyf;fsg;gl;l
Nfhtyd; vd;ghd; kidtp MNtd;. vd;Dila ngaH fz;zfp” vd;whs;.
Njuh kd;dh nrg;GtJ cilNad;

Self-Instructional
92 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 92 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

vs;sW rpwg;gpd; ,ikatH tpag;gg; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Gs;SW Gd;fz; jPHj;Njhd; md;wpAk;
thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f
Mtpd; filkzp cFePH neQ;RRlj; jhd;jd; Ï±l×
mUk; ngwy; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd;
ngUk;ngaHg; GfhHvd; gjpNa mt;T+H
Vrhr; rpwg;gpd; ,irtpsq;F ngUq;Fb
khrhj;J thzpfd; kfid Mfp
tho;jy; Ntz;b Co;tpid Jug;gr;
#o;foy; kd;dh epd;dfHg; GFe;jPq;F
vd;fhy; rpyk;G gfHjy; Ntz;b epd;ghy;
nfhiyf;fsg; gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp
(Njuh kd;dh ® Muha;r;rp ,y;yhj murNdÉ Gs; ® gwit. ,q;Fg;

Gwhitf; Fwpf;Fk;É Gd;fz; ® Jd;gk;É Vrhr; rpwg;G ® gop $wg;glhj
goQ;rpwg;G)
,g;gFjpapy; murd; kPz;Lk; jd;id tpdTtjw;F ,lkpd;wpf;
$wNtz;ba midj;ijAk; FiwglhJ $wpf; fz;zfp tof;Fiuf;fpd;w
jpwk; Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
Uu]u átß
“ngz; mzq;Nf! fs;tidf; nfhy;tJ nrq;Nfhy; Kiwikf;F Vw;wJ
MFk;. Kiw jtwhj mur ePjpNa MFk;.” vd;W kd;dd; tpsf;fpdhd;.
LiQ¡ LôhÓm Nôuß

mJ Nfl;l fz;zfp>“ey;y Kiwapy; Muha;e;J ghHj;Jr; nray;glhj
nfhw;if Nte;jNd! vd;fhw; nghw;rpyk;G khzpf;ff; fw;fis cs;spL
guy;fshf cilaJ” vd;whs;.
(rpyk;G xypf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mjd; cs;Ns rpW fw;fis
,LthHfs;. mf;fw;fisg; \guy;| vd;Wk; \mhp| vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthHfs;.
rpyk;gpDs; khzpf;fg; guypLjy; mhpanjhU epfo;r;rp MjyhYk;>
ghz;bad; muz;kidr; rpyk;gpy; Kj;JfNs guy;fshf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
vd;Dk; JzpT gw;wpAk; fz;zfp |vd;fhw; nghw;rpyk;g kzpAil mhpNa|
vd;whs;.)
Self-Instructional
Material 93
10811A_rev2.indd 93 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I Nôu±û] TôWôhÓRp
Rªrf ùNnÙs
mJ Nfl;l kd;dd; cz;ikia mwptjw;Fj; jFe;j rhd;W $wpa

fz;zfpiaj; jd;Ds; nghpJk; ghuhl;b>“ey;yJ. eP $wpait ey;y
Ï±l×
nrhw;fs;. vkJ rpyk;G Kj;Jfis cs;spL guy;fshf cilaJ.”
vd;whd;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfs; eLepiy jtwhJ Kiwahf murhz;ldH.
Fbkf;fs; jk;ik te;J fhz;gjw;F vspatuhfTk;> ,dpikahfg; NgRk;
gz;G cilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jdH. rhd;NwhH $Wk; mwpTiufs; jk;
fhJfSf;Ff; frg;gha; ,Ug;gpDk; mtw;iwg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
gz;G cilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jdH. ,t;thW Kiw nra;J fhg;ghw;Wk;
kd;dHfis kf;fs; flTshfg; Nghw;wpdH.
,g;ghlg; gFjpapy; ghz;ba kd;dd; fz;zfp $wpa rhd;wpidf;
nfhz; L cz; i kia czHtjw; F MHtk; fhl; L jy; kd; d dJ
eLepiyikia ekf;F tpsf;FfpwJ. NkYk;> ghz;bad; fz;zfp $wpa
fLQ;nrhw;fshy; rpwpNjDk; rpdthJ mikjpAld; ,Ue;J> cz;ik
mwpa tpUk;gp tpiue;J nray;gl;l gz;G mtd; rpwe;j gz;Gila
kd;dd; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
LiQ¡ £XmûT EûPjRp

kd;dJ Mizg;gb NfhtydplkpUe;J ngw;w fhw;rpyk;gpid VtyH
nfhz;L te;J ju> mr;rpyk;gpid thq;fpj; jhNd mjidf; fz;zfpapd;
Kd; ghz;bad; itj;jhd;. clNd fz;zfp tpiue;J mr;rpyk;gpidf;
ifapy; vLj;J kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; cilj;jhs;. mr;rpyk;G cile;J
mjDs; ,Ue;j khzpf;ff; fw;fs; rpjWz;L murDila Kfj;jpYk;
gl;Lf; fPNo tpOe;jd.
fz;zfp mzpkzpf; fhw;rpyk;G cilg;g

kd;dtd; tha;Kjy; njwpj;jJ kzpNa
Tôi¥Vu ¨ûXûU
ghz;ba kd;dd; mt;thW rpjwpa khzpf;fg; guy;fisf; fz;lTld;
jdJ ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil xUgf;fk; tpoTk;> gpbjsHe;J jdJ
nrq;Nfhy; xUgf;fk; rha;e;J epw;fTk;>“nghw;nfhy;ydpd; nrhy;iyf;
Self-Instructional
Nfl;L mjid cz;iknad;W Jzpe;j mwptpypahfpa ahDk; XH murd;
94 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 94 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

MNtNdh? ,g;nghOJ ahNd Nfhtydpd; rpyk;igf; ftHe;j fs;td; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Mfpd;Nwd;. Fbkf;fisg; Ngzpf; fhj;J tUfpd;w ,j;njd;dhl;bd;
ghz;baH Ml;rpr; rpwg;G vd;dhy; gpiogl;L tpl;lNjÉ Mjyhy; vd;
Mas; moptjhf” vd;W $wp kaq;fp muR fl;bypdpd;Wk; tPo;e;jhd;. Ï±l×
nghd;nra; nfhy;yd; jd;nrhy; Nfl;l
ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;
kd;gij fhf;Fk; njd;Gyk; fhty;
vd;Kjy; gpioj;jJ nfLfntd; Mas;vd
,t;thW murd; jd; jtw;iw czHe;jJk;> jd;DapH ePj;J ePjpia

epiy epWj;jpdhd;.
úLôlùTÚkúR®«u ¨ûX
mur khNjtpapd; cs;sKk; clYk; eLq;fpd. fztid ,oe;j
fw;Gila kfspHf;F me;j ,og;gpw;F <lhff; fhl;Ltjw;F cyfpy;
ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy. Mjyhy; jd; fztDila jpUtbfisj; njhOJ
tPo;e;jds;É capH Jwe;jds;.
ùYiTô
,f; fhijapd; ,Wjpapy; %d;W ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. Kjy; ntz;gh
fz;zfp $w;whfTk;> Vida ,uz;Lk; epfo;r;rpiaf; fz;l xUtH
$w;whfTk; mike;Js;sd.
LiQ¡ átß
\jPtpidfisr; nra;jtHfis mwf;flTNs $w;whf epd;W jz;bf;Fk;
vd;W rhd;NwhH $wpa thf;F tha;ikNa MFk;. nghy;yhj gopr;
nraiyr; nra;j ntw;wp Nte;jdpd; NjtpNa! jPtpidf;F Mshd ehd;
,dpr; nra;fpd;w nraiyAk; fhz;ghahf| vd;W> fz;zfp jhd; mLj;Jr;
nra;atpUe;j nraiyg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;lhs;.
my;yit nra;jhHf;Fmwk;$w;w khk;vd;Dk;

gy;yitNahH nrhy;Yk; gOjd;Nw-nghy;yh
tLtpidNa nra;j taNte;jd; Njtp
fLtpidNad; nra;tÀck; fhz;
(tof;Fiu fhij: ntz;gh vz;: 1)
Self-Instructional
Material 95
10811A_rev2.indd 95 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I (my;yit ® jPaitÉ mitNahH ® rhd;NwhHÉ
Rªrf ùNnÙs
gOJ ® ngha;k;ikÉ tL ® gop)
LiúPôoátß
Ï±l×
fz;zfpapd; kyH Nghd;w tpopfspy; ,Ue;J nrhhpfpd;w Jd;gf;
fz;zPiuAk;> mts; ifapNy Ve;jp te;j xw;iwr; rpyk;gpidAk;> capH
ePj;j clk;g Nghd;w mts; cUtj;ijAk;> fhL Nghd;W mlHe;J>
mtpo;e;J rhpe;j mtsJ fhpa $e;jiyAk; fz;L mr;rKw;W> kJiu
kd;dd; jhNd me;epiyf;Ff; fhuzkhdjhy; capH Jwe;J ntw;Wlk;gha;f;
fple;jhd;. jPtpidAilNad; ,e;epfo;r;rpiaf; fz;$lha;f; fz;Nld;.
fz;zfpapDila clk;gpy; gbe;j GOjpiaAk;> mtsJ tphpe;J
fple;j fhpa $e;jiyAk;> mtsJ ifapNye;jpa xw;iwr; rpyk;igAk;
ghHj; j nghONj ghz; b a ehl; L kd; d d; tof; f py; Njhw; w hd; .
mf;fz;zfp tof;Fiuj;j nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l mstpNyNa kd;dd;
capiuAk; Jwe;jhd;.
jkpo; ,yf; f paj; j py; njhlHepiyr; nra; A shyhd Kjy;
ngUq;fhg;gpakhf tpsq;FtJ rpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; xU
fhijahd tof;Fiu fhij vd;w ,e;jg; ghlg; gFjpapy; Nfhtyd;
fz;zfp tho;f;if tuyhW %yk; Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;
vd;gJk;É ghz;ba kd;dd; MuhahJ nra;j jtNw mtdJ capUf;ff;
$w;wha; Kbe;jJ vd;gjd; %yk; miurpay; gpioj;NjhHf;f mwk;
$w;whfk; vd;gJk; czHj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
LmTWôUôVQm
AúVôj§Vô LôiPm
Uk§Wl TPXm
LPÜs YôrjÕ
thd;epd;W ,ope;J> tuk;G ,fe;j kh G+jj;jpd; itg;G vq;Fk;> CDk;
capUk; czHTk;Nghy; cs;Sk; Gwj;Jk; csd; vd;g $Dk; rpwpa
Nfhj;jhAk; nfhLik ,iog;g> Nfhy; Jwe;J> fhDk; flYk; fle;J>
,ikNahH ,Lf;fz; fhj;j foy; Nte;Nj.
Self-Instructional
96 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 96 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I
1, Uk§Wl TPXm Rªrf ùNnÙs
jaujd; MNyhrid kz;lgk; miljy;

kz;ZW KuR,dk; kioapd; MHg;Gw> Ï±l×
gz;ZW glH rpdg; gUk ahidahd;>
fz;ZW fthpapd; fw;iw Rw;Ww>
vz;ZW #o;r;rpapd; ,Uf;if va;jpdhd;. 1
rigapypUe;jhiug; Nghf;fp> ke;jpuf; fpotiu kd;dd; tUtpj;jy;
Gf;fgpd;> epUgUk;> nghU,y; Rw;wKk;>

gf;fKk;> ngaHf vd> ghptpd; ePf;fpdhd;
xf;f epd;W cyF mspj;J> Nahfpd; va;jpa
rf;fuj;jtd; vdj; jkpad; Mapdhd;. 2
re;jpuw;F ctik nra; jus ntz;Fil

me;juj;jsTk; epd;W mspf;Fk; Mizahd;>
,e;jpuw;F ,ikatH FUit Va;e;j> jd;
ke;jpuf; fpotiu> tUf vd;W Vtpdhd; 3
trpl;l Kdptdpd; tUif

G+ tU nghyd; foy; nghU ,y; kd;dtd;
fhtypd; Miznra; flTs; Mk; vd>
NjtUk; KdptUk;> czUk;> NjtHfs;
%thpd; ehy;tH Mk;> Kdp te;J va;jpdhd;. 4
khz;G gy ngw;w ke;jpuf; fpotH te;J mitapy; mkHjy;

Fyk; Kjy; njhd;ikAk;> fiyapd; Fg;igAk;>
gy Kjy; Nfs;tpAk;> gaDk;> va;jpdhH
eyk; Kjy; eypapDk; eLT Nehf;FthH
ryk; Kjy; mWj;J> mUe; jUkk; jhq;fpdhH 5
cw;wJ nfhz;L> Nky;te;J cW nghUs; czUk; NfhshH

kw;wJ mJ tpidapd; te;jJMapDk;> khw;wy; Mw;Wk;
ngw;wpaH gpwg;gpd; Nkd;ikg; nghpatH mhpa ÁYk;
fw;wtH khdk; Nehf;fpd; fthpkh mida ePuhH 6
fhyKk; ,lDk; Vw;w fUtpAk; njhpaf; fw;w

Áy; cw Nehf;fp> nja;tk; Edpj;J> mwk; Fzpj;j NkNyhH
Self-Instructional
Material 97
10811A_rev2.indd 97 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

TÏ§-I rPyKk;> Gfo;f;F Ntz;Lk; nra;ifAk;> njhpe;J nfhz;L>
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghy; tUk; cWjp ahTk; jiytw;Fg; gaf;Fk; ePuhH? 7
jk; capHf;F ,Wjp vz;zhH jiykfd; ntFz;l NghJk;

Ï±l× ntk;ikiaj; jhq;fp> ePjp tplhJepd;W> ciuf;Fk; tPuH
nrk;ikapd; jpwk;gy; nry;yhj; Njw;wj;jhH njhpAk; fhyk;
Kk;ikAk; czu ty;yhH xUikNa nkhopAk; ePuhH 8
ey;yTk; jPaTk; ehb> ehafw;F>

vy;iy,y; kUj;Jtd; ,ay;gpd; vz;ZthH
xy;iy te;J cWtd cw;w ngw;wpapd;>
njhy;iy ey;tpid vd cjTk; #o;r;rpahH 9
mWgjpdhapuHvdpDk;> Mz;jiff;F
cWjpapy; xd;W ,tw;F czHT vd;W cd;dyhk;
ngwy; mUQ; #o;r;rpaH jpUtpd; ngl;gpdH
kwp jpiuf; fly; vd te;J Rw;wpdhH 10
Kiwikapd; va;jpdH Ke;jp> me;jk ,y;

mwptid tzq;fp> jk; muirf; ifnjhOJ>
,iwapil tud;Kiw Vwp> Vw;w nrhy;
Jiw mwp ngUikahd; mUSk; #bdhH 11
jaujd; jd; csf; fUj;ij ntspapLjy;

md;dtH> mUs; mike;J ,Ue;j Mz;ilapy;>
kd;ddk;> mtH Kfk; kugpd; Nehf;fpdhd;
cd;dpa mUk; ngwy; cWjp xd;W csJ
vd; czHT mida ePH ,dpJ Nfl;buhy; 12
nta;atd; Fy Kjy; Nte;jH> NkytH>

nra;ifapd; xU Kiw jpwk;gy; ,d;wpna
itak; vd; Gaj;jpil> Eq;fs; khl;rpahy;>
I-,uz;L Mapuj;J MW jhq;fpNdd; 13
fd;dpaHf;F miktUk; fw;gpd;> kh epyk;…

jd;id ,j; jifajha;j; jUkk; ifju
kd;DapHf;F cWtNj nra;J itfpNdd;
vd; capHf;F cWtJk; nra;a vz;zpNdd; 14
Self-Instructional
98 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 98 12/5/2018 3:48:38 PM

tpUk;gpa %g;G vDk; tPL fz;l ahd;> TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,Uk; gpay; mde;jDk;> ,ire;j ahidAk;>
ngUk; ngaHf; fphpfSk; ngau> jhq;fpa
mUk; nghiw ,dpr; rpwpJ Mw;w Mw;wNyd; 15 Ï±l×
ek; Fyf; FutHfs;> eitapd; ePq;fpdhH
jk; Fyg; Gjy;tNu juzp jhq;fg; Ngha;>
ntq; Fyg;Gyd; nfl> tPL ez;zpdhH
vq;f cyg;GWtH> vd;W vz;zp> Nehf;FNfd; 16
nts;s ePH cyfpdpy;> tpz;zpy;> ehfhpy;>

js;s mUk; gif vyhk; jtpHj;J epd;w ahd;>
fs;shpd; fue;J ciw fhkk; Mjp Mk;
cs; ciw gifQUf;f xJq;fp tho;ntNdh? 17
gQ;rp nkd; jspH mbg; ghitNfhy; nfhs>

ntQ; rpdj;J mTzH NjH gj;Jk; ntd;WNsw;F>
vQ;ry; ,y; kdk; vDk; ,Oij Vwpa
mQ;R NjH nty;Yk; <J mUik MtNjh 18
xl;ba gifQH te;J cUj;j Nghhpilg;

gl;ltH my;yNuy;> guk Qhdk; Ngha;j;
njl;ltH my;yNuy;> nry;tk; <z;L vd
tpl;ltH my;yNuy; ahtH tPL cshH? 19
,wg;G vDk; nka;k;ikia> ,k;ik ahtHf;Fk;>

kwg;G vDk; mjdpd;Nky; NfL kw;w cz;Nlh?
Jwg;G vDk; njg;gNk Jiz nra;ahtpbd;>
gpwg;G vDk; ngUq; fly; gpiof;fy; MFNkh? 20
mUQ; rpwg;G miktUk; JwTk;> mt; topj;

njhpQ;r cwT vd kpFk; njspTk; Ma;> tUk;
ngUQ; rpiw cs vdpd;> gpwtp vd;Dk; ,t;
,UQ; rpiw flj;jypd; ,dpaj ahtNjh? 21
,dpaJ NghYk; ,y; muir vz;ZNkh-

Jdp tU Gyd; vdj; njhlHe;J Njhw;fyh
edp tUk; ngUk; gif eitapd; ePq;fp> mj;
jdp murhl;rpapy; jhOk; cs;sNk? 22 Self-Instructional
Material 99
10811A_rev2.indd 99 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

TÏ§-I ck;ik ahd; cilikapd;> cyfk; ahitAk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
nrk;ikapd; Xk;gp> ey; mwKk; nra;jndd;
,k;ikapd; cjtp> ,ir elha ePH>
Ï±l× mk;ikAk; cjTw;F mikaNtz;Lkhy;. 23
,ioj;j njhy; tpidiaAk; flf;f vz;Zjy;>

jioj;j NgH mUSilj; jtj;jpd; MFNky;>
Fioj;jJ XH mKjpidf; Nfhly; ePf;fp> NtW
mioj;j jP tplj;jpid mUe;jy; MFNkh 24
fr;irmk; flf; fhpf; fOj;jpd;fz; cwg;

gpr;rKk; ftpifAk; nga;Ak; ,d;epoy;
epr;rak; md;Wvdpd; nebJ ehs; cz;l
vr;rpiy EfUtJ ,d;gk; MFNkh? 25
ike;jiu ,d;ikapd; tuk;G ,y; fhyKk;

nehe;jndd; ,uhkd; vd; Nehit ePf;Fthd;
te;jdd; ,dp mtd; tUj;j ahd; gpioj;J>
ca;e;jndd; NghtJ XH cWjp vz;zpNdd;. 26
“,we;jpyd; nrUf; fsj;J ,uhkd; jhij jhd;>

mwk;jiy epuk;g> %g;G mile;j gpd;dUk;>
Jwe;jpyd;” vd;gJ XH nrhy; cz;lhdgpd;>
gpwe;jpnyd; vd;gjpd; gpwpJ cz;lhfNkh? 27
ngUkfd; vd;tapd; gpwf;f> rPij Mk;

jpUkfs; kztpid njhpaf; fz;l ahd;>
mU kfd; epiw Fzj;J mtdp khJ vDk;
xUkfs; kzKk; fz;L ctg;g cd;dpNdd;. 28
eptg;GW epyd; vDk; epuk;G eq;ifAk;>

rptg;GW kyHkpirr; rpwe;j nry;tpAk;>
ctg;GW fztid caphpd; va;jpa
jtg; gad; jho;g;gJ jUkk; md;W mNuh. 29
Mjyhy;> ,uhkDf;F muir ey;fp> ,g;

Ngijikj;jha; tUk; gpwg;ig ePf;FWk;
kh jtk; njhlq;Fthd; tdj;ij ez;ZNtd;
Self-Instructional
ahJ Ek; fUj;J? vd> ,ida $wpdhd;. 30
100 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 100 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

jaujd; nrhy; Nfl;l ke;jpuf; fpothpd; kd epiy TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jpuz;l Njhspdd; ,g;gbr; nrg;gYk;> rpe;ij
Guz;L kPjplg; nghq;fpa ctifaH> Mq;Nf
NtUz;L> kd;dtd; gphpT vDk; tpjpHg;GW epiyahy;> Ï±l×
,uz;L fd;wpDf;F ,uq;Fk; XH M vd ,Ue;jhH 31
md;dH MapDk;> murDf;F> mJ myJ cWjp

gpd;dH ,y; vdf; fUjpAk;> ngU epy tiug;gpy;
kd;Dk; kd;DapHf;f ,uhkdpd; kd;dtH ,y;iy
vd;d cd;dpAk;> tpjpaJ typapdk;> ,ire;jhH. 32
trpl;ld; jaujd; fUj;jpw;F cld;gl;Lg; NgRjy;

,Ue;j ke;jpuf; fpotHjk; vz;zKk;> kfd;ghy;
ghpe;j rpe;ij mk; kd;dtd; fUjpa gaDk;
nghUe;J kd;DapHf;F cWjpAk;> nghJTw Nehf;fp>
njhpe;J> ehd;kiwj; jpirKfd; kfd; ,it nrg;Gk; 33
epUg epd; Fy kd;dtH Nekp gz;L cUl;bg;

ngUik va;jpdH ahtNu ,uhkidg; ngw;whH?
fUkKk; ,J fw;W czHe;Njha;f;F ,dpf; flt
jUkKk; ,J jf;fNj ciuj;jid – jfNtha; 34
Gz;zpak; njhlH Nts;tpfs; ahitAk; Ghpe;j

mz;zNy ,dp> mUe; jtk; ,aw;wTk; mLf;Fk;
tz;z Nkfiy epykfs;> kw;W> cidg; gphpe;J
fz; ,oe;jpys; vdr; nrAk;> eP je;j foNyhd;. 35
Gwj;J> ehk; xU nghUs; ,dpg; Gfy;fpd;wJ vtNdh>

mwj;jpd; %Hj;jp te;J mtjhpj;jhd; vd;gJ my;yhy;?
gpwj;J> ahitAk; fhj;J> mit gpd; cwj; Jilf;Fk;>
jpwj;J %tUk; jpUe;jplj; jpUj;Jk;> mj; jpwNyhd;. 36
nghd; capHj;j G+ kle;ijAk;> Gtp vDk; jpUTk;>

,d; capHj; Jid ,td; vd epidf;fpd;w ,uhkd;.
jd; capHf;F vd;if Gy;ypJ jw; gae;J vLj;j
cd; capHf;F vd ey;yd;> kd; capHf;F vyhk; - cuNtha;37
thuk; vd; ,dpg; gfHtJ? itfYk;> midahd;

Nghpdhy;> tUk; ,lH vyhk; ngaHfpd;w gaj;jhy;> Self-Instructional
Material 101
10811A_rev2.indd 101 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

TÏ§-I tPu epd; Fy ike;jid> NtjpaH KjNyhH
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ahUk;> ahk; nra;j ey; mwg; gad; vd ,Ug;ghH 38
kz;zpDk; ey;ys; kyHkfs;> kiykfs;> fiy CH

Ï±l× ngz;zpDk; ey;ys; ngUk; Gfo;r; rdfp Mk; ey;ys; -
fz;zpDk; ey;yd; fw;wtH> fw;wpyhjtUk;>
cz;Zk; ePhpDk;> caphpDk;> mtidNa ctg;ghH. 39
kdpjH> thdtH> kw;WNshH mw;wk; fhj;J mspg;ghH

,dpa kd;DapHf;F ,uhkdpd; rpwe;jtH ,y;iy
midad; Mjypd; mur epw;F cW nghUs; mwpapd;>
Gdpj kh jtk; my;yJ xd;W ,y; vdg; Gfd;whd;. 40
kd;dd; kfpo;e;J ciunra;jy;

kw;W> mtd; nrhd;d thrfk; Nfl;lYk;> kfidg;
ngw;w md;wpDk;> gpQ;Qfd; gpbj;j mg; ngU tpy;
,w;w md;wpDk;> vwp kOthstd; ,Of;fk;
cw;w md;wpDk;> nghpaJ XH ctifad; Mdhd;. 41
midaJ Mfpa ctifad;> fz;fs; ePH mUk;g>

Kdptd; kh kyHg; ghjq;fs; Kiwikapd; ,iwQ;rp>
,dpa nrhy;ypid vk;ngUkhd; mUs; topapd;>
jdpad; ehdpyk; jhq;fpaJ mtw;F ,J jfhNjh? 42
ve;ij eP cte;J ,jk; nrhy> vk; Fyj;J murH>

me;jk; ,y; mUk; ngUk; Gfo; mtdpapy; epWtp>
Ke;J Nts;tpAk; Kbj;J> jk; ,U tpid Kbj;jhH
te;jJ mt; mUs; vdf;Fk; vd;W ciu nra;J kfpo;e;jhd;.43
ke;jpuf; fpothpd; fUj;ijr; Rke;jpud; vLj;Jiuj;jy;

gOJ,y; kh jtd;> gpd; xd;Wk; gzpj;jpyd;> ,Ue;jhd;
KOJk; vz;ZWk; ke;jpuf; fpotH jk; Kfj;jhy;
vOjp ePl;ba ,q;fpjk;> ,iw kfw;F Vw;f>
njhOj ifapdd;> Rke;jpud; Kd; epd;W> nrhy;Yk; 44
cwj; jFk; muR ,uhkw;F vd;W ctf;fpd;w kdj;ij>

Jwj;jp eP vDk; nrhy; RLk; epd; Fyj; njhy;NyhH
kwj;jy; nra;fpyhj; jUkj;ij kwg;gJk; tof;F md;W
Self-Instructional
mwj;jpd; Cq;F ,dpf; nfhbJ vdy; MtJ xd;W ahNjh? 45
102 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 102 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

Guir khf; fhp epUgHf;Fk;> Guj;J ciwNthHf;Fk;> TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ciunra; ke;jpuf; fpotHf;Fk;> KdptHf;Fk;> cs;sk;
Kurk; MHg;g> epd; Kjy; kzpg; Gjy;tid> Kiwahy;
murd; Mf;fp> gpd; mg; Gwj;J mLj;jJ Ghptha; 46 Ï±l×
,uhkid mioj;JtUkhW kd;dd; Rke;jpuDf;Ff; $Wjy;
vd;w thrfk;> Rke;jpud; ,ak;gYk;> ,iwtd;>
‘ed;W nrhy;ypid ek;gpia esp Kb #l;b –
epd;W> epd;wJ nra;tJ tpiutpdpy;> ePNa
nrd;W> nfhz;L miz> jpUkfs; nfhOeid’ vd;whd;. 47
NjUld; Rke;jpud; ,uhftd; jpUkid GFjy;

myq;fy; kd;did mbnjhOJ> mtd; kdk; midahd;>
tpyq;fy; khspif tPjpapy; tpiunthL nrd;whd;>
jyq;fs; ahitAk; ngw;wdd; jhd; vdj; jspHg;ghd;>
nghyd; nfhs; NjnuhLk; ,uhftd; jpUkid Gf;fhd;. 48
Rke;jpud; nra;jp njhptpf;f> ,uhkd; clNd Njhpy; Gwg;gLjy;

ngz;zpd; ,d; mKJ md;dts;jd; ndhLk;> gphpah
tz;z ntQ; rpiyf; FhprpYk;> kUq;F ,dpJ ,Ug;g>
mz;zy; Mz;L ,Ue;jhd; moF mU ewT vd> jd;
fz;Zk; cs;sKk; tz;L vd> fspg;Gwf; fz;lhd. 49
fz;L> ifnjhOJ>‘Ia> ,f; flypilf; fpoNthd;>

“cz;L XH fhhpak; tUf vd> ciuj;jdd; vdYk;>
Gz;lhPff; fz; Gutyd; nghUf;nfd vOe;J> XH
nfhz;ly;Nghy; nrd;W> nfhb neLe; NjHkpirf; nfhz;lhd;.50
tPjpfspy; ,uhkd; nry;Yk;NghJ epfo;e;j epfo;r;rpfs;

Kiwapd; nkha;k; Kfpy; vd KuR MHj;jpl> klthH
,iw fod;w rq;F MHj;jpl> ,ikatH>‘vq;fs;
Fiw Kbe;jJ vd;W MHj;jpl> FQ;rpiar; #o;e;j
eiw myq;fy; tz;L MHj;jpl> NjHkpir ele;jhd;. 51
giz epiue;jd ghl;L xyp epiue;jd mdq;fd;

fiz epiue;jd ehz; xyp fwq;fpd epiwg; NgH
miz epiue;jd mwpT vDk; ngUkGdy; midahH
gpiz epiue;njdg; gue;jdH ehzKk; gphpe;jhH. 52
Self-Instructional
Material 103
10811A_rev2.indd 103 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

TÏ§-I ePs vOj; njhlH thapypy;> FionahL nefpo;e;j
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Msfj;jpNdhL mukpaj; jyj;jpDk; myHe;j
ths; muj;j Nty; tz;nlhL nfz;ilfs; kaq;f>
Ï±l× rhsuj;jpDk; G+j;jd> jhkiu kyHfs;. 53
kz;lyk; jU kjp nfO> kio Kfpy; mida>

mz;lH ehafd; tiu Giu mfyj;Js; myq;fy;>
njhz;il tha;r;rpaH epiwnahLk;> ehnzhLk;> njhlHe;j
nfz;ilAk; cs fpis gapy; tz;nlhLk; fple;j. 54
rhpe;j G+ cs> kionahL fiy cwj; jho;t

ghpe;j G+ cs> gdpf; fil Kj;J,dk; gilg;g
vhpe;j G+ cs> ,s Kiy ,io ,il Eioa
tphpe;j G+ cs> kPDil thdpd;Wk; tPo;t. 55
ts; ciw fopj;J xspHtd ths; epkpH kjpak;

js;Swr; Rke;J> vOjUk; jkdpaf; nfhk;gpy;> -
Gs;sp Ez; gdp nghbg;gd> nghd;dpilg; nghjpe;j>
vs;Silg; nghhp tputpd> - cs rpy ,sePH. 56
jk;gp ,yf;FtDld; ,uhkd; jaujd; ,Ue;j ,lk; NrHjy;

MaJ> mt;top epfo;ju> MltH vy;yhk;
jhia Kd;dpa fd;W vd epd;W capH jspHg;g>
Àa jk;gpAk;> jhDk;> mr; Rke;jpud; NjHNky;
Ngha;> mfk; FspH Gutyd; ,Ue;Jopg; Gf;fhd;. 57
trpl;lidAk; jaujidAk; ,uhkd; tzq;f> jaujd;

mtid khHGwj; jOTjy;
khjtd;jid tud;Kiw tzq;fp> ths; cotd;
ghj gq;fak; gzpe;jdd; gzpjYk;> midahd;>
fhjy; nghq;fpl> fz; gdp cFj;jpl> fdp tha;r;
rPij nfhz;fidj; jpU ciw khHgfk; NrHj;jhd;. 58
‘eyk; nfhs; ike;jidj; jOtpdd;’ vd;gJ vd;? esp ePH

epyq;fs; jhq;FW epiyapid epiyapl epide;jhd;>
tpyq;fy; md;d jpz; NjhisAk;> nka;j; jpU ,Uf;Fk;
myq;fy; khHigAk;> jdJ Njhs;> khHG> nfhz;L mse;jhd;59
Self-Instructional
jaujd; jd; fUj;ij ,uhkDf;F tpsq;f ciuj;jy;
104 Material Mz;L> jd; kUq;F ,hP,> cte;J> md;Gw Nehf;fp>
10811A_rev2.indd 104 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

‘G+z;l NghH kO cilatd; ngUk; Gfo; FWf TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ePz;l Njhspdha; epw; gae;njLj;j ahd; epd;id
Ntz;b> va;jpl tpiotJ xd;W csJ’ vd> tpsk;Gk; 60
Ia rhyTk; myrpndd; mUk; ngU %g;Gk; Ï±l×
nka;aJ MaJ tpay; ,lg; ngUk; guk; tprpj;j
njha;ay; kh epyr; Rik cW rpiw Jwe;J> ,dp ahd;
ca;ay; MtJ XH newp Gf> cjtpl Ntz;Lk;. 61
“chpik ike;jiug; ngWfpd;wJ> cW JaH ePq;fp>

,UikAk; ngww;F” vd;gJ nghpatH ,aw;if
jUkk; md;d epd;-je;j ahd;> jsHtJ jfNth?
fUkk; vd;tapd; nra;apd;> vd; fl;Liu Nfhb. 62
‘ike;j ek; Fy kugpdpy; te;jUs; Nte;jH>

jk;jk; kf;fNs fld;Kiw neL epyk; jhq;f>
Ie;njhL Mfpa Kg; gif kUq;F mw mfw;wp>
ca;e;J NghapdH Cop epd;W vz;zpDk; cythH. 63
’Kd;id Co;tpidg; gaj;jpDk;> Kw;wpa Nts;tpg;

gpd;id va;jpa eyj;jpDk;> mhpjpdpd; ngw;Nwd;
,d;dk;> ahd; ,e;j murpay; ,Lk;igapy; epd;why;>
epd;id <d;Ws gaj;jpdpd; epuk;GtJ ahNjh? 64
‘xUj;jy; vl;nlhL> jpUj; jiy gd;ik rhy; cuf

vUj;jk; Nky; gb Gak; mwr; Rke;J> ,lH cof;fk;
tUj;jk; ePq;fp> mt; tuk;G mW jpUtpid kUTk;
mUj;jp cz;L> vdf;F Ia <J mUspl Ntz;Lk;. 65
MSk; ey; newpf;F miktUk; miktpdd; Mfp>

ehSk; ek; Fy ehafd; eiw tphp fkyj;
jhspd; ey;fpa fq;ifiaj; je;J> je;ijaiu
kPs;T ,yh cyF Vw;wpdhd; xUkfd;> Nky;ehs;. 66
kd;dtH thdtH my;yH Nky; thdtHf;F muR Mk;

nghd;dpd; thH foy; Gue;jud; NghypaH my;yH
gpd;Dk;> kh jtk; njhlq;fp> Nehd;G ,ioj;jtH my;yH
nrhy; kwh kfg; ngw;wtNu JaH Jwe;jhH. 67
Self-Instructional
Material 105
10811A_rev2.indd 105 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

TÏ§-I midaJ Mjypd;>“mUe; JaHg; ngUk; guk;> murd;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tpidapd; vd;tapd; itj;jdd;” vdf; nfhs Ntz;lh
GidAk; kh Kb Gide;J> ,e;j ey; mwk; Guf;f
Ï±l× epiday; Ntz;Lk; ahd; epd;tapd; ngWtJ <J vd;whd;. 68
je;ij VtpaJ nray; fld; vd> ,uhkd; jaujd; fl;lisf;F

,irjy;
jhij> mg; ghpR ciunra> jhkiuf; fz;zd;
fhjy; cw;wpyd; ,fo;e;jpyd; fld; ,J vd;W czHe;Jk;>
ahJ nfhw;wtd; VtpaJ mJ nray; md;Nwh>
ePjp vw;F?’ vd epide;Jk;> mg; gzp jiy epd;whd;. 69
jaujd; kfpo;e;J> jd; muz;kidf;Fg; Nghjy;

FUrpy; rpe;ijia kdf;nfhz;l nfhw;w ntz;Filahd;>
‘jUjp ,t; tuk;’ vdr; nrhyp> capH cwj; jOtp>
RUjp md;d jd; ke;jpur; Rw;wKk; Rw;w>
nghU ,y; NkUTk; nghU mUq; Nfhapy; Ngha;g; Gf;fhd;. 70
Rke;jpudJ Njhpy; Vwp> ,uhkDk; jd; muz;kid NrHjy;

epte;j me;jzH> neLe; jif kd;dtH> efuj;J
cte;j ike;jHfs;> kle;ijaH> ciocioj; njhlu>
Rke;jpud; jle; NjHkpir> Re;juj; jpus; Njhs;
mike;j ike;jDk;> jd; neLq; Nfhapy; nrd;W mile;jhd;.71
jaujd; murHfSf;F Xiy Nghf;fp> Kb#l;Ltjw;F

Ntz;Ltd nra;a trpl;ldplk; $Wjy;
ntd;wp Nte;jiu>‘tUf’ vd;W> ctzk; tPw;wpUe;j
nghd; jpzpe;j Njhl;L mUk; ngwy; ,yr;rpid Nghf;fp>
‘ed;W rpj;jpu espH Kb ftpj;jw;F> ey;Nyha;
nrd;W> Ntz;Lt tud;Kiw mikf;f’ vdr; nrg;g> 72
te;j kd;dHfsplk; Kb#l;Lk; nra;jpiaj; jaujd; njhptpj;jy;

chap kh jtd; xs;spJ vd;W cte;jdd;> tpiue;J> XH
nghU ,y; NjHkpir> me;jzH Fohj;njhLk; Nghf-
‘epUgH Nfz;kpd;fs;> ,uhkw;F newp Kiwikapdhy;
jpUTk; G+kpAk; rPijapd; rpwe;jd’ vd;whd;. 73
Self-Instructional
106 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 106 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

ahtUk; kfpo;e;J> murd; fUj;ij tpUk;gp tuNtw;wy; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,iwtd; nrhy; vDk; ,d; ewT mUe;jpdH ahUk;>
Kiwapy; epd;wyH Ke;JW fspapil %o;fp>
epiwAk; neQ;rpil ctif Ngha; kapH top epkpu> Ï±l×
ciwAk; tpz;zfk; clNyhLk; va;jpdH xj;jhH. 74
xj;j rpe;ijaH ctifapd; xUthpd; xUtH

jj;jkf;F cw;w muR vdj; jiof;fpd;w kdj;jH
Kj;j ntz;Fil kd;did KiwKiw njhOjhH
‘mj;j ed;W’ vd> md;gpNdhL mwptpg;gJ MdhH. 75
‘%-vO Kiwik vk; Fyq;fs; Kw;Wwg;

G+ vO kOtpdhy; nghUJ Nghf;fpa
Nrtfd; Nrtfk; nrFj;j Nrtfw;F>
Mt ,t; cyfk; <J mwd;’ vd;whH mNuh. 76
vd; fUj;jpw;F ,ire;jJ vjdhy;? vd> kd;diuj; jaujd;

tpdhTjy;
NtW ,yh kd;dUk; tpUk;gp> ,d;dJ
$wpdhH mJ kdk; nfhz;l nfhw;wtd;>
Cwpa ctifia xspf;Fk; rpe;ijahd;>
khWk; XH msit rhy; tha;ik $wpdhd;. 77
kfd;tapd; md;gpdhy; kaq;fp> ahd; ,J

Gfy> ePH Gfd;w ,g; nghk;ky; thrfk;>
cfitapd; nkhope;jNjh? cs;sk; Nehf;fpNah?
jfT vd epide;jNjh? jd;ik ahJ?’ vd;whd;. 78
Ntj;jitNahhpd; tpil
,t;tif ciunra ,Ue;j Nte;Jmit>
‘nrt;tpNaha; epd; jpUkfw;Fj; Njaj;NjhH
mt;ttHf;F> mt;ttHf;F mike;jthW cWk;
vt;tk; ,y; md;gpid> ,dpJ Nfs;’ vdh> 79
jhdKk;> jUkKk;> jfTk;> jd;ik NrH

QhdKk;> eyytHg; NgZk; ed;ikAk;>
khdt vitAk; epd; kfw;F itFkhy;-
<dk; ,y; nry;tk; te;J ,iaf vd;dNt. 80
Self-Instructional
Material 107
10811A_rev2.indd 107 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

TÏ§-I CUzp epiwaTk;> cjTk; khL caH
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ghH nfO gad;kuk; gOj;jw;W MfTk;>
fhH kio nghopaTk;> fodp gha; ejp
Ï±l× thH Gdy; ngUfTk;> kWf;fpd;whHfs; ahH? 81
gid mthk; neLq; fug; gUk ahidaha;

epid mthk; jifadha;> epkpHe;j kd;DapHf;F>
vidathW md;gpdd; ,uhkd;><z;L> mtw;F
midathW md;gpd mitAk;’ vd;wdH. 82
jaujd; ctif kpFjpahy;> mitNahiu Nehf;fpg; NgRjy;

nkhope;jJ Nfl;lYk;> nkha;j;J neQ;rpidg;
nghope;j NgH ctifad;> nghq;F fhjyd;>
‘fope;jJ vd; ,lH’ vdf; fspf;Fk; rpe;ifad;>
tope;j fz;zPhpdd;> kd;dd; $Wthd; 83
nrk;ikapd;> jUkj;jpd;> nraypd;> jPq;fpd;ghy;

ntk;ikapd; xOf;fj;jpd;> nka;k;ik NktpdPH>
vd; kfd; vd;gJ vd;? newpapd;><q;F> ,td;
Ek; kfd; ifail Nehf;Fk; <q;F’ vd;whd;. 84
murit tpLj;J> ehs; Fwpj;jw;fhfj jaujd; kw;nwhU

kz;lgk; Nghjy;
murit tpLj;jgpd;> Miz kd;dtd;>
Giu jG ehnshL nghOJ Nehf;Fthd;
ciu njhp fzpjiu xUq;F nfhz;L> xU
tiu nghU kz;lgk; kUq;F Nghapdhd;. 85
LmTWôUôVQm
AúVôj§Vô LôiPm
Uk§Wl TPXm
ftpr; rf;futHj;jp fk;gH> ftpijiaf; Nfhjhthp Mw;wpd; ePNuhl;lj;jpw;F
xg;gpl;Lg; NgRfpwhH.
“GtpapDf; fzpaha; Md;wnghUs; je;J Gyj;jpw;whfp

mtpafj; Jiwf;s jhq;fp Ie;jpiz newpa shtpr;
Self-Instructional
108 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 108 12/5/2018 3:48:39 PM

rtpAwj; njspe;J jz;nzd; nwhOf;fKk; jOtpr; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
rhd;NwhH
ftpnadf; fple;j Nfhjh tphpapid tPuH fz;lhH.”
fy;tpapy; nghpaH fk;gH vd;Wk; ftpr; rf;futHj;jp vd;Wk; Md;Nwhuhy; Ï±l×

ghuhl;lg; ngw;w fk;gH Mjpftp thd;kPfp KdptH je;j ,uhkhazj;ijj;
jkpopy; jUfpwhH. ‘tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F caH fk;gd;’ vd;W
GytH ngUkf;fs; fk;gidf; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wdH.
,uhkfij VO fhz;lq;fshf tphpfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fhz;lk;
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;. ,jpy; ke;jpug; glyk; vd;gJ ,uhkDf;F
Kb#l;LtJ gw;wpj; jrujd; jd; ke;jpuf; fpotNuhL MNyhrpj;jijf;
$Wk; gFjpahFk;. ,jd;fz; ke;jpuf; fpothpd; khz;Gfs;> jrujd; jd;
fUj;ijf; $WtJ mikr;rHfs; kdepiy> trpl;ld; cld;gly;> kd;dd;
kWnkhop> Rke;jpud; ,uhkid mioj;J tUk; NghJ efhpy; ele;jit>
jrujd; ,uhkdplk; $WtJ> ,uhkd; Vw;G.
gpw kd;dHfspd; tUifAk; mtHfs; fUj;Jk;> jrujd; kfpo;r;rp
Kjyhdit ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fk;gd; ghly;fs; ctik eaq;fNshL
kpspHfpd;wd.
,uhkhazj;jpy; ,e;j mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; capH epiy ahfpwJ.
fhuzk; $dpapd; #o;r;rpapdhy; ifNfap jd;kdk; khWgl;L ,uhkidf;
fhl;bw;Fr; nrYj;j mJNt ,uhtz tjj;Jf;F mbg;gil MfpwJ.
,jidf; fk;gH>
“muf;fH ghtKk; my;yt hpaw;wpa mwKk;

Juf;f ey;yUs; Jwe;jds; Ànkhopklkhd;
,uf;f kpd;ik ad;Nwh ,d;wpt;Tyfq;fs; ,uhkd;
guf;Fk; njhy;GfoKjpidg; gUFfpd; wJNt”
vd;W Fwpf;fpwhH.
Uk§Wl TPXm
jrujd; jd;idr; Rw;wp ,Ue;j epUgiuAk; Rw;wj;jhiuAk; ‘ngaHf’
vd md;NghL ePf;fpdhd;.
gpd;dH “xf;f epd;W cyfspj;J Nahfpd; va;jpa

rf;fuj;jtd; vdj; jkpa dhapdhd;” mjd;
gpd;dH tpaho gfthid xj;j ‘ke;jpuf; fpotiu’ tUf vd miof;fpwhd;. Self-Instructional

Material 109
10811A_rev2.indd 109 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

TÏ§-I trpl;l KdptH flTs; Nghd;W te;J mkHfpwhH. mLj;J ke;jpuf;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fpotHfs; mWgjpdhapuk; NgH tUfpd;wdH. mtHfsJ khz;Gfisf;
fk;gd; VO ghly;fshy; Fwpf;fpwhd;.
Ï±l× Uk§Wd ¡ZYoUôi×Ls(5-11)
caHe;j Fbapy; gpwe;jtHfshfTk;> fiy Qhdk; gy fw;wtHfshfTk;
Nfs;tpr; nry;tk; cilatHfshfTk;> jPik thpdk; eLepiyik
jtwhjtHfshfTk;> Fw;wk; fbe;J jUkk; jhq;FgtHfshfTk; ,Ue;jdH.
ele;jij itj;J ,dp tUtij czUk; mwpTk;> Co;tpidahy;
te;jijAk; mwptpdhy; khw;Wk; td;ikAk;> gpwg;gpdhy; Nkd;ikAk;>
mhpa Áw;fy;tpAk; fthpkhd; Nghd;w khd czHTk; cilatHfs;
mtHfs;.
fhyk;> ,lk;> fUtp midj;Jk; mwpe;J nja;tk; njspe;J mwk;
nra;Ak; NkNyhuhtH. gz;GfSk; GfOf;F Ntz;Lk; nra;ifAk; mwpe;J
murDf;F Ntz;ba cWjpfisf; $Wk; jd;ik cilatHfs; MtH.
jk; capiug; nghpjhf kjpf;fhky; murd; rpde;j NghJk; tplhJ
ePjpia ciuf;Fk; td;ik cilatHfshtH. rpwe;j newpfspdpd;Wk;
ePqf
; hjtHfshfTk;> Kf;fhyk; czHe;jtHfshfTk;> khwpkhwpg; Ngrhky;
ed;W xd;iwNa $WgtHfshfTk; mtHfs; ,Ue;jhHfs;.
ed;ik> jPik ehb kUj;Jtd; Nghy murDf;F ed;ikiaNa
epidg;gtHfs; murDf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;j NghJ> mtd; nra;j ey;tpid
mtDf;F cjTkhW Nghy cjTfpd;w Mw;wy; cilatHfs; ,k;
ke;jpuf; fpotHfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; mWgjpdhaputH vd;whYk;> murDf;F
vJ cWjpNah mijr; nra;tjpy; ,tHfs; vy;NyhUk; xj;j czHT
cilatHfs;. nry;tKk; mwpTk; epuk;gg; ngw;w mtHfs; fly; vdj;
jrujid te;jile;jdH.
RVWR²u Es[d LÚjÕ

mtHfsplk; jrujd; jd; cs;sf; fUj;ijj; njhptpf;fpwhd;. mtHfs;
cjtpNahL mWgjpdhapuk; Mz;Lfs; Mz;ljhff; $Wfpwhd;. vd;
czhtida ePq;fs; vd; fUj;ijf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhd;.
fd;dpaHf;F ,d;wpaikahf; fw;G Nghy khepyj;J kd;DapHf;F vy;yhk;
,dpad nra;Njd;. ,dp vd; capHf;F ed;ik nra;a vz;ZfpNwd;.
Self-Instructional
110 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 110 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

Kd;G Mz;l kd;dH vy;yhk; %g;Gf; fhuzkhfj; jk; Fyg; Gjy;tNu TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
juzp Msj; jhk; Ngha; tPL ngw;whH.
rk;guhRud; Kjypa gj;J muf;fH NjiuAk; ntd;w vdf;F
cs;sj;jpd; cs;Ns ciwfpd;w Ik;Gyg; giftHfis nty;yy; Ï±l×
mhpjhtNjh?
Nghhpil tPu kuzk; mile;jtH> Qhdj; njspT ngw;wtH>
nry;tj;ij G+kpapy; tpl;ltH jtpu NtW ahH tPL ngw KbAk;?
,wg;ig kwg;gij tpl kdpjg; gpwtpf;F NtW NfL cz;lh? cyfg;
gw;iwj; Jwg;gijNa njg;gkhff; nfhz;L gpwg;G vDk; ngUq;fly;
jhz;l Ntz;Lky;yth gpwg;G mWj;jiy tpl capHf;F ,dpaJ vJ?
,g;gpwg;gpy; vdf;F cjtpa ePq;fs; kWikf;F Ntz;badtw;iwAk;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jtj;jhy; tpidfisf; flf;fyhk; vd;why; me;j mKjhfpa jtj;ij
tpl;L jPtplj;jpid mUe;jyhkh
ike;jH ,y;yhky; tUe;jpa vdf;F ,uhkd; kfdhf te;jhd;. ,dp
mtd; tUe;j ahd; gpioj;Jg; Nghf cWjp vz;zpNdd;. (,uhkd; mur
ghuj;ijj; jhq;f ahd; Rik ePq;fg; ngw;wtdhf mika tpUk;GfpNwd;
vd;W jrujd; ,ay;ghfr; nrhy;Yfpwhd;. ,t;thW tUk; ,lq;fs; ehlff;
fPoiw vdg;gLk;. vjpHfhyj;ij czHj;Jk; njhdpg; nghUshf ,it
mikAk;. ,dp>‘mtd; tUe;j’ vd;gJ vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,uhkd; tUe;jg;
Nghfpwhd; vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;JfpwJ. “ahd; gpioj;Jg;Nghf”
vd;gJ murg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpLglg; NghtijAk;> gpd;dH capH
tplg; NghtijAk; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;JfpwJ).
%g;gpYk; jrujd; murhl;rpiaf; iftpltpy;iy vd;W cyNfhH
nrhy;YthHfshdhy; mijtpl NtW gopr;nrhy; cz;Nlh? mjw;F ehd;
gpwf;fhkNyNa ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
rPijia ,uhkd; kzf;ff; fz;l ehd;> G+kfisAk; (murhl;rp
ngwy;) kzj;jy; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
epykfSk; jpUkfSk; nra;j jtg;gaid mtHfs; ngWtjw;Fj;
jilahf ehd; ,Ug;gJ jfhJ.
,uhkDf;F muR ey;fpf; fhdfk; nrd;W jtk; nra;a tpUk;GfpNwd;.
,t;thW vy;yhk; jrujd; ke;jpuf; fpotHfsplk; nrhy;yp mtHfs;
fUj;ijf; Nfl;fpwhd;.
Self-Instructional
Material 111
10811A_rev2.indd 111 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

TÏ§-I AûUfNoLs U]¨ûX
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,uhkd; murd; Mfpwhd; vd;gjdhy; kfpo;r;rp nghq;f mikr;rHfs;

,Ue;jdH. mNj Neuj;jpy; jrujd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpypUe;J gphpfpwhd;
Ï±l×
vd;w Jf;fKk; mtHfsplk; ,Ue;jJ. “,uz;L fd;wpDf;F ,uq;Fk; XH
M” ntd ,Ue;jdH. murDf;F ,ijtpl NtW cWjp ,y;iy vd;Wk;>
,uhkid tpl kd;duhtjw;Fr; rpwe;jtH NtW xUtH ,y;iy vd;Wk;
epide;J tpjpaJ typikiaAk; czHe;J ,uhkd; kd;duhtjw;F
,ire;jdH.
Y£hPu EPuTPp
gpukd; kfd; trpl;l KdptH $WfpwhH Ek; Fyj;J Kd;Ndhhpy; ahtH
,uhkidg; ngw;whH? nra;aj;jf;f fUkk; ,J jUkKk; ,J. jf;fijNa
$wpdha; vd;W jrujdplk; $wpdhH. ,uhkd; epykfisf; fhg;ghd;
vd;whH.
A\j§u êoj§ CWôUu

,uhkd; cdf;F kl;Lk; ,y;iy. cyFf;Nf ey;ytd;. NtjpaH
KjyhapNdhH “ahk; nra;j ey;ywg; gad;” vd cte;J ,Ug;gH.
SpXYs ºûR
kz;kfis tpl> ,yf;Fkp> ru];tjp> ghHtjp KjyhdtHfis tplg; “ngUk;
Gfo;r;” rdfp (rPij) ey;yts;. ey;yts; fz;iztpl ey;ytd; ,uhkd;
fw;wtH fy;yhjtH vd;W vy;yhj; jug;gpdUk; jhk; cz;Zk; ePiutpl> jq;fs;
caphpDk; Nkyhf ,uhkid epidg;gH-kfpo;tH. (murpAk; ey;ytshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpg;G ,q;F czHj;jg; ngWfpwJ) muNr cdf;Fj; jtk;
jhd; cWjp vd;W trpl;ld; ciuj;jhd;.
RNWRu UßùUô¯
trpl;ld; $wpaijf; Nfl;l jrujd;> ,uhkidg; ngw;w ehis tpl>
rPijia kzg;gjw;fhf rptjDir cilj;j ehis tpl> guRuhkdJ
Fe;jhypg; gilia ntd;w ehis tplg; nghpanjhU kfpo;r;rpia
mile;jhd;.
“<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;

rhd;Nwhd; vdf; Nfl;l jha;” vd;Dk; Fws;
Self-Instructional ,q;F xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ.

112 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 112 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

vk; Fy %jhijaH ,Utpid Kbj;jhH vkf;fk; me;j mUs; te;jJ vd;W TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jrujd; kfpo;e;jhd;.
ÑUk§Wu á±VÕ Ï±l×

,uhkDf;F muR vd;wJk; kfpo;fpw vq;fs; kdj;ij eP Jwe;J Nghfpwha;
vd;w nrhy; RLk;. cq;fs; Fyj;jhH nra;j jUkj;ij kwg;gJk;
mofy;y. MfNt eP Kjw; Gjy;tid murd; Mf;fpg; gpd;dH JwT
Nkw;nfhs; vd;whd;.
ed;W vd;w jrujd; ,uhkid mioj;Jth vd;whd;. murhl;rpiaj;
jhNd ngw;wJ Nghyr; Rke;jpud; kfpo;e;jhd; vdf; fk;gH $WfpwhH.
,uhkd; Njd; Nghy ,Ue;jhd;. Rke;jpud; fz;Zk; cs;sKk; tz;LNghy
,Ue;J mtidf; fz;L fspj;jhd; vdf; fk;gd; tUzpf;fpwhd;.
CWôUu úR¬p YÚmúTôÕ SL¬p SPkRûY

,uhkd; jpUkid GFe;j Rke;jpud;> ,uhkid tzq;fp>“[a>” jrujd;
“cz;L XH fhhpak;> tUf” vd ciuj;jdd; vd;W nrhd;d mstpNy
nghUf;nfd vOe;J> Nkfk; Nghy; nrd;W NjH kpir Vwpdhd;.
Nkfk; vd Kurq;fs; MHj;jd. klthH iffspy; mzpe;jpUe;j
rq;F tisay;fs; MHj;jd. ,ikatH 'vq;fs; Fiw Kbe;jJ” vd;W
MHj;jdH.
vq;Fk; ghl;nlhyp epiwe;jJ. kd;kjd; mk;Gfs; epiwe;jd.
tpy;nyhypfs; Nfl;ld. MltUk; ngz;bUk; FOkpdH. thry;fs;>
Kw;wq;fs;> klq;fs; rhsuq;fs; vq;Fk; ngz;fs; epiwe;jdH. vq;Fk;
G+f;fs; epiwe;J ,Ue;jd. MltH vy;yhk; jhia epide;j fd;W Nghy
,uhkidf; fz;L kfpo;e;jdH.
Àa jk;gp ,yf;FtDld;> mfk; kfpo;e;J ,Ue;j jrujid
,uhkd; fz;L NrHe;jhd;.
RNWRu CWôUàdÏj Ru LÚjûR EûWjRp

trpl;lidAk; jrujidAk; ,uhkd; tzq;fpdhd;. jrujd; md;W
nghq;f ,uhkidj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhH. mijf; fk;gH $WfpwhH.
jrujd; ,uhkidj; jOtth nra;jhd; ,y;iy> ,y;iy. ,e;j G+kpia
Ms;tjw;Fhpa Mw;wy; ,uhkd; khHGf;Fk; Njhs;fSf;Fk; cz;lh vd;W
jd; khHigAk; Njhs;fisak; nfhz;L mse;jhd; vd;fpwhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 113
10811A_rev2.indd 113 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

TÏ§-I gpd;dH> ,uhkidg; ghHj;J>‘uhkh guRuhkid ntd;w cd;dplk;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
ehd; tpUk;GtJ xd;W cz;L vd;W Ngrj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;. vdf;f
%g;G te;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;j epyr; Rik (Ml;rp) vDk; rpiw Jwe;J
Ï±l× ahd; Nkk;gLtjw;F eP cjt Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfisg; ngWtJ>
ngw; N whHfSf; F ,k; i k kWikg; gad; f is mspg; g jw; n fd; W
nghpatHfs; $WthHfs;. jUkk; vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f cd;idg; ngw;w
ahd; jsuyhkh? vdf;F eP xU fhhpak; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ek; kugpy;
te;jtHfs; jk; kf;fl;F muRilik ey;fpj; jhq;fs; jtk; nra;J
ca;e;jdH.
Co;tpidg; gadhYk;> Nts;tpapd; eyj;jpdhYk; cd;id kfdhf
ngw;Nwd;. ,d;Dk; ehd; murdhf ePbj;jhy; cd;idg; ngw;wjd; gyd;
jhd; vd;d? G+ghuk; ePq;fp tuk;G ,y; ,d;gk; jUk; jtk; Nkw;nfhs;s
tpUk;GfpNwd;. kd;dH> thdtH> ,e;jpud;> khjtHfs; Nghd;NwhH ahUk;
Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;ltHfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy; nrhd;d nrhy;iy
kWf;fhj gps;isfisg; ngw;NwhNu Jd;gk; Jilj;jtHfs;. murd;
ngUk ghuj;ij ek; kPJ itj;J tpl;lhd; vd;W epidf;fhNj> Kb
Gide;J mwk; Ghpjiy epid. ,JNt ehd; cd;dplk; tpUk;GtJ
vd;whd; jrujd;.
CWôUu CûNÜ
je;ij nrhy;yf; Nfl;l ,uhkd;> murgjtpia tpUk;gTkpy;iy.
ntWf;fTkpy;iy. ,J kfDf;Ff; flik vd czHe;jhd;. NkYk;
murd; Vtpaijr; nra;tJ jhNd jdf;F ePjp vd;Wk; czHe;jhd;.
jrujd; jd; muz;kidf;Fg; Nghdhd;.
me;jzH> kd;dtH> MltH> kfspH njhlu ,uhkDk; jd;
kidf;Fg; Nghdhd;.
Uu]oLÞdÏf ùNn§ ùNôpXp

jrujd; vy;yh kd;dHf;Fk; fUl ,yr;rpid nghwpe;j kly; mDg;gp
tutioj;jhd;. trpl;ldplk; %b Gidtjw;F Ntz;bad nra;AkhW
gzpj;jhd;. mtd; me;jzHfNshL NjHkPJ Nghdhd;. te;j kd;dHfsplk;
,uhkDf;F Kb#l;Lk; nra;jpapid nrhd;dhd;. nra;jp Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk;
kd;dHfs; nfhz;l kfpo;rr
; pf;F msNt ,y;iy. kz;zf kd;dHfshfpa
mtHfs; clNyhLk; tpz;zfk; nrd;wtHfs; Nghyf; fspg;G va;jpdH.
Self-Instructional
114 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 114 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

NkYk; mtutUk; muRhpik ngw;whw;Nghy kfpo;e;jdH. ey;yJ vd TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
mwptpj;jhHfs;.
guRuhkid ntd;w ,uhkDf;F ,J ed;W vd;whHfs; (guRuhkdhy;
murHFyk; glhj ghL gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,dp murH Ï±l×
Fyj;Jf;F mr;rkpy;iy vd;gJ mtHfs; kfpo;r;rpiag; ngUf;fpaJ).
RNWRu ÁiÓm úLhPp

kd;dHfisg; ghHj;Jf; jrujd; jpUk;gTk; Nfl;fpwhd;. vd; kfdplk;
md;G nfhz;L ehd; ,J $w ePq;fs; vy;NyhUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljw;F
vd;d fhuzk;? ePq;fs; ‘ed;W’ vd;W $wpaJ Mir fhuzj;jhyh?
my;yJ cs;sf; fUj;jh? ,y;iy. ,uhkdJ jFjpapdhyh? cq;fs;
Vw;gpd; jd;ik ahJ? vd tpdtpdhd;.
Uu]u UßùUô¯
jhdk;> jUkk;> jFjp> Qhdk;> ey;ytiug; NgZk; ed;ik vy;yhNk
,uhkdplk; cs;s gz;Gfs;. MfNt mtDf;F caHe;j nry;tk; te;J
nghUe;Jk;.
CUzp epiwjiyAk;> gad;jUk; kuk; gOg;gijAk;> kio
nghoptijAk;> tanyy;yhk; ePH ngUFjiyAk; ahuhtJ kWg;ghHfsh?
kd;DapHf;F vy;yhk; vt;thW ,uhkd; md;GilatNdh> mt;thNw
mitAk; mtdplj;J md;Gilait> vd;W kd;dnuy;yhk; jrujdplk;
$wpdhHfs;.
,ijf; Nfl;lJk> NgUtif jrujDf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ‘vd; Jd;gk;
fope;jJ’ vd;W $wp kfpo;e;jhd;.
AWNoLû[j RNWRu TôWôhPp

nrk;ikahfTk;> jUkk; nra;gtHfshfTk; nray; tPuuhfTk;> jPikapd;
ghw; glhjtHfshfTk; xOf;fk; cilatHfshfTk; cz;ikapd;
fhtyHfshfTk; tpsq;Fk; murH ngUkf;fNs ‘,td; vd; kfd; vd;gJ
vd;d? ,dp cq;fs; kfd;. cq;fs; iffspy; xg;Gtpf;fpNwd;. ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;’ vd;whd;.
muritia tpl;L ntspNa te;j jrujd; Kb#l;lf; Fw;wkw;w
ehSk; nghOJk; ghHf;ff; fzpjg; ngUkf;fis mioj;Jf; nfhz;L
NtnwhU kz;lgj;Jf;fr; nrd;whd;.
,t;thW ke;jpug;glyk; epiwT ngWfpwJ. Self-Instructional
Material 115
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TÏ§-I ®]ô ®ûPLs
Rªrf ùNnÙs
1. ghz;bkhNjtp fz;l fdtpid vOJf.
Ï±l× “Njhop! ek; kd;ddJ ntz;nfhw;wf;FilNahL nrq;NfhYk;

fPNo tpOe;jjB! ,iltplhJ mirAk; filthapy; kzpapd;
XirapidAk; fdtpNy ehd; Nfl;NldB!
vl; L jpirfSk; mg; N ghJ mjpHe; j d mJTky; y hkYk; >

Qhapw;wpid ,Us; tpOq;fTk; mg;NghJ fz;NldB!
,uT Neuj;J thdj;jpNy thdtpy; Njhd;wf; fz;Nld;. ez;gfw;

nghOjpNy thdj;Jj; jhuiffs; vhp nfhs;spfshfg; G+kpia
Nehf;fp tpoTk; fz;Nld;. ,/njy;yhk; VNdh?”
“nrq;NfhYk; ntz;FilAk;> nrwpe;j epyj;jpd; fz; klq;fpf;
fPNo rhpe;jd. ek; NfhkhdJ nfhw;wthapypd; fz;Nz kzpahdJ
eLq;f> vk; cs;sKk; mjdhy; eLq;fpaJ. ,utpNy thdk;
tpy;ypLk;> gfw;fhyj;J tpz;kPd;fs; vhpe;J fPNo tpOk; vl;Lj;
jpirfSk; mjpHe;jpLk;. Mjyhd;> ekf;F tuf;$ba Jd;gKk;
xd;W cz;L. mjid ek; kd;dtDf;f ahk; nrd;W ciug;Nghk;”
vd;W Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpahdts; vOe;jhs;.
2. Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp kd;dd; ,Uf;Fkplk; te;j epiyapid vOJf.
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp fdT fz;l gpd;dH> kd;dd; ,Uf;Fkplk; Nehf;fp

tUif Ghpe;jhs;.
fz;zhb Ve;jp te;jdH rpyH. mzpfyd;fis Ve;jpathW te;jdH

rpyH. xsptpl;L tpsq;Fk; mofpa fyd;fisj; jhKk; G+z;ltuhf
te;jdH rpyH. Gjpa gUj;jp ÁyhilAk; gl;L ÁyhilAk; Ve;jp
te;jdH rpyH. njhOtpa nts;spiyr; nrg;gpid Ve;jp te;jdH
rpyH. tz;zKk; Rz;zKk; fj;Àhpf; Fok;Gk; Ve;jp te;jdH
rpyH. fz;zp> gpizay;> khiy> fthp> mfpw;Gif Kjypad
Ve;jp te;jdH rpyH. $duhAk;> FwsuhAk;> CkuhAk; $ba
Fw;wNty; kfspH gyUk; mq;qdkhf neUq;fpr; #o;e;J murpAld;
te;jdH. eiuKb fye;j ey;y $e;jiyAila KJkfspH
gyUk; “fly; #o;e;j ,t;itafj;ijf; fhf;Fk; ek; ghz;badpd;
ngUe;Njtp tho;f!” vd cs;sd;Gld; tho;j;jpdH. Nrtpf;Fk;
NjhopaUk;> me;jg;Guf; fhty; kfspUk;> murkhNjtp mbnaLj;J
Self-Instructional
116 Material
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itf;Fe;NjhWk;> mtisg; Gfo;e;J Nghw;wpathNw cld; te;jdH. TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,t;thW jd; ghpthuj;Jld; Nfhg;ngUe;Njtpahdts; nrd;W> jd;
jPa fdtpNy epfo;e;j epiyapid nay;yhk;> jd; ehafdhd
ghz;badplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. Ï±l×
3. fz;zfp jd;tutpid thapy; fhtyHf;Ff; $Wk; jd;ikia
vOJf.
Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp ghz;ba kd;ddplk; jhd; fz;l fditf;

$wpf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ,q;Ff; fz;zfp muz;kid thapiy
mile;J> mq;F epd;w thapw;fhtyid Nehf;fp> thapw;fhtyNd!
thapw;fhtyNd! jdJ ey;ywpT NtH mw;Wg;Nghd mwTzHT
,y;yhj jPa neQ;rj;jhy; nrq;Nfhy; Kiwikapdpd;W jtwpa
nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;dDila thapiyf; fhf;Fk; fhtyNd! xd;W
Nfl;ghahf! guy; fw;fis cila ,izahfpa rpyk;GfSs; xU
rpyk;gpid Ve;jpa ifia cilatha;j; jd; fztiu ,oe;j
xUj;jp> muz;kid thapypy; KiwNtz;b te;J epw;fpd;whs; vd;W
nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;dDf;Fr; nrd;W nrhy;thahf! vd;W $wpdhs;.
4. gplj;jiyg;gPlk; Vwpa klf;nfhb - tpsf;fk; jUf.
kaplh#ud; vd;w muf;fd; vUikf;flhtpd; jiyiaAilatd;.

jd; D ila jt typikapdhy; gy tuq; f isg; ngw; w td.
ngz;zhy; jdf;F ,wg;G NehpLk; vd;w rhgj;ijg; ngw;wtd; ,td;
jd; jt typikapdhy; NjtHfisj; Jd;GWj;jpdhd;. NjtHfs;
,td; Jd;gj;ijg; nghWf;f Kbahky; ckhNjtpaplk; milf;fyk;
GFe;jhHfs;. ckhNjtp jd; cUthfpa JHf;fhNjtpia Vtp
kaplh#uidf; nfhy;YkhW gzpj;jhs;. JHf;fh NjtpAk; mtNdhL
Nghhpl;L mtd; jiyiaj; Jzpj;jhs;. mj;jiyiaj; jd;fhypd;
fPo; ,l;L mjd;Nky; Vwp epd;W NjtHfisf; fhg;ghw;wpdhs;.
MfNt \gplHe;jiyg;gPlk; Vwpa klf;nfhb| vdg;gl;lhs;.
5. \,iwtd; Mly; fz;lUspa mzq;F|tpsf;fk; jUf.
fhspNjtp eldkhLtjp ty;yts;. jdf;F epfH ahUkpy;iy

vd;W mztk; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. ,tsJ Mztj;ijg; Nghf;fr;
rptngUkhd; fhspapd; Kd;dhy; Njhw;wkspj;jhH. ,tiu eldj;jpy;
nty;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;J jd;NdhL eldkhl Ntz;bdhs;.
rptngUkhDk; mts; tpUk; gpathW NjtHfSk; fhZk; gb
Self-Instructional
Material 117
10811A_rev2.indd 117 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

TÏ§-I eldkhbdhH. Kjypy; fhspNjtpf;Fr; rkkhf rptngUkhdhy;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
MlKbatpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; rptngUkhd; jdJ xU fhiy Cd;wp
fhiy cauj;Àf;fp eldkhbdhH. fhspapdhy; mt;thW eldkhl
Ï±l× Kbahky; Njhy;tp fz;lhs;.
6. mikr;rHfspd; kdepiy vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ?
,uhkd; murd; Mfpwhd; vd;gjdhy; kfpo;rr ; p nghq;f mikr;rHfs;

,Ue;jdH. mNj Neuj;jpy; jrujd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpypUe;J
gphpfpwhd; vd;w Jf;fKk; mtHfsplk; ,Ue;jJ. “,uz;L fd;wpDf;F
,uq;Fk; XH M” vd ,Ue;jdH. murDf;F ,ijtpl NtW cWjp
,y;iy vd;Wk;>,uhkid tpl kd;duhtjw;Fr; rpwe;jtH NtW
xUtH ,y;iy vd;Wk; epide;J tpjpaJ typikak; czHe;J
,uhkd; kd;duhtjw;F ,ire;jdH.
7. jrujd; kd;dHfSf;F vt;thQ nra;jp nrhd;dhd;?
jrujd; vy;yh kd;dHfSf;Fk; fUl ,yr;rpid nghwpj;j kly;

mDg;gp tutioj;jhd;. trpl;ldplk; KbGidtjw;F Ntz;ba
nra;AkhW gzpj;jhd;. mtd; me;jzHfNshL NjHkPJ Nghdhd;.
te;j kd;dHfsplk; ,uhkDf;F Kb#l;Lk; nra;jpapid nrhd;dhd;.
nra;jp Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk; kd;dHfs; nfhz;l kfpo;r;rpf;F msNt
,y;iy. mtutUk; muRhpik ngw;whHNghy; kfpo;e;jdH. ey;yJ
vd mwptpj;jhHfs;.
8. ,uhkdpd; rpwg;Gfshf kd;dHfs;> KdptHfs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisj;

njhFj;J vOJf.
jhdk;> jUkk;> jFjp> Qhdk;> ey;ytiug; NgSk; ed;ik

vy;yhNk ,uhkdplk; cs;s gz;Gfs;. MfNt mtDf;F caHe;j
nry;tk; te;J nghUe;Jk;. CUzp epiwjiyAk;> gad;jUk; kuk;
gOg;gijAk;> kio nghoptijAk;> tanyy;yhk; ePH ngUFjiyAk;
ahuhtJ kWg;ghHfsh? kd;DapHf;f vy;yhk; vt;thW ,uhkd;
md;GilatNdh> mt;thNw mitAk; mtdplj;J md;Gilait
vd;W kd;dnuy;yhk; jrujdplk; $wpdhHfs;.
Self-Instructional
118 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 118 12/5/2018 3:48:40 PM

áß 10 TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
º\ôl×WôQm
DjReÏûX YWYûZjR TPXm Ï±l×
RUjpapd; Kiwtopj; JiztH #o;juf;

fUKfp dponyhLq; fUiz nghq;fpl
kUTnkz; birf;Fkhd; kjq;f ko;e;jpl
tpUepyk; Gfo;egp apUf;Fk; Nghjpdpy;. 1
fhypdpw; fGRNkhH ifapw; Fe;jK

NkypLQ; rl;ilAk; tprpj;j fr;irAe;
NjhnyhU NjhspDe; Àf;fp te;jt
dhyee; egpjik aLj;J Nehf;fpdhd;. 2
jhpayHf; fd;GWQ; rhHgp dhd;kiwf;

FUnewp Kfk;kijf; Fwpj;nj jpHe;JeP
hpUepyj; njtnud tpak;gp dhd;gu
Uunehpe; jplr;nrtp AOf;FQ; nrhy;ypdhy;. 3
mr;rnkhd; wpd;wpepd; wwgp $wYk;

tr;rpug; GaKfk; kJjk; tha;jpwe;
jpr;rfk; Gfo;jdp apiwtd; Åjpah
dpr;ra kpJntd epfo;j;jp dhuNuh. 4
Mjpjd; Ånjd twpt jw;fUk;

G+jyj; njd;kdk; nghUe;jp ad;nghLQ;
rhjKw; wplg;ngUQ; rhl;rp ahnkDq;
NfhjW Fwpg;ngit $WtP nud;whd;. 5
fhuzf; fhpAdf; fpiaaf; fhz;fpnyd;

dhuzj; JWq;fyp khit ad;nghLk;
G+uz kdj; njhLk; Gfy;it Nahntdr;
rPHjU kKjtha; jpwe;J nrg;gpdhH. 6
mtdpap nytHf;Fed; fwpa ntd;kdf;

ftuwf; fhuzf; fhpAz; lhnkdp
dgpAik ayjpiy nad;d ez;nghLk;
Self-Instructional
Material 119
10811A_rev2.indd 119 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I gtkw Ek;topg; gLt dpahndd;whd;. 7
Rªrf ùNnÙs
epyj;jpdpy; tpz;zpdP birf;F zpd;kd
eyj;jJ fhpnait ehl;L thnadf;
Ï±l× Fyj;JW Kfk;kJ $wf; Nfl;Lew;
rpiyj;jOk; gpUe;jNjh swgp nrg;Gthd;. 8
,UtUf; nfjpHju epd;w tPe;jjpd;

tphpjiyf; FiykyH tPo;e;jp lhjptz;
tutioj; jpLtpNud; kdKk; thf;Fnkhj;
jUkiw nkhoptop aht dpahndd;whd;. 9
<e;jpid Nehf;fpepd; wpiwtd; ÅJtH

tha;e;jepd; Fiyaptz; tUf Ntz;Lnkd;
wha;e;jed; kiwnjhp aKj ed;fdp
Naa;e;jtHf; fpidj;jpwe; jpak;gp dhuNuh. 10
Mjpjd; ÅJt uiwaf; Nfl;lYQ;

Nrhjpntz; FUj;njhLe; Njhd;w NknyOe;
NjjpDQ; rpijfpyh jpope;J khepy
kPjpdpy; tphpjiy tpsq;fp epd;wNj. 11
tphpjiyj; jUtb epd;w nkd;Fiyg;

ghpnthLk; gag;gaf; Fjpj;Jg; ghhpil
apUtpop njhpgt nutHf;F kpd;Gwj;
jpUKfk; kJKdQ; rpwe;J epd;wNj. 12
me;ju tphpjiyf; fike;j G+q;Fiy

ape;jkh epyj;jpil apwq;fp apt;Tio
te;jjpw; GJikA kWj;Jz; Nlhntdr;
rpe;ijAw; wwgpee; egpiar; rpe;jpj;jhd;. 13
gbj;jyk; Gfo;egp ghjk; Nghw;wpepd;

wbf;fbg; GJikAw; wwgp aPe;jpd
jplj;jpdpw; FiynghUe; jplr;nra; tPnudj;
jplj;njhLk; gaj;njhLQ; nrg;gp dhdNuh. 14
kioKfpw; ftpifapd; ts;s dd;nfdf;

FiojUk; tphpjiyf; Fiyiag; ghHj;Jepd;
Self-Instructional
120 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 120 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

Dioapdpw; nry;nfd Tiug;g NthbKw; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Giotop Eioe;jJ nghUe;jp epd;wNj. 15
Nkijar; rKKs tpyq;fp dhaNjhH

rhjpad; wPnjhU jUKd; dhjYk;
Ï±l×
NghjYk; gilj;jtH Gjpa ehafd;
ÅJt Uz;iknad; wbiar; #bdhd;. 16
ghjgq; fakyH rpurpw; gw;wpepd;

whjpapw; nrhYq;fyp khit ad;nghL
Nkhjpdd; nwspe;jd Dhpa ehafd;
ÅJtHf; fptndhU Jizt dhapdhd;. 17
<j;jq;Fiy tutioj;j glyk; Kw;wpw;W.
º\ôl×WôQm DjReÏûX YWYûZjR TPXm

egpfs; ehaf tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ rPwhg;Guhzk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzq;fs;
mikag; ngw;wJ. mwG nkhopapy; ‘rPwj;’ vd;why; tho;f;if vd;W
nghUs;. ‘rPwj;’ vd;gJ rPwh vd;Nw cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;. rPwh vd;w nrhy;Ny
egpfs; ehaf tuyhw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhff; fUJtH Kfkjpa
kf;fs;.
EUßl ×XYo
rPwhg; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpatH ckWg;GytuhthH. ckWg; Gythpd;
%jhijaH eWkzg; nghUs;fis tpahghuk; nra;jtHfs;. muG ehl;L
tzpfHfs; jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;jtHfs;. me;jg; guk;giuapy; Njhd;wpatH
nra;F KfkJ myp vd;gtH. ,g; ngaH gpd;dH NrF KjypahH vd
toq;fg; ngw;wJ. ,tUila Gjy;tH jhd; ckWg;GytH.
,tH rPwhg;Guhzj;ij tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;>
fpRwj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd %d;W fhz;lq;fshfg; ghbdhH. 5028 tpUj;jg;
ghf;fspNy egpfs; tuyhW Ngrg;gLfpwJ. <j;jq;Fiy tutioj;j
glyk; EGt;tj;Jf; fhz;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. ngUq;fhg;gpak; ghba
ngUk;Gytuhfj; jpfo;fpwhH ckWg;GytH.
DjReÏûX YWYûZjR TPXm

17 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ
Self-Instructional
Material 121
10811A_rev2.indd 121 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I ez;gHfs; Gil#o egpfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xU mwgp te;jhd;.
Rªrf ùNnÙs
fhypdpy; fGRk;> ifapy; Fe;jKk;> clypy; rl;ilAk;> mjd; Nky;
fl;ba fr;irAk;> xU Njhspy; Njhw;gilAkhf mtd; Nfhyk; ,Ue;jJ.
Ï±l× mtd; egpfisg; ghHj;J ,e;epyj;jpy; ePH ahH vdf; Nfl;lhd;.
md;GWk; rpe;ij nfhz;l egpfs; mtidg; ghHj;J ,t; Tyfk; Gfo;fpw
‘,iwtDila Àjd;’ ehd; vd;W ciuj;jhH.
mtd;> ePH ,iwj;ÀjH vd;gjw;F vijr; rhl;rpahff; fhl;LtPH
vd;whd;. egpfNsh ehd; rhl;rp fhl;bdhy; eP fykhit md;NghL
XJthNah vd;W jpUk;gf; Nfl;lhH.
mtDk; ahtUk; mwpAkhW ePq;fs; rhd;W fhl;bdhy; vd; kdf;
Fw;wk; ePq;fp ‘egp cik my;yJ ,y;iy’ vd ‘Ek; topg;gLtd;’ vd
nkhope;jhd;. NkYk; ,q;fpUf;fpw <r;r kuj;jpd; Fiy tutioAk;. Fiy
tUkhdhy; vd; kdk;> thf;F xj;J ahd; mUkiw topg;gLtd; vd;whd;.
egpfs; mtHfs; <e;jpid Nehf;fp epd;W cd; Fiy ,q;F
tuNtz; L k; vd mKjnkhop Gfd; w hH. mt; t stpy; <e; j hdJ
ntz;FUj;J NkNy Njhd;w ahz;Lk; Fiy gug;gp epd;wJ.
“,U tpop njhpgtH vtHf;Fk; ,d;Gw”
epd;wJ vd;W ghLfpwhH ckWg; GytH. mwgp tpae;J tpae;J
tpae;J ghuhl;bdhd;. egpfis tzq;fpdhd;. fypkhit Xjpdhd;. egpfs;
ehafj;jpw;F xU Jiztd; Mapdhd;.
,iwj; ÀjHfs; jk; mUl;ngUq;fUizapdhy; mjpraq;fs;
epfo;j;JtH. mjd; gadhfj; njhz;lHfisg; ngUf;fp ,iwg; gzpapy;
<LgLj;JtH.
mk; Kiwapy; ,q;F egpfs; ehafk; <j;jq;Fiy tutioj;J
mwgp xUtdpd; mwpahikia mfw;wp ,iwtd; ghy; md;G nfhs;sr;
nra;jhH.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. ckWg; GytH – xU rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
rPwhg; Guhzj;ij ,aw;wpatH ckWg; GytH. ckWg; Gythpd;

%jhijaH eWkzg; nghUs;fis tpahghuk; nra;jtHfs;. muG
ehl;L tzpfHfs; jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;jtHfs;. me;jg; guk;giuapy;
Njhd;wpatH nra;F KfkJ myp vd;gtH. ,g;ngaH gpd;dH NrF
Self-Instructional
122 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 122 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

KjypahH vd toq;fg; ngw;wJ. ,tUila Gjy;tH jhd; ckWg; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
GytH. ,tH rPwhg;Guhzj;ij tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGt;tj;Jf;
fhz; l k; > fpRwj; J f; fhz; l k; vd %d; W fhz; l q; f shfg.
ghbdhH. 5028 tpUj;jg; ghrpfspNy egpfs; tuyhW Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Ï±l×
ngUq;fhg;gpak; ghba ngUk; Gytuhfj; jpfo;fpwhH ckWg; GytH.
2. egpfs; ehafk; mwgpia Ml;nfhz;l tpjj;ij vOJf.
ez;gHfs; Gil#b egpfs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ xU mwgp te;jhd;.

fhypdpy; fGRk; ifapy; Fe;jKk; clypy; rl;ilAk;> mjd; Nky;
fl;ba fr;irAk;> xU Njhspy; Njhw;gilAkhf mtd; Nfhyk;
,Ue;jJ. mtd; egpfisg; ghHj;J ,e;epyj;jpy; ePH ahH vdg;
Nfl;lhd;. md;GWk; rpe;ij nfhz;l egpfs; mtidg; ghHj;J
\,iwtDila Àjd;| ehd; vd;W ciuj;jhH. mtd;> ePH ,iwj;jhH
vd;gjw;F vijr; rhl;rpahff; fhl;LtPH vd;whd;. egpfNsh> ehd;
rhl;rp fhl;bdhy; eP fykhiy md;NghL XJthah vd;W jpUk;gf;
Nfl;lhH. mtDk; ahtUk; mwpAkhW rhd;W fhl;bdhy; vd; kdf;
Fw;wk; ePqf
; p \egp cik my;yJ ,y;iy| vd \Ek; topg;gLtd;| vd
nkhope;jhd;. NkYk; ,q;fpUf;fpw <r;r kuj;jpd; Fiy tutioAk;.
Fiy tUkhdhy; vd; kdk;> thf;F xj;J ahd; mUkiw topgLtd;
vd;whd;. egpfs; mtHfs; <j;jpid Nehf;fp epd;W cd; Fiy
,q;F tuNtz;Lk; vd mKjnkhop Gfd;whH. clNd <j;jhdJ
ntz;FUj;J NkNy Njhd;w Fiy gug;gp epd;wJ. mwgp tpae;J
ghuhl;bdhd;. egpfis ehafj;jpw;F xU Jiztd; Mapdhd;.
,iwj; ÀjHfs; jk; mUl;ngUq;fUizapdhy; mjpraq;fs;
epfo;j;JtH. mjd; gadhfj; njhz;lHfisg; ngUf;fp ,iwg;
gzpapy; <LgLj;JtH. mNj Kiwapy; ,q;F egpfs; ehafk;
<j;jq;Fiy tutioj;J mwgp xUtdpd; mwpahikia mfw;wp
,iwtd; ghy; md;G nfhs;sr; nra;jhH.
Self-Instructional
Material 123
10811A_rev2.indd 123 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I
úRmTôY¦
Ï±l× ØRtLôiPm
Lôh£l TPXm
Yô]Yo Cû\Yû] YQeL BVoLû[ AûZjRp
,d;d thapy; ,d;d jd;ik ,d;d ahitAk; Mifapy;>
nghd;d ehL Jd;dk; ck;gH> nghd;DUf;nfhL Mq;FNgha;>
kpd;dy; NeUk; md;id <d;w Ntj ehjidj; njho>
cd;dyhj Nfhty; ,d;gk; cz;z cw;W mioj;jdH. 1
BVo Cû\Y]¥ T¦kÕ U¡rRp

nfhOe;JWk; FspHe;jKy;iy nfhz;lNfhty; $l;lKk;>
vOe;JWk; Flj;jpahUk; Vfp> Ma fhl;rpahy;>
tpOe;JWk; fspg;GtpQ;rp> Ntjehjd; Nkw;gjk;
njhOe;njhWk; njhOe;njhWk; Jsq;Ffpd;w Njhw;wNk. 2
Cû\Yû]l úTôt\j ùRôPeÏRp

gQ;(r) muq;fpy; ,d;G muq;F ghd;ikahy;> miltuj;J
mQ;ryk; Fopj;J cte;J mkpo;e;J> mkpo;e;(J) cse;jdpy;
tpQ;r ,d;gk;> neQ;R mlq;F,y;> Nkty; MHe;jjk;KapH
cQ;ry; Mb> thapy; thapYw;W ciuj;j Yw;wdH 3
Self-Instructional
124 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 124 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

áß 12 TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Es[ØÚ¡ Cû\Yû]l úTôtßRp

vz;ZNs mlq;fypd;wp Ve;j khl;rp G+z;L> thd; Ï±l×
tpz;ZNs nghype;J te;j tpz;ztHf;F Nte;jNd
Gz;ZNs kUe;J ePtpg;Nghd Ml;il kPl;fNth>
kz;ZNs vOe;Jte;J kz;zd; vd;W cjpj;jid? 1
xz;jyq;fs; mz;lck;g Uk;njhOk; guhguh
tpz;jyk; fye;J,yq;f ntz;fsq;fd; xg;ngdh>
kz;jyq;fs; vq;Fk; ghUk; tho> tPuntz; Fil
nfhz;L> myq;fy; nfhz;lNjwy; nfhz;lmd;G nfhw;wth
Auû]ûVÙm ãûN Ø²Yû]Ùm YôrjÕRp

,utpNae;j fQ;rk; <d;w ,yFKj;jk; Va;j;J> vy;
GuT,y;> Nta;e;j Nria<d;w nghUtpy; md;id thOjp
RUjpNta;e;j khl;rpG+z;l Jiztdhd khjtj;J
cUtpy; Nta;e;j Nte;j thop vd;W cWjpnrhw;wpdhH 2
Self-Instructional
Material 125
10811A_rev2.indd 125 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I
Lu²jRôÙm ãûNÙm BVodÏ ®ûPùLôÓjRp
Ï±l× fd;dpaha jhAk;Xq;F fhtyDk; md;Gw>
,d;,whypdk; fdpe;j ,d;gmk;nrhy; Xjyhy;>
cd;dk; NkTk; <u md;G Kd;dKs cwhikahy;
kpd;d(y;)khH Àtnyhj;j tPOk;ehl;lk; khhpNa. 7
Nôk§ Guàm CûPf£ U¬Vô°Pm úTNj ùRôPeÏRp

Ve;jp> Xq;F csj;J ,d;g neLq;fly;
ePe;jp ePe;jp> epiyf;fiu fhz;fpyh>
fhe;jp Nta;e;jdidf; fdpe;J XJths;
rhe;jp ehkk; jhpj;j Flj;jpNa. 8
Nôk§«u ®]ôdLs
Mt NjKdH MaJ Nghy; mwpe;J>
<t Njeir gpd;w mspj;jpLk;
Nfht Njkpir Ms;jdpf; Nfhypdhd;>
Neht Nj,dp njd;Wcjpj; jhd;nfhNyh? 9
nfhy;Yk; NtnyhLK; $HneLk; thnshLk;

tpy;Yk; thspAk; MopAk; tpy;nra>
xy;Yk; Mop cUl;blf; Nfhd;Jiz
nry;Yk; tPuntQ; Nrid,yh aJVd;? 10
Self-Instructional
126 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 126 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

áß 14 TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
RônU¬«u ®ûP
vd;w thrfk;> ve;ij kDf;Fyk; Ï±l×
nrd;wtha; mUs; fhl;ba rPH czHT
xd;wyhfp> cUfpa jha;> Gdy;
kpd;jth tpop Àtp tpsk;gpdhs;. 11
mk;gpdhy; migaH nrAk; mj;Jiz

ek;gpdhH> jdp ew;nra;if <byhH
nfhk;gpy; VWk;> ,ilJtSk; nfhb
vk;gpuhd; typf;F ,j;Jiz Ntz;LNkh? 12
Ntz;Lk; XHtpid Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Kbj;J

Mz;Lk; XHjdpf; Nfhy;murhd;> vhp
Àz;Lk; XHrpdk; Njhd;Wop> mg;gif
jhz;Lk; XHtyp jhq;FtH ahtNuh? 13
úRmTôY¦
fiyfSs; rpwe;jjhfTk; fhyj;jhy; mopf;f KbahjjhfTk; tpsq;FtJ

,yf;fpaf; fiy. ,yf;fpa tbtq;fSs; gioikahdJ> ,dpikahdJ
ftpij tbtk;. ftpij ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpwg;Gkpf;fJ fhg;gpa tbtk;.
ePz;l njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fshf mikAk; fhg;gpaq;fs;> fw;nghH
neQ;rpy; epiyj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wd. ,j;jifa rpwe;j fhg;gpaq;fs;
gy jkpopy; cs;sd. mtw;Ws;> fpwpj;Jt rkak; rhHe;j nra;jpfisf;
$Wk; Njk;ghtzp> jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;J tpsq;FfpwJ.
mf;fhg;gpaj;ij cq;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp> mf;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Ritia
XusT Efur; nra;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaj;ijg; gilj;J toq;fpatH
tPukhKdptH. ,tH ,j;jhypa ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtH. fpwpj;jt rkaj;
njhz;Lf;fhfj; jkpofk; te;J> jkpopd; rpwg;gpdhy; <Hf;fg;gl;L> jkpo;j;
njhz;luhfTk; jkpowpQuhfTk; khwptpl;l mtuJ tho;itAk; gzpiaAk;
gw;wpf; fhz;Nghk;.
tPukhKdptH vd;gJ mtuJ ,aw;ngaH my;y. fhd;];ld;ild;
N[hrg; ng];fp vd;gNj mtuJ ,aw;ngaH. fpwpj;Jt rkag; gzp Self-Instructional
Material 127
10811A_rev2.indd 127 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I nra;tjw;fhf> mtH JwT tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhH. fp.gp. 1710,y;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,e;jpahTf;F te;jhH. Nfhth> nfhr;rp> mk;gyf;fhL topahf> kJiu
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s fhkehaf;fd; gl;bia te;jile;jhH. jkJ rkag;gzp
Ï±l× jkpo;ehl;by; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lnkdpy;> jkf;Fj; jkpowpT kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjJ vd;W ed;FzHe;jhH. NkYk; jkpofk; te;J jkpouhfNt
khwp> jk; ngaiuAk; jj;Jt NghjfH vd khw;wpf; nfhz;L> jkpo;gg
; zpAk;
Ghpe;j ,uhgHl;-b-nehgpyp vd;Dk; Nkiyehl;L ,iwabahiug; gw;wp
,tH Nfs;tpg;gl;lhH. mtHNghyNt> jhKk; ,iwg;gzpiar; nra;jpl
tpUk;gpdhH. mjdhy;> ,tUk; jkJ ngaiuj; ijhpaehjH vd;W khw;wpf;
nfhz;lhH. gpd;dhspy; kf;fs; ,tiu tPukhKdptH vd;Nw mioj;jdH.
kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhHjhk; ,g;ngaiu ,UtUf;Fr; #l;bdH vd;gH
rpyH.
úRôt\ Uôt\m
tPukhKdptH ngaH khw;wk; nra;J nfhz;lNjhL> ,e;ehl;by; ,Ue;j
rkaj; njhz;lHfisg; NghyNt> jhKk; new;wpapy; re;jdk; G+rp> fhjpy;
Kj;Jf; fLf;fd; mzpe;J> fhtp mq;fp cLj;jp> Gypj;Njhy; gjpf;fg;gl;l
,Uf;ifapy; mkHe;J nfhz;lhH. ,g;gb> Njhw;w khw;wk; nra;Jnfhz;lJ
kl;Lky;y> fha;fwp czit kl;LNk cz;L> irt cztpduhfTk;
khwptpl;lhH. jkpopd; kPJ ,tUila gw;iw vd;ndd;gJ! Njhw;wj;jpy;
kl;Lkpd;wp> czT KiwapYk; khwpaJ NkYk; rpwg;ghdJ.
NUVl T¦
,tH jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s FUf;fs;gl;b kw;Wk; Vyhf;Fwpr;rp>
Nfhdhd;Fg;gk; Kjypa gy ,lq;fspy; rkaj; njhz;L Ghpe;jhH. jhk;
rkag;gzp Ghpe;j ,lq;fspNyNa> gy;NtW jkpo; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz
Áy;fisAk; mfuhjpfisAk; vOjp ntspapl;lhH. jkpo;ehl;Lf;f te;J
jkpouhfNt tho;e;jhH tPukhKdptH. 1747Mk Mz;L jkpo;ehl;bNyNa
capHePj;jhH. cyfpy; tho;e;j rka kw;Wk nkhopj;njhz;lHfs;
thpirapNy ,t;thW jkf;nfd XH mopahj> jdpj;Jtkhd ,lj;ijj;
Njbf; nfhz;lhH ng];fp vdg;gl;l tpukhKdptH.
ÅWUôØ²YWÕ TûPl×Ls
jj;jk; jha;nkhopapNy GytHfs; gy;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilg;gJ
nghJtof;F. jkJ jha;nkhop ay;yhj gpwnkhopfis mwpQHfs; fw;W
Self-Instructional
128 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 128 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

mjpy; mo;e;j Gyik ngWtJk; cyfpy; fhzf;$baNj. vdpDk; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
xUtUf;Fj; jk; jha;nkhop ay;yhj gpwnkhopapy; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;>
mfuhjp Kjypa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; mhpa Áy;fs; gy gilf;fk;
msTf;F Mw;wYk; mUk GyikAk; miltJ kpfkpf mhpa nrayhFk;. Ï±l×
nraw;fhpa mr;nraiyr; nra;J cyf tuyhw;wpNyNa jdpj;J epw;gtUs;
xUtuhf tPukhKdptH jpfo;fpwhH.
èpLs
,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;J> jkJ Kg;gjhk; tajpNyNa jkpofk; te;j
mtH> jkpopy; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzk;> ciueil> mfuhjp>
,irg; g hly; f s; Kjypa gy Jiwfspy; Áy; f s; gilj; j hH.
mNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfSs; kpf mhpajhff;
fUjg;gLk; Njk;ghtzp vdg;gLk; fhg;gpak; xd;iwAk; ,aw;wp ntw;wp
fz;Ls;shH. NkYk; mtH> jpUf;fhtÂHf; fyk;gfk;> milf;fy
khiy> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid Kjypa
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk;> rJufuhjp vdg;gLk; mfuhjpiaAk;> njhd;Çy;
tpsf;fk; vd;w ,yf;fz ÁiyAk; vOjpAs;shH. ,tw;Ws; njhd;Çy;
tpsf;fk;> Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; ngUikAilaJ.
,g;gbg; gy;NtW tifahd Áy;fisg; gilj;j xU Gytiuf; fhz;gJ>
jkpopy; kl;Lkd;WÉ cyfpd; gpw nkhopfspYk; $l kpf mhpa xd;whFk;.
Lôl©V A±ØLm
,dp> Njk;ghtzp vdg;gLk; ,f;fhgpaj;jpd; rpwg;GfisAk; gz;GfisAk;
fhz;Nghk;. ,d;ndhU fpwpj;jtf; fhg;gpakhd ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfj;ijg;
NghyNt> ,j; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaKk; gpwnkhopf; fhg;gpak; xd;iwj; jOtp>
jkpo; newpf;Nfw;g vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. ];ghdpa ehl;L MfpUj efhpy;
tho;e;j MfpHj khpahs; vd;Dk; fd;dp ,iwefuk; (City of God)
vd;Dk; Áiy> md;id khpapd; Mizg;gb vOjpajhff; $wpAs;shH.
md;id khpapdhy; jkf;F ciuf;fg;gl;l #irag;ghpd; tuyhw;iwNa
jhk; Áyhf vOjpAs;sjhf mtH $WfpwhH. me;Áiyj; jOtp> jkpo;
kuGf;Fk;> jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf;fk; Vw;g tPukhKdptH Njk;ghtzpia
,aw;wpapUf;fpwhH. Nkiyehl;L Áypd; nkhopngaHg;G vdj; Njhd;whj
tifapy;> ,f;fhg;gpaj;ij tPukhKdptH cUthf;fpAs;shH. ,q;f
te;J> jd;idj; jkpouhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L xU fhg;gpaj;ijj; jOtp
Self-Instructional
Material 129
10811A_rev2.indd 129 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I vOJtJ vd;why;> mJTk; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bw;F Vw;g vd;gJ tpag;igj;
Rªrf ùNnÙs
jUfpwjy;yth? fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gfisj; njhlHe;J fhz;Nghkh?
Lôl©Vd LÚÜm LûRÙm

Ï±l×
,j; jkpo; f; fhg; gpaj; j pd; fijj; jiytuhf tpsq; FgtH ,NaR
ngUkhdpd; tsHg;Gj; je;ijahfpa #irNa MthH. tsd; vd;Wk;
Fwpf;fg;gLk; ,tiug; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g tptpypaj; jpUkiwapy;
Ie;Nj ,lq;fspy; rpw;rpy thpfspNyNa ,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdpDk;>
MfpHj; khpahspd; %yÁiyj; jOtp> tPukhKdptH #irapd; tuyhw;iw
tphpthd fhg;gpakhf tbj;Js;shH.
Lôl©Vj ùRôPdLm
#ir vdg;gLk; tsdhH gpwe;j ehlhd A+Njah ehl;L tsKk;> mjd;
jiyefuhfpa vUrNyk; efur; rpwg;Gk; $wpf; fhg;gpaj;ijj; njhlq;FfpwH
MrphpaH. gpd;dH #irapd; Kd;Ndhhpy; rpwe;j jhtPJ vd;Dk; Nguurdpd;
tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwhH. #ir gd;dpU tajpNyNa JwT Nkw;nfhs;sj;
JzptJk;> gpd;dH ,iwtdpd; Mizg;gb ehL jpUkGtJk; Kjypa
gy nra;jpfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
LûRf ÑÚdLm
flTspd; jpUTs;sg;gb #irf;Fk; khpf;Fk; jpUkzk; epfo;fpwJ.
mtHfs; ,y;yw tho;tpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lhYk; JwT newpapNyNa
tho;fpd;wdH. ,iwahw;wyhy; kdpj cwtpd;wp md;id khpaplk; gpwf;Fk;
nja;tf; Fkudhk; ,NaRit mtHfs; tsHj;J tUfpd;wdH. thdthpd;
fl;lisg;gb nray;gLk; mtHfs;> mf;fl;lisahy; murd; VNuhjd;>
jpUf;Foe;ijf;Fr; nra;a ,Ue;j Jd;gj;jpdpd;W ePqf
; > vfpj;J (vfpj;J ®
vfpg;J ehL) ehL nry;fpd;wdH. me;ehl;Lf;F thdtHfspd; JizAld;
nry;Yk; ,j;jpUf;FLk;gj;jpdH gazk; gw;wpAk;> thdtHfs; ,tHfSf;F
vLj;Jiuj;j tptpypaf; fijfs; gw;wpAk; fhg;gpak; $WfpwJ. VNuhjd;
Ml;rpapd; nfhLikfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;turd; ,we;jgpwF>
,tHfs; jha; ehL jpUk;Gfpd;wdH. jpUkiw gy ehLfspYk; tsUk;
ghq; F tpsf; f g; g LfpwJ. jpUkfd; ,NaR Foe; i jahfNt gy
mUQ;nray;fs; GhptJk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;dH #ir Nehahy; Jd;gk;
mile;J ,we;J> Gz;zpa md;khf;fSf;Fj; jpUkfdpd; Àjuhf
nry;fpwhH. ,iwkfd; ,NaRTk; jpUg;ghLfis mile;J> ,we;J
Self-Instructional
130 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 130 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

capH ngw;wgpd;> #irAk; kPz;Lk capHngw;W vOfpwhH. mtUf;f TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tpz;ZyfpYk; kz;ZyfpYk; jpUKb #l;lg;ngWfpwJ. ,t;thW
tsdhH ngUikiaAk; tuyhw;iwAk; $wpf; fhg;gpak; epiwtilfpwJ.
Lôl©V AûUl× Ï±l×
Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpak; ghapuk; vdg;gLk; KfTiuAk;> glyq;fs; vdg;gLk;

Kg;ghj;jhW rpW gphpTfSk; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;j Kg;gj;jhW
glyq;fisAk; %d;W fhz;lq;fshfg; gphpj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdH. jkpo;f;
fhg;gpaq;fspd; mikg;Gf;Fk; kuGf;Fk; Vw;g> ghapug; gFjpapy; Áy;
vOjg;gl;l tuyhW $wg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; mitalf;fkhf \fliyNa
ef;fpf; Fbf;f Kw;gl;l xU G+idiag; Nghy> Cikad; Nghd;w
ehDk; nrhy;Ytjw;f mhpa tsdhhpd tuyhw;iw tbf;f Kw;gl;Nld;|
vdf; $WfpwhH. ctikapd; moif vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. vj;Jizj;
jd;dlf;fk;! gpd;dH fhg;gpa kuGg;gb ehl;L tsk;> efH tsk; Kjypad
ed;F tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
êYo ùTÚûU
fhg;gpaj;jpYs;s Kg;gj;jhW glyq;fspYk; fhg;gpaj; jiytdhfpa #ir>
mtuJ Jiztpahfpa khpahs;> mtHfshy; tsHf;fg;gLk; nja;tPfj;
jpUf;Foe;ijahfpa ,NaR Mfpa %tuJ Nguhw;wYk; ngUikfSk;
ed;F tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
®®Vd LûRLÞm ùNn§LÞm

tptpypaj; jpUkiwapy; gioa Vw;ghL vDk; Kw;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; gy
fijfs;> thdtHfspd; tha;nkhopahff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw Gjpa
Vw;ghL vDk; tptpypag; gpw;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWk; mhpa nra;jpfSk;
tuyhWfSk; fhg;gpaf; fijapd; ClhfNt vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Rªr UW×m ùUô¯SPÙm

jkpo; kuGf; N fw; w ctikfSk; kuGj; njhlHfSk; kl; L kd; w p>
goq;fijfSk; $l Mq;fhq;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Nkiy ehl;ltH
xUtH gilj;j fhg;gpak; vdr; rw;Wk; epidf;fj; Njhd;whjthW> kpf
caHe;j nkhop eilAk;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwd;fSk; fhg;gpak; KOtJk;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
Self-Instructional
Material 131
10811A_rev2.indd 131 12/5/2018 3:48:41 PM

TÏ§-I Lôl©Vj§u êX èpLs
Rªrf ùNnÙs
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %yÁy; MfpHj khpahs; vd;ghH vOjpa ,iwefuk;

vd;w ÁNy vd;gJ Kd;dNu Rl;lg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> tptpypaj; jpUkiw
Ï±l×
(Bible)Ak; ,jw;F Kjy; Áy; vd;gij ehk; kwf;fyhfhJ. vy;yhf;
fpwpj;jt ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; tptpypaNk Kjy; Áyhf mikfpwJ.
Njk;ghtzpf;Fk;> tptpypaNk Kjy; Áy; vdyhk;. Njk;ghtzpapy;
tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; #irapd; tuyhW> tptpypaj;jpy; Ie;Nj ,lq;fspy;
kpfr; rpy thpfspNyNa $wg;gLtjhy;> MfpHj khpahspd; Áiyj; jOtp
MrphpaH fhg;gpak; mikf;fpwhH. vdpDk; tptpypaj;jpd; ,UgphpTfspYk;
$wg;gLk; Vuhskhd fijfisAk; tuyhWfisAk; MrphpaH Áy;
KOtJk; gytiffspYk; vLj;Jiug;gjhy;> ,f;fhg;gpak; tptpypaj;
jpUkiwapd; rhukhfNt gy ,lq;fspy; fhzf; fpilf;fpwJ. MfNt
tptpypaKk;. ,iwefuk; vd;w ÁYk; Mfpa ,uz;LNk> ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd;
%y Áy;fs; vdf; fUjj;jf;fd.
Lôl©Vj§u R²f£\l×Ls
jkpopy; mike;j fhg;gpaq;fSs;> xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU rpy jdpj;jd;ikfs;
cs;sd. mt;tifapy;> Njk;ghtzpf;Fhpa jdpr; rpwg;Gfshf> gytw;iwr;
Rl;lyhk;. rpytw;iw kl;Lk; ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
B£¬V¬u R²jRuûU
jkpopy; mike; j fhg; g paq; f spNyNa> jkpioj; jha; n khopahff;
nfhs;shj ntspehl;ltH xUtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vDk; ngUik
Njk;ghtzpf;Nf cz;L. mJTk; rkag; gzp Ghptjw;fhfj; jkJ
Kg;gjhk; tajpy; ,q;F te;j KdptH xUtuhy; vOjg;gl;l fhg;gpak;
vd;gJ tpag;G+l;Lk; nra;jpahFk;. NkYk; gd;nkhopg; Gyik tha;e;j
xUtuhy; gilf;fg;gl;l fhg;gpak; ,JthFk;. tPukhKdptH> ,j;jhypak;>
,yj;jPd;> NghHj;JfPrpak; Kjypa Nkiyehl;L nkhopfspYk; jkpo;>
tlnkhop> njYq;f> kiyahsk; Nghd;w fPio ehl;L nkhopfspYk;
Gyik ngw;wtH. NkYk; tPukhKdptiug; Nghy> Ntnwe;jf; fhg;gpag;
GytUk; rpw;wpyf;fpak;> mfuhjp> ,yf;fzk;> ciueil gdg; gpw
,yf;fpa tiffspy; Áy;fs; gilj;jhuy;yH.
Self-Instructional
132 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 132 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

Rªr UW× TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Njk;ghtzp MrphpaH> ntspehl;ltNu MapDk;> fhg;gpaf; fijj; jiytH

#ir tho;e;jJk; jkpo; kz;zpy; ,y;iy. vdpDk;> fhg;gpak; KOf;fj;
Ï±l×
jkpo; kzk; fko;tjhf> jkpo;g; gz;ghl;by; Njha;e;jjhfNt gilf;fg;
ngw;Ws;sikf;Fg; gy rhd;Wfs; $wyhk;. gpw jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fisg;
NghyNt> rPhpa cyfk; %d;Wk; vd kq;fyr; nrhw;fisg; nga;Nj> jkJ
Njk;ghtzpf; fhg;gpaj;ijj; njhlq;FfpwhH MrphpaH. ,iwtid tzq;f
Kw;gLk;NghJ> NkdhLfspy; toq;Fk; fpwpj;jt kuGfisr; rhuhJ> jkpo;
kuigNa rhHe;J> ,iwtdJ ghjq;fisNa Kjypy; tzq;FtijAk;>
,iwtdJ ghjq;fis kyuhff; fhz;gijAk; ,q;Ff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,iwtDf;F thfdq;fis chpik nra;J ghLtd jkpofr; rkaq;fs;.
mj;Jld;> ,iwtDf;Fhpa nfhbfshfr; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJk; ,q;Fs;s
rka kuG. ,jidg; gpd;gw;wp tPukhKdptUk; jpUkfd; ,NaRit Nkf
thfdj;jpy; tUgtuhfTk;> mtuJ Kd;Ndhuhd jhtPJ muridr; rpq;ff;
nfhbNahd; vd;Wk; ghLfpwhH.
NkYk; ,iwtdJ jpUNkdpf;F tz;zk; (epwk;) Fwpj;Jg; ghLtJ>
,iwtidj; jiuapy; jiygl tzq;FtJ> if $g;gp tzq;FtJ>
kyHfs; Àtp topghL nra;tJ> gy;tif tsf;Ffis Myaj;jpy;
Vw;WtJ> NjHj;jpUtpoh fhz;gJ Kjypa gy jkpo;r; rka kuGfisj;
jk; fhg;gpaj;jpy; tPukhKdptH ,izj;Js;sijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. XhpU
,lq;fspy; jhk; $wtUk; nra;jpfSf;F ctikahfj; jkpo;ehl;Lg;
Guhzr; nra;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. ,t;thW jkpo; kuGf;Nfw;g>
jk; fhg;gpaj;ijf; ftpQH mikj;Js;sik GydhfpwJ.
Yôr®Vt úLôhTôÓLs
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; kw;nwhU rpwg;G> ,J #irag;ghpd; tuyhw;iwf;
fijahff; $Wk; Nehf;fj;NjhL mikahJ> tuyhw;wpd; CNl gy
mhpa tho; t paw; Nfhl; g hLfis ntspg; g Lj; J tjhFk; . rhd; w hf>
mwj;jpd; khl;rpAk;> mwnewp nry;NthH jk; ngUikfSk; fhg;gpak;
vq;fZk; kpfTk; typAWj;jpf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mwnewp tho;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd gz;gfshfpa Cf;fKilik> jtk;> jpahdk;> Qhdk;>
,uf;fk; Nghd;witAk; ed;F typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,NaR ngUkhdpd;
jpahf tho;it Kd;dpWj;jpg; gy cz;ikfs; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jpUf;FLk;gj;jhH %tUk; cyf kf;fspd; kPlG
; f;fhfTk; eyj;Jf;fhfTk;
Self-Instructional
Material 133
10811A_rev2.indd 133 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

TÏ§-I tWik tho; i tAk; JwT newpiaAk; Nkw; n fhz; l jd; i k
Rªrf ùNnÙs
vLj;Njhjg;gLfpwJ. fhk czHr;rpfspd; NfLfs;> Gydlf;fj;jpd;
caHT> cz;ikj; JwTf;Fk; ngha;j; JwTf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL>
Ï±l× jho;ik> md;Gilik> GfOilik> fy;tpr; rpwg;G><iff; rpwg;G> fw;gpd;
khz;G Kjypa kpf cahpa Nfhl;ghLfs; fhg;gpak; vq;fZk; gy;NtW
tiffspy; fijfshf> fUj;Jfshf> ciuahly;fshf> ctikfshf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJ ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;.
ØRtLôiPm
Lôh£l TPXm
,jpy; ,iwtid tzq;f MaHfis mioj;jy;> MaH ,iwtidg;

Nghw;wy;> md;idiaAk; #iriaAk; tho;jJ ; jy;> rhe;jpapd; tpdhf;fSk;
khpad;idapd; tpilAk;> rhe;jp jhd; Nfl;l Ntj ciuiaf; $WjYk;
mjw;F khpahs; tpsf;fKk;> ,iwj;Àjd; kf;fSf;fhfj; Jd;gk;
cWjYk; capH tpLjYk;> ,iwtidr; rhe;jp Nghw;wYk; MaH jpUf;
Foe;ijiag; gzpjYk; Mfpa fhl;rpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
Lu²jRôÙm ãûNÙm Cû\Yû] YQeL BVoLû[

AûZjRp
thry; ,j;jd;ikaJ mjd; ,ay;G ,j;jifaJ vy;yhk; ,j;jd;ikahd
vd tpsq;Fk; nghd;Nghd;w ehL NkYyfk;. mq;F nghd;DUf; nfhz;L
Ngha; kpd;dy; Nghd;w md;id <d;w kfid – Ntj ehjidj;
njhOtjw;F epidahj MaHfNs thUq;fs; ,d;gk; ngwyhk; thUq;fs;
vd mioj;jdH.
BVo T¦kÕ U¡rRp

Ky;iyepy thOeuhfpa MaHfs;> MakfspUld; vOe;J nrd;W
Ntjehjidf; fz;l fhl;rpahy; kpf kpf kfpo;e;jtHfshfp mtHfs;
tzq;Fk;NghJ vy;yhk; mtHfs; cs;sk; G+hpg;G mila mtHfs;
Njhw;wk; xspkakhdJ.
Cû\Yû]l úTôtßRp (3. 4. 5)

,iwtidf; fz;lNghjpy; ,d;gk; ngw;w jd;ikahy; csj;jpy; ctif
Cw;nwLf;fj; jk; capnuy;yhk; jspHg;g Mb> te;J te;J ghHj;J
kfpo;e;jdH.
Self-Instructional
134 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 134 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

vz;Zjw;F mlq;fhj khz;Gfs; cilatNd thdpNy tpise;j TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
tpz;ztHf;f Nte;Nj Gz;gl;l Ml;il kPl;fNth kz;ZNs eP te;J
kz;kfdhfg; gpwe;jid.
thDk; kz;Zk; njhOk; guh guh eP kz;Zf;F te;jjhNy Ï±l×
kz;jyq;fs; tpz;jyq;fis xj;jd. kz;zpy; thOk; capnuy;yhk;
ul;rpf;f eP ntz;Filnfhz;L khiy nfhz;L> md;G nfhz;L te;jhNah
nfhw;wtNd vd;W gygl ,iwtd; Gfio MaHfs; XjpdH.
Auû]ûVÙm ãûNVlTûWÙm YôrjÕRp

#hpaidf; fz;l jhkiu Nghd;W kyHe;j Kfj;ijAila Nria <d;w
xg;gw;w md;idia tho;f vd MaHfs; tho;j;jpdH. Ntjq;fis xj;j
khz;GkpF khjtdhd #irag;giu tho;f tho;f vd tho;j;jpdH.
Lu²jRôÙm ãûNÙm BVodÏ ®ûPùLôÓjRp

fd;dpj;jhAk; #irAk; NjdpDk; ,dpa md;G gilj;j nrhw;fisr;
nrhd;dhHfs;. ,j;jifa md;ig MaH cs;sk; Kd;G ngw;wjpy;iy.
,g;NghJ kio nghope;jhw; Nghy md;G kio nghope;jJ.
Nôk§«u ®]ôdLs
,ilf;Fy kfspUs; xUj;jp rhe;jp. mts; cs;sj;jpy; vOk; ,d;g
nts;sj;jpy; ePe;jp ePe;jpf; fiufhz Kbahky; xspkakhd md;id
khpahisg; ghHj;Jg; NgRfpwhs;.
,dp elf;f ,Ug;gnjy;yhk; Kd;dNu mwpe;Jk;> nfhLg;gijNa
tpUk;gp> MaH Fohj;jpilj;jdpNa murhl;rp nra;jpl NehtijNa
,dpnjd;W vz;zp ,iwtd; cjpj;jhNdh?
ctif Ms;tjw;F te;j kfd;> NtYk;> thSk;> tpy;Yk; mk;Gk;
nfhz;l ntk;ik kpf;f Nrid ,y;yhky; te;jJ Vd;? vd;W rhe;jp
tpdTfpwhs;.
Rôn úU¬«u ®ûP (11-13)

murhz;l Fyq;fs; fhl;ba mUs; czHT ngUfpajhy; cUfpa jha;
fz;fspy; ePH ngUff; $Wfpwhs;.
jdpj;Jr; nra;Ak; ew;nray;fspNy <LghL ,y;yhjtHfs;> mk;gpid
cilatHfs; nra;Ak; Jiztypia ek;gpdhHfs;. ,il JtSk; nfhb
Self-Instructional
Material 135
10811A_rev2.indd 135 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

TÏ§-I nfhk;gpNy VWk;. ,J ,ay;G. Mdhy; ,iwtd; Mw;wYf;f NtW NtW
Rªrf ùNnÙs
JizfSk; Ntz;LNkh?
cyif MSk; xg;gw;w XH murd; (,iwtd;) xU nraiy Kbf;f
Ï±l× Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhy; fUjpathNw mjid Kbg;ghd;. vhpjzy;
Nghy mtd; rpdg;ghNdahdhy; mij khw;Wk; Mw;wy; ahUf;F cz;L?
vd;W md;id tpil $Wfpwhs;.
rhe;jp jhd; Nfl;l NtjTiuiaf; $wpaJ.
nrhy;Yjw;nfy;yhk; mhpa mUs; tpsq;fpj; Njhd;Wfpd;w fhyk;
,J vd;W xspgilj;j KbAila md;id $wpaij czHe;j rhe;jp>
gw;W ePq;fpa cyf tho;f;ifapd; gaidf; $Wfpwhs;.
md;id je;ij ,y;yhjtd; $wpathW vd;id ,q;F czHj;jp
Ml;nfhz;l ,iwtd; - kpd;diy xj;jtd; - Njhd;Wk; NghJ vy;NyhUk;
mtid tzq;FthHfs;.
®]ô ®ûPLs
1. tPukhKdptH gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
tPukhKdpthpd; ,aw;ngaH fhd;]l ; d;ild; N[hrg; ng];fp MFk;.

,tH ,aw;wpa Kf;fpa Áy; “Njk;ghtzp”. ,tH ,aw;wpa gpw
Áy;fs; rJufuhjp> njhd;Çy; tpsf;Fk;> NtjpaH xOf;fk;> Ntj
tpsf;fk;> jpUf;fhtÂHf; fyk;gfk;. gukhHj;j FU fij vd;w Áy;
ciueilapy; mike;j Kjy; ÁyhFk;. ,tiu ciueilapd;
je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
2. fd;dpj;jhAk; #irAk; ,iwtid tzq;f MaHfis vt;thW

mioj;jdH?
thry; ,j;jd; ikaJ> mjd; ,ay;G ,j;jifaJ> vy;yhk;

,j;jd;ikahd vd tpsq;Fk; nghd;Nghd;w ehL NkYyfk;. mq;F
nghd;DUf; nfhz;L Ngha; kpd;dy; Nghd;w md;id <d;w kfid
– Ntj ehjidj; njhOtjw;F epidahj MaHfNs thUq;fs;
,d;gk; ngwyhk; thUq;fs; vd mioj;jdH.
3. rhe;jpapd; tpdhf;fSf;F jha; Nkhp mspj;j tpil ahJ?
jdpj; J r; nra; A k; ew; n ray; f spNy <LghL ,y; y hjtw; f s; >

mk;gpid cilatHfs; nra;Ak; Jiztypia ek;gpdhHfs;. ,il
Self-Instructional
136 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 136 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

JtSk; nfhb nfhk;gpNy VWk;. ,J ,ay;g. Mdhy; ,iwtd; TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Mw;wYf;f NtW NtW JizfSk; Ntz;LNkh? cyif MSk;
xg;gw;w XH murd; (,iwtd;) xU nraiy Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fUjpdhy; fUjpathNw mjid Kbg;ghd;. vhpjzy; Nghy; Ï±l×
mtd; rpdg;ghNdahdhy; mij khw;Wk; Mw;wy; ahUf;F cz;L?
vd;W md;id tpil $wpdhs;.
4. Njk;ghtzp gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.
Njk;ghtzp vd;why; thlhj G+khiy vd;W nghUs;. ,e;Áy;

fhg;gpaj; jiytuhfpa #irag;gH tuyhw;iwf; $WtjhFk;.
tPukhKdptH #irag;giu “Njk;gh mzpahthd; thlh mUs;
kfd;” vd;W ghbAs;shH. ,JNt fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; ngauhfpwJ.
fpwpj;Jt rkak; rhHe;jJ. 36 glyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L 3615
tpUj;jg; ghf;fspy; VRehjhpd; tsHg;Gj;je;ijahfpa #irag;ghpd;
tuyhw;iw vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
Self-Instructional
Material 137
10811A_rev2.indd 137 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs Uô§¬ ®]ôjRôs-I
Rôs I - Rªrf ùNnÙs
úSWm: 3 U¦ U§lùTi: 75
TÏ§ A
(5 × 5 = 25 U§lùTiLs)
vitNaDk; IeËJ tpdhf;fSf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil vOJf.
1. fz;zd; ghl;by; ghujpapd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
2. ehkf;fy;yhH fhl;Lk; tho;f;if newp ahJ?
3. ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp top ghujp tpsf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs;

ahit?
4. Nehaw;w tho;T Fwpj;J ehkf;fy;yhH Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
5. Njk;ghtzp $Wk; VRehjhpd; Nghjidfis tpsf;Ff.
6. mNahj;jp efu fhiy Neu epfo;r;rpfis tpthp.
7. Qhdf;$j;jd; Nkhrpf;fPudhH gw;wp $Wtd ahit?
8. fz;zjhrd; fz;zd; kPJ fhl;Lk; md;ig tpsf;Ff.
9. ghujkhjhtpd; gok;ngUikfshf ghujpahH $Wtd ahit?
10. ghujpjhrd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
11. gpiwepytpd; Gd;difahf Àud; $WtJ ahJ?
TÏ§ B
(5 × 10 = 50 U§lùTiLs)

1. ,iwtid vg;NghJ vg;gb tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;zjhrd;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. tpthpf;f.
2. fz;zd; vd; tpisahl;Lg; gps;is vd;W ghujp $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis

njhFj;J vOJf.
3. mg;Jy; uFkhd; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gbkq;fis tpsf;Ff.
4. jaujdpd; cs;sf; fUj;jpid tpthpf;f.
Self-Instructional
138 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 138 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

5. fz;zfpapd; tof;Fiuiaf; Nfl;l ghz;ba kd;ddpd; epiy TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
Fwpj;J tpsf;fp vOJf.
6. ,sq;Nfh tbfspd; ftpj;jpwj;ij tof;Fiuf; fhij %yk; epWTf.
7. cyfg;gd; ghl;L czHj;Jk; rKf Vw;wj;jho;it tpsf;Ff.
8. kPuhtpd; ftpijfspy; fhzyhFk; r%f mwj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jf.
Self-Instructional
Material 139
10811A_rev2.indd 139 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs Uô§¬ ®]ôjRôs-II
Rôs I - Rªrf ùNnÙs
úSWm: 3 U¦ U§lùTi: 75
TÏ§ A
(5 × 5 = 25 U§lùTiLs)
1. MaHghb khspifapyË fzËzd; nra;tJ vd;d?
2. kPuhtpd; ftpijapy; fhzyhFk; r%f mtyj;ij vOJf.
3. tof;Fiu fhij $Wk; mwj;ij tpsf;Ff.
4. fdT gw;wpa Fwpg;ghf rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; $wg;gLtJ ahJ?
5. ckW GytH gw;wpwa Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. rhe;jp> md;id khpahsplk; Nfl;l tpdhf;fs; ahit?
7. #hpa epwf; fz;zid ftpQH vg;gb vy;yhk; ghuhl;LfpwhH?
8. Nfhg;ngUe;Njtp fz;l fdT ahJ?
9. 'fz;Zk; vONjk;” ghlypy; ikjPll

; hikf;F jiytp $Wk; fhuzk;
ahJ?
10. 'fz;zd; JapYk;> fhrpdpapd; cwf;fKk;” gw;wp $Wf.

11. ftpauR fz;zjhrd; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
TÏ§ B
(5 × 10 = 50 U§lùTiLs)
1. “nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;” vd;Dk; ghlypy; rpwg;Gf;fisj;

tpthpf;f.
2. myP nkd;Dk; Ntjj;ij tpsf;fp fl;Liu vOJf.
3. ty;ypf;fz;zdpd; gilg;ghSik Fwpj;J tpthpf;f.
4. jrujd; ,uhkDf;F jd; fUj;ij vt;thW ciuj;jhd;?

Self-Instructional
140 Material
10811A_rev2.indd 140 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

5. Njk;ghtzpiag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff. TÏ§-I
Rªrf ùNnÙs
6. F. g. ,uh[Nfhghydpd; 'vjw;fhf” vd;w ghliy tpsf;Ff.
7. ,uhkdpd; rpwg;Gfshf kd;dHfs;> KdptHfs; $Wk; fUj;Jfis

njhFj;J vOJf.
8. ke;jpuf; fpothpd; khz;Gfshf fk;gH $Wtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
Self-Instructional
Material 141
10811A_rev2.indd 141 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

10811A_rev2.indd 142 12/5/2018 3:48:42 PM

,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;G

gy;fiyf; fofk;
Njrpa ju kw;FOtpd;
epHzaf; Wk; jd; dwhl;
%d; hk;rfw;
pj;WjFjpAk; ngw;
j; ju kjpg;gPl A+(CGPA:
;by; w J) 3.64)jFjpAk;
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
11A fhiuf;Fb - 630003
Kjw; gUtk;
,sq;fiy,sq;
gl;lf
g;iy
gbg;Ggl;lg;gbg;G
11A

Kjw; gUtk;
11A
1 12/6/2018 9:22:15 AM
Njrpa ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; fw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64)jFjpAk;

gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ) ,sq;fiy gl;lg;gbg;G
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
Kjw; gUtk;

UG - Common UG Part-I - Tamil - 1. UG Common Paper I - 11 A - Part I Tamil

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UG - Common UG Part-I - Tamil - 1. UG Common Paper I - 11 A - Part I Tamil

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mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;

Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; fw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;

11A fhiuf;Fb - 630003

gFjp-I : jkpo; jhs;-I

gFjp-I : jkpo; jhs;-I

10811A_rev2.indd 1 12/6/2018 9:22:15 AM

Author: Srinivasan Banumathi, Freelance Author

"The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University"

Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Course Code Title of the course

10811A_rev2.indd 3 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

10811A_rev2.indd 4 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

10811A_rev2.indd 5 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

10811A_rev2.indd 6 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

10811A_rev2.indd 1 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

ftpQH fz;zjhrdpd; ghly;fspy; = fpU~;z fhdk; vd;w Nghpy;

Gy;yhq; Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs – vq;fs;

10811A_rev2.indd 2 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

ghQ;rhyp Gfo; fhf;f jd;if nfhLj;jhd; - me;j

FUth A+Uf;F thUq;fs; - xU

fz;zdpd; Nkdp fly;ePyk; - mtd;

flYk; thDk; mtNd vd;gijf;

re;jpah fhyj;jpy; ePuhb…mtd;

10811A_rev2.indd 3 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

re;jpah fhyj;jpy; ePuhb – mtd;

cr;rpf; fhyj;jpy; rpUq;fhuk; - mtd;

gr;irf; Foe;ijiag; ghHf;Fk;NghJ

khiy Neuj;jpy; rPNtyp – mtd;

rhj;jpuk; je;j fz;zDf;F

FUth A+Uf;F thUq;fs; - xU

10811A_rev2.indd 4 12/5/2018 3:48:29 PM

fz;zdplk; nfhz;l gf;jp fhuzkhfj; jd; ngaiuf; fz;zjhrd; vd;W

10811A_rev2.indd 5 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

ftpQH fz;zjhrd; FUthA+ug;gidf; fz;zidf; Foe;ijahff;

Cû\ Y¯TôÓm TVàm

10811A_rev2.indd 6 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

1. fz; z idg; Gfo; ghl jFjpAs; s tHfs; vd ,aw; i fg;

Gy;yhq;Foy; nfhLj;j %q;fpy;fNs vd;W njhlq;Fk; ghlypy;

2. #hpa epwf; fz;zid ftpQH vg;gb vy;yhk; ghuhl;LfpwhH?

#hpa epwf; fz;zidf; ftpQH> mtd; Nkdp fly; ePyk; -

10811A_rev2.indd 7 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

khiy Neuj;jpy; rPNtyp. mtd; khspif KOtJk; nea; tpsf;Ffs;.

,uT Neuj;jpYk; mtDf;Ff; Nfhbg; G+ir epfOk;. fz;zidg;

kf;fNs FUthA+Uf;F thUq;fs;. mtd; mlf;fj;ijg; ghUq;fs;.

4. “= fpU~;z fhdk;” vd;w ngahpy; ghly;fis vOjpatH ahH?

= fpU~;z fhdk; vd;w ngahpy; fz;zidg; gw;wp ghly;fis

5. fz;zjhrd; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

ftpauR fz;zjhrd; ftpijfs; gy vOjpatH. jpiuAyfpy;

10811A_rev2.indd 8 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

Fsj;jpy; Kq;fpf; Fspf;ifapNy

uhkhhp `Nu fpU~;zhhp `hp`hp

gbg;gbaha; kiyapy; Vwp

10811A_rev2.indd 9 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

NfhFyj;jpy; xUehs; uhij

MaHghb khspifapy; jha;kbapy; fd;wpidg;Nghy;

10811A_rev2.indd 10 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

fz;zdtd; Àq;fptpl;lhy; fhrpdpNa Àq;fptpLk;

,e;jg; ghlypy; fz;zDila FoNyhirapd; kfpikia czHj;JfpwhH.

10811A_rev2.indd 11 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

,iwtid vg;nghOJk; tzq;fyhk;. Fsj;jpy; Fspf;ifapy; Nfhtpe;jh

Cly; vd;gJ kUj epyj;J xOf;fkhFk;. CLjy; fhkj;jpw;F ,d;gk;

10811A_rev2.indd 12 12/5/2018 3:48:30 PM

CLjy; fhkj;jpw; fpd;gk; mjw;fpd;gk;