PG - M.A. - Tamil - 319 21 - Ilakkanam 2 Tholkappiyam - Solladhigaaram - Senavarayam - 599

vk;.V.
(jkpo;) 14 MM
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;) Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af
kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ
319 21 fhiuf;Fb - 630003
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; mofg;njhiyepiyf;

gh gy;fiyf; fy;tp f,af;
ofk;ffk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk; kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
319 21
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
njhiyepiyf;fy;gp.fhk;
tp ,af;ffk;
Kjy; gUtk; vk;.V. (jkpo;)
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; gUtk;
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; 319 102 12 ,uzÊlhkÊ
319 21 21
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
tpahghu jfty; njhlu;ghly;

Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;
njhy;
vk;.V.f hg;)gpak; - nrhy;y
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
319 21
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk; (jkpo;

,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
gp.fhk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
DR. M.CHITHAMBARAM, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research Centre, Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi-630003
Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-291/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 19.11.2018 Copies 500
,yf;fzk; - njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; -
Nrdhtiuak;
njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpopy; Njhd;wpakpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fzE}y;
MFk;. ,e;E}y; vOj;jpw;Fk; nrhy;ypw;Fk; nghUspw;Fk; ,yf;fzk;
tFf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ,yf;fzj;ijf; $Wk; gFjpfs; KiwNa
vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> nghUsjpfhuk; vdf; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;.
nkhopKjy; fhuzkha mZj;jpusha;j;Njhd;Wk; vOj;J xd;Nwh
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;ldNth njhlHe;J nghUs;jhpd; mJ nrhy; vd;W
miof;fg;ngWk;. nrhy;>gjk;> fpstp vd;gdnty;yhk; xUnghUs;
Fwpj;j NtWngaHf; fpstpfs;; MFk;. mj;jifa nrhw;fspd;
,yf;fzj;ijf; $Wk; gFjp Mjyhy; ,g;gFjp ‘nrhy;yjpfhuk;’
vdg; ngaH ngwyhapw;W>,t;mjpfhuk;; xd;gJ ,ay;fisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;like;jjhFk;. mit KiwNa> fpstpahf;fk;>
Ntw;Wikapay;> Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay;> tpspkuG>
ngaupay;>tpidapay;> ,ilapay;> cupapay;> vr;rtpay;
vd;gdthFk;. mtw;Ws; Kjy; ,ay; ‘fpstpahf;fk’; vd;Dk;
ngaujhFk;. fpstpfs; nghUs; Nky; MkhW czHj;jpaikapd;
fpstpahf;fk; vd;Dk; ngaHj;J vd fpstpahf;fk; vd;gjw;F
tpsf;fk; ciug;ghH ,sk;G+uzH. fpstpahf;fk; vd;gjw;F
nrhy;ypdJ njhlHr;rp vdf; Fwpg;gJld; nrhy; nghUs;Nky; MFk;
epiy vd ciutFg;ghH nja;tr;rpiyahH.NrdhtiuaNuh
tOf;fise;J nrhw;fis Mf;fpf; nfhz;likahy; mJ
fpstpahf;fk; Mapw;W vdf; Fwpg;ghH> NkYk; Mf;fk;
mikj;Jf;Nfhly; - neha;Ak; EWq;Fk; fise;J fise;J muprp
mikj;jhiu muprpahf;fpdHH vd;gJNghy vd Kw;Fwpj;J gpd;
ciu tpsf;fj; je;J NghthH> ,jd;top nrhw;fsplj;J
tOf;fhj;jNy fpstpahf;fk; vd;Dk; NrdhtiuaH fUj;J
ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;.
jpiz:
caHjpiz vd;kdhH kf;fl; Rl;Nl@
m/wpiz vd;kdhH> mtH my gpwNt
MapU jpizapd; ,irf;Fkd nrhy;Ny.
1
vd tUk; E}w;gh nrhw;fs; ,irj;J epw;Fk; top czHj;jpw;W .
nrhw;fs; ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; vd;gdthf ,irj;J epw;Fk;.
mj;jpizNah caHjpiz m/wpiz vd ,Ujpwg;gLk;. kf;fs;
vd;W Rl;br;nrhy;yg;gLtd vy;yhk; caHjpizapd;ghw;gLk;. kf;fs;
ePq;fyhf gpw nghUl;fs; vy;yhk; m/wpiz vdg;gLk;. m/wpiz
vd;gJ my; + jpiz> mjhtJ caHjpiz my;yhj jpiz
vd;gjd; mbahfj; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gjid mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. nrhy;
,t;tpU jpizfis mbg;gilaha; itj;J Njhd;Wk; vdj;
njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpj;J epw;ghH.mLj;J mike;Js;s ,U E}w;ghf;fs;
,t;tpU jpizfspd; fz; Ik;ghy;fis czHj;jp epd;wd.
caHjpiz – ghy;ghFghL :
M^c mwp nrhy;> kf^c mwp nrhy;>
gy;NyhH mwpAk; nrhy;nyhL rptzp>
mk; Kg; ghw;nrhy; caHjpizat;Nt
caHjpizapd;fz; mikAk; nrhw;fs; %tifg; ghFFghl;bd; fz;

tUk;. mitKiwNa M^c mwpnrhy;> kf^c mwpnrhy;> gy;NyhH
mwpAk; nrhy; vd;gdthFk;. mit KiwNa Mz;ghw; nrhy;>
ngz;ghw; nrhy;> gyHghw; nrhy; vdf; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;.
m/wpiz – ghy;ghFghL:
xd;W mwp nrhy;Ny> gy mwp nrhy;> vd;W
MapU ghw; nrhy; m/wpizat;Nt ( 3 )
m/wpiz vd;gJ xd;wwp nrhy;> gytwp nrhy; vd;gjha; mikAk;.

,jid xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gH> caHjpizia
Mz;ghw; nrhy;> ngz;ghw; nrhy;> gyHghw; nrhy; vdf; Fwpf;Fk;
njhy;fhg;gpaH m/wpizia xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gH.
m/wpizAs;Sk; Mz;ngz; gpupg;G cz;L>Fuq;fpdj;Js;

fLtd;> ke;jp cz;L> Ntoj;jplj;J fspW> gpb vdg; gpupg;G Kiw
cz;L> vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpaH m/wpizia Mz;> ngz;> gy
vdg; gpuupf;fhjjw;Ff; fhuzk; m/wpizapy; capH cs;s
nghUs;fsplj;Nj Mz;> ngz;> gpupg;G Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ.
.capuw;w nghUs;fsplj;J ,g; gpupg;G Kiw ,y;iy vd;gjhYk;
mitAk; m/wpizaplj;J mikAk; vd;gjdhYk; njhy;fhg;gpaH
mt;thW gpupf;fhJ tpl;lhH. ,jd; topj; njhy;fhg;gpaupd; Ez;khz;
EioGykntspg;Nghe;J epw;Fk;.
2
NgbAk; nja;tKk;:
ngz;ik Rl;ba caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaH epiyf; fpstpAk;>
nja;tk; Rl;ba ngaH epiyf; fpstpAk;>
,t; vd mwpAk; me;jk; jkf;F ,yNt@
caHjpiz kUq;fpd; ghy; gpupe;J ,irf;Fk;.
,Ujpizaplj;J ghy;ghFghL czHj;jp epw;Fk; vOj;Jfis

czHj;jtUk; njy;fhg;gpaH mjw;F Kd;ghf ghypDs; mlq;fhj
NgbiaAk; nja;tj;ijAk; jdpj;j E}w;ghtpDs; gpupj;Jiug;ghH.
ngz;ikiaf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaH
epiyf;fpstpAk; nja;tk; Rlba ngaHepiyf;fpstpAk; jkf;nfd
jdpj;J mwpAk; <w;nwOj;jpid cilad my;y. MapDk;
caHjpizf;Fupa ghyha;g; gpupe;jpirf;Fk;.
Ngb te;jhs;> NglH te;jhH> NgbaH te;jhH
Njtp te;jhs;> Njtd; te;jhH> NjtpaH te;jhH
Mz;ghy; <W:
d/fhd; xw;Nw M^c mwp nrhy;
ngaH tpidfspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; d xw;W Mz;ghiyf; Fwpj;J

epw;Fk;.
cz;lhd;> cz;ghd;> cz;zh epd;whd; - njupepiy tpid
fupad;> Fwpad; - Fwpg;G tpid
kd;dd;> nropad; - ngaHr;nrhy;
ngz;ghy;<W:
s/fhd; xw;Nw kf^ mwp nrhy;
ngaH tpidfspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; s xw;W ngz;ghiyf; Fwpj;J

epw;Fk;.
cz;lhs;;> cz;ghs;> cz;zh epd;whs; - njupepiy tpid
3
fupas;;> Fwpas; - Fwpg;G tpid
kfs;> mupats; - ngaHr;nrhy;
gyHghy; <W:
u/fhd; xw;Wk;> gfu ,WjpAk;>
khiuf; fpstp csg;gl> %d;Wk;
Neuj; Njhd;Wk; gyH mwp nrhy;Ny
u/fhd; xw;Wk; gfu ,WjpAk;.khH vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vDk;

%d;Wk; gyHghiyf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
cz;ldH> cz;gH> cz;zh epd;wdH njupepiy tpid

fupah;> FwpaH - Fwpg;G tpid
kd;dH> nropaH - ngaHr;nrhy;
cz;g> nry;g> fhz;g – tpidapy; gfu <W epd;wJ
cz;khH> nfhz;khH – khH tpFjp
xd;wd;ghy; <W:
xd;W mwp fpstp j> w> l> CHe;j
Fd;wpaYfuj;J ,Wjp MFk;
xd;wd;ghy; j> l> w vd;Dk; xw;Wf;fisr; NrHe;J tUk; <Wfisg;

ngw;W tUk;. mit KiwNa J> L> W vd;gd MFk;.
cz;lJ> cz;zh epd;wJ
nrhy;ypw;W> $wpw;W - tpid
Fz;Lf;fl;L – FWe;jhl;L – tpidf; Fwpg;G
,J> MW> ,uz;L – ngaH
gytpd;ghy; <W:.
m> M> t> vd t&ck; ,Wjp
mg; ghy; %d;Nw gy mwp nrhy;Ny.
4
M> m> t vd;Dk; %d;W <WfSk; gytpd;ghypy; tUk;. ,jDs;
Mfhu <W kl;Lk; vjpHkiw tpidaplj;Jg; gapd;W tUk;.
cz;ld> cz;zh epd;wd> cz;gd – tpid
fupad> Fwpad – tpidf; Fwpg;G
cz;zh> thuh> Xlh – vjpHkiw
cz;Ft> jpd;Ft- tfu <W
tpidNahL tuy;:
,U jpiz kUq;fpd; Ik; ghy; mwpa
<w;wpd; epd;W ,irf;Fk; gjpNdhH vOj;Jk;
Njhw;wk;jhNk tpidnahL tUNk
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; tFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;ngw;w gjpNdhU vOj;JfSk;

caHjpiz> m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,U jpizfspd;fz; mike;j
Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;:> gyHghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vd;Dk;
Ie;J ghy;fspd; <wha; tUk;. NkYk; ,it tpidapidr; rhHe;Nj
tUk;.
tpidapd; Njhd;Wk; ghy; mwp fpstpAk;>
ngaupd; Njhd;Wk; ghy; mwp fpstpAk;>
kaq;fy; $lh@ jk; kugpdNt .
tpidapd;fz; Njhd;Wk; ghywp fpstpAk; ngaupd;fz; Njhd;Wk;

ghywp fpstpAk; jkf;Fs; kaq;fp tUjy; $lhJ. Mz;ghw;
ngauhapd; Mz;ghy; <Nw toq;fy; Ntz;Lk;. gpw ghy; <WfSf;Fk;
mt; tpjp nghUe;Jk;.
murd; te;jhd;
murp te;jhs;
Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaH epiyf; fpstp
Mz;ik mwp nrhw;F MF ,ld; ,d;Nw
5
Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaHepiyf; fpstp Mfpa Ngb vd;lgJ ghy;
gpupe;J ,irf;Fk; NghJ Mz;ghyha; mikahJ ngz;ghyhfNt
mikAk;.
Ngb te;jhs;
nrg;Gk; tpdhTk;:
nrg;Gk; tpdhTk; tohmy; Xk;gy;!
khe;jupd; tho;tpay; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; tpdhTk; tpilAkhfNt

mikgit. mjDs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLkhapd; mJ Njitaw;w
Fog;gq;fis nkhopaplj;Jk; tho;tplj;Jk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. vdNt
njhy;fhg;gpaH nrg;Gtpw;Fk; tpdhtpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhH.
nrg;Gtplj;Jk; tpdhtplj;Jk; tO mikjy; $lhJ vd <z;L
topAWj;jpdhH.
tpdhTk; nrg;Ng> tpdh vjpH tupNd.
Neupilahf tpil mikAnkdpy; mJ nrt;td; ,iw vd;Wk;

kiwKfkhf mikAnkdpy; mJ ,iw gag;G vd;Wk;
Rl;lg;ngWk;.,e; epiyapy; tpdhTk; nrg;gha; mikjy; cz;L.
rhj;jh gbj;jhah vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F rpyH gbf;fhky; ,Ug;Ngdh

vd;W tpilapWg;gH.mJ ntspg;gilaha; tpdhtpidg; Nghd;W
mikapDk; xUtifahd; tpilapid czHj;jp epw;gjhy; tpdhTk;
nrg;Ngahk;.
nrg;Ng toP,apDk; tiu epiy ,d;Nw>
mg; nghUs; GzHe;j fpstpahd
rpyNghJ tpdhtpw;fhd tpilahdJ nrt;td; ,iwahf mikahJ

tOtp tUjYk; cz;L> mt;thNw tupDk; mJ ePf;Ftjw;fpy;iy.
Vnddpy; mj;jifa gjpyhdJxUtifahd; tpdhtpw;F Vw;w
tpilaha; miktjhy; vd;gh; njhy;fhg;gpaH>rhj;jhcz;bNah vd;w
top cz;Nld; vd;gJ Neupilahd gjpy;. Mdhy; rpyH tapW
Fj;jpw;W vd;gH> ,J Neupilahd gjpy; ,y;iy vdpDk;
xUtifahd; gjpiy czHj;jpw;W Mjypd; nrg;G topapDk;
tiuepiyapd;W vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
nrg;gpDk; tpdhtpDk;> rpid> Kjy;> fpstpf;F
mg; nghUs; MFk;> cwo; Jizg; nghUNs
6
nrg;gpDk; tpdhtpDk; xg;Gik Njhd;w ciug;gJk; cz;L.
cwo;e;Jk; ciug;gJz;L. xg;Gikg; nghUs; vd;gJ
xj;jd;ikj;jha; xg;Gikg;gLj;jpr; nrhy;tjhFk;. cwo;nghUs;
vd;gJ xg;Gik Njhd;whJ khWglf; $WtjhFk;. mt;thW
nrhy;Ykplj;J rpidg;nghUNshL rpidg;nghUisAk;
Kjw;nghUNshL Kjw;nghUisAk; xg;gpl;Nl $wNtz;Lk;.
cwo;nghUSk; Jizg;nghUSk; mt;tg; nghUsha; mikjNy
rpwg;Gilj;jhk;.
,ts; fz; xf;Fk; ,ts; fz; - rpidNahL rpid
KUfid xf;Fk; fe;jd; - Kjw;nghUNshL Kjw;nghUs;.
jFjpAk; tof;Fk;:.
jFjpAk; tof;Fk; joP,apd xOFk;
gFjpf; fpstp tiu epiy ,yNt
jFjp tof;F vd;gd gapd;W tUkplj;J mtw;wpd; mUfha; tUk;

gFjpf; fpstpfs; fbe;J xJf;fg;glh.tof;F vd;gJ ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;.mit KiwNa ,ay;G tof;F> jFjp tof;F
vd;gjhFk;. mtw;Ws; ,ay;G tof;F %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit>
,yf;fzKilaJ- kz; kuk;
,yf;fzg;Nghyp-,yf;fzKilaJNghy;Njhd;WtJ –
Kd;wpy;
k&c – NrhoehL - NrhzhL
jFjp tof;F %d;W tifahd; mikAk; mit>
kq;fyk; - kq;fyky;yhjtw;iw kq;fykha;f; $wy; -

nrj;jhiur; JQ;rpdhH vdy;
,lf;fulf;fy; - ,it kuG fUjp kiwj;Jf; $wy; - fhy;

fOtp tUfpNwd;
F*cf;Fwp – xU FOtpduhy; gapyg;gLtJ –

nghw;nfhy;yH nghd;idg; gwp vdy;
,lf;fulf;fy;> F*cf;Fwp Nghd;wd nra;Al;fz; gapd;W tUjy;

,y;iyahjypd; kq;fy tof;F vd;gjidNa jFjp vdf; Fwpg;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.‘gFjpf;fpstp’ vd;gjw;F gf;fr;nrhy; vd;Nw
7
ciuahrpupaHfs; gyUk; Fwpj;J epw;f nja;tr; rpiyahH kl;;Lk;
$w;Wr;nrhy; vd tpsf;fkspg;ghH>
,dr;Rl;L:
,dr; Rl;L ,y;yhg; gz;G nfhs; ngaHf; nfhil
tof;F MW my;y@ nra;As; MNw
,t; cyfpd;fz; mike;Js;s nghUl;fSs; ,dKs;snghUs;>

,dkpy;yhj nghUs; vd ,Utif cz;L>mtw;Ws; ,dKs;s
nghUl;F gz;Gmil nfhLj;jy; cz;L. Mdhy; ,dkpy;yhg;
nghUl;Fk; gz;Gmil nfhLj;jy; vd;gJ cyfpay; tof;fd;W>
nra;As; tof;F vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
jhkiu vd;gjDs; nre;jhkiu> ntz;jhkiu vd ,dKz;L.

vdNt ,jw;F gz;Gmil nfhLj;jy; ,ay;ghdNjahk;. Mdhy;
QhapW> epyT Nghd;wd ,dkpy;yhg; nghUl;fs;. vdpDk; ,tw;wpw;F
nra;Aspd;fz; kl;Lk; mil nfhLf;fyhk; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
nrQ;QhapW epyT Ntz;bDk; ntz;jpq;fs; ntapy; Ntz;bDk;
,aw;ifg;nghUs; nraw;ifg;nghUs;:
cyfpd;fz; ,aw;ifg;nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd

,UtifAz;L> ,aw;ifg;nghUs; vd;gJ jd; ,ay;gpdpd;W jpupahj
nghUs; MFk;. nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd;gJ VNjDk; xU fhuzj;jhy;
jd; ,ay;gpdpd;W jpupe;j nghUs; MFk;. ,ttpUtifg;nghUisAk;
nrhy;Yk; Kiwikapidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH tpsf;FthH>
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;W vdf; fpsj;jy;.
,aw;ifg;nghUisr; Rl;Lkplj;J mjd; ,ay;gpid Fwpj;J

ciuj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epyk; typJ> ePH jz;ikAilj;J .
nraw;ifg; nghUis Mf;fnkhL $wy;!
nraw;ifg; nghUisr; Fwpf;Fkplj;J mg;nghUs;

mj;jd;ikailjw;Ff; fhuzk; ahNjh mjid Rl;bAiuj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
8
gapH ey;y Mapd> kapH ey;y Mapd
Mf;fk;jhNd fhuzk; Kjw;Nw
Mf;ff; fpstp vd;gJ fhuzKjw;whd; tUk;.
fLTk; ifg;gpop vz;nzAk; fye;J nga;jikahy; kapH ey;y

Mapd.
Mf;ff; fpstp fhuzk; ,d;wpAk;
Nghf;F ,d;W vd;g-tof;fpDs;Ns
Mf;ff; fpstp vd;gJ fhuzKjw;whd; tUk;. vdpDk; tof;fpDs;

fhuzkpd;wpAk; tUjy; cz;L.
kapH ey;y> gapH ey;y
ghy; kaf;F cw;w Iaf; fpstp
jhd; mwp nghUs;tapd; gd;ik $wy;!
caHjpiz> m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,Utifj;jpizaplj;J jpiz

,Jntdj; Jzpe;J ghy; Jzpahjtplj;J mj;jpizg; gd;ikahy;
$Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNdh mq;F Njhd;Wfpd;wtH
cUG vd nkhopapDk;> m/wpizg; gpupg;gpDk;>
,U tPw;Wk; cupj;Nj> Rl;Lk; fhiy.
jpizIak; Njhd;wp xU tbtk; nrhy;yf;fUjpDk; m/wpizia

xd;W gy vdr; nrhy;yf;fUjpDk; nghJepiyahy; $Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Fw;wpNah kfNdh mq;F Njhd;Wfpd;w cU
xd;Nwh gyNth nra;Gf;f ngw;wk;
m/wpizia kl;Lk; mJ vdr;nrhy;yYk; cupj;J vd;ghH

nja;tr;rpiyahH
Fw;wpNah kfNdh Njhd;Wfpd;w mJ
jd;ik Rl;lYk; cupj;J vd nkhopg>
md;ikf; fpstp NtW ,lj;jhd
9
IAw;Wj; Jzpe;jtop Ntwhfpa nghUs; ,lj;J tUk;
md;ikf;fpstp Iak; Jzpag;gl;l nghUisr; Rl;lYk; cupj;J
vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,jd;top Iak; Jzpe;j nghUspd; Ntwhfpa
nghUsplj;J my;y> md;W Nghd;w md;ikf;fpstpfisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
Fw;wpad;W kfd;
kfdd;W ngz;
tz;zr;rpidr;nrhy;:
mil> rpid> Kjy;> vd Kiw %d;Wk; kaq;fhik
eil ngw;W ,aYk;> tz;zr; rpidr; nrhy;.
mil> rpid> Kjy; Mfpa %d;Wk; Xuplj;Jg; gapd;W tUk;nghOJ

mit xd;wDs; xd;W kaq;fhky; tUkhW mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nrq;fhy;ehiu – nrk;ik – mil- fhy; - rpid- ehiu – Kjy;
rpyNghJ nra;Aspy; khwp tUjYk; cz;L.
ftpg;Gwj;J ,Ue;j nrtpr;nrQ;Nrty; - nrtp- rpid – nrQ; (

nrk;ik) mil-
Nrty; - Kjy;
ghy;tOtikjp:
xUtiuf; $Wk; gd;ikf; fpstpAk;>
xd;widf; $Wk; gd;ikf; fpstpAk;>
tof;fpd; Mfpa caH nrhy; fpstp@
,yf;fz kUq;fpd; nrhy; MW my;y
xUtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; gd;ikr;nrhy;Yk; xd;widf; Fwpf;Fk; gd;ikr;

nrhy;Yk; tof;fpd;fz; gapd;W tUk; caHTr; nrhy;yhFk;.
,yf;fz kUq;fpd; nrhy;yhf mikahJ.
10
Kjyikr;rH te;jhH
mfj;jpaH te;jhH.
tpidr;nrhw;fs; gapd;W tUk; ,lk;:
nrytpDk;> tutpDk;> jutpDk;> nfhilapDk;>
epiy ngwj; Njhd;Wk; me; ehw; nrhy;Yk;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if> vd;Dk;
mk; %,lj;Jk; cupa vd;g.
nryT> tuT> juT> nfhil vd;Dk; njhopw;nrhw;fs; jd;ik>

Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd;Dk; %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupajha; tUk;.
mtw;Ws;>
jU nrhy;> tU nrhy;> MapU fpstpAk;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> MaPuplj;j .
me;ehd;F nrhw;fSs; jUnrhy;> tUnrhy; Mfpad jd;ikf;Fk;

Kd;dpiyf;Fk; cupajha; tUk;.
vdf;Fj; je;jhd; - jd;ik
epdf;Fj; je;jhd; - jd;ik
vd;dplk; te;jhd; - Kd;dpiy
cd;dplk; te;jhd; - Kd;dpiy
Vid ,uz;Lk; Vid ,lj;j.
jUnrhy; tUnrhy;> ePq;fyhf cs;s nryT> nfhil vd;gd

glHf;ifaplj;J tUk;.
mtdplk; nrd;whd; - glHf;if
mtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; - glHf;if
11
ahJ – vtd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;:
ahJ> vtd; vd;Dk; MapU fpstpAk;
mwpahg; nghUs;tapd; nrwpaj; Njhd;Wk;
ahJ> vtd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; KiwNa mwpahj nghUs;fsplj;J

mjid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjw;fhd tpdhtha; tUk;.
,r; nra;Aspw;Fg; nghUs; ahJ?
mr; nrhy;ypw;Fg; nghUs; vtd;?.
mtw;Ws;>
ahJ vd t&ck; tpdhtpd; fpstp
mwpe;j nghUs;tapd; Iak; jPHjw;Fj;
njupe;j fpstp MjYk; cupj;Nj
Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fSs; ahJ vd;Dk; nrhy; mwpahj

nghUs;fsplj;J khj;jpukd;W. mwpe;j nghUs;fsplj;Jk; Iak;
jPHj;jw;F tUjy; cz;L.
,k; kuq;fSs; fUq;fhyp ahJ?
,idj;njd mwpfpstp:
,idj;J vd mwpe;j> rpid> Kjy;> fpstpf;F
tpidg;gL njhFjpapd; ck;ik Ntz;Lk;
,j;Jiz vd mwpag;gl;l fpstpf;Fk; rpidf; fpstpf;Fk;

tpidg;gLjd;ikapd;fz; ck;ik nfhLj;Jr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
Nru Nrho ghz;baH %tUk; te;jdH>
gd;dpU ifAk; ghw;gl ,aw;wp
kd;dhg; nghUSk; md;d ,aw;Nw
cyfpd;fz; ,y;yhj nghUs;fisr; Rl;bAiuf;FGkplj;Jk; ck;

nfhLj;Jf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e; E}w;gh Nkw;fz;l E}w;ghtpd;
khl;Nlw;W E}w;gh MFk;.
gtsf; Nfhl;L ePyahid rhjthfdd; NfhapYs;Sk; ,y;iy
12
FUL fhz;ly; gfypYk; ,y;iy
er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH kd;dhg;nghUs; vd;gjid epiyapy;yhg;nghUs;

vdf; Fwpg;gH.
,sikAk; epy;yh> ahf;ifAk; epy;yh
nrg;G tOtikjp:
vg; nghUshapDk; my;yJ ,y; vdpd;>
mg; nghUs; my;yhg; gpwpJ nghUs; $wy;
xUtuhy; tpdtg;gLk; nghUs; ,y;iyahapd; mjid mg;nghUshy;

$whJ gpwpJ nghUshy; $w Ntz;Lk;.
gaW cs;sNth tzpfPH vd;wtop cSe;jy;yJ ,y;iy vdf;

$wyhk;.
mg; nghUs; $wpd;> Rl;bf; $wy;
tpdtg;gl;l nghUisr; Rl;bf;$w Neupd; mg;nghUs; my;yJ

,y;iy vdf; $wyhk;.
gaW my;yJ ,y;iy vdy;.
nghUnshL Gzuhr; Rl;Lg; ngauhapDk;>
nghUs; NtWglhmJ xd;W MFk;Nk.
nghUNshL $whky; Rl;bf; $wpDk; nghUs; NtWglhJ

xd;whfNt mikAk;.
,J my;yJ ,y;iy vd;W $wyhk;.
,aw;ngaHf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpAk;:
,aw;ngaHf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpAk;
tpidf;F xUq;F ,aYk; fhyk; Njhd;wpd;>
Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstp Kw;glf; fpsthH@
,aw;ngaH topa vd;kdhH GytH.
Xuplj;J ,aw;ngaHf; fpstpiaAk; Rl;Lg; ngaHf;fpstpiaAk;

nrhy;yNeUkhdhy; ,aw;ngaHf; fpstpf;F Kd;djhf Rl;Lg;ngaH
fpstpiaf; $wkhl;lhH> ,aw;ngaHf;fpstpiaNa Kw;glf; $WtH.
13
fe;jdtd; te;jhd;> KUfdtd; NghH nra;jhd;
Kw;glf; fpsj;jy; nra;ASs; cupj;Nj
Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpia ,aw;ngaHf; fpstpf;F Kw;glf; fpsj;jy;

nra;Aspy; cz;L.
mtzdq;F Neha; nra;jhd; Mapoha; Ntyd;
Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa fhuzf; fpstpAk;
Rl;Lg;ngaH ,aw;ifapd; nrwpaj; Njhd;Wk;.
Rl;L Kjyhfpa fhuzf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg; ngaH ,aw;ngaupd;gpd;

mikjy; Nghd;W,aw;ngaupd; gpd;Nd mikAk;.
rhj;jd; ifnaOJkhW ty;yd;> mjdhy; je;ij ctf;Fk;
rpwg;gpd; Mfpa ngaHepiyf; fpstpf;Fk;
,aw;ngaHf; fpstp Kw;glf; fpsthH.
rpwg;Gg; ngaHf;fpstpAk; ,aw;ngaHf;fpstpAk; tpidf;F

xUq;fpaYk; fhyk; Njhd;wpd; ,aw;ngaUf;F Kd;dhy; rpwg;Gg;ngaH
mikAk;.
%jwpQH ,uhrhrp> ciuahrpupaH ,sk;G+uzH
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j NtW ngaHf; fpstp:
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j NtW ngaHf; fpstp>
njhopy; NtW fpsg;gpd;> xd;W ,ld; ,yNt
xUnghUs; Fwpj;j NtWngaHf; fpstp gy ngaHfisg; ngw;whYk;

xU tpidKbtpidf; nfhz;L KbjNy rpwg;Gilj;jhk;. xt;NthH
ngaUk; xt;NthU tpidKbtpidg; ngw;W KbAkhfpy; mit
midj;Jk; xd;wpndhL xd;W xd;wp epw;fhJ jdpj;J epw;Fk;. m/J
caHtd;W.
Mrpupad; Ng&Hf;fpohd; rhj;jd;; te;jhd;- Mrpupad;> Ng&Hf;fpohd;>

rhj;jd;; vd;Dk; ngaHfs; te;jhd; vd;Dk; xU tpidKbtpidf;
nfhz;L Kbe;jd.
jd;ikr; nrhy;Ny m/wpizf; fpstp vd;W
vz;ZtopkUq;fpd; tpuTjy; tiuahH
14
jd;ikr; nrhy;Yk; m/wpizf; fpstpAk; vz;Ztop topapy;
xUq;Nf mikAk; nghOJ jpiztputp tUjiy ePf;fhH
ahDk; vd; v/fKk; rhUk;
xUik vz;zpd; nghJg; gpup ghw;nrhy;
xUikf;F my;yJ vz;Z Kiw epy;yhJ.
xUik vz;zpd; nghJg;gpupghw;nrhy; xUtd;> xUj;jp vd epw;FNk

jtpu ,Utd;> ,Uj;jp %td;> Kj;jp vd;nwy;yhk; tuhJ.
tpaq;Nfhs; vz;Zg; ngaH:
tpaq;Nfhs; vz;Zg;ngaH jpiz tpuT tiuahH
tpaq;Nfhs; vd;gjNdhL NrHe;JtUk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; jpiztputp

tUjiy ePf;fhH.
MTk; MaDk; tUf.
NtWtpidg; nghJr;nrhy;:
NtW tpidg; nghJr; nrhy; xU tpid fpsthH
vz;Zq;fhYk; mJ mjd; kuNg
NtW tpidfis cila gynghUs;fs; NrHe;J epw;Fk;

nghJr;nrhy;iy VNjDk; xU nghUspd; nrhy;yhy; Fwpj;jy;
$lhJ> nghJr;nrhy;yhNy $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mbrpy; vd;gJ jpd;Djy;> gUFjy;> cz;Zjy;> mUe;Jjy;

vdg;ngWk; gy;NtW tpidfis cila nghJr;nrhy; MFk;.
Mdhy; ,jid ntt;NtW tpidahy; $whJ mbrpy; mapd;whH
vd;w nghJ tpidahy; $WtH.
,ul;ilf; fpstp:
,ul;ilf; fpstp ,ul;bd; gpupe;J ,irah
,ul;il nrhw;fsha; epd;W nghUs; czHj;Jk; nrhw;fs;

gpupe;jpirah> gpupe;jpirf;f Kw;gl;lhy; nghUs; czHj;jh> ,it
,ir> Fwpg;G gz;G Fwpj;J tUk;.
15
RURUj;jJ- ,ir
fWFWj;jhH- Fwpg;G
rpWrpwj;jJ- gz;;G
xUngaHg; nghJr;nrhy;:
xU ngaHg; nghJr; nrhy; cs; nghUs; xopaj;
njupG NtW fpsj;jy;> jiyikAk; gd;ikAk;
caHjpiz kUq;fpDk;> m/wpiz kUq;fpDk;.
caHjpiz kUq;fpDk;> m/wpiz kUq;fpDk; xUngauha;

gynghUl;Fk; nghJtha; te;J epw;Fk; nrhy;iy nrhy;y
Kw;gLq;fhy; mq;Fs;s nghUl;fis vy;yhk; vLj;Jiuf;fhJ
mtw;Ws; jiyik> gd;ik vd;Dk; ,UNtW $Wfis Ma;e;J
vLj;Jiuf;fNtz;Lk;.
fKfe; Njhl;;lk;> murH tPjp
Njhl;lk; vd;gJ gy kuq;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; gFjp MFk;.

,Ug;gpDk; fKF kuq;fs; kpFjpAk; ,Uj;jyhy; gd;ik fUjp
fKfe;Njhl;lk; vdf; Fwpf;fpd;Nwhk;. mJ Nghd;Nw tPjp vd;gJ
gy;NtW kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; gFjp vdpDk; mtHfSs;
jiyikj;jd;ik cilatd; murd; vd;gjdhy; murHtPjp vdf;
Fwpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ngaupDk; njhopypDk; gpupgit:
ngaupDk; njhopypDk; gpupgit vy;yhk;
kaq;fy; $lh> tof;F topg;gl;ld.
caHjpiz kUq;fpDk;> m/wpiz kUq;fpDk; ngauhYk;

njhopyhYk; gpupe;J tUgit vy;yhk; Fw;wkhfh. mit tof;F
topg;gl;ldNt MFk;.
Mapuk; kf;fs; NghH nra;ag; NghapdH – vd;gjpy; kf;fs; vd;gJ

nghJr;nrhy;- vdpDk; NghH vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghdJ ngz;fis ePf;fp
Mz;fisf; Fwpj;jJ.
,g;ngw;wk; conthope;jd- vd;gjpy; ngw;wk; nghJr;nrhy;- Mdhy;

conthope;jd vd;w Fwpg;ghdJ gRtpid ePf;fpf; fhisiaf;
Fwpj;jJ.
16
vz;Zj; jpiz tpuTg; ngaH
gytapdhDk; vz;Zj; jpiz tpuTg; ngaH
m/wpiz Kbgpd> nra;ASs;Ns.
gytapdplj;J caHjpizAk; m/wpizAk; fye;J

vz;zg;gLk;nghOJ nra;Aspd;fz; m/wpiz Kbitg;ngw;W
tUk;.
KjiyAk; %Hf;fDk; nfhz;lJ tplh
gynghUs; xUnrhy;
tpid NtWg^ck; gy nghUs; xU nrhy;>
tpid NtWglhmg; gy nghUs; xU nrhy;
vd;W MapU tifagy nghUs; xU nrhy;
gynghUs; xUnrhy; ,Ujpwg;gLk;. mit KiwNa tpidNtWgLk;

gynghUs; xUnrhy; tpidNtWglh gynghUs; xUnrhy;
vd;gjhFk;.
tpid NtWgLk; gy nghUs; xU nrhy;:
mtw;Ws;>
tpid NtWg^ck; gy nghUs; xU nrhy;
NtWgL tpidapDk;> ,dj;jpDk;> rhHgpDk;>
Njwj; Njhd;Wk;-nghUs; njup epiyNa.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;ngw;w ,Utifr; nrhw;fSs; tpidNtWgLk;

gynghUs; xUnrhy; xU nghUl;Fr; rpwe;j tpidahYk;
,dj;jhYk; rhHghYk; njspthd nghUisj; jUk;.
kh vd;gJ kuk;> tz;L> Gutp vdg; gynghUs; je;J epw;Fk;.

khTk; fKFk; vd;gjd;top ,dj;jhy; kuj;jpid czHj;jpw;W>
khTk; NjUk; vd;wtop rhHghy; Gutpiaf; Fwpj;jJ. khtPo;kyH
vd;wtop tpidahy; tz;bidf; Fwpj;J epd;wJ.
17
xd;W tpid kUq;fpd; xd;wpj; Njhd;Wk;
tpid NtWglhmg; gy nghUs; xU nrhy;>
epidAk; fhiy> fpse;jhq;F ,aYk;.
tpidNtWglh gynghUs; xU nrhy; Mapd; tpidapidf; nfhz;L

nghUis mwpjy; vd;gJ ,ayhJ>mt;tplj;J ntspg;gilahf
tpje;J nrhy;yg;gLk;.
kh tPo;e;jJ –vd;gjidf; nfhz;L kh vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUis

mwpjy; ,ayhJ. tPo;jy; vd;gJ kuk;> tz;L> Gutp
vd;gjw;nfy;yhk; tpidNtWglh nghJtpid MFk;. vdNt
,t;tplj;J khkuk; tPo;e;jJ> khtpyq;F tPo;e;jJ vd;W tpje;J
nrhy;yg;gLk;.
Fwpj;Njhd; $w;wk; njupj;J nkhop fpstp
Tpid> rhHG> ,dk; Kjypatw;whd; njspthfg; gpupj;jwpa

,ayhjhapd; nghUspd; NtWghL Fwpj;Njhd; njspthfr;
nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa nghUs; czH epiyahdJ
nrhy;YNthdJ njupj;J nkhopahd; mikAk; vd;gjhk;.
Nrty; vd;Dk; Mz;ghw;ngaH kapy; ePq;fyhfpa kw;w gwit

,dq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;.
‘epte;Njhq;F caHnfhbr; NrtNyha;’ vd;Dk; nghOJ ‘NrtNyha;’

vd;gJ jpUkhiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,jd;top Nrty; vd;gJ fUlidf;
Fwpj;J epd;wJ.
caHjpizg;ngaH m/wpiz KbT nfhsy;:
Fbik> Mz;ik> ,sik> %g;Ng>
mbik> td;ik> tpUe;Nj> FONt>
ngz;ik> muNr> kfNt> Fotp>
jd;ik jpup ngaH> cWg;gpd; fpstp>
fhjy;>rpwg;Ng> nrww;nrhy;> tpww;nrhy; vd;W
MtW %d;Wk; csg;glj; njhif,>
md;d gpwTk;> mtw;nwhL rptzp>
Kd;dj;jpd; czUk; fpstp vy;yhk;
18
caHjpiz kUq;fpd; epiyapdMapDk;>
m/wpiz kUq;fpd; fpse;jhq;F ,aYk;
Fbik Kjyhf tpww;nrhy; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l

gjpndl;Lf;fpstpfSk; mit Nghd;wd gpwTk; caHjpizf;Fupad
vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; m/wpiz KbitAk; ngWk;.
mbik te;jhd;> mbik tUfpd;wJ>tpUe;J te;jhH> tpUe;J te;jJ
ghy; gpupe;jpirah caHjpizr; nrhw;fs;:
fhyk;> cyfk;> capNu> clk;Ng>
ghy; tiu nja;tk;> tpidNa> g+jk;>
QhapW> jpq;fs;> nrhy;> vd t&ck;
MaPH Ie;njhL gpwTk; md;d
Mtapd; t&ck; fpstp vy;yhk;>
ghy; gpupe;J ,irah> caHjpiz Nkd.
fhyk; Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;ngw;w gj;Jr; nrhw;fSk; mit Nghd;w

gpw nrhw;fSk; caHjpizr; nrhw;fs; MapDk; caHjpizf;fz;
ghy; gpupe;jpirah m/wpizg; ghyha; epd;wpirf;Fk;.
fhyk; Mapw;W> cyfk; grpj;jJ> QhapW gl;lJ
epd;whq;F ,irj;jy; ,tz; ,ay;G ,d;Nw .
,irj;jYk; cupa> Ntwplj;jhd
Fbik> Mz;ik Kjypad Nte;J ey;yd; vd epd;whq;F

caHjpizaha; ,irj;jy; Nghd;w fhyk;> cyfk; Nghd;wd
,irf;fh. vdpDk; <W jpupe;J cyfj;jhH kfpo;e;jhH vd;gd
Nghd;W tuyhk;.
milnkhop ,dk; nrg;gy;:
vLj;j nkhop ,dk; nrg;gYk; cupj;Nj
vLj;j nkhop jd; nghUisj; jUtNjhL epy;yhky; jd; ,dkhfpa

gpwpNjhH nghUisAk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
19
mwk; nra;jhd; RtHf;fk; GFk; vdpd; mwk; nra;ahd; eufk; GFk;
vd;gjidAk; czHj;Jk;.
gd;ikr; nrhw;fs; xUik KbT nfhsy;:
fz;Zk; NjhSk; KiyAk; gpwTk;
gd;ik Rl;ba rpid epiyf; fpstp
gd;ik $Wk; flg;ghL ,yNt-
jk; tpidf;F ,aYk; vOj;J myq;filNa
rpidepiyf; fpstp jd; tpidf;fhd <wpidf; nfhz;L KbjYk;

cz;L> jd; Kjy; tpidf;fhd <wpidf; nfhz;Lk; KbjYk;
cz;L>. mit jd; tpidf;fhd <Wfisf; nfhz;L KBahj
nghOJ fz;> Njhs; Kjypad gd;ik Kbtpidg; ngWtjpy;iy.
fz; rpte;jJ – fz;fs; rpte;jd – jd; tpidahy; Kbe;jJ
fz; rpte;jhd; - fz; tpspj;jhs; - jk;Kjy; tpidahd; Kbe;jJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.caHjpizg;ghFghLfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
caHjpiz – ghy;ghFghL :
M^c mwp nrhy;> kf^c mwp nrhy;>
gy;NyhH mwpAk; nrhy;nyhL rptzp>
mk; Kg; ghw;nrhy; caHjpizat;Nt
caHjpizapd;fz; mikAk; nrhw;fs; %tifg; ghFFghl;bd; fz;

tUk;. mitKiwNa M^c mwpnrhy;> kf^c mwpnrhy;> gy;NyhH
mwpAk; nrhy; vd;gdthFk;. mit KiwNa Mz;ghw; nrhy;>
ngz;ghw; nrhy;> gyHghw; nrhy; vdf; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;.
m/wpiz – ghy;ghFghL:
xd;W mwp nrhy;Ny> gy mwp nrhy;> vd;W
MapU ghw; nrhy; m/wpiz at;Nt
m/wpiz vd;gJ xd;wwp nrhy;> gytwp nrhy; vd;gjha;

mikAk;. ,jid xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gH>
caHjpizia Mz;ghw; nrhy;> ngz;ghw; nrhy;> gyHghw; nrhy;;
20
vdf; Fwpf;Fk; njhy;fhg;gpaH m/wpizia xd;wd;ghy;>
gytpd;ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gH. m/wpizAs;Sk; Mz;ngz; gpupg;G
cz;L> Fuq;fpdj;Js; fLtd;> ke;jp cz;L> Ntoj;jplj;J fspW>
gpb vdg; gpupg;G Kiw cz;L> vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpaH
m/wpizia Mz;> ngz;> gy vdg; gpuupf;fhjjw;Ff; fhuzk;
m/wpizapy; capH cs;s nghUs;fsplj;Nj Mz;> ngz;> gpupg;G
Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ:. capuw;w nghUs;fsplj;J ,g; gpupg;G Kiw
,y;iy vd;gjhYk; mitAk; m/wpizaplj;J mikAk;
vd;gjdhYk; njhy;fhg;gpaH mt;thW gpupf;fhJ tpl;lhH. ,jd; top
njhy;fhg;gpaupd; Ez;khz; EioGyk; ntspg;Nghe;J epw;Fk;.
2.nrg;Gk; tpdhTk; vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk;?
nrg;Gk; tpdhTk;:
nrg;Gk; tpdhTk; tohmy; Xk;gy;!
khe;jupd; tho;tpay; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; tpdhTk; tpilAkhfNt

mikgit. mjDs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLkhapd; mJ Njitaw;w
Fog;gq;fis nkhopaplj;Jk; tho;tplj;Jk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. vdNt
njhy;fhg;gpaH nrg;G vd;gjw;Fk; tpdhtpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jhH>
tpdhTk; nrg;Ng> tpdh vjpH tupNd.
nrg;ghdJ gyKiw vOg;gg;ngw;w tpdhtpw;F Neupilahd

tpilahfTk; rpy rkak; kiwKf tpil;ahfTk; mikAk;.
Neupilahf tpil mikAnkdpy; mJ nrt;td; ,iw vd;Wk;
kiwKfkhf mikAnkdpy; mJ ,iw gag;G vd;Wk;
Rl;lg;ngWk;.,e; epiyapy; tpdhTk; nrg;gha; mikjy; cz;L.
rhj;jh gbj;jhah? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F rpyH gbf;fhky; ,Ug;Ngdh

vd;W tpilapWg;gH> mJ ntspg;gilaha; tpdhtpidg; Nghd;W
mikapDk; xUtifahd; tpilapid czHj;jp epw;gjhy; tpdhTk;
nrg;Ngahk;.
nrg;Ng toP,apDk; tiu epiy ,d;Nw>
mg; nghUs; GzHe;j fpstpahd
rpyNghJ tpdhtpw;fhd tpilahdJ nrt;td; ,iwahf mikahJ

tOtp tUjYk; cz;L> mt;thNw tupDk; mJ ePf;Ftjw;fpy;iy.
Vnddpy; mj;jifa gjpyhdJ xUtifahd; tpdhtpw;F Vw;w
tpilaha; miktjhy; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH. rhj;jhcz;bNah
vd;w top cz;Nld; vd;gJ Neupilahd gjpy;. Mdhy; rpyH
21
tapW Fj;jpw;W vd;gH> ,J Neupilahd gjpy; ,y;iy vdpDk;
xUtifahd; gjpiy czHj;jpw;W Mjypd; nrg;G topapDk;
tiuepiyapd;W vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
nrg;gpDk; tpdhtpDk;> rpid> Kjy;> fpstpf;F
mg; nghUs; MFk;> cwo; Jizg; nghUNs
nrg;gpDk; tpdhtpDk; xg;Gik NJhd;w ciug;gJk; cz;L.

cwo;e;Jk; ciug;gJz;L. xg;Gikg; nghUs; vd;gJ
xj;jd;ikj;jha; xg;Gikg;gLJ;jpr; nrhy;tjhFK:. cwo;nghUs;
vd;gJ xg;gik Njhd;whJ khWglf; $WtjhFk;. mt;thW
nrhy;Ykplj;J rpidg;nghUNshL rpidg;nghUisAK;
Kjw;nghUNshL Kjw;nghUisAk; xg;gpl;Nl $23Ntz;Lk.
cwo;nghUSk; Jizg;nghUSk; mt;tg; nghUsha; mikjNy
rpwg;Gilj;jhk;.
rhd;W:
,ts; fz; xf;Fk; ,ts; fz; - rpidNahL rpid
KUfid xf;Fk; fe;jd; - Kjw;nghUNshL Kjw;nghUs;.
3.,aw;ifg;nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
,aw;ifg;nghUs; nraw;ifg;nghUs;:
cyfpd;fz; ,aw;ifg;nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd

,UtifAz;L> ,aw;ifg;nghUs; vd;gJ jd; ,ay;gpdpdf;W
jpupahj nghUs; MFk;. nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd;gJ VNjDk; xU
fhuzj;jhy; jd; ,ay;gpdpd;W jpupe;j nghUs; MFk;.
,ttpUtifg;nghUisAk; nrhy;Yk; Kiwikapidj;
njhy;fhg;gpaH tpsf;FthH>
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;W vdf; fpsj;jy;!
,aw;ifg;nghUisr; Rl;Lkplj;J mjd; ,ay;gpid Fwpj;J

ciuj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;W: epyk; typJ> ePH jz;ikAilj;J .
nraw;ifg; nghUis Mf;fnkhL $wy;! .
22
nraw;ifg; nghUisr; Fwpf;Fkplj;J mg;nghUs;
mj;jd;ikailjw;F fhuzk; ahNjh mjid Rl;bAiuj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
gapH ey;y Mapd> kapH ey;y Mapd
Mf;fk;jhNd fhuzk; Kjw;Nw
Mf;ff; fpstp vd;gJ fhuzKjw;whd; tUk;.
fLTk; ifg;gpop vz;nzAk; fye;J nga;jikahy; kapH ey;y

Mapd.
Mf;ff; fpstp fhuzk; ,d;wpAk;
Nghf;F ,d;W vd;g-tof;fpDs;Ns
Mf;ff; fpstp vd;gJ fhuzKjw;whd; tUk;. vdpDk; tof;fpDs;
fhuzkpd;wpAk; tUjy; cz;L.
kapH ey;y> gapH ey;y
4.tpaq;Nfhs; vz;Zg;ngaH vt;thW tUk;?
tpaq;Nfhs; vz;Zg; ngaH:
tpaq;Nfhs; vz;Zg;ngaH jpiz tpuT tiuahH
tpaq;Nfhs; vd;gjNdhL NrHe;JtUk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; jpiztputp

tUjiy ePf;fhH.
MTk; MaDk; tUf.
5.xUnghUs; Fwpj;jNtWngaHf;fpstp; Fwpj;J vOJf.
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j NtW ngaHf; fpstp:
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j NtW ngaHf; fpstp>
njhopy; NtW fpsg;gpd;> xd;W ,ld; ,yNt
xUnghUs; Fwpj;j NtWngaHf; fpstp gy ngaHfisg; ngw;whYk;

xU tpidKbtpidf; nfhz;L KbjNy rpwg;Gilj;jhk;. xt;NthH
ngaUk; xt;NthU tpidKbtpidg; ngw;W KbAkhfpy; mit
midj;Jk; xd;wpndhL xd;W xd;wp epw;fhJ jdpj;J epw;Fk;. m/J
caHtd;W.
23
rhd;W: Mrpupad; Ng&Hf;fpohd; rhj;jd;; te;jhd; - Mrpupad;>
Ng&Hf;fpohd;> rhj;jd;; vd;Dk; ngaHfs; te;jhd; vd;Dk; xU
tpidKbtpidf; nfhz;L Kbe;jd.
6.milnkhop ,dk;nrg;gy; mikAkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
milnkhop ,dk; nrg;gy;:
vLj;j nkhop ,dk; nrg;gYk; cupj;Nj
vLj;j nkhop jd; nghUisj; jUtNJhL epy;yhky; jd; ,dkhfpa

gpwpNjhH nghUisAk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
mwk; nra;jhd; RtHf;fk; GFk; vdpd; mwk; nra;ahd; eufk; GFk;

vd;gjidAk; czHj;Jk;.
7.ahJ? vtd;? vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; vt;thW tUk;?
ahJ – vtd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;:
ahJ> vtd; vd;Dk; MapU fpstpAk;
mwpahg; nghUs;tapd; nrwpaj; Njhd;Wk;
ahJ> vtd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; KiwNa mwpahj nghUs;fsplj;J

mjid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjw;fhd tpdhtha; tUk;.
,r; nra;Aspw;Fg; nghUs; ahJ?
,r; nrhy;ypw;Fg; nghUs; vtd;?.
mtw;Ws;>
ahJ vd t&ck; tpdhtpd; fpstp
mwpe;j nghUs;tapd; Iak; jPHjw;Fj;
njupe;j fpstp MjYk; cupj;Nj
Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fSs; ahJ vd;Dk; nrhy; mwpahj

nghUs;fsplj;J khj;jpukd;W. mwpe;j nghUs;fsplj;Jk; Iak;
jPHj;jw;F tUjy; cz;L.
,k; kuq;fSs; fUq;fhyp ahJ?
8.,aw;ngaHf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstp Fwpj;J vOJf.
,aw;ngaHf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpAk;:
24
,aw;ngaHf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpAk;
tpidf;F xUq;F ,aYk; fhyk; Njhd;wpd;>
Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstp Kw;glf; fpsthH@
,aw;ngaH topa vd;kdhH GytH.
fe;jdtd; te;jhd;> KUfdtd; NghH nra;jhd;
Kw;glf; fpsj;jy; nra;ASs; cupj;Nj
Rl;Lg;ngaHf; fpstpia ,aw;ngaHf; fpstpf;F Kw;glf; fpsj;jy;

nra;Aspy; cz;L.
mtzdq;F Neha; nra;jhd; Mapoha; Ntyd;
Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa fhuzf; fpstpAk;
Rl;Lg;ngaH ,aw;ifapd; nrwpaj; Njhd;Wk;.
Rl;L Kjyhfpa fhuzf; fpstpAk; Rl;Lg; ngaH ,aw;ngaupd;gpd;

mikjy; Nghd;W ,aw;ngaupd; gpd;Nd mikAk;.
rhj;jd; ifnaOJkhW ty;yd;> mjdhy; je;ij ctf;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikapay;
Ntw;Wikapay; vd;gJ nghUs;fis Ntw;Wikg;gLjk;jpajhy;
ngw;w ngaH MFk;.mjw;F xU nghUis xUfhy; tpid
Kjyhf;fpAk; xUfhy; nrag;gL nghUshf;fpAk; xUfhy;
fUtpahf;fpAk; XUfhy; Vw;gjhf;fpAk; xUfhy; ePq;f epw;gJ MfpAk;
xUfhy; ,lkhf;fpAk; mt;thW NtWgLj;JtJ vd;f vd
ciutFg;ghH nja;tr;rpiyahH>
Ntw;WikjhNk Vo; vd nkhopg
tpsp nfhs;tjd;fz; tpspNahL vl;Nl.
Ntw;Wik vd;gjid VO vdf; Fwpg;gH njhy;fhg;gpaH> tpsp

Ntw;Wik vd;gjidAk; NrHj;J vl;L vd ciug;ghUk; cz;L.
25
mitjhk;>
ngaH> I> xL> F>
,d;> mJ> fz;> tpsp vd;Dk; <w;w
Nkw; nrhd;d Ntw;Wikapd; ngaHfs;> vOtha;> I> xL> F> ,d;>

fz;> tpsp vd;gjha; mikAk;.
vOtha; Ntw;Wik:
mtw;Ws;>
vOtha; Ntw;Wik ngaH Njhd;W epiyNa
,tw;Ws; Kjy;Ntw;Wik vd;gJ ngaH Njhd;Wfpd;w epiy MFk;.

,t; Ntw;Wik Ntw;Wik cUGk; tpspAk; VyhJ ngauhfNt
Njhd;Wtjhy;jhd; ngaH Njhd;WepiyNa vdf; Fwpj;jhH
njhy;fhg;gpaH
ngaHg; gadpiyfs;
nghUz;ik Rl;ly;> tpaq;nfhs tUjy;
tpid epiy ciuj;jy;> tpdhtpw;F Vw;wy;>
gz;G nfhs tUjy;> ngaH nfhs tUjy;> vd;W
md;wp midj;Jk; ngaHg; gadpiyNa
nghUz;ik Rl;ly; - M cz;L
tpaq;nfhs tUjy; – M tUf
gz;G nfhs tUjy; - M fple;jJ
tpdhtpw;F Vw;wy;> - ahJ?
gz;G nfhs tUjy - M fupJ
ngaH nfhs tUjy; - M gy
ngaupd; Mfpa njhifAkhH csNt@
mt;Tk; cupa> mg;ghyhd.
ngaHr;nrhy; kl;Lkd;W> njhifr;nrhy;Yk; gadpiy Vw;WtUk;.
26
ahidf;NfhL fple;jJ.
vt; tapd; ngaUk; ntspg;glj; Njhd;wp
mt; ,ay; epiyay; nrt;tpJ vd;g.
%d;wplj;J ngaUk; nrtp;gydhfj; Njhd;wp epd;W gad;epiy

nfhz;L KbjYk; cz;L. ,jd; top mt;thW Njhd;whJ epd;W
gadpiy nfhz;L KbjYk; cz;L vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
f&T+Uf;Fr; nry;yhNah rhj;jh! vd;w top nry;ty; vdTk;> ahd;>

ahJ>nra;ty; vd;wtop nry;ty; vd;wtop ,J nra; vdTk; mtd;
ahH vd;w topg; gilj;jiytd; vdTk; nrg;gpa top> ahd;
,tDk; vd;Dk; vOtha; ntspg;gl epd;W nry;ty; ,J nra;>
gilj;jiytd; vd;Dk; gadpiy nfhz;L Kbe;jJ.
$wpa Kiwapd; cUG epiy jpupahJ>
<W ngaHf;F MFk; ,aw;ifa vd;g.
vOthahf epw;Fk; ngaHfs; Ntw;Wik cUgpid Vw;Fk; NghJ

cUGepiy jpuptjpy;iy. mit ngaUf;F <wha; epw;Fk; vd;ghH
njhy;fhg;gpaH.
rhj;jd; - ngaH
rhj;jid- I
rhj;jndhL- xL
rhj;jw;F – F
rhj;jdpd; - ,d;
rhj;jpd;fz; - fz;
ngaHepiyf; fpstp fhyk; Njhd;wh>
njhopy; epiy xl;Lk; xd;W myq;filNa.
vOthahFk; ngaHfs; fhyk; fhl;lhJ> njhopy;epiy xl;L

vdg;ngWk; tpidahyizAk; ngaH kl;Lk; fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
KUfd; te;jhd;
27
gupR nfhLj;jtd; nrd;whd;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik:
,uz;lhFtNj>
I vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
vt; top tupDk;> tpidNa> tpidf;Fwpg;G>
mt; ,U Kjypd; Njhd;Wk;> mJNt.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG I vd;gjhFk;.mJ tpid> tpid Fwpg;G

vd;gjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tUk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikf;FupaJ nrag;gL nghUs; vdf; Fwpf;fhJ tpid> tpid
Fwpg;G vdf; Fwpj;jikf;Fj; njupepiy tpidapy; nraw;gL nghUs;
njspthfj; njupAk;. mjidNa Fwpg;gpl;lNuh vd;W Iak;
Njhd;Wk;.Iak; ePf;Fjw;Nf tpidNa> tpidf;Fwpg;G vdf; Fwpj;jhH
vd;ghH NrdhtiuahH.
NrdhtiuahH> nraw;gL nghUis %d;lnwgf; gpupg;ghH> mik

KiwNa ,aw;wg;gLtJ> NtWgLj;jg;gLtJ> va;jg;gLtJ
vd;gjhFk;.
,aw;wg;gLtJ: - Kd; ,y;yhjjid cz;lhf;Fjy;- ,jw;F xU

tha;ghL kl;LNk njhy;fhg;gpaH ciuj;jhH- NrdhtiuaH
,aw;wg;gLtJ xU jd;ikj;jhjypd; mjw;F xU tha;ghNl $wpdhH
vd ciu tpsf;fk; jUthH.
NtWgLf;fg;gLjy; Kd; cs;s xd;wpid NtWgLj;jy;
vapiy ,ioj;jhd; - ,aw;wg;gLtJ
ehl;il mopj;jhd; -NtWgLj;jg;gLtJ
muir ntd;whd; - va;jg;gLtJ
fhg;gpd;> xg;gpd;> CHjpapd;> ,ioapd;>
Xg;gpd;> Gfopd;> gopapd;> vd;wh-
ngwypd;> ,otpd;> fhjypd;> ntFspapd;>
nrwypd;> ctj;jypd;> fw;gpd;> vd;wh-
mWj;jypd;> Fiwj;jypd;> njhFj;jypd;> gpupj;jypd;>
28
epWj;jypd;> mstpd;> vz;zpd;> vd;wh-
Mf;fypd;> rhHjypd;> nrytpd;> fd;wypd;>
Nehf;fypd;> mQ;rypd;> rpijg;gpd;> vd;wh-
md;d gpwTk; mk; Kjw; nghUs
vd;d fpstpAk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH .
fhg;G – Ciuf; fhf;Fk;
xg;G - je;ijia xf;Fk;
CHjpapd;- Njiu CUk;
Gfopd;- Fuprpiyg; GfOk;
ngwypd;- Gjy;tiug; ngWk;
gopapd; - ehl;ilg; gopf;Fk;
,otpd; - nghUis ,of;Fk;
fhjypd; - kidtpiaf; fhjypf;Fk;
ntFspapd;– giftiu ntFSk;
nrwypd; - nrw;whiur; nrWk;
ctj;jypd; - ehl;lhiu ctf;Fk;
fw;gpd;- E}iyf;fw;Fk;
mWj;jypd; - ehiz mWf;Fk;
Fiwj;jypd;>- kuj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;
njhFj;jypd;>- ney;iyj; njhFf;Fk;
gpupj;jypd; - Ntypiag; gpupf;Fk;
epWj;jypd; - nghd;id epWf;Fk;
mstpd; - muprpia msf;Fk;
vz;zpd;– milf;fhia vz;Zk;
29
Mf;fypd; - mwj;ij Mf;Fk;
rhHjypd; - Ciur;rhUk;
nrytpd; - newpiar; nry;Yk;
fd;wypd;; - #jpidf; fd;Wk;
Nehf;fypd; - fizia Nehf;Fk;
mQ;rypd; - fs;tiu mQ;Rk;
rpijg;gpd; - ehl;ilr; rpijf;Fk;
md;dgpwTk; vd;wikahd;>
giftiug; gzpj;jhd;> Nrhw;iwal;lhd;> FioiaAilahd;>

nghUisapyd; vd;De; njhlf;fjd nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik:
%d;whFtNj>
xL vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
tpidKjy;> fUtp> mid Kjw;WmJNt
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik vd;gJ xL vdg; ngaH nfhz;l Ntw;Wik

cUG MFk;. mJ tpidKjy;> fUtp vd;gjidf; nfhz;L
tUk;.tpidKjy; vd;gJ fUtp Kjypahfpa fuzq;fisj;
njhopw;gLj;JtJ. fUtp vd;gJ tpidKjypd; njhopw;gaid
nraw;gLnghUl;fz; nrd;W ca;g;gJ.
mjdpd; ,awy;> mjd;jF fpstp>
mjd; tpidg;gLjy;> mjdpd; Mjy;>
mjdpd; Nfhly;> mjndhL kaq;fy;>
mjndhL ,iae;j xU tpidf; fpstp>
mjndhL ,iae;j NtW tpidf; fpstp>
mjndhL ,iae;j xg;G my; xg;G ciu>
,d; Md; VJ><q;F> vd t&ck;
md;d gpwTk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH
30
mjdpd; ,awy; - kz;zhdpad;w Flk;
kz;Kjw;fhuzk;. Kjw;fhuzkhtJ fhupaj;NjhL xw;WikAilaJ.
mjd; jF fpstp- mwpthdike;j rhd;NwhH vd;gd. ,it

fUtpg;ghw;gLk;.
mjd; tpidg;gLjy;- rhj;jdhd; KbAkpf;fUkk; vd;gJ

,JtpidKjw;ghw;gLk;.
mjdpd; Mjy; - thzpfj;jhdhapdhd; vd;gJ>
mjdpd; Nfhly; - fuzj;jhw; nfhz;l muprp vd;gJ. ,itAq;

fUtpg; ghw;gLk;. ,t; Ie;J nghUSk; XLTUgpw;FQ;
rpWghd;ikgw;wp cupathapDk;>ngUk;ghd;ikgw;wp MDUgpw;Nf
cupa Nghyf; $wpdhH vdf; Fwpg;ghH NrdhtiuaH
mjndhL kaq;fy; - vz;nzhL tpuha muprp vd;gJ .
mjNdhL ,iae;j xUtpidf; fpstp - MrpupandhL te;j

khzhf;fd; vd;gJ > tUjw;nwhopy; ,UtHf;F nkhj;jypd;>
xUtpidf; fpstpahapw;W.
mjNdhL ,iae;j NtWtpidf; fpstp - kiynahL nghUj

khy;ahid vd;gJ > nghUjy; ahidf; fy;yJ,d;ikapd;
NtWtpidf; fpstpahapw;W.
mjNdhL ,iae;j xg;gy; xg;Giu - nghd;NdhbUk;gidaH

epd;ndhL gpwNu vd;gJ xg;gy;yjid xg;ghff; $wypd;
xg;gnyhg;Giu ahapw;W.
,k; %d;ww;Fk; cldpfo;jy; nghJ ntd;gJ}ck; mit

xLntDUgpw;Nf Aupa vd;gJ}ck;czHj;jpa> mjNdhbiajy;
%d;ww;Fq; $wpdhH. mjndhL kaq;fw;Fk; <njhf;Fk;. vy;yhg;
nghUl;fz;Zk; mJ vd;wJ cUNgw;Fk; ngaHg;nghUis.mjw;F
tpidAilikapd;(nrhy; - 76) vd;gjw;Fk; <njhf;Fk;. ,d;dhNdJ
vd;gJ Kaw;rpapw; gpwj;jyh0
d; xyp epiyahJ vd;gJ> mjdpdhjy; vdf; fhuf VJ

Kw;$wg;gl;likahd;> ,J Qhgf VJthk;. ,g;nghUs; MDUgpw;Fk;
,d;DUgpw;Fk;cupj;njd;gJ tpsf;fpa VJ vd;dhJ ,d>;Md;>VJ
vd;whH.,d;dhndd;gJ ck;ikj; njhif. mtw;wJ VJg;
nghUz;ik
mjdpdpaw nyd;gjw;Fj; jr;rd; nra;j rpWkhita

nkd;Wk;>,d;dhndd;gjw;Ff; fz;zhw; nfhj;ij fhyhd;
31
Kltndd;Wk; cjhuzq;fhl;bdhuhy; ciuahrpupanudpd;@-
mw;wd;W@ jr;rd; nra;j rpWkh itankd;gJ tpidKjy; fUtp
aid Kjw;W(nrhy; - 73) vd;Gop alq;Fjyhd; <z;Lk; ghw;gLf;f
Ntz;lhikahDk; > rpidtpfhuj;ij Kjd; NkNyw;wpf; $Wk;
nghUz;ik ,d;dhndd;gjdhw; ngwg;glhikahDk;. mJ
NghypAiu nad;f vd tpsf;FthH NrdhtiuaH
xLTk; MDk; ,uz;L Ntw;Wik ahfw;ghy ntdpd;@- mw;wd;W @

Ntw;Wik kaf;fkhtJ xU Ntw;W ikaJ xU nghUl; fz;zhf>
rpy nghUl; fz;zhf Vid Ntw;WikAQ; Nrwyd;Nw@
mt;thwd;wpr; rpwp njhopj;J vy;yhg; nghUl;fz;Zk; ,uz;LUGQ;
NrwyhDk;>tlE}Ys; nghUs; Ntw;Wikay;yJ cUG
Ntw;Wikahd; xU Ntw;Wikahf Xjg;glhik
ahDk;><z;nly;yhthrpupaUk; xU Ntw;WikahfNt
Nahjpdhnud;f.tlE}nyhL khWnfhs;shik $wy; MrpupaHf;F
Nkw;Nfhshapd;>tpspNtw;WikiavOtha; Ntw;Wikf;fz;
mlf;fw;ghyuhtH> mt;thwlf;fypy nudpd; - mw;wd;W@
tpspNtw;Wikia vOtha; Ntw;W ikf;fz; mlf;fy; Mz;L
vy;yhHf;Fk; xg;g Kbe;jjd;W@
Vopad; Kiwa njjpHKf Ntw;Wik
Ntnwd tpsk;ghd; ngauJ tpfhunkd;
Nwhjpa GytD KsndhU tifah
dpe;jpu ndl;lhk; Ntw;Wik nad;wdd;
vd;gthfypd; Ie;jpu E}yhH tpspNtw;Wikia vl;lhk;

Ntw;Wikahf NeHe;jhnud;gJ ngwg;gLk;@ MrpupaH mtH kjk;
gw;wpf; $wpdhuhfypd; mjndhL khW nfhs;sh njd;gJ. ,f;
fUj;J tpsf;fpatd;Nw> ghapuj;Js; Ie;jpu epiwe;j
njhy;fhg;gpad; vdf; $wpw; nwd;f vd;gJ NrdhtiuaH
ciuf;Fwpg;ghk;.
md;dgpwTk;vd;wjdhy;>
fz;zhw;nfhj;ij> J}q;F ifahNdhq;F eila ( Gwk; - 22)

kjpNah nlhf;FKfk;> #nyhL fOij ghuQ; Rke;jJ vd;gd
Nghy;td nfhs;f.
32
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik:
ehd;fhFtNj>
F vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
vg; nghUs; MapDk; nfhs;Sk;> mJNt .
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG F vd;gjhFk;. mJ VNjDk; xU

nghUis Vw;gjw;fha; tUk;.vg;nghUshapDk; nfhs;SkJ vd;gJ
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapd; nghJg;nghUsha; epw;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH
gpd; tFj;Jr; nrhy;td vy;yhk; nghJg;nghUshFk;.
mjw;Fg; gL nghUspd;> mJ MF fpstpapd;>
mjw;F ahg;G cilikapd;> mjd; nghUl;L Mjypd;>
el;gpd;> gifapd;> fhjypd;> rpwg;gpd;> vd;W
mg; nghUl; fpstpAk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH
mjw;F tpidAilik - fUk;gpw;F Ntyp
mjw;Flk;gLjy; - rhj;jw;F kfSlk;gl;lhH vd;gJ. rhd;NwhH

nfhiyf;Flk;gl;lhH vd;gJkJ.
mjw;Fg; gLnghUshtJ nghJthfpa nghUisg; gFf;Fq;fhy; xU

gq;fpw;gLk; nghUs;@ mJ rhj;jw;Ff; $W nfhw;wd; vd;gJ.
mJthF fpstp fb #j;jpuj;jpw;Fg;; nghd; vd;gJ. nghd;fb#j;jpu

kha;j; jpupAkhfypd; mJthF fpstp nad;whH. fpstp - nghUs;.
mjw;F ahg;Gilik-iff;F ahg;GilaJ flfk; vd;gJ.
mjw;nghUl;lhjy; - $opw;Ff; Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; vd;gJ.
el;G-mtw;F el;lhd;> mtw;Fj; jkd; vd;gd.
gif - mtw;Fg; gif> mtw;F khw;whd; vd;gd.
fhjy; - el;lhHf;Ff; fhjyd;> Gjy;tw;Fmd;GWk; vd;gd.
rpwg;G - tLfurHf;Fr; rpwe;jhy; NrhopaturH> fw;ghHf;Fr; rpwe;jJ

nrtp vd;gd.
33
mg;nghUnsd;wJ md;dnghUis! ,t;thilAk; me;E}yhdpad;wJ
vd;wJNghy.
vdNt> md;dgpwTk;vd;wthwhk;.
mg;nghUl;fpstpAnkd;wjdhy;> gpzpf;FkUe;J>el;lhHf;Fj; Njhw;Fk;>

mtw;Fj; jf;fhspts;> cw;whHf;FupaH nghw;nwhb kfspH vd;gd
Nghy;tdnty;yhq; nfhs;f.
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik:
Ie;jhFtNj
,d; vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
,jdpd; ,w;W ,J vd;Dk;> mJNt
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG ,d; vd;gjhFk;. ,t; Ntw;Wik cUG

,jdpd; ,j;jd;idAilaJ Mjy; vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk;.
xd;wpndhL gpwpnjhd;wpid xg;gpLk;NghJ tz;zk;> tbT> msT>
Rit vd;gjhNd tUk;. vdNt mtw;iw tiuaWj;Jf; $WfpwhH;
njhy;fhg;gpaH. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa nghUs; ePq;fy;>
xg;G>vy;iy> VJ vd ehd;F tifg;gLk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
tz;zk;> tbNt> msNt> RitNa>
jz;ik> ntk;ik> mr;rk;> vd;wh-
ed;ik> jPik> rpWik> ngUik>
td;ik> nkd;ik> fLik> vd;wh-
KJik> ,sik> rpwj;jy;> ,opj;jy;>
GJik> goik> Mf;fk; >vd;wh-
,d;ik> cilik> ehw;wk;> jPHjy;>
gd;ik> rpd;ik> gw;W tpLjy;> vd;W-
md;d gpwTk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH .
tz;z Kjyhfg; gw;WtpLjy; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldTk;

mitNghy;td gpwTk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; jpwj;jdthk;
tz;zk; - ntz;ik> fUik Kjyhapd>
34
tbT - tl;lk>; rJu Kjyhapd.
msT neLik> FWik Kjyhapd .
Rit - ifg;G> Gspg;G Kjyhapd.
ehw;wk; - eWehw;wk>; jPehw;wk; Kjyhapd.
fhf;ifapw;fupJ fsk;gok; - tz;zk;
,jdpd; tl;lkpJ - tbT
,jdp ndbjpJ - msT
,jdpw; wPtpjpJ- Rit
,jdpw; wz;zpjpJ– jz;ik
,jdpd; nta;jpJ – ntk;ik
,jdp dd;wpJ – ed;ik
,jdpw; wPjpJ - jPik
,jdpw; rpwpjpJ - rpWik
,jdpw; ngupjpJ - ngUik
,jdpd; typjpJ – td;ik
,jdpd; nkypjpJ – nkd;ik
,jdpw; fbjpJ - fLik
,jdpd; KjpjpJ - KJik
,jdp dpisjpJ - ,sik
,jdpw; rpwe;jjpJ – rpwj;jy;
,jdp dpope;jjpJ - ,opj;jy;
,jdpw; GjpjpJ - GJik
,jdpw; giojpJ - goik
,tdp dpydptd; - ,d;ik
,tdp Diladptd; - cilik
35
,jdp dhWkpJ – ehw;wk;
,jdpw; gy tpit – gd;ik
,jdpw; rpy tpit – rpd;ik
mr;rk; - fs;sup dQ;Rk;
Mf;fk; - thzpfj;jpdhapdhd;
jPHjy; -Cupw; wPHe;jhd;
gw;WtpLjy; - fhkj;jpw; gw;W tpl;lhd; vdTk; tUk;.
mr;rKjypa ehd;F nkhopj;J xope;j ,Ugj;J ehd;Fk; xj;j gz;G

NtWghLgw;wpg; nghUcg; nghUs; tpupj;jthW vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
vy;iyg; nghUspd;fz;Zk; Nkw;Fwpj;j ,Ugj;Jehd;F
tha;ghLfSk; tUk;.
fUT+upd; fpof;F
md;dgpwTk;vd;wjdhy;> mtdpd;mdpasptd;> mjdpw; Nra;j;jpJ>

,fo;r;rpapw; nfl;lhd;> kfpo;r;rpapd; ike;Jw;whd; vd;gd Nghy;t d
nfhs;f.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik:
MwhFtNj>
mJ vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
jd;dpDk; gpwpjpDk;> ,jdJ ,J vDk;
md;d fpstpf; fpoikj;J> mJNt .
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG mJntdg; ngaupajhk;. ,J jw;fpoik>

gpwpjpd; fpoik vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk;.
,aw;ifapd;> cilikapd;> Kiwikapd;> fpoikapd;>
nraw;ifapd;> KJikapd;> tpidapd;> vd;wh-
fUtpapd;> Jizapd;> fyj;jpd;> Kjypd;>
xUtop cWg;gpd;> FOtpd;> vd;wh
njupe;J nkhopr; nra;jpapd;> epiyapd;> tho;r;rpapd;>
36
jpupe;J NtWg^ck; gpwTk; md;d@
$wpa kUq;fpd; Njhd;Wk; fpstp
Mwd; ghy vd;kdhH GytH
,aw;if Kjyhf tho;r;rp <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldTk; jpupe;J

NtWg^c kd;d gpwTkhfpa Nkw;$wg;gl;l fpoikg; nghUl;fz;
Njhd;WQ; nrhy;nyy;yhk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; jpwj;jdntd;W
nrhy;YtH GytH.
jpupe;J NtWg^c kd;d gpwTnkd;whNuDk; jpupe;J NtWgLjy;

md;d gpwTnkd;wjdhy; jOtg;gLtd tw;Ws; xU rhudtw;wpw;Nf
nfhs;f.
vs;sJ Fg;ig> gilaJ Fohk; vd;gd F*cf; fpoik. mit

KiwahNd xd;W gy FoP,aJk; NtW gy FoP,aJkhk;.
rhj;jdjpaw;if epyj;jjfyk; vd;gd ,aw;iff;fpoik
rhj;jdJ epiyik> rhj;jd jpy;yhik vd;gd epiyf;fpoik.

,itnahd;wpaw;fpoik
ahidaJNfhL> GypaJfpH vd;gd cWg;gpd; fpoik. cWg;ghtJ

nghUspd; VfNjrnkd;g jwptpj;jw;F xUtop cWg;ngd;whH.
rhj;jdJ nraw;if> rhj;jdJ fw;wwpT vd;gd nraw;iff;fpoik.
murdJ KJik> murdJ KjpHT vd;gd KJikf;fpoik.

KJik nad;gJ gpwpNjhH fhuzk; gw;whJ fhyk; gw;wp
xUjiyahf mg; nghUl;fl;Nlhd;Wk; gUtkhfypd; nraw;ifA
slf;fhJ NtW $wpdhH.
rhj;jdJ njhopy;> rhj;jdJ nryT vd;gd tpidf;fpoik. ,it

nka;jpupe;jha jw;fpoik.
rhj;jdJ cilik> rhj;jdJ Njhl;lk; vd;gd cilikf;fpoik
kwpaJjha;. kwpaJ je;ij vd;gd Kiwikf;fpoik.
,iraJ fUtp> tid fyj;jJ jpfpup vd;gd fUtpf;fpoik.
mtdJ Jiz> mtdjpzq;F vd;gd Jizf;fpoik.
epyj;jnjhw;wpf;fyk; rhj;jdJ tpiyj;jPl;L vd;gd fyf;fpoik.
xw;wpaJ Kjy;> xw;wpaJ nghUs; vd;gd Kjw;fpoik.
37
fgpyuJ ghl;L> guzuJ ghl;bay; vd;gd nra;Al;fpoik.
njupe;J nkhopahw; nra;ag;gLjypd; njupe;J nkhopr; nra;jpahapd.

,it nghUl;gpwpjpd;fpoik.
KUfdJ FwpQ;rpepyk;> nts;spajhl;rp vd;gd fpoikf;fpoik.
fhl;ljpahid> ahidaJ fhL vd;gd tho;r;rpf;fpoik. KUfdJ

FwpQ;rpepyk;> ahidaJ fhL vd;gd epyg;gpwpjpd;fpoik.
fhl;ljpahid vd;gJ nghUl;gpwpjpd;fpoik >
VidaJ fhyg; gpwpjpd;fpoik.
jpupe;J NtWg^c kd;d gpwT nkd;wjdhy; vl;rhe;J Nfhl;L E}W

rhj;jdnjhg;G njhifaJtpup> nghUsJ NfL> nrhy;yJ nghUs;
vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd nfhs;f . mtw;Ws; vl;rhe;J Nfhl;L E}W
vd;gd Kjyhapd KOtJ}ce; jpupjypd;> NtW $wpdhH.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l jw;fpoik gpwpjpd;fpoik nad;gdtw;iw

tpupj;jthW
Vohk; Ntw;Wik:
VohFtNj>
fz; vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
tpid nra; ,lj;jpd;> epyj;jpd;> fhyj;jpd;>
mid tiff; Fwpg;gpd; Njhd;Wk;> mJNt.
Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG fz; vd;gjhFk;. mJ tpidnra; ,lKk;

epyKk; fhyKk; vd;Dk; %d;W nghUspd;fz; tUk;.
nja;tr;rpiyahH tpid epfOkplj;jpDk; fhyj;jpDk;
mt;tpUtiff; Fwpg;gpDk; Njhd;Wk; vd;ghH.
jl;Lg;Gilf;fz; te;jhd; - ,lk;
khlj;jpd;fz; ,Ue;jhd; - epyk;
$jpHfz; te;jhd; - fhyk;
fz; vd;Dk; vUG NJhd;Wk; ,lkidj;Jk; Vohk; Ntw;Wik vdf;

nfhs;sf;$lhJ>tpidnra; ,lKk; epyKk; fhyKk; vd;Dk;
,lq;fspy; tUtdtw;iwNa nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;ghH. ,jid
NrdhtiuaH Fwpg;gpd; Njhd;WkJ vd;gjdhy; czuKbAk;
38
fz;> fhy;> Gwk;> mfk;> cs;> cio> fPo;> Nky;>
gpd;> rhH> may;> Gil> Njtif> vdhm
Kd;>,il> fil> jiy> tyk;> ,lk;> vdhm
md;d gpwTk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH
fz; Kjyhf ,lkPwhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gj;njhd;gJ nghUSk;

mit Nghy;td gpwTk; Vohtjd;wpwj;jd.
fz;nzd;Dk; nghUshtJ fz;zpd;W $Wjyhw;wh dtdhapd;'

(fyp-37) vdTk; >fz;zfd;Qhyk; vdTk;>fz;nzd;Wk;
,ilr;nrhy;yhy;czHj;jg;gLk; fhy; Gwk;> Kfk;>cs; vd;gd
Kuyhapdtw;wJ nghUs; Ntw;Wik tof;F Nehf;fp AzHe;J
nfhs;f.
fz;zpd;W nrhy;ypahid vd;fz;zpd;wpit nrhy;yw;ghiyay;iy

vd;Wk;>
CHf;fhw;nra;if CHfl;nra; vd;Wk;>
CHg;Gwj;J epd;w kuj;ij CHf;fz;kuk; vd;Wk;>
vapyfj;Jg; Gf;fhid vapw;fl;Gf;fhd; vd;Wk;>
,y;YspUe;jhid ,w;fzpUe;jhd; vd;Wk;> murDio apUe;jhid

murd; fzpUe;jhd; vd;Wk;>
Mypd; fPo;f; fple;j Mit Mypd;fl; fple;jJ vd;Wk;>
kuj;jpd; NkypUe;j Fuq;if kuj;jpd; fzpUe;jJ vd;Wk;>
VHg;gpd; nrd;whid VHf;fl; nrd;whd; vd;whd; vd;Wk;>
fhl;Lr; rhNuhLtjidf; fhl;bd;fNzhLk; vd;Wk;>
ciwa+Hf; fadpd;w rpuhg;gs;spf; Fd;iw ciua+Hf;fl;Fd;W

vd;Wk; >
vapw;Gil epd;whiu vapw;fz; epd;whH vd;Wk;>
tlghy;Ntq;flk; njd;ghw; Fkup vd;gdtw;iw tlf;fz;Ntq;flk;

njw;fl;Fkup vd;Wk; >
GypKd;gl;lhidg; Gypf;fl;gl;lhd; vd;Wk;>
39
E}ypdpilAq; filAe; jiyJepd;w kq;fyj;ij E}w;fz;kq;fyk;
vd;Wk;>
iftyj;Js;sjidj; iff;fZs;sJ vd;Wk;>
jd;dplj;J epfo;tjidj; jd;fz; epfo;tJ vd;Wk; mt;tplg;

nghUs; gw;wp Vohk; Ntw;Wik te;jthW fz;Lnfhs;f.
vdhm vd;gJ vz;zpilr;nrhy;.
fz;Kjyhapdnty;yhk; cUngd;whuhy; ciuahrpupanudpd; :-

cUghapd;> Vohtjw;Ff; fz;nzd;gJ cUghjy; NkNy
ngwg;gl;likahw; ngaHj;Jq; fz;fhnyd;wy; $wpaJ
$wpw;whkhfyhDk; CHg;Gwj;jpUe;jhd;> Cufj;jpUe;jhd;>
iftyj;Js;sJ nfhLf;Fk; vdg;Gwk; mfk; tynkd;gdtw;Wtop
mj;Jr;rhupia nfhLj;J cjhuzq; fhl;bdikahDk; mtHf;fJ
fUj;jd;nwd;f. cUgy;yNty;> vd;Dio> vd;Kd; vd epiynkhop
cUgpw;Nfhjpa nra;if ngw;wthnwd;idnadpd;:-
mjw;nghUl;lhfypd; (nrhy;-76) vdTk; jk;Kila jz;zspAe;
jhKk; vdTk; cUgpd; nghUs;gl tUk;. gpwnkhop te;JopAk;
epiynkhop mr;nra;if ngw;W epw;wypd;> mr;nra;if
cUGGzHr;rpf;Nfnad;Dk; ahg;Gwtpd; nwd;f vd ,sk;G+uziu
kWj;Jiug;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
md;dgpwT nkd;wjdhy;>
nghUl;fz; czHT> vz;fz; md;Gilad;>kyHf;fz; ehw;wk; >

Mfhaj;Jf;fl;gUe;J vd;De; njhlf;fj;jdTk; nfhs;f vd;gjhk;.
Gwdil:
Ntw;Wikg; nghUis tpupf;Fk; fhiy>
<w;W epd;W ,aYk; njhiftapd; gpupe;J>
gy; Mwhfg; nghUs; GzHe;J ,irf;Fk;
vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; cupa vd;g
Ntw;Wikg; nghUis tpupf;Fk; nghOJ md;nkhopj;njhifapid

tpupj;Jg; nghUs; czHj;JkhW Nghy tpupj;J ciuf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH><w;W epd;wpaYk; md;nkhopj;njhif vdj;
njhy;fhg;gpaH vr;rtpay; E}w;gh ( E}w;gh vz; - 22 ) Fwpg;gjhy;
40
,t;tplj;Jr; Rl;lg;ngWtJ md;nkhopj;njhifiaNa vdf;
fUJthH NrdhtiuaH>
jho;Foy; - md;nkhopj;njhif – jho;Foiy cilats;
fUq;Fow;Ngij- Ntw;Wikj;njhif – fUq;Foiy cila Ngij
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikia tpsf;fp tiuf.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik:
,uz;lhFtNj>
I vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
vt; top tupDk;> tpidNa> tpidf;Fwpg;G>
mt; ,U Kjypd; Njhd;Wk;> mJNt.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG I vd;gjhFk;.mJ tpid> tpid Fwpg;G

vd;gjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tUk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikf;FupaJ nrag;gL nghUs; vdf; Fwpf;fhJ tpid> tpid
Fwpg;G vdf; Fwpj;jikf;F njupepiy tpidapy; nraw;gL nghUs;
njspthfj; njupAk;. mjidNa Fwpg;gpl;lNuh vd;W Iak;
Njhd;Wk;.Iak; ePf;Fjw;Nf tpidNa> tpidf;Fwpg;G vdf; Fwpj;jhH
vd;ghH NrdhtiuahH.
NrdhtiuahH> nraw;gL nghUis %d;W vdg; gpupg;ghH> mit

KiwNa ,aw;wg;gLtJ> NtWgLj;jg;gLtJ> va;jg;gLtJ
vd;gjhFk;
,aw;wg;gLtJ: - Kd; ,y;yhjjid cz;lhf;Fjy;- ,jw;F xU

tha;ghL kl;LNk njhy;fhg;gpaH ciuj;jhH- NrdhtiuaH
,aw;wg;gLtJ xU jd;idj;jhjypd; mjw;F xU tha;ghNl
$wpdhH vd ciu tpsf;fk; jUthH.
NtWgLf;fg;gLjy; Kd; cs;s xd;wpid NtWgLj;jy;
vapiy ,ioj;jhd; - ,aw;wg;gLtJ
ehl;il mopj;jhd; -NtWgLj;jg;gLtJ
muir ntd;whd; - va;jg;gLtJ
41
fhg;gpd;> xg;gpd;> CHjpapd;> ,ioapd;>
Xg;gpd;> Gfopd;> gopapd;> vd;wh-
ngwypd;> ,otpd;> fhjypd;> ntFspapd;>
nrwypd;> ctj;jypd;> fw;gpd;> vd;wh-
mWj;jypd;> Fiwj;jypd;> njhFj;jypd;> gpupj;jypd;>
epWj;jypd;> mstpd;> vz;zpd;> vd;wh-
Mf;fypd;> rhHjypd;> nrytpd;> fd;wypd;>
Nehf;fypd;> mQ;rypd;> rpijg;gpd;> vd;wh-
md;d gpwTk; mk; Kjw; nghUs
vd;d fpstpAk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH .
fhg;G – Ciuf; fhf;Fk;
xg;G - je;ijia xf;Fk;
CHjpapd;- Njiu CUk;
Gfopd;- Fuprpiyg; GfOk;
ngwypd;- Gjy;tiug; ngWk;
gopapd;- ehl;ilg; gopf;Fk;
,otpd; - nghUis ,of;Fk;
fhjypd; - kidtpiaf; fhjypf;Fk;
ntFspapd;– giftiu ntFSk;
nrwypd; - nrw;whiur; nrWk;
ctj;jypd; - ehl;lhiu ctf;Fk;
fw;gpd; - E}iyf;fw;Fk;
mWj;jypd; - ehiz mWf;Fk;
Fiwj;jypd; - kuj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;
42
njhFj;jypd; - ney;iyj; njhFf;Fk;
gpupj;jypd; - Ntypiag; gpupf;Fk;
epWj;jypd; - nghd;id epWf;Fk;
mstpd; - muprpia msf;Fk;
vz;zpd– milf;fhia vz;Zk;
Mf;fypd; - mwj;ij Mf;Fk;
rhHjypd; - Ciur;rhUk;
nrytpd; - newpiar; nry;Yk;
fd;wypd; - #jpidf; fd;Wk;
Nehf;fypd; - fizia Nehf;Fk;
mQ;rypd; - fs;tiu mQ;Rk;
rpijg;gpd; - ehl;ilr; rpijf;Fk;
md;dgpwTk; vd;wikahd;
giftiug; gzpj;jhd;> Nrhw;iwal;lhd;> FioiaAilahd;>

nghUisapyd; vd;De; njhlf;fjd nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
2.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik gapd;WtUk; ,lq;fisr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik:
ehd;fhFtNj>
F vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
vg; nghUs; MapDk; nfhs;Sk;> mJNt .
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG F vd;gjhFk;. mJ VNjDk; xU

nghUis Vw;gjw;fha; tUk;.vg;nghUshapDk; nfhs;SkJ vd;gJ
ehd;fhk; Ntw;wikapd; nghJg;nghUsha; epw;Fk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH
gpd; tFj;Jr; nrhy;td vy;yhk; nghJg;nghUshFk;.
mjw;F tpid cilikapd;> mjw;F clk;gLjypd;>
43
mjw;Fg; gL nghUspd;> mJ MF fpstpapd;>
mjw;F ahg;G cilikapd;> mjd; nghUl;L Mjypd;>
el;gpd;> gifapd;> fhjypd;> rpwg;gpd;> vd;W
mg; nghUl; fpstpAk; mjd; ghy vd;kdhH
mjw;F tpidAilik - fUk;gpw;F Ntyp
mjw;Flk;gLjy; - rhj;jw;F kfSlk;gl;lhH vd;gJ. rhd;NwhH

nfhiyf;Flk;gl;lhH vd;gJkJ.
mjw;Fg; gLnghUshtJ nghJthfpa nghUisg; gFf;Fq;fhy; xU

gq;fpw;gLk; nghUs;@ mJ rhj;jw;Ff; $W nfhw;wd; vd;gJ.
mJthF fpstp fb #j;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghd; vd;gJ. nghd;fb#j;jpu

kha;j; jpupAkhfypd; mJthF fpstp nad;whH. fpstp - nghUs;.
mjw;F ahg;Gilik-iff;F ahg;GilaJ flfk; vd;gJ.
mjw;nghUl;lhjy; - $opw;Ff; Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; vd;gJ.
el;G-mtw;F el;lhd;> mtw;Fj; jkd; vd;gd.
gif - mtw;Fg; gif> mtw;F khw;whd; vd;gd.
fhjy; - el;lhHf;Ff; fhjyd;> Gjy;twF; md;GWk; vd;gd.
rpwg;G - tLfurHf;Fr; rpwe;jhy; NrhopaturH> fw;ghHf;Fr; rpwe;jJ

nrtp vd;gd.
mg;nghUnsd;wJ
md;dnghUis!,t;thilAk;me;E}yhdpad;wJvd;wJNghy.
vdNt> md;dgpwT nkd;wthwhk;.
mg;nghUl;fpstpAnkd;wjdhy;> gpzpf;F kUe;J> el;lhHf;Fj;

Njhw;Fk;>mtw;Fj; jf;fhspts;> cw;whHf;FupaH nghw;nwhb kfspH
vd;gd Nghy;tdnty;yhq; nfhs;f.
3.jw;fpoikapk; gpwpjpd; fpoikapYk; gad;WtUk; Ntw;Wikia

tptup?
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik:
MwhFtNj>
44
mJ vdg; ngaupa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp@
jd;dpDk; gpwpjpDk;> ,jdJ ,J vDk;
md;d fpstpf; fpoikj;J> mJNt.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG mJntdg; ngaupajhk;. ,J jw;fpoik>

gpwpjpd; fpoik vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk;.
,aw;ifapd;> cilikapd;> Kiwikapd;>

fpoikapd;>
nraw;ifapd;> KJikapd;> tpidapd;> vd;wh-
fUtpapd;> Jizapd;> fyj;jpd;> Kjypd;>
xUtop cWg;gpd;> FOtpd;> vd;wh
njupe;J nkhopr; nra;jpapd;> epiyapd;> tho;r;rpapd;>
jpupe;J NtWg^ck; gpwTk; md;d@
$wpa kUq;fpd; Njhd;Wk; fpstp
Mwd; ghy vd;kdhH GytH
,aw;if Kjyhf tho;r;rp <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldTk; jpupe;J

NtWg^c kd;d gpwTkhfpa Nkw;$wg;gl;l fpoikg; nghUl;fz;
Njhd;WQ; nrhy;nyy;yhk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; jpwj;jdntd;W
nrhy;YtH GytH.
jpupe;J NtWg^c kd;d gpwTnkd;whNuDk; jpupe;J NtWgLjy;

md;d gpwTnkd;wjdhy; jOtg;gLtd tw;Ws; xU rhudtw;wpw;Nf
nfhs;f.
vs;sJ Fg;ig> gilaJ Fohk; vd;gd F*cf; fpoik. mit

KiwahNd xd;W gy FoP,aJk; NtW gy FoP,aJkhk;.
rhj;jdjpaw;if epyj;jjfyk; vd;gd ,aw;iff;fpoik
rhj;jdJ epiyik> rhj;jd jpy;yhik vd;gd epiyf;fpoik.

,itnahd;wpaw;fpoik
ahidaJNfhL> GypaJfpH vd;gd cWg;gpd; fpoik. cWg;ghtJ

nghUspd; VfNjrnkd;g jwptpj;jw;F xUtop AWg;ngd;whH.
rhj;jdJ nraw;if> rhj;jdJ fw;wwpT vd;gd nraw;iff;fpoik.
45
murdJ KJik> murdJ KjpHT vd;gd KJikf;fpoik.
KJik nad;gJ gpwpNjhH fhuzk; gw;whJ fhyk; gw;wp
xUjiyahf mg; nghUl;fl;Nlhd;Wk; gUtkhfypd; nraw;ifA
slf;fhJ NtW $wpdhH.
rhj;jdJ njhopy;> rhj;jdJ nryT vd;gd tpidf;fpoik. ,it

nka;jpupe;jha jw;fpoik.
rhj;jdJ cilik> rhj;jdJ Njhl;lk; vd;gd cilikf;fpoik
kwpaJjha;. kwpaJ je;ij vd;gd Kiwikf;fpoik.
,iraJ fUtp> tid fyj;jJ jpfpup vd;gd fUtpf;fpoik.
mtdJ Jiz> mtdjpzq;F vd;gd Jizf;fpoik.
epyj;jnjhw;wpf;fyk;4 rhj;jdJ tpiyj;jPl;L vd;gd fyf;fpoik.
xw;wpaJ Kjy;> xw;wpaJ nghUs; vd;gd Kjw;fpoik.
fgpyuJ ghl;L> guzuJ ghl;bay; vd;gd nra;Al;fpoik.
njupe;J nkhopahw; nra;ag;gLjypd; njupe;J nkhopr; nra;jpahapd.

,it nghUl;gpwpjpd;fpoik.
KUfdJ FwpQ;rpepyk;> nts;spajhl;rp vd;gd fpoikf;fpoik.
fhl;ljpahid> ahidaJ fhL vd;gd tho;r;rpf;fpoik. KUfdJ

FwpQ;rpepyk;> ahidaJ fhL vd;gd epyg;gpwpjpd;fpoik.
fhl;ljpahid vd;gJ nghUl;gpwpjpd;fpoik >
VidaJ fhyg; gpwpjpd;fpoik.
jpupe;J NtWg^c kd;d gpwT nkd;wjdhy; vl;r he;J Nfhl;L E}W

rhj;jdnjhg;G njhifaJtpup> nghUsJ NfL> nrhy;yJ nghUs;
vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd nfhs;f. mtw;Ws; vl;rhe;J Nfhl;L E}W
vd;gd Kjyhapd KOtJ}ce; jpupjypd; NtW $wpdhH.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd;fpoik vd;gdtw;iw

tpupj;jthW.
46
Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; jk;Ks; jhk; kaq;fp nghUs; NtWghl;bidj;

je;J epw;Fk; vd;gjid czHj;JjNy ,t;tpaypd; Nehf;fk;
MFk;.,jw;F xd;ww;F cupajha cWg;G xd;wNdhL kaq;FjYk;
xd;ww;Fupa nghUs; xd;wNdhL kaq;FjYk; $wpdikahy;
,g;ngaH ngw;wJ vdj; nja;tr;rpiyahH ciug;ghH. mj;jifa
Ntw;Wik kaf;fk; vd;gJ nghUs; kaf;fk;> cUG kaf;fk; vd ,U
tifg;gLk;. xU Ntw;Wik cUG jd;Dila nghUisj; juhky;
gpw Ntw;Wikg; nghUisj; jUkhdhy; mJ cUG kaf;fk;
vdg;ngWk;.xU Ntw;Wikjd; nghUspy;tuhJ gpwpnjhU Ntw;Wikg;
nghUspYk; nrd;W epd;W nghUs; jUkhdhy; mJ nghUs; kaf;fk;
vd;W miof;fg;ngWk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG kaf;fk;:
,e;j kaf;fk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUSf;F cupaJ> ,r; rhHG

fUkr; rhHG> fUkky;yhr; rhHG vd ,Utifg;gLk.;
xd;wpidnahd;W clk;ghy; rhHjy; fUkr;rhHG vdg;gLk;.

J}izr;rhHe;jhd;
xd;wpidnahd;W clk;ghy; rhHjyd;wp kdj;jhYk; rhHjy;

fUkky;yhr;rhHG vdg;gLk;.
muriur;rhHe;jhd;
fUkk; my;yhr; rhHG vd; fpstpf;F
cupikAk; cilj;Nj>fz; vd; Ntw;Wik
murHfl; rhHe;jhd;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG jd; nghUspy; ePq;fhJ Vohk;

Ntw;Wikf;Fupa ,lg;nghUspYk; kaq;fp te;Js;sJ>
rpid epiyf; fpstpf;F IAk; fz;Zk;
tpid epiy xf;Fk; vd;kdhH GytH
rpidg; nghUs;Nky; epw;Fk; fpstpf;F ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik

cUghfpa IAk; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUghfpa fz;Zk; kaq;fp
epw;Fk;.
Nfhl;ilf; Fiwj;jhd;> Nfhl;bd;fz; Fiwj;jhd;
47
fd;wy;> nryT
fd;wYk; nryTk; xd;WkhH tpidNa
fd;wy; nghUs; Nky; tUk; nrhy;Yk; nryTg;nghUs; Nky; tUk;

nrhy;Yk; Nkw;fz;lthNw kaq;fp epw;Fk;
#jpidf; fd;wpdhd;>
#jpd;fz; fd;wpdhd;
newpiar; nrd;whd;
newpf;fl; nrd;whd;
Kjw;rpidf; fpstpf;F mJ vd; Ntw;Wik
Kjw;fz; tupNd> rpidf;F I tUNk.
Kjw; nrhy;NyhL njhlHe;j rpidr;nrhy;ypw;F mJ Kjw;fz;

tUkhapd; rpidf;F ‘I’ tUk;.
ahidaJ Nfhl;ilf; Fiwj;jhd;
Kjy; Kd; I tupd;>fz; vd; Ntw;Wik
rpid Kd; tUjy; njs;spJ vd;g.
Kjw; nrhy;NyhL njhlHe;j rpidr;nrhy;ypw;F I Kjw;fz;

tUkhapd; rpidf;F fz; tUk;
ahidiaf; Nfhl;bd;fz; Fiwj;jhd;
KjYk; rpidAk; nghUs; NtWglhm@
EtYk; fhiy> nrhw;Fwpg;gpdNt
KjYk; rpidAk; KjyhdJ KjNyaha;r; rpidahdJ

rpidNaaha;j; jk;Ks; NtW nghUshfhJ nrhy;Yk;nghOJ
nrhy;YthdJ> nrhy;Yjyhfpa Fwpg;gpdhy; Kjnyd;Wk;
rpidnad;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;.
nrhw;Fwpg;gpd; vd;wJ Kjnydg;gl;lJ jhNd jd;idg;

gpwpnjhd;ww;F VfNjrkhff; Fwpj;jtopr; rpidAkhk;. rpidnadg;
gl;lJjhNd jd;fz; VfNjrj;ij Nehf;fp Kjnydf; Fwpj;jtop
KjYkha; mikAk;
48
Nfhl;lJ Edpiaf; Fiwj;jhd;. Nfhl;il Edpf;fl; Fiwj;jhd;>
Nfhl;il Edpiaf; Fiwj;jhd; vd Kjw;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;l
cUG rpidf;fz;Zk; te;jjhnyd;W tpdTthH; Nfhl;nld;gJ
,q;F Kjyha; epw;wypd;> Kjypw;F Xjpa cUNg Kjw;fz;
te;jnjd;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpz;lg;nghUs;:
gpz;lg; ngaUk; Mapay; jpupah@
gz;L ,ay; kUq;fpd; kuP,a kuNg
gpz;lj;ijAzHj;Jk; ngaUk; Kjw;rpidg; ngaupay;gpy; jpupe;J

tuhJ. gpz;lk; gy nghUl;nlhFjp MFk;.
,q;F Mapay; jpupah vd khl;nwpe;jjd;top> Kjw; rpidf;

fpstpf;Fg; Nghyg; gpz;lg; ngaHf;F Kjw;fz; MwhtJ tupd;
rpidf;F ,uz;lhtJ tUjYk;> Kjw;F ,uz;lhtJ tupd;
rpidf;F VohtJ tUjYk;> rpWghd;ik ,uz;lhtJ tUjYk;
cz;lhk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
Fg;igaJ jiyiar; rpjwpdhd;> Fg;igiaj; jiyf;fl; rpjwpdhd;>

Fg;igiaj; jiyiar; rpjwpdhd; vd tUk;.
xL tpid xLr;nrhy;:
xL tpid xLr; nrhy; caHgpd; topj;Nj
mjNdhbiae;j xUtpidf; fpstpnad %d;whtjw;Nfhjpa

xUtpid xLr;nrhy; caHnghUis czHj;Jk; ngaHtopj; Njhd;wp
epw;Fk;.
rhd;W: murNdhbisaH te;jhH. MrpupandhL khzhf;fH te;jhH

vd tUk;.
caHnghUl; ngaHtop xL mikAk;. vdNt> caHgpy;yhj topr;

rhj;jDq; nfhw;wDk; te;jhH vd ,UngaUk; vOthaha; epw;Fk;
49
ehnahL ek;gp te;jhd; vd ,opngaHf;fz;Zk; xU tpidnahLr;
nrhy; te;jJ vdpy;> ahjhDk; Xuhw;whd; mjw;F caHG
cz;lhapd; my;yJ mt;thW $whH@ $Wgthapd;> m/J xU
tpidnahLr; nrhy;nydg;glhJ. ifg;nghUnshL te;jhd;
vd;gJNghy> mJ jdf;Fz;lhf te;jhnddg; gpwpJ nghUs;
gLtNjhHxLTUghFk; vd ciu tFg;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
,jid Ntw;Wikapaypd;fz; mjdpdpawy;' (nrhy;. 14) vd;DQ;

#j;jpuj;jpd; gpd; mikf;fhJ ,q;F itj;jjw;F NrdhtiuaH
fhuzk; Rl;LthH. Ntw;Wikapaypy; ngaUk; KiwAe; njhifAk;
nghJ tifahd; mtw;wpd; ,yf;fzKk; czHj;jpajy;yJ. ,d;d
Ntw;Wik ,d;d nghUl;fz; ,d;dthwhnkd;Dk; tpNrl ,yf;fzk;
czHj;jtpy;iyahjyhd;> mq;F czHj;jhJ tpLj;jhH;. NkYk;
,g;nghUl;fz; ,t;thwhnkd tpNrl tpyf;fzk; %d;wD ike;jDk;
(nrhy; - 92) vdf; $Wfpd;whuhfypd;> mjNdhbiaa <z;L
itj;jhH . ,JTk; xU nghUs; gw;wp XJfpd;w tpNrl
,yf;fzkhfyhk; vd;gJ vdf; Fwpg;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
Mf;fnkhL GzHe;j VJf; fpstp:
%d;wDk; Ie;jDk; Njhd;wf; $wpa
Mf;fnkhL GzHe;j VJf; fpstp
Nehf;F Xuida vd;kdhH GytH
%d;whk; Ntw;wikaplj;Jk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikaplj;Jk; tpsq;fr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l Mf;fj;NjhL $ba VJr;nrhy; mt; VJg;
nghUz;ikia Nehf;Fk; Nehf;F xUjd;ikajhFk;.
rhd;W :thzpfj;jhdhapdhd;> thzpfj;jhdha nghUs; vd;Wk;

thzpfj;jpd; Mapdhd;thzpfj;jpdha nghUs; vdTk; tUk;.
thzpfj;jhd;> thzpfj;jpd; vd cUnghL njhlHe;J epd;w nrhy;

VJf;fpstp vdg;ngWk;.
mjd;tpidg; gLj yjdp dhjy; (nrhy; - 74) vd;Wk; GJik

goik ahf;fk; (nrhy; - 78) vd;Wk; %d;whtjw;Fk; Ie;jhtjw;Fk;
VJg;nghUs; Nkw;$wg;gl;likahy; ,r; #j;jpuk; Njitad;Nw vdpd;
gpupepiyNafhu Kjyhfpa ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; xUrhH tpidr;nrhy;Yk;
Kd;G $wg;gl;ld vdpDk;> vr;rkhjy; vd;Dk; xg;Gikahd; vr;r
Muha;r;rpf;fz; mitjk;ikNa>
50
gpupepiy tpidNa ngaNu nahopapir
najpHkiw Ak;ik nadNt nrhy;Ny (nrhy; - 430)
vdg; gpd;Dq; $wpdhw;Nghy;> VJg;nghUz;ik %d;whtjw;Fk;

Ie;jhtjw;Fk; Nkw;$wg;gl;ljhapDk;> kaf;fkhjnyhg;Gikahd;
kaf;fthuha;r;rpf;fz; <z;Lq; $wpdhuhfypd; $wpaJ $wnyd;Dq;
Fw;wkpd;nwd;gjhk; ,/J mr;rf;fpstp' (nrhy; - 100)
vd;gjw;Fnkhf;Fk;>m/Njy;> kaf;fkhtJ xU Ntw;Wik
gpwpnjhd;wd; nghUl; fl;Nrwyd;Nw@ VJtpd; fz; tUk; %d;whtJk;
Ie;jhtJk; jk; nghUNs gw;wp epw;wypd; kaq;fpd
ntdg;glhntdpd;:- VJg;nghUz;ik jdf;Fupathw;whd; mtw;wpw;Fj;
jd; nghUshapdthW Nghyg; gpwpnjhd;ww; Fwpathw;whw;
gpwpnjhd;wd; nghUshjY Kilikapd;> mk; Kfj;jhd; kaq;fpd
ntdNt gLnkd;gJ> my;yJ}ck; xU nghUl;fz; ,uz;LUG
nrd;w Jizahd; kaf;fkhapw;W vdpDk; mikAk; vd
tpsf;FthH NrdhtiuaH
Nehf;F my; Nehf;fk;:
,uz;ld; kUq;fpd; Nehf;F my; Nehf;fk;> mt;
,uz;ld; kUq;fpd;> VJTk; MFk;
Nehf;fyp dQ;rypd;' (nrhy; - 72) vd ,uz;lhtjw;Nfhjpa Nehf;fg;

nghUz;ik Nehf;fpa Nehf;fk;> Nehf;fy; Nehf;fk; vd ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;. Nehf;fpa Nehf;fk; fz;zhNdhf;Fjy;> Nehf;fy;
Nehf;fk; kdj;jhy; xd;wid Nehf;Fjy; MFk;. me; Nehf;fy;
Nehf;fkhfpa nghUs; %d;whtjw;Fk; Ie;jhtjw;FKupa VJg;
nghUz;ikAkha; mikAk;.
Nehf;fy; Nehf;fj;jhy; Nehf;fg;gLk; nghUis> Nehf;fy;>

Nehf;fndd;whH.Nehf;fy;Nehf;fk; mt; ,uz;ld; kUq;fpd;
VJTkhFk;. vdNt> mj;jifa VJg; nghUz;ikf;Fupa ,uz;LUGk;
mt VJg; nghUz;ikapy; jPuhJ ,uz;lhtjd; nghUl;fz; tUk;
xk;gilg;nghUl;fz; tUtdtw;wpw;Fk; mj;jifa fUj;jpidr;
rhHe;Njahk;..
thNdhf;fp thO Kynfy;yhk; kd;dtd;
NfhNdhf;fp thOq; Fb (Fws; - 542)
51
vd;wjpy; thid Nehf;fp thOk;> Nfhiy Nehf;fp thOk; vd
,uz;lhtJ tUjNyad;wp> thdhNdhf;fp thOk;> thdpNdhf;fp
thOk;> NfhyhNdhf;fp thOk; NfhypNdhf;fp thOk; vd
%d;whtJk; Ie;jhtJk; te;J epw;Fk;.
VJthapdthnwd;id nadpd;:- capUq; FbAk; thidAq;

NfhiyA Nehf;FtJ mtw;whdha gad;gw;wp mtw;iwj;
jhkpd;wpaikahik ad;Nw@ mjdhd; mt;thW gad;gLtd
mtw;wjpd; wpaikahikf;F VJthjYKilantd;gJ. m/Njy;>
thDq;NfhYk; VJthatop Nehf;fg;gLtd; gpwththd;
nry;Ynkdpd;:-mw;wd;W@ fz;Zl; Fj;jpdhd; vd;wtopf; fz;Nz
nrag;gL nghUshjYk; ngwg;gl;lhw;Nghy> thdhNdhf;Fk;.
NfhyhNdhf;Fk; vd;GopAk; mitjhNk nrag;gL nghUshjYk;
ngwg;gl;likahy;> Nehf;fg;gLtd gpwththd; vd viu tpsf;fk;
jUthH NrdhtiuaH.
mJntd; Ntw;Wik:
mJ vd; Ntw;Wik caHjpizj;njhiftapd;>
mJ vd; cUG nfl> Ffuk; tUNk
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUz;Nky; tUk; caHjpizj; njhiff;fz;

cUG tpupg;Gop mJntd;Dk; Mwhk; Ntw;wik cUG nfl
mt;tplj;J ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk;
ek;gp kfd;> eq;if fztd; vd;gjid tpupf;Fk; ,lj;J ek;gpf;F

kfd;> eq;iff;F fztd; vd ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG te;J
epw;Fk;.
caHjpizj; njhiftapd;mJntDk; cUGnflf; Ffuk;

tUnkd;wjdhy; MwDUG m/wpizg;ghy; Njhd;wp epw;Fk; vd;gJ
ngwg;gLk;;.
caHjpizj; njhiftapd; Mwhtjid tpyf;fp ehd;fhtNj

Nrwypd;>,jdjpJtpw;W (nrhy; - 110) vd;DQ; #j;jpuj;jhy;
$wg;gLk; nghUNshL ,jid cld; itf;fhJ njhy;fhg;gpaH
,jid NtWgLj;jpf; $wp tpsf;fpdhH.
jLkhW njhopw;ngaH:
jLkhW njhopw;ngaHf;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk;
fb epiy ,yNt> nghUs;tapdhd.
52
jdf;Nf cupj;jha; epy;yhJ xUfhy; <w;Wg; ngaNuhL nrd;W
jLkhWk; njhopnyhL njhlHe;j ngaHf;F ,uz;lhtJk;
%d;whtJkhfpa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; tUtJfbag;glhJ.
mt;Ntw;Wik njhf mtw;wpd; nghUs; epw;Fe; njhiffsplj;J
vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
rhd;W: :Gypnfhd;w ahid> Gypnfhy; ahid vd;wtop>; Gypiaf;

nfhd;w ahid vdTk; Gypahw; nfhy;yg;gl;l ahid vdTk;
,uz;lhtJk; %d;whtJk; kaq;fp epw;Fk;.
<w;Wg; ngaH Kd;dH nka; mwp gDtypd;
Ntw;Wik njupg> czUNkhNu
jLkhW njhopnyhL GzHe;j ngaUs;> ,Wjpg;

ngaHKd;dHg;nghUs; NtWghLzHj;JQ; nrhy;tupd;
mr;nrhy;ypidf; nfhz;L nghUs; NtWghL czHjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Gypnfhy;ahid Xlhepd;wJ> Gypnfhy; ahidf; NfhL te;jd vd
tUk;.
gpwkaf;fk; NghyhJ ,q;F nghUs; NtWghLzHe;jy;yJ cUG

tpupf;fyhfhikapd;> ,jid nka;awp gDtypd; Ntw;Wik njupg
vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
Xk;gilf; fpstp:
Xk;gilf; fpstpf;F IAk; MDk;
jhk; gpupT ,yNt> njhif tU fhiy.
Xk;gilg; fpstpf;F ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa IfhuTUGk;

%d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa MDUGk; te;J epw;Fk;.@
Xk;gLj;jy;-ghJfhj;jy; vd;Dk; nghUsJ.
GypNghw;wpth vd;gjpy; Xk;gilf;fpstp ,uz;lhtjw;FXjpa fhg;Gg;

nghUspy; mlq;Ftjhy; Gypiag; Nghw;wp thntd IfhuTUGk;> Gyp
mtd; Nghw;wp tUjw;F fhuzKk; Mjyhy; Gypahw;
Nghw;wpthntd MDUGk; te;jikAk;.
tho;r;rpf; fpoik:
Mwd; kUq;fpd; tho;r;rpf; fpoikf;F
VOk; MFk;> ciw epyj;jhd.
53
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; Xjpa tho;r;rpf;fpoikf;F Vohk;
Ntw;WikAk; tUk;.
fhl;Lahid vd;gJ fhl;lJ ahid> fhl;bd;fz; ahid vd

mikAk;.
ahidf;fhL> ek;gpa+H vd;gd tho;r;rpf;fpoikg;nghUsthapDk;>

mq;F Vohk; Ntw;Wik kaq;fhJ vd;gjw;F ciwepyj;jhd vdf;
Fwpj;jhH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
nfhil vjpH fpstp:
Fj; njhf t&ck; nfhil vjpH fpstp
mg; nghUs; Mww;F cupj;Jk; MFk;
Ft;ntd;Dk; Ntw;WikAUG njhftUq; nfhilnajpH fpstpaplj;J

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk;. nfhilapid Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
nrhy; nfhilnajpH fpstp vdg;gLk;.
ehfHgyp vd;gJ ehfHf;F NeHe;j gypnad tpupjNyad;wp ehfuJ

gypnadTk; tpupAk;.
mr;rf; fpstp:
mr;rf; fpstpf;F Ie;Jk; ,uz;Lk;
vr;rk; ,yNt> nghUs;tapdhd
mr;rf; fpstpf;F Ie;jhk; Ntw;WikAk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikAk;

xj;j jd;ikAiladtha; tUk;.
gopaQ;Rk; vd;wtop gopapdQ;Rk;> gopiaQ;Rk; vd tUk;.
Gwdil:
md;d gpwTk; njhy; newp gpioahJ>
cUgpDk; nghUspDk; nka; jLkhwp>
,U tapd; epiyAk; Ntw;Wik vy;yhk;
jpupG ,ld; ,yNt> njupANkhHf;Nf
Nky; kaf;fq; $wg;gl;l Ntw;WikNaad;wp> mit Nghy;td gpwTk;>

njhd;W njhl;L tUk; tof;fpw; gpioahJ> cUghDk; nghUshDk;
54
xd;wd; epiyf; fsj;J xd;W nrd;W> gpwpnjhd;wd; nghUSe; jd;
nghUSkhfpa ,Utifaplj;Jk; epiyngWk; Ntw;Wiknay;yhe;
jpupGiladty;y vd;gjhk;.@
md;d gpwthtd-NehapdPq;fpdhd; Nehia ePq;fpdhd; vdTk;>

rhj;jhid ntFz;lhd; rhj;jndhL ntFz;lhd; vdTk;> Kiwahw;
Fj;Jq;Fj;J Kiwapw; Fj;Jq;Fj;J vdTk;> flNyhL fhnlhl;lhJ
fliyf; fhnlhl;lhJ tUtdTk; gpwTkhk;.
cUG njhlHe;J mLf;fpa Ntw;Wikf; fpstp
xU nrhy; eila> nghUs; nry; kUq;Nf
gyTUGfSk; jk;Ks; njhlHe;jLf;fp te;j Ntw;Wikr;

nrhw;fnsy;yhk; Kbf;FQ; nrhy;nyhd;wpdhy; Kw;Wg; ngw;W
elf;Fk;
vd;ndhL epd;ndhLQ; #ohJ vdTk;>
me;jzH E}w;Fk; mwj;jpw;F khjpaha;
epd;wJ kd;dtd; Nfhy; (Fws; - 543)vdTk; tUk;.
rhj;jd; jhiaf; fhjyd;> eha; Njtdhapw;W vd;gdtw;wpy; jhia

Njtd; vd;gd> fhjyd; gadpiyf;F milahnkhopaha;
,ilepd;whw; Nghy Nfhl;ilEdpfl; Fiwj;jhd;>jpidapw;
fpspiaf; fbAk; vd;gdtw;wpy; Edpf;fz;> fpspia vd;gd>
Fiwj;jhd; fbAnkd;Dk; Kbf;FQ; nrhy;ypw;F milaha;
,ilepd;wthfypd; mit gy cUGfs; njhle;jLf;fpaikf;F
cjhuzkhfhJ vd NrdhtiuaH kWf;fpd;whH.
Fioiar; rhj;jdJ fs;supd; vd ,t;thW njhluhJ tU

tdtw;iw ePf;Fjw;F cUG njhlHe;jLf;fpantd;W> eP je;j
Nrhw;iwAq; $iwiaAKz;LLj; jpUe;Njk; vd ,d;Ndhud;Dop xU
nrhy;yhw; nghUs; nry;yhikapd; mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;Fg; nghUs;
nrd;kUq;nfd;Wq; $wpdhH NrdhtiuaH.
,WjpAk;> ,ilAk;> vy;yh cUGk;>
newp gL nghUs;tapd; epyTjy; tiuahH.
MW cUGfSk; mt;tt; njhlHfz; ,WjpapYk; ,ilapYk;

epw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,Wjpapy; tpupe;J epd;wd
55
fle;jhd; epyj;ij>
te;jhd; rhj;jndhL>
nfhLj;jhd; rhj;jw;F>
typad; rhj;jdpd;
,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;Jf;fz;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,ilapy; tpupe;J epd;wd
epyj;ijf; fle;jhd;>
rhj;jndhL te;jhd; >
rhj;jw;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;>
rhj;jdpd; typad;
rhj;jdjhil
Fd;wj;jJf;fzpUe;jhd;
vy;yh cUGfSk; ,ilapYk; ,WjpAYk; tpupe;J epw;Fk; vdpDk;

Mwhk; Ntw;WikAk; Vohk; Ntw;wikAk; ,Wjpf;fz; tpupahJ>Mil
rhj;jdJ $if Fd;wj;Jf;fz; vd ,Wjpf;fz; tpupg;gpd; Mil
rhj;jdjhapw;W> $if Fd;wj;jpd;fz; cs;sJ vd nghUs;
jUkhjypd; ,q;qdk; czHj;jy; nghUe;jhjhk;.Mil rhj;jdJ
vd;wtop tpidf; Fwpg;ghd; nghUs; $wpd; Mwd; cUGk;
tpupf;fg;gLk; vdf; $wpdhHNrdhtiuaH>
gpwpJ gpwpJ Vw;wYk;> cUG njhf tUjYk;>
newpgl toq;fpa top kUq;F vd;g.
gpwpNjhH cUG gpwpNjhH cUig Vw;wYk; MWUGe; njhf;F

epw;wYk;> newpgl toq;fpa tof;ifr; rhHe;jjhk;
rhj;jdjid>
rhj;jdjndhL>
rhj;jdjw;F>
rhj;jdjdpd;>
rhj;jdjd;fz; vd Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG gpw cUNgw;wthWk; @
56
epyq;fle;jhd;>
jha;%tH>
fUg;G> Ntyp>
tiutPoUtp>
rhj;jd;if>
Fd;wf; $if vd Ntw;Wik cUg njhf;f tUjYk; fhz;f.
fle;jhdpyk; -I
,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;J– fz; vd cUGfs; njhf;F epd;wd.
IAk; fz;Zk; my;yhg; nghUs;tapd;
nka; cUG njhfhm ,Wjpahd
Ifhu Ntw;Wikg; nghUSq; fz;nzd Ntw;Wikg; nghUSky;yhj

gpw nghUspd;Nky; epd;w cUG njhlHnkhopapWjpf;fz; njhf;fp
epw;fkhl;lh..
mwq;fwf;Fk; vd ,ilf;fz; njhf;fp epd;w ehd;fhtJ cUG

fwf;F kwk;vd ,Wjpf;fz; njhf;F epy;yhik mwpf.
cUG kaf;fk;:
ahjd; cUgpd; $wpw;WMapDk;>
nghUs; nry; kUq;fpd; Ntw;Wik rhUk;.
xU njhlH ahjhDNkhH Ntw;Wik cUG nfhLj;Jr;

nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; mt; cUgpidr; rhHe;J njhlHnghUs;
nry;yhJ. nghUs; nry;Yk; topiar; rhHe;J Ntw;Wik nry;Yk;.@
nghUs; nry;yhik vdg;gLtJ cUNgw;w nrhy;Yk; cUG

Nehf;fpa nrhy;Ye; jk;Ks; ,spahik. mt;Ntw;Wikiar; rhHjy;
vd;gJ mjd; nghUl;lhjy;.
fpisaup ehzw; fpoq;Fkzw; fPd;w
KisNah ud;d Ks;nsapw;Wj; JtHtha;.' (mfk;- 212)
57
vd;w ghlypd;fz; mike;j fpoq;Fkzw; fPd;w Kis vd;w
njhlupy; kzw;F vd ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG gapd;W tupDk;
kzypd;fz; vd;w ,lg;nghUNs rpwe;J epd;wJ.
Ntw;WikAk; vjpHkiwAk;:
vjpH kWj;J nkhopapDk;> jk;jk; kugpd;
nghUs; epiy jpupah> Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;Ny.
tpjpKfj;jhy; $whJ vjpH kWj;Jf;$wpDk;> jj;jk;

,yf;fzj;jhd; tUk; nghUs; epiyikapdpd;Wk; Ntw;Wik cUG
khWtjpy;iy.
kuj;ijf; Fiwg;ghd; tpjpKfj;jhw; $wpaJ –
Ntyhy;vwpahd; - vjpHkWj;Jf; $wpaJ
nra;Al;F tpjp:
F> I> Md; vd t&ck; ,Wjp
mt;nthL rptZk;> nra;ASs;Ns.
F I Mndd tUk; %d;WUgpd; ,WjpAk; nra;Aspd;fz;

mfuj;NjhL nghUe;jpepw;Fk;.
fbepiy apd;Nw ahrpup aw;f vdTk;>
fht Nyhdf; fspwQ; Rk;Nk vdTk;
fspW kQ;Rkf;fht Nyhd vdTk;
GiujPH Nfs;tpg; Gyt uhd' vdTk;
cs;sk; Nghy Tw;Wop AjTk;>
Gs;spapw; fypkh Tilikahd vdTk; tUk;.
FfuKk; IfhuKk; <W nfl mfuj;njhL rptzYilikahd; > I

Md; F vd Kiwapy; $whJ. F I vd mtw;iw
,iaaitj;jhH. ,iaa itf;fpd;wtH Ifhuk; Kd;itf;fntdpd;@-
Kiw mJthapDQ; nra;Aspd;gk; Nehf;fpf; Ffuk;
Kd;itj;jhnud;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
58
m vdg; gpwj;jy; m/wpiz kUq;fpd;
Ft;Tk; IAk; ,y; vd nkhopg
m/wpizg; ngaHf;fz; mfuj;njhL rptzp <Wjpupjy; Ft;Tk;

IAkpy;nyd vd;Dk; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,y;iy. ,t;tplj;J m vdj;
jpupjiym vdg;gpwj;j vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
gpw cWGfs; ehd;fd; cUgpy; nrd;W kaq;Fjy;:
,jdJ ,J ,w;W vd;Dk; fpstpAk;>
mjidf; nfhs;Sk; nghUs;tapdhDk;>
mjdhd; nraw;glw;F xj;j fpstpAk;>
Kiw nfhz;L vOe;j ngaHr;nrhy; fpstpAk;>
ghy; tiu fps+tpAk;> gz;gpd; Mf;fKk;>
fhyj;jpd; mwpAk; Ntw;Wikf; fpstpAk;>
gw;W tpL fpstpAk;> jPHe;J nkhopf; fpstpAk;>
md;d gpwTk;> ehd;fd; cUgpd;
njhy; newp kugpd> Njhd;wyhNw.
,jdjpJ ,j;jd;ikj; njd;Dk; Mwhjtd; nghUz;ikAk;>

xd;widnahd;W vd;Dk; ,uz;lhtjd; nghUz;ikAk;
xd;wdhndhd;W njhopw;glw;F xf;Fk; vd;Dk; %d;whtjd;
nghUz;ikAk;> Kiwg; nghUz;ikiaf; nfhz;L epd;w ngaHr;
nrhy;ypdJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUz;ikAk;> epyj;ij tiue;J
$Wk; nghUz;ikAk; gz;gpd;fzhk; nghUTkhfpa Ie;jhtjd;
nghUz;ikAk;> fhyj;jpd; fz; mwpag;gLk; Vohk; Ntw;Wikg;
nghUz;ikAk; gw;WtpL nghUz;ikAk;> jPHe;Jnkhopg;
nghUz;ikAkhfpa Ie;jhtjd; nghUz;ikAk;> mitNghy;td
gpwTk; ehd;fd; cUgpy; njhd;ndwp njhl;Lj; Njhd;Wk; kugpd
MFk;.
ahidf;Ff;NfhL $upJ vdTk;
,tl;Ff; nfhs;Sk; ,t;tzp vdTk;
mtw;Fr; nra;aj;jFk; mf;fhupak; vdTk;
Mtpw;Ff; fd;W vdTk;
59
fUt+Hf;Ff; fpof;F vdTk;
rhj;jw;F nebad; vdTk;
fhiyf;F tUk; vdTk;
kidtho;f;iff;Fg; gw;Wtpl;lhd; vdTk;
CHf;Fj; jPHe;jhd; vdTk; ehd;fd; cUG tUk;.
md;dgpwTk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpaH tpje;Njhjpaikahy;>
CHf;fz;nrd;whd;.
CHf;fZw;wJ nra;thd; - vd;Dk; Vohtjd; nghUl; fz;Zk;>
Cupw;Nrad; - vd;Dk; Ie;jhtjd; nghUl; fz;Zk;>
CHf;Fr; nrd;whd;
CHf;Fw;wJ nra;thd;
CHf;Fr; Nrad; - vd ehd;fhtJ tUjy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Vid cUGk; md;d kugpd@
khdk; ,yNt> nrhy; Kiwahd.
ehd;fd; cUgy;yhj gpwTUGk; njhifay;yhj njhlHnkhopf;fz;

xd;wd;nghUs; rpijahik xd;W kaq;Fjy; Fw;wky;y.
E}yJ Fw;wq;$wpdhd; vdTk; njhlH nkhopf;fz; E}iyf;

Fw;wq;$wpdhd; vdTk;>
mtl;Ff;Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; vdTk; njhlHnkhopf;fz; mtsJ

Fw;Nwty; nra;Ak; vdTk; tUtdTk; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
njhopy; Kjy;epiy:
tpidNa> nra;tJ> nrag;gLnghUNs>
epyNd> fhyk;> fUtp> vd;wh
,d;djw;F> ,J gad; Mf> vd;Dk;
md;d kugpd; ,uz;nlhLk; njhif,>
Mnal;L vd;g njhopy; KjdpiyNa
60
tpidAk;> tpid KjYk;> nrag;gL nghUSk;> epyKk;> fhyKk;>
fUtpAkhfpa MWk;> ,d;djw;F> ,J gadhf vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;
,uz;nlhLe; njhf;Fj; njhopyJ Kjdpiy vl;lhnkd;W nrhy;YtH
njhopd; Kjdpiy vd;wJ njhopyJ fhuzj;ij> fhupaj;jpd;

Kd;dpw;wypd; Kjdpiy Mapw;W. fhuznkdpDk; fhufnkdpDk;
xUnghUsjhk;.
tide;jhd; vd;wtop> tidjw;nwhopYk;> tide;j fUj;jhTk;>

tidag;gl;l FlKk;> tidjw;fplkhfpa epyKk;> mj;njhopy;
epfOq;fhyKk;> mjw;Ff; fUtpahfpa jpfpup KjyhapdTk;>
tidag;gl;l Flj;ijf; nfhs;thDk;> tide;jjdhdha
gaDkhfpa vl;Lk; gw;wp mj;njhopy; epfoe;;jthW fz;Lnfhs;f
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
mitjhk;>
toq;F ,ay; kUq;fpd; Fd;Wt Fd;Wk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l njhopd; Kjdpiy jhk; vy;yhj; njhopw;Fk; vl;Lk;

tUnkd;Wk; nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy. tof;fpd;fl;rpy njhopw;fz;;
Fd;wj;jFtd Fd;wptUk;.mt;thW Fd;wj; jFtdthtd
nrag;gLnghUSk; Vw;gJk; gaDkhk;.
nfhbahbw;W> tsptoq;fpw;W vd;wtop nray;gL nghUSk; Vw;gJk;

gaDkhfpa KjdpiyahapDk;> xope;jdtw;whd; MLjYk;
toq;fYkhfpa njhopy; epfo;e;jthW fz;Lnfhs;f vd;gH
NrdhtiuaH>
MFngaHf; fpstp :
Kjypd; $Wk; rpid mwp fpstpAk;>
rpidapd; $Wk; Kjy; mwp fpstpAk;>
gpwe;jtopf; $wYk;> gz;G nfhs; ngaUk;>
,ad;wJ nkhopjYk;> ,Unganuhl;Lk;>
tpidKjy; ciuf;Fk; fpstpnahL njhif,>
mid kugpdNt MFngaHf; fpstp
ahjhDk; XH ,iaG gw;wp xd;wd; ngaH mjw;F ,iaGila

gpwpnjhd;wpw;F Mfp tUtJ MFngaH vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F
61
Kjw;nrhy; tha;ghl;lhw; $wg;gLQ; rpid awp fpstpAk;>
rpidr;nrhy; tha;g;ghl;lhw; $wg;gLk; Kjywp fpstpAk;>epyj;Jg;
gpwe;j nghUz;Nky; me;epyg;ngaH $wYk;> gz;Gg;ngaH
mg;gz;Gilajid AzHj;jpg; gz;G nfhs; ngauha; epd;wJ}ck;>
Kjw; fhuzg;ngauhd; mf; fhuzj;jhdpad;w fhupaj;ijr;
nrhy;YjYk; md;nkhopg; nghUz;Nkdpd;w ,Unga nuhl;Lk;>
nrag;gl;l nghUz;Nky; mjidr; nra;jhd; ngaiur; nrhy;YQ;
nrhy;Ynkd mg; ngw;wpg;gl;l ,yf;fzj;ij Ailad MFngaH
vd ciutFg;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
fLj;jpd;whd;> njhq;Fjpd;whd; vd Kjw; ngaH rpid NkYk;>
,iy el;L thOk;> g+ el;L thOk;> vdr; rpidg;ngaH Kjd;

NkYk;>
Fopg;ghb NeupJ vd epyg;ngaH me; epyj;Jg; gpwe;j Mil NkYk;>
,k; kzp ePyk; vdg; gz;Gg;ngaH mg; gz;Gilajd; NkYk;>
,f; Flk; nghd; vdf; fhuzg;ngaH mjdhdpad;w fhupaj;

jpd;NkYk;>
nghw;nwhb te;jhs; vd ,Unganuhl;L md;nkhopg; nghUs;NkYk;>
,t;thil Nfhypfd; vdr; nra;jhd; ngaH nrag;gl;ljd; NkYk;>

te;J epw;Fk;.
md;nkhopj;njhif vr;rtpaYs; czHj;jg;gLjypd; <z;Lf; $wy;

Ntz;lh ntdpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH mjw;fhd
tpilapidg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;ghH.
md;nkhopj; njhif njhifahjYilikahd; Mz;Lf; $wpdhH@

ngaH ,aw;ifg; ngaH MFngaH vd ,uz;lhFk;. nghw;nwhb
te;jhs; vd;gjpy; nghw;nwhb vd;gJ ngz;zpd;
,aw;ngaud;W>Mapd; MFngauhk;. vdpDk; nghd;> njhb vdlgd
,ize;J ngz;zpidf; Fwpj;jjhjypd; ,J
md;nkhopj;njhifahk;.
md;nkhopj;njhif vr;rtpaYs; czHj;jg;gLk;@ mjdhy; mt;

MFngauhjYilik gw;wp <z;Lf; $wpdhH. vr;rtpaYl;
$wg;gl;lthapDk; tpidnar;r Kjyhapd tpidr; nrhy;yhjYk;
,ilr;nrhy;yhjYk; cilikahd; mtw;iw tpidapaYs;Sk;
,ilapaYs;Sq; $wpa thW Nghy vd;ghH>
62
mitjhk;>
jk;jk; nghUs;tapd; jk;nkhL rptzYk;>
xg;G ,y; topahd; gpwpJ nghUs; Rl;lYk;>
mg; gz;gpdNt> EtYk; fhiy
Ntw;Wik kUq;fpd; Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l MFngaHjhk; jj;jk; nghUspd; ePq;fhJ jk;nghUspd;

Ntwy;yhj nghUnshL GzHjYk;> jk; nghUl;fpiagpy;yhj gpwpJ
nghUisr;Rl;b epw;wYk; vd ,uz;L ,ay;Gfis cilaJ>
fLntd;D Kjw;ngaH KjNyhL xw;WikAila rpidNky; epw;wy;

jj;jk; nghUs; tapw;wk;nkhL rptzyhk;.
Fopg;ghbnad;Dk; ,lg;ngaH ,lj;jpd; Ntwha MilNky; epw;wy;

xg;gpy; topahw; gpwpJ nghUs; Rl;lyhk;.
Fopg;ghbAk; MilAk; ,lKk; ,lj;Jepfo; nghUSkhfpa

,iaGila thfypdd;Nw mjd; ngaH mjw;fhapw;W@ mjdhd;
m/njhg;gpy; topahw; gpwpJ nghUs; Rl;lyhkhnwd;idnadpd;:-
mt; tpiaGilaNtDk;> KjYQ;rpidAk; gz;Gk;
gz;GilaJkhjd; Kjyhfpa xw;Wikahfpa ,iagpdthfypd;>
mit jk;Ks; NtnwdNt gLk;@ mjdhw; Fopg;ghbnad;gJ xg;gpy;
topahw; gpwpJ nghUs; Rl;lNyah nkd;gJ. xw;Wikahfpa
,iaGs;top mJ jj;jk; nghUs;tapw; wk;nkhL rptzpw;nwd;Wk;>
mt;tpiagpd;wp ,lKk; ,lj;Jepfo; nghUSkhjd; Kjyhfpa
,iaNgaha top ,/njhg;gpy; topahw; gpwpJ nghUs;
Rl;bw;nwd;Wk;> NtWgLj;Jzug;gLnkd;ghH> Ntw;Wik kUq;fpw;
Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk;vd;whH vd;gJ. m/Njy;> ,jidg; gpupj;J xU
#j;jpukhf ciuj;jhuhy; ciuahrpupanudpd;:- mq;qdk; gpupg;gpd;>
jk;nkhL rptzYk; gpwpJ nghUs; Rl;lYkhfpa ,tw;wJ
NtWghl;bd;fz; vd;gJ ,dpJ ngwg;glhikahDk;>
vOj;Njhj;jpDs; Gs;sp apWjpA KaPupW fpstpAk; (vO-156)
vd;DQ; #j;jpuj;J ,e;epfHg; ghJfhtiyg; gpupahJ xd;whfNt
Aiuj;jyhDk;> mtHf;fJ fUj;jd; nwd;f vd tpdh vOg;gp tpil
gfHthH NrdhtiuaH>
msT> epiwg;ngaH:
msT epiwAk; mtw;nwhL nfhs;top
cs vd nkhopg> czHe;jprpNdhNu.
63
msTg;ngaUk; epiwg;ngaUk; MFngauhff; nfhs;SkplKk;
cilantd;W nrhy;YtH czHe;NjhH
gjf;Fj;J}zp vd;Dk; msTg; ngaH ,e;new;gjf;F> ,g;gaW J}zp

vdTk;>
njhb Jyhnkd;Dk; epiwg; ngaH ,g;nghd;nwhb> ,t; nts;sp

Jyhk; vdTk;> msf;fg;gl;l nghUz; NkYk; epWf;fg; gl;l
MFngauha; epd;wd.
fpse;j my;y NtW gpw Njhd;wpDk;>
fpse;jtw;W ,ayhd; czHe;jdH nfhsNy!
nrhy;yg;gl;ldNtad;wpg; gpwTk; MFngaUsNty;> mitnay;yhQ;

nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;wpd;,ay;ghy; czHe;J nfhs;f vd;ghH
njhy;fhg;gpaH. nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;wJ,ay;ghtJ ahjhDNkhH ,iaG
gw;wp xd;wd;Nky; toq;fg;gLjy;.
aho;Foy; vd;Dq; fUtpg;ngaH aho; Nfl;lhd;> Foy;Nfl;lhd; vd

mtw;whdhfpa XirNkYk; MFngauha; epd;wd.
ahid ghit vd;Dk; ctikg;ngaH ahid te;jhd;> ghit

te;jhs; vd ctkpf;fg;gLk; nghUz; Nky; epd;wd.
VW Fj;J vd;De; njhopw;ngaH ,/NjhNuW> ,/NjhHFj;J vd

mj;njhopyhdhk; tLtpd; Nky; epd;wd.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.Mf;fnkhL GzHe;j VJf;fpstp vt;thW tUk;?
Mf;fnkhL GzHe;j VJf; fpstp:
: %d;wDk; Ie;jDk; Njhd;wf; $wpa
Mf;fnkhL GzHe;j VJf; fpstp
Nehf;F Xuida vd;kdhH GytH
%d;whk; Ntw;wikaplj;Jk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikaplj;Jk; tpsq;fr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l Mf;fj;NjhL $ba VJr;nrhy; mt; VJg;
nghUz;ikia Nehf;Fk; Nehf;F xUjd;ikajhFk;.
rhd;W :thzpfj;jhdhapdhd;> thzpfj;jhdha nghUs; vd;Wk;

thzpfj;jpd; Mapdhd;thzpfj;jpdha nghUs; vdTk; tUk;.
64
2.cUG kaf;fk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
cUG kaf;fk;:
ahjd; cUgpd; $wpw;WMapDk;>
nghUs; nry; kUq;fpd; Ntw;Wik rhUk;.
xU njhlH ahjhDNkhH Ntw;Wik cUG nfhLj;Jr;

nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; mt; cUgpidr; rhHe;J njhlHnghUs;
nry;yhJ. nghUs; nry;Yk; topiar; rhHe;J Ntw;Wik nry;Yk;.
nghUs; nry;yhik vdg;gLtJ cUNgw;w nrhy;Yk; cUG

Nehf;fpa nrhy;Ye; jk;Ks; ,spahik. mt;Ntw;Wikiar; rhHjy;
vd;gJ mjd; nghUl;lhjy;.
fpisaup ehzw; fpoq;Fkzw; fPd;w
KisNah ud;d Ks;nsapw;Wj; JtHtha;. (mfk;- 212)
vd;w ghlypdfz; mike;j fpoq;Fkzw; fPd;w Kis vd;w

njhlupy; kzw;F vd ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG gapd;W tupDk;
kzypd;fz; vd;w ,lg;nghUNs rpwe;J epd;wJ.
3.mr;rf;fpstp vt;thW tUk;?
mr;rf; fpstp:
mr;rf; fpstpf;F Ie;Jk; ,uz;Lk;
vr;rk; ,yNt> nghUs;tapdhd
mr;rf; fpstpf;F Ie;jhk; Ntw;WikAk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;WikAk;

xj;j jd;ikAiladtha; tUk;.
gopaQ;Rk; vd;wtop gopapdQ;Rk;> gopiaQ;Rk; vd tUk;.
4.nfhil vjpH fpstp – Fwpg;gpLf.
65
nfhil vjpH fpstp:
Fj; njhf t&ck; nfhil vjpH fpstp
mg; nghUs; Mww;F cupj;Jk; MFk;
Ft;ntd;Dk; Ntw;WikAUG njhftUq; nfhilnajpH fpstpaplj;J

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk;. nfhilapid Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
nrhy; nfhilnajpH fpstp vdg;gLk;.
ehfHgyp vd;gJ ehfHf;F NeHe;j gypnad tpupjNyad;wp ehfuJ

gypnadTk; tpupAk;.
5.jLkhW njhopw;ngaH Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
jLkhW njhopw;ngaH:
jLkhW njhopw;ngaHf;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk;
fb epiy ,yNt> nghUs;tapdhd.
jdf;Nf cupj;jha; epy;yhJ xUfhy; <w;Wg; ngaNuhL nrd;W

jLkhWk; njhopnyhL njhlHe;j ngaHf;F ,uz;lhtJk;
%d;whtJkhfpa Ntw;Wik cUGfs; tUtJfbag;glhJ.
mt;Ntw;Wik njhf mtw;wpd; nghUs; epw;Fe; njhiffsplj;J
vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
rhd;W: :Gypnfhd;w ahid> Gypnfhy; ahid vd;Gopg; Gypiaf;

nfhd;w ahid vdTk; Gypahw; nfhy;yg;gl;l ahid vdTk;
,uz;lhtJk; %d;whtJk; kaq;fp epw;Fk;.
6.fUkr;rhHG> fUkky;yhr;rhHG tpsf;fp tiuf.
,e;j kaf;fk; ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; nhghUSf;F cupaJ> ,r; rhH

fUkr; rhHG> fUkkkyhr; rhHG vd ,Utifg;gLk;
xd;wpidnahd;W clk;ghy; rhHjy; fUkr;rhHG vdg;gLk;.

J}izr;rhHe;jhd;
xd;wpidnahd;W clk;ghy; rhHjyd;wp kdj;jhYk; rhHjy;

fUkky;yhr;rhHG vdg;gLk;.
muriur;rhHe;jhd;
fUkk; my;yhr; rhHG vd; fpstpf;F
cupikAk; cilj;Nj> fz; vd; Ntw;Wik
66
murHfl; rhHe;jhd;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG jd; nghUspy; ePq;fhJ Vohk;

Ntw;Wikf;Fupa ,lg;nghUspYk; kaq;fp te;Js;sJ.
7.Xk;gilf;fpstp vt;thW mikAk;?
Xk;gilf; fpstp:
Xk;gilf; fpstpf;F IAk; MDk;
jhk; gpupT ,yNt> njhif tU fhiy.
Xk;gilg; fpstpf;F ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa IfhuTUGk;

%d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa MDUGk; te;J epw;Fk;.@
Xk;gLj;jy;-ghJfhj;jy; vd;Dk; nghUsJ.
GypNghw;wpth vd;gjpy; Xk;gilf;fpstp ,uz;lhtjw; Nfhjpa fhg;Gg;

nghUspy; mlq;Ftjhy; Gypiag; Nghw;wp thntd IfhuTUGk;> Gyp
mtd; Nghw;wp tUjw;F fhuzKk; Mjyhy; Gypahw;
Nghw;wpthntd MDUGk; te;jikAk;.
tpspkuG
,J Ntw;Wik tifapd; vl;lhtjhfpa tpspNtw;Wikapd;

,yf;fzk; czHj;Jk; gFjp MFk;. Kjw;fz; VO Ntw;Wikfis
czHj;jp mtw;wpd; kaf;fq;fisAk; czHj;jpg; gpd;
tpspNtw;Wikapd; ,yf;fzk; czHj;jpdhH. ,t; Ntw;Wik
ngaupidr; rhHe;Nj tUk;. tpsp Vw;W tUk;. rpy tpsp Vyhg;
ngaHfisAk; njhy;fhg;gpaH ,jDs; czHj;Jfpd;whH.
tpspapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk:;
tpsp vdg;gLg nfhs;Sk; nganuhL
njspaj; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;ifa vd;g
epWj;j KiwahNd tpspNtw;Wik AzHj;jp vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

mjdhd; ,t; Xj;J tpspkungd;Dk; ngaHj;jhapw;W.
tpspnad;W nrhy;yg;gLtd jk;ikNaw;Fk; ngaNuhL tpsq;fj;

Njhd;Wk;. ,ay;igAilad vd;W $WthH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
67
<WjpupjYk;><w;way; ePlYk;> gpwpJ te;jiljYk;> ,ay;ghjy;
vd;Dk; NtWghLilikahd; tpspnadg;gLk;.
nfhs;Sk; ngaNuhL vdNt> nfhs;shg; ngaUKs vd;wjdhy;

tpNaw;Fk; ngaHfSld; tpsp Vyhg; ngaHfSk; cz;L vd;gJ
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mt;Nt>
,t; vd mwpjw;F nka; ngwf; fpsg;g.
tpspnfhs;Sk; ngaUk; nfhs;shg; ngaUk; ,itnad

khzhf;fDzHjw; nghUl;L mit ,t; Xj;jpdfj;Jg; nghUs;glf;
fpsf;fg;gLk;. ,J $Wthk; vd;Dk; je;jpuTj;jp.
tpspNaw;Fk; ngaHfs;:
tpspNaw;Fk; ngaHfisr; NrdhtiuaH caHjpizg; ngaH>

caHjpiz tpuTG; ngaH> m/wpizg; ngaH> m/wpiz tpuTg;
ngaH vd ehd;fhfg; gFj;Jiug;ghH.
caHjpizg; ngaHfs; tpspNaw;wy;::
caHjpizg; ngaHfspy; ,> c> I. X vd;Dk; ehd;F

capuPWfSk; tpsp Vw;Fk;.
mitjhk;
, c I Xntd;D kpWjp
mg;ghy; ehd;Nf caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
nka;g;nghUs; Rl;ba tpspnfhs; ngaNu.
fpsf;fg;gLtdthfpa ngaH jhk; , c I X vd;DkpWjpiaAila

ehd;F ngaUk; caH jpizg; ngaUs; tpsp nfhs;Sk; ngaHfs;
MFk;.
m/wpizg;ngaH MFngauha; caHjpizf;fz; te;jtop

tpuTg;ngaH caHjpizf; fz;tUq;fhYk;> mit tpspNaw;Fkplj;J
caHjpizg; ngauhk; vdgjw;F caHjpiz kUq;fpd; nka;g;
nghUs; Rl;ba vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH vdf; Fwpg;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
RlHj;njhB Nfsha; (fyp. 51) ,jpy; RlHj;njhb vd;Dk;

m/wpizg; ngaH caHjpizg; ngauha; tpspNaw;wJ.
68
rhj;jP – rhj;jP vd;Dk; tpuTj;jpizg; ngaH caHjpizg; ngauha;
tpspNaw;wJ.
nka;g;nghUs; Rl;ba tpspnfhs; ngaH mg;ghy; ehd;nfd;gd

vOthAk; gadpiyAkha; ,iae;J> xU nrhd;dPHikatha;> mit
jhnkd;Dk; vOtha;f;Fg; gadpiyahapd.
NrdhtiuaH> caHjpizg; ngaH Ntwha m/wpizg; ngaH>

m/wpiz tpuTg; ngaH vd;gdtw;Ws; caHjpiz tpuTg; ngaiu
kl;Lk; caHjpizAs; mlf;fp Vida ,uz;bidAk; jdpj;jdpNa
njhy;fhg;gpaH ciuj;jikf;F NrdhtiuaH gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fisr; Rl;LthH.
njhy;fhg;gpaH m/wpizg; ngaupd; Ntwha m/wpiz tpuTg;

ngaH xd;wpidf; Fwpg;gjhy; caHjpizg; ngaupd; Ntwha
caHjpiz tpuTg; ngaiu cs;sjha;f; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; tpspNaw;Fk; ngaHfs;ngaHfs; vd

Kiwg;ngaHfisr; Rl;Lfpd;whH. Kiwg;ngaHfs; tpuTg; ngaHfs;
MFk;. vdNt ,it caHjpiz tpuTg; ngaHfs; vd;gJ
NrdhtiuaH fUj;J.
caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; tpsp Vyhg; ngaHfisr; Rl;Lk;N ghJ

jhd;> ePapH vd;w nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;ghH. ,it tpuTg; ngaHfs;
MFk;. tpsp Vyh caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; mt; tpuTg;
ngaHfisAk; njhy;fhg;gpaH $Wjypd; caHjpiz tpuTg;
ngaHfisAk; NrHj;Jf; $Wjy; njhy;fhg;gpaH rpe;jid vdj;
Jzpayhk; vd;gJ NrdhtiuaH fUj;J.
m/wpiz tpuTg; ngaupid m/wpizf;Fs; Rl;lhjjw;Ff; fhuzk;

caHjpizg; ngaHfSk;> caHjpiz tpuTg; ngaHfSk; xNu
jd;ikahd; tpsp Vw;gd. Mdhy; m/wpizg; ngau;fSk;
m/wpiz tpuTg; ngaHfSk; xNu jd;ikahd; tpsp Vw;gd my;y
fpse;j tpWjp a/wpiz tpuTg;ngaH
tpsk;gpa newpa tpspf;Fq; fhiy (nrhy; -150
vdTk;> ,jd; gpd;>
Kiwg;ngaH kUq;fp idna dpWjp
ahnthL tUjw; FupaT KsNt' (nrhy; -126)
vdTk;> ,jd;gpd;
69
dfhu sfhu tPw;wpUtif Kiwg;ngaU klq;fg;
Gs;sp apWjp NanahL tUNk' (nrhy; -151)
vdTk; Fwpg;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH. mjw;fhd fhuzk; kaq;ff;

$wnyd;Dq; Fw;wKk; ePq;fpr; #j;jpuKQ; RUq;Fk; vd;gjhFk;.
mt;thW Fwpf;fg;ngwhJ Kiwg; ngaNu ad;wpj; jhk; ePap
nud;gdTk; <z;Lf; $wg; gl;likahDk;> ciuahrpupaHf;F mJ
fUj;jd;W vd;gJ njupatUk;.
,fu Ifhu <Wfs:;
mtw;Ws;>
, < MFk;@ I Ma; MFk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehd;fPWk; tpspNaw;FkhW $Wfpd;whH.
mtw;Ws; vd;gJ me; ehd;fPw;wpDs; vd;wthW.
ek;gp - ek;gP vd ,fuk; <fhukhAk;>
eq;if - eq;fha; vd Ifhuk; MahAk; <W jpupe;J tpspNaw;Fk;
Xfhu cfu <Wfs;:
XTk; ct;Tk; VnahL rptZk;
Nfh - NfhNt -XfhuKk; Vfhuk;.
Nte;J - Nte;Nj cfuKk; Vfhuk; ngw;W tpspNaw;Fk;.
cfuk;jhNd Fw;wpaYfuk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l cfukhtJ Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.
jpU> jpUNt vdr; rpWghd;ik Kw;Wfu <W cz;L vd;w NghjpDk;

Xjpa Kiwahd; tpspNaw;gd Fw;wpYfu <Nw Mjypd;
Fw;wpaYfunkd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
Vid capHfs; caHjpizapy; tpsp Vyhik:
Vid capNu caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
jhk; tpsp nfhs;sh vd;kdhH GytH
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehd;F <Wky;yhj capuPWfs; caHjpizf;fz; tpsp

Vw;fhJ.
70
nfhs;td ,itnad tiuaWj; JzHj;jNt> Vida nfhs;sh
vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ>. tiuaiwf;Fg; gad; mJthfyhd; mjdhy;
,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lhk; vdpd; m/njhf;Fk; vdpDk;
tiuaiwahw; ngwg;gLtjidNa xU gad; Nehf;fpf; $wpdhH.
me;jg; gad; VidAapH tpspnfhs;shJ vd> Kd;dH $wg;gl;l
jd;ik kl;Lkd;wp gpwthw;whDk; tpsp nfhs;tdTk; cs;sd
vd;gjid czHj;JjyhFk;. mitKiwNa>
fzp> fzpNa@ fup> fupNa vd;gdtha; tUk;
jhnkd;gjdhd; VidAapH jk;kpay;ghw; tpspnfhs;shJ MapDQ;

nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;Gtifahw; nfhs;tdTk; cz;L>. kfd;
vd;gJtpsp ngwhjhapDk;; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;ghd; kfNt vd
tpspNaw;wYk; cz;L.
,fu <w;W msngilg; ngaH:
msngil kp$ck; ,fu ,W ngaH
,aw;ifa MFk; nraw;ifa vd;g.
msngilapy; jd;dpay;ghfpa khj;jpiuapd; kpFe;J ehd;Fk;

Ie;Jk; khj;jpiu ngw;W epw;Fk; ,futPw;Wg; ngaH , < ahfhJ
,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;.
msngilkpf;Fk; ,aw;ifthFk; nraw;ifa vd;dhJ „kp$c kpfu

tpWnganud‟ mEtjpj;jhNuDk; khj;jpiukpf;F ,ay;ghnkd;gJ
mjdhw; ngwg;gLk;.
njhoP,,>
njhoP,,, vd;gdtha;; tUk;.
, < Mfhikapd; ,aw;ifathFk; vd;Wk;> khj;jpiu kpFjyhfpa

nraw;ifAilikahw; nraw;ifa vd;Wq; $wpdhH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
Kiwg; ngaH:
Kiwg; ngaH kUq;fpd; I vd; ,Wjp
MnthL tUjw;F cupaTk; csNt.
Kiwg;ngauplj;J Inad;Dk; KbG MahfhJ MnthL tUjw;Fk;

cupajhFk;.
71
md;id - md;dh
mj;ij - mj;jh vd;gjha; tUk;.
Ifhu <W MahjYk; cilaJ vd;gJ ck;ikahy;

ngwg;gLk;vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH. md;dha; - mj;jha;
mz;ik tpsp:
mz;ikr; nrhy;Ny ,aw;if MFk;
<> c> I> X vd;Dk; ehd;F <WfSk; mz;ikf;fz; tpspNaw;F k;.

nghOJ ,ay;ghf tpspNaw;Fk;.
jk;gp thop
Nte;J thop
eq;if thop
Nfh thop
caHjpizapy; nka;aPWfs; tpspNaw;wy;:
d> u> y> s> vd;Dk; me; ehd;F vd;g
Gs;sp ,Wjp tpsp nfhs; ngaNu.
nka; <wpidAila caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; d> u> y>s vd;Dk;

<Wfis cila ngaHfs; kw;WNk tpsp Vw;Fk;.
caHjpizapy; nka;aPWfs; tpspNaw;fhik:
Vidg; Gs;sp <W tpsp nfhs;sh
d> u> y>s vd;Dk; <Wfis caHjpizg; ngaHfisj; jtpu

Vida Gs;spaPWfs; tpspNaw;fh.
mtw;Ws;>
md; vd; ,Wjp M MFk;Nk.
md; vd;Dk; MW M thf khWk;.
Jiwtd; - Jiwth
72
Cud; - Cuh
Nrhod; - Nrhoh
NrHg;gd; - NrHg;gh
mz;ikr; nrhy;ypw;F mfuk; MFk;.
mz;ik tpspahapd; md; <W mfukhFk;.
Jiwtd; - Jiwt
Cud; - Cu
Nrhod; - Nrho
Nrhg;gd; - NrHg;g
Md; vd; ,Wjp ,aw;if MFk;.
mjhtJ Mndd;Dk; dfutPW ,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;
Nrukhd; - kiyahd;
njhopypd; $Wk; Md; vd; ,Wjp
Ma; MFk;Nk> tpsptapdhd.
njhopyhd; xUnghUisr; nrhy;Yk; MdPw;Wg; ngaH Ma; vd

tpspNaw;Fk;.
te;jhd; - te;jha; @
nrd;whd; - nrd;wha; vd tUk;.
gz;G nfhs; ngaUk; mjd; Xuw;Nw
Md; <w;Wg; gz;Gnfhs; ngaUk; njhopw;ngaHNghy Maha;

tpspNaw;Fk;
fupahd;- fupaha;
nra;ahd; - nra;aha; vd tUk;.
msngilg; ngaNu msngil ,ay
Md; <w;W msngilg; ngaH ,fu<w;W msngilg; ngaNuNghy;

%d;W khj;jpiuapd; ePz;L ,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;.
73
coh m md;
fpoh mm md; vd tUk;.
Kiwg; ngaHf; fpstp VnahL tUNk
dfu <w;W Kiwg; ngaH Vfhuk; ngw;W tpspNaw;Fk;.
kfd; - kNd> kUkfd;- kUkfNd
jhd; vd; ngaUk;> Rl;LKjw;ngaUk;>
ahd; vd; ngaUk;> tpdhtpd; ngaUk;>
md;wp midj;Jk; tpsp Nfhs; ,yNt
jhndd;Dk; ngaUk;> mtd; ,td; ctndd;Dk; Rl;LKjw;ngaUk;>

ahndd;Dk; ngaUk;> ahtndd;Dk; tpdhg;ngaUkhfpa
mt;tidj;Jk;> dfu <Nw MapDk;> tpspNaw;fhJ.
MUk; mUTk; <nuhL rptZk;
ufhutPw;Ws; MH> mH vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; <uha; tpspNaw;Fk;;
ghHg;ghH - ghHg;gPH
$j;jH - $j;jPH vd tUk;.
njhopw;ngaH Mapd;> Vfhuk; tUjYk;
tOf;F ,d;W vd;kdhH> taq;fpNahNu
Nkw;$wpa ,uz;L <w;Wj; njhopw; ngaHfSk; <fhuj;NjhL Vfhuk;

ngw;W tUjYk; cz;L>
te;jhH - te;jPNu@
nrd;whH - nrd;wPNu vd tUk;.
Vfhuk; tUjYk; tOf;fpd;W vd;wjdhy;> Vfhuk; ngwhJ <NuhL

tUjNy ngUk;ghd;ik vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
gz;G nfhs; ngaUk; mjd; Xuw;Nw
MH> mH vd;Dk; ,uz;L <w;Wg; gz;Gnfhs; ngaUk;> mt;tPw;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH Nghy ><NuhL NrHe;Jk; rpWghd;ik <NuhL Vfhuk;
ngw;Wk; tpspNaw;Fk;.
74
fupahH – fupaPH
,isaH> ,isaPH
fupaPNu. ,isaPNu vdTk; tUk;.
ufhutPw;W msngilg;ngaH Kd;dH Fwpf;fg;ngw;w msngilg;

ngaNu Nghy %d;W khj;jpiuapd; kpf;F ,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;;.
rpwh m mH@
kfh m m mH vd tUk;.
Rl;LKjw; ngaNu Kd; fpse;jd;d
mtH> ,tH> ctH vd tUk; ufhu <w;Wr; Rl;L Kjw;ngaH> dfhu

<w;Wr; Rl;LKjw;ngaNu Nghy tpsp Vw;fhJ.
Ek;kpd; jpupngaH> tpdhtpd; ngaH> vd;W
mk; Kiw ,uz;Lk; mtw;W ,ay;G ,aYk;.
Ek;kpd; jpupghfpa ePapUk; tpdhtpd; ngauhfpa ahtUk; ,uz;Lk;

Nkw;$wpa Rl;Lg; ngaNu Nghy tpspNaw;fhJ.
vQ;rpa ,uz;bd; ,Wjpg; ngaNu
epd;w <w;W may; ePl;lk; Ntz;Lk;
czHj;jhJ vQ;rp epd;w yfhu sfhunkd;Dk; ,uz;L Gs;spia

,WjpahfTila ngaH <w;W may; vOj;J ePz;L tpspNaw;Fk;.
Fuprpy; - FuprPy;
kf;fs; - kf;fhs; vd tUk;;.
may; nebJMapd;> ,aw;if MFk;
<w;wanyOj;J neby; Mapd; ,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;
ngz;ghy;>
Nfhkhs; vd tUk;.
75
sfu <w;W tpidg;ngaUk; gz;Gg; ngaUk;
tpidapDk; gz;gpDk;
epidaj; Njhd;Wk; Ms; vd; ,Wjp
Ma; MFk;Nk> tpsptapdhd
tpidapd;fz;Zk; gz;gpd;fz;Zk; tUk; Ms; <w;Wg;ngaH

,ay;ghfhJ Ma; vd khwp tpspNaw;Fk;;.
epd;whs; - epd;wha;
fupahs; - fupaha; vdTk; tUk;.
Kiwg; ngaHf; fpstp Kiwg; ngaH ,ay
sfhutPw;W Kiwg;ngaH dfhutPw;W Kiwg;ngaHNghy Vfhuk;

ngw;W tpspNaw;Fk;.
kfs; - kfNs @
kUkfs; - kUkfNs vd tUk;.
Rl;LKjw;ngaUk; tpdhtpd; ngaUk;
Kd; fpse;jd;d vd;kdhH GytH.
mts;> ,ts;> cts; vd;Dk; sfhu <w;Wr; Rl;L Kjw;ngaUk;>

ahts; vd;Dk; tpdhg;ngaUk;> Nkw;$wpa Rl;L Kjw;ngaUk;
tpdhg;ngaUk;Nghy> tpsp Vw;fhJ>
yfhu sfhu <w;W msngilg;ngaH> Nkw;$wpa msngilg;ngaNu

Nghy> msG ePz;L ,ay;gha; tpspNaw;Fk;.
kh mmy;> Nfhxxd; vd tUk;.
tpuTg; ngaH tpspNaw;wy;:
fpse;j ,Wjp m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaH
tpsk;gpa newpNa tpspf;Fq; fhiy
caHjpizg; ngaUk; caHjpiz tpuTg; ngaUk; tpspnfhs;Sk;

jd;ikia czHj;jpa njhy;fhg;gpaH>,dp m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaH
tpspnfhs;SkhWczHj;Jfpd;whH.
76
fpse;j ,Wjp vd;gd capuPW ehd;Fk; Gs;spaPW ehd;Fkhk; .
mtw;iw apWjpahfTila m/wpizf; fz;tUk; tpuTg;ngaH
Nkw;$wpa newpahd; tpspNaw;Fk;@
rhj;jp - rhj;jP>
g+z;L - g+z;Nl@
je;ij - je;jha;>
rhj;jd; - rhj;jh@
$e;jy; - $e;jhy;>
kf;fs; - kf;fhs; vd;gdtha; tUk;.
rhj;jp> g+z;L> je;ij> rhj;j vd mz;iktpspaha; tUtdTk;

cz;L.
m/wpizg; ngaH tpsp Vw;wy;:
Gs;spAk; capUk; ,Wjp Mfpa
m/wpiz kUq;fpd; vy;yhg; ngaUk;
tpsp epiy ngW}ck; fhyk; Njhd;wpd;>
njsp epiy cila>Vfhuk; tuNy.
Gs;spAk; capUk; ,Wjpahfpa m/wpizaplj;J tUk;

vy;yhg;ngaUk; tpspNaw;Fk; fhyj;jpy; Vfhuk; ngWk;.
kuk; - kuNk
mzpy; - mzpNy vd tUk;.
cs vdg;gl;l vy;yhg; ngaUk;>
msG ,we;jdNt> tpspf;Fk; fhiy>
Nra;ikapd; ,irf;Fk; tof;fj;jhd.
caHjpizf;fz;Zk; m/wpizf;fz;Zk; tpspNaw;gdthfr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l vy;yhg; ngaUk;> tpspf;Fkplj;J>Nra;ikf;fz;
xypf;Fk; tof;fj;jpd;fhuzkhf jj;jkhj;jpiuapd; ,we;jpirj;jd.
ek;gP ,> rhj;jhm vd tUk;.
77
Nrukhd;> kiyakhd; vd;gdtw;wpy;<w;way; msgpwe;j top ,ay;G
tpspnad;dhJ <w;way; ePz;ljhff; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
mk;k vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy; ePl;lk;
mk; Kiwg;nganuhL rptzhJMapDk;>
tpspnahL nfhs;g njspANkhNu
mk;kntd;Dk; mirr;nrhy;ypdJ ePl;lk;> tpspnfhs;Sk; nganuhL

Njhd;whJ>,ilr;nrhy;NyhL Njhd;wpdhYk;tpspahff; nfhs;tH;.
mk;kh> rhj;jh vd tUk;.
rhj;jh vd;gNj vjpHKfkhf;Fk; MapDk; mk;kh vd;gJ mt;ntjpH

Kfkhf;FjNy Fwpj;J epw;wypd; tpspahff; nfhs;sg;gLnkd;gjhNy
tpspnahL nfhs;g vd;whH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
caHjpizg; ngaUs; tpsp Vyhjit:
j> e> E> v >vd mit Kjy; Mfpj;
jd;ik Fwpj;j d> u> s> vd; ,WjpAk;>
md;d gpwTk;> ngaH epiy tupNd>
,d;ik Ntz;Lk;> tpspnahL nfhsNy.
jeE vd;Dk; capHnka;Ak; v vd;Dk; capiuAk;

KjyhfTilatha; xUtdJ fpoikg; nghUz;ikiaf; Fwpj;J
epd;w d u s vd;Dk; %d;W Gs;spia ,WjpahfTila nrhy;Yk;
mit Nghy;td gpwTkhfpa ngaHr;nrhy; tUkhapd;> tpspNaw;fhJ.
jkd;> jkH> jks;>
ekd;> ekH> eks;>
Ekd;> EkH> Eks;>
vkd;> vkH> vks;> vdTk;@
jk;khd;> jk;khH> jk;khs;>
ek;khd;> ek;khH> ek;khs;>
Ek;khd;> Ek;khH> Ek;khs;>
78
vk;khd;> vk;khH> vk;khs; vdTk; tUk;.
md;dgpwTnkd;wjdhd;>
kw;iwahd;> kw;iwahH> kw;iwahs;@
gpwd;> gpwH> gpws; vd tUtd nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.tpsp vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
tpspapd; nghJ ,yf;fzk:;
tpsp vdg;gLg nfhs;Sk; nganuhL
njspaj; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;ifa vd;g
epWj;j KiwahNd tpspNtw;Wik AzHj;jp vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH@

mjdhd; ,t;Nthj;J tpspkungd;Dk; ngaHj;jhapw;W.
tpspnad;W nrhy;yg;gLtd jk;ikNaw;Fk; ngaNuhL tpsq;fj;

Njhd;Wk; ,ay;igAilad vd;W $WthH njhy;fhg;gpaH
<WjpupjYk;><w;way; ePlYk;> gpwpJ te;jiljYk;> ,ay;ghjy;

vd;Dk; NtWghLilikahd; tpspnadg;gLk;.
2.Kiwg;ngaH fpstp Fwpj;J vOJf.
Kiwg; ngaH:
Kiwg; ngaH kUq;fpd; I vd; ,Wjp
MnthL tUjw;F cupaTk; csNt.
Kiwg;ngauplj;J Inad;Dk; KbG MahfhJ MnthL tUjw;Fk;

cupajhFk;.
md;id - md;dh
mj;ij - mj;jh vd;gjha; tUk;.
Ifhu <W MahjYk; cilaJ vd;gJ ck;ikahy; ngwg;gLK;

nd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH> md;dha; - mj;jha;
3.,fu>Ifhu <Wfs; tpspNaw;wiy tptup.
,fu Ifhu <Wfs:;
79
mtw;Ws;>
, < MFk;@ I Ma; MFk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehd;fPWk; tpspNaw;FkhW $Wfpd;whH.
mtw;Ws; vd;gJ me; ehd;fPw;wpDs; vd;wthW.
ek;gp - ek;gP vd ,fuk; <fhukhAk;>
eq;if - eq;fha; vd Ifhuk; MahAk; <W jpupe;J tpspNaw;Fk;
Xfhu cfu <Wfs;:
XTk; ct;Tk; VnahL rptZk;
Nfh - NfhNt - XfhuKk; Vfhuk;.
Nte;J - Nte;Nj cfuKk; Vfhuk; ngw;W tpspNaw;Fk;.
cfuk;jhNd Fw;wpaYfuk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l cfukhtJ Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.
jpU> jpUNt vdr; rpWghd;ik Kw;Wfu <W cz;L vd;w NghjpDk;

Xjpa Kiwahd; tpspNaw;gd Fw;wpYfu <Nw Mjypd;
Fw;wpaYfunkd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
4.caHjpizg;ngaHfs; tpspNayhik Fwpj;J vOJf.
caHjpizg; ngaUs; tpsp Vyhjit:
j> e> E> v >vd mit Kjy; Mfpj;
jd;ik Fwpj;j d> u> s> vd; ,WjpAk;>
md;d gpwTk;> ngaH epiy tupNd>
,d;ik Ntz;Lk;> tpspnahL nfhsNy.
jeE vd;Dk; capHnka;Ak; v vd;Dk; capiuAk;

KjyhfTilatha; xUtdJ fpoikg; nghUz;ikiaf; Fwpj;J
epd;w d u s vd;Dk; %d;W Gs;spia ,WjpahfTila nrhy;Yk;
mit Nghy;td gpwTkhfpa ngaHr;nrhy; tUkhapd;> tpspNaw;fhJ.
jkd;> jkH> jks;>
ekd;> ekH> eks;>
80
Ekd;> EkH> Eks;>
vkd;> vkH> vks;> vdTk;@
jk;khd;> jk;khH> jk;khs;>
ek;khd;> ek;khH> ek;khs;>
Ek;khd;> Ek;khH> Ek;khs;>
vk;khd;> vk;khH> vk;khs; vdTk; tUk;.
md;dgpwTnkd;wjdhd;>
kw;iwahd;> kw;iwahH> kw;iwahs;@
gpwd;> gpwH> gpws; vd tUtd nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
5. sfu <w;W tpidg;ngaUk; gz;Gg;ngaUk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
sfu <w;W tpidg;ngaUk; gz;Gg; ngaUk:;
tpidapDk; gz;gpDk;
epidaj; Njhd;Wk; Ms; vd; ,Wjp
Ma; MFk;Nk> tpsptapdhd
tpidapd;fz;Zk; gz;gpd;fz;Zk; tUk; Ms; <w;Wg;ngaH

,ay;ghfhJ Ma; vd khwp tpspNaw;Fk;;.
epd;whs; - epd;wha;
fupahs; - fupaha; vdTk; tUk;.
Kiwg; ngaHf; fpstp Kiwg; ngaH ,ay
sfhutPw;W Kiwg;ngaH dfhutPw;W Kiwg;ngaHNghy Vfhuk;

ngw;W tpspNaw;Fk;.
kfs; - kfNs>
kUkfs;- kUkfNs vd tUk;.
81
ngaupay;
nrhw;fs; ngaHr; nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy; vd
ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,r;nrhw;fspd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij
fpstpahf;fj;jpDs; czHj;jpdhH.nghJ ,yf;fzkhjy;
xg;Gikj;jd;ikahYk; Ntw;Wikj;jd;ikahYk; ngaNuhL nghUe;jp
mikakhjypd; ngaupyf;fzj;jpw;Fk; nghJ ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapy; Ntw;Wik ,yf;fzj;ij czHj;jpdhH
njhy;fhg;gpaH.<z;L rpwg;G tifahd; ehd;F nrhw;fisAk;
tpsf;fj; njhlq;fp Kjw;fz; ngaupyf;fzk; ciuj;jhH> ngaupdJ
,yf;fzk; czHj;jpaikahy; ,t;tpay; ngaupay; vd;Dk;
ngaujhapw;W> mjid czHj;Jk; NrdhtiuaH ciuehd;F
nrhy;Yk; nghJtifah ZzHj;jp> nghJtpyf;fzkhj
nyhg;GikahDk; Ntw;Wik ngaNuhbiaGilikahDk;
ngaupyf;fzj;jpw;Fk; nghJtpyf;fzj;jpw;Fk;,il
Ntw;Wikapyf;fzKzHj;jp ,dpr;rpwg;Gtifahd
ehd;Fnrhy;YKzHj;JthndLj;Jf; nfhz;L> ,t;Nthj;jhd;
mtw;wpd; Kjw;fz;zjhfpa ngaupyf;fz KzHj;Jfpd;whH. mjdh
dpJ ngaupa nyd;Dk; ngaHj;jhapw;W vd;gjhk;.
vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt
ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr; nrhy;Yk; ,ilr; nrhy;Yk;

cupr;nrhy;Ykhfpa vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt MFk;.
nghUs; Fwpahj nrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.
MapU jpizap dpirf;Fk;' (nrhy; - 1) vd;wjdhd; ,J

ngwg;gLjypd; ,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lhNkh vdpd;- mt;thwd;W> @
nrhy;ypirf;Fk; nghUshtd ,t;tpuz;L jpizANk
gpwpjpy;iynad;gjid czHj;Jfpd;wNJad;wp nrhy;nyy;yhk;
nghUs; czHj;jhjd,y;iynad;Dk; ahg;GwT mjdhw;
ngwg;glhikapdhYk;> mirepiy KjyhapdTk; nghUs;Fwpj;J
epw;Fnkd Iak; mWj;jw;Fk; ,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; vd
ciutpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH>.
Kaw;NfhL>ahikkapHf;fk;gyk; vd;gd nghUSzHj;jhthnydpd;:

vd tpdh vOg;gp mjw;F mit njhlHnkhopahfyhd; <z;ilf;
nfa;jhntd;gJ. m/Njy;> njhlHnkhopjhd; nghUs;FwpahJ
tUNkhntdpd;:- thuh. mit nka;g;nghUs; Fwpg;gdTk; ngha;g;
nghUs;. Fwpg;gdTnkd ,Utifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;> ngha;g; nghUs;
Fwpg;gdTk; nghUSzHj;JtdNtahk;. my;yhf;fhy;
,y;Nyhd;wiytdhf tUe; njhlHepiyr; nra;As;
82
nghUSzHj;jhikapd;> mit Gytuhw; nfhs;sg;glhntd;gJ. vd
tpilaspg;ghH NrdhtiuaH> .
NkYk; ,r;#j;jpuk; Kjyhf Ie;J #j;jpuj;jhw; $wg;gl;ld

nghJtpyf;fz khfyhd;> ,tw;iw ,t;tpaypy; itf;fhJ
fpstpahf;fj;Js; itj;jpUf;fyhNk vd tpdTk; NrdhtiuaH :-
,it nghJtpyf;fzNknadpDk;> Mz;Lf; $wg;gl;ld
t*cf;fhj;jYk; t*cf;fhj;jw;F cgfhuKiladTkd;Nw@
vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jd vd Iakfw;wYk; nrhw;nghUs;
,izj;Jg; ghFgLnkd;wYk; nrhy;ypidj; njd;wYnkd
t*cf;fhj;jYk;> t*cf;fhj;jw;F cgfhu KiladT
kd;ikahd;> Mz;LzHj;jhJ> nghUs; NtWghLgw;wpr; rpwg;G
tifahd; ehd;F nrhy;Y KzHj;Jq;fhy; mit AzHj;jpay;yJ
czHj;jyhfhikapd; mtw;iw aPz;LzHj;jpdhnud;gJ nghUs;
NtWghLgw;wpr; nrhy; YzHj;JkhW Kd;dHf; fhzg;gLk;. vd
tpsf;fk; jUthH;.nghUz;ik njupjYk;> nrhd;ik
njupjYk;>nrhy;ypd; MFk;vd;gJk; njupatUk;.
nghUz;ik njupjYTk; nrhd;ik njupjYk;
nrhy;ypdhFk; vd;kdhH GytH.
njupG NtW epiyaYk;> Fwpg;gpd; Njhd;wYk;>
,U ghw;Wvd;g nghUz;ik epiyNa
jd;dpd; Ntwhfpa nghUswpag;gLjYk; nghUswpag;glhJ

mr;nrhy;jhNdawpag;gLjYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;yhdhk;vd;W
nrhy;YtH
rhj;jd; te;jhd;
gz;L> fhL kd;> cW
nghUis czHj;jy;
ePnad; fpstp
nra;njndr;rk;>
jQ;rf;fpstp>
fbnad; fpstp
nrhy; jd;id czHj;jy;
83
MapW jpizap dpirf;Fkd nrhy;Ny vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs;
Fwpj;jdNt (nrhy; - 155)<W ngaHf; fhFk; ,aw;ifa ntd;g
(nrhy; - 69) vd;wtop nrhy;nyd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; nganud;Dk;
ngaUk; mwpag;gLjyhy;; nrhd;ik njupjyhFk;. Vidr; nrhy;Yk;
Vidg; ngaUk; mwpag;gLjw;fz; nghUz;ik njupjYk; MFk;.
vdNt Nkw;fz;l ,uz;Lk; xUq;Nf te;jd.
nrhw;fspd; tif:
nrhy; vdg;gLg ngaNu> tpid> vd;W
Mapuz;L vd;g> mwpe;jprpNdhNu
nrhy;yhtd ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr; nrhy;Ynkd ,uz;L

tifg;gLk;
ngaHr;nrhw;fpyf;fzk; Ntw;Wikapaypy; $wpdhH@

tpidr;nrhw;fpyf;fzk; tpidapaypy; $WthH vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH>
gpwnrhw;fSk; cs;sd vdpDk;> ,tw;wpdJ rpwg;G Nehf;fpg; ngaNu

tpidnad; whapuz; nld;g vd;whH. ,tw;Ws;Sk; nghUsJ
GilngaHr;rpahfpa njhopy; gw;whJ mg; nghUs;gw;wp tUQ;
rpwg;Gilikahw; ngaiu Kw;$wpdhH vd;gJ NrdhtiuaHpd;
Fwpg;Giuahk;
,ilr;nrhy; fpstpAk;> cupr;nrhy; fpstpAk;>
mtw;W top kUq;fpd; Njhd;Wk;' vd;g .
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAQ; rhHe;J

Njhd;Wk;.
mtw;Wtop kUq;fpy; Njhd;Wk;vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH ciuj;jikahy;

ngaiuAk; tpidiaAQ; rhHe;J Njhd;Wk; ,t; tpuz;ilAk;
mtw;NwhL NrHj;J nrhy; ehd;fhk;vd;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. rhHe;J
Njhd;Wnkd;wikahy; ,tw;wJ rpwg;gpd;ik njupatUk;. tof;Fg;
gapy;jy; Nehf;fp ,ilr;nrhy; Kjw;fz; $wpdhH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; ghFghL:
mtw;Ws;>
ngaH vdg;gLgit njupAk; fhiy>
caHjpizf;F cupikAk;> m/wpizf;F cupikAk;>
84
MapU jpizf;Fk; Xud;d cupikAk;>
mk; % cUtpd> Njhd;wyhNw
nghUs; NtWghL gw;wpr; rpwg;G tifahd; ehd;F nrhy;Yk;

czHj;Jjw;F cjtpahfpa nghJtpyf;fzj;ij Kd; czHj;jpgpd;
epWj;j KiwahNd ngaHr; nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzj;ij czHj;JthH
njhy;fhg;gpaH.
Nkw; nrhy;yg;ngw;w ehd;fDs;> nganud;W nrhy;yg; gLtd

caHjpizf;Fupatha; tUtdTk;> m/wpizf;Fupatha; tUtdTk;>
,uz;L jpizf;F nkhj;j cupikatha; tUtdTk; vdd %d;W
NtWghl;l tifahd; Njhd;Wk;.
ngaHr;nrhy; ghy; czHj;jy;:
,U jpizg; gpupe;j Ik; ghy; fpstpf;Fk;
cupait cupa> ngaHtapdhd
,Ujpizg;gpupe;j Ik;ghw; fpstpahjw;Fg; ngaUs; cupadthFk;.
mtd;> ngz;kfd;> rhj;jhd; vd dfutPW M^tpw;Fk; kf^tpw;Fk;>

m/wpizahz;ghw;Fk; cupj;jha; tUk;. mts;> kf;fs;> kfs; vd
sfutPW kf^tpw;Fk; gy;NyhHf;Fk;> m/wpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk;
cupajha; tUk;.ngz;lhl;b ek;gp,futPWk; M^ kf^vd;Dk;;
CfhutPWk; ,Ughw;F cupadtha; tUk;. tpidr; nrhw;Nghy>
,d;dtPW ,d;dghw;F cupj;njdg; ngaHr; nrhy; <W
czHj;jhikapd;. „cupaitAupa‟ vd;whH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
mt;thW czHj;jhikf;Ff; fhuzk; E}w;ghf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

gy;Fnkd;W mQ;rpajhk;. m/Njy;> ,tw;wJ ghw;F cupik
vt;thW nfhs;sg;gLnkdpd; tof;fpd;fl; ghYzHj;Jjw; Fupatha;
toq;fg;gLtdw;iwf; nfhz;L vd;gjhk;;.
85
eQ;Rz;lhd; rhk; vd;gJ xUghw;Fupa nrhy;yhapDk; eQ;Rz;lhs;
rhk;> eQ;Rz;lhH rhtH> eQ;Rz;lJ rhk;> eQ;Rz;ld rhk; vd
Vidg; ghw;Fk; cupj;jhk; mr; nrhy;nyd ,g; nghUz;ik
czHj;Jfpd;wJ vd;ghH ciuahrpupaH. Mdhy; mj;jifa
fUj;jpid NrdhtiuaH kWj;Jiug;gHH. eQ;Rz;ly; rhjw;Ff;
fhuznkd;ghd; xU ghy;Nky; itj;J eQ;Rz;lhd; rhnkd;wJ
my;yJ> Mz;Lj; Njhd;Wk; Mz;ikAk; xUikAQ; rhjw;Ff;
fhuznkd;Dq; fUj;jpdhy; my;yd; @ mjdhw; nrhy;Ythd;
fUj;njhL $ba nghUshw;wyhw; rhjy; Vidg; ghw;Fk; xf;Fnkdr;
Nrwy; nrhy;ypyf;fzj;jpy; $wg;glhikahy;> MrpupaH>
xUghw; fpstp Vidg;ghw; fz;Zk;
tUtd jhNd tof;nfd nkhopg(nghUspay;-28)
vd ,g; nghUz;ik nghUspaypw; $wpdhu.; vdNt ,r;

#j;jpuj;jpw;F ,/Jiuahjy; ciuahrpupaH fUj;jd;W vd;f. NkYk;
ghHg;ghd; fs;Sz;zhd; vd;wtopf; fs;Sz;zhik rhjp gw;wpr;
nry;tnjhd;whfypd; ghHg;gdpf;Fk; ghHg;ghHf;Fky;yJ
gpwrhjpahHf;Fk; m/wpizf;FQ; nrhy;yhikapd;>
Ik;ghw;fpstpf;FKupa vd;wy; nghUe;jhikahDk; mtHf;fJ
fUj;jd;ik awpf vdTk; tpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH.
caHjpizg; ngaHfs;:
mt;top>
mtd;> ,td;> ctd;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
mts;> ,ts;> cts;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
mtH> ,tH> ctH> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
ahd;> ahk;> ehk;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH> vd;Dk;
Mtapd; %d;nwhL mg; gjpide;Jk;
ghy; mwpte;j caHjpizg; ngaNu
%tifahf Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l ngaUs;> mtndd;gJ Kjyhf

ahtnud;g jPwhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpide;Jk; ghy; tpsq;f epw;Fk;
caHjpizg;ngaH MFk;. mtd;> ,td;> ctd; vd;Dk; Mz;ghw;
ngaHfSk; mts;> ,ts;> cts; vd;Dk; ngz;ghw; ngaHfSk;
mtH> ,tH> ctH>vd;Dk; gyHghy; ngaHfSk;ahd;> ahk;> ehk;>
86
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH vd;Dk; ngaHfSk; caHjpizapy;
,d;dghy; vd;gjid czHj;jp epw;Fk; ngaHfs; MFk;.
,tw;Ws;ahndd;gJ> xUtd; xUj;jp nad;Dk; gFjp

czHj;jhjhapDk;> mJ jpiz nahUik czHj;jypd; ghywpte;j
ngauhk;. NkYk; ghywp te;jntdg; gd;ikgw;wpf; $wpdhnudpDk;
mJ ahd; vd;gjw;F Vw;fhJ> ,J ePq;fyhf Vidatw;wpw;F
Vw;wypd; gd;ikapy; $wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
Mz;ik mLj;j kfd; vd; fpstpAk;>
ngz;ik mLj;j kfs; vd; fpstpAk;>
ngz;ik mLj;j ,fu ,WjpAk;>
ek; CHe;J t&ck; ,fu IfhuKk;>
Kiwik Rl;lh kfDk; kfSk;>
khe;jH kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngaUk;>
M^c kf^c MapU ngaUk;>
Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa md;Dk; MDk;>
mit Kjy; Mfpa ngz;L vd; fpstpAk;>
xg;nghL t&ck; fpstpnahL njhif,>
mg; gjpide;Jk; mtw;W Xud;d .
,g;ngaH gjpide;Jk; Nkw;$wg;gl;ld Nghy ghywpte;j

caHjpizg;ngauhk;.
Mz;ikaLj;j kfndd; fpstp - Mz;kfd;;
ngz;ikaLj;j kfnsd; fpstpngz;kfs;- ngz;lhl;b
ek;%He;Jt&c kpfuKk; Ifhuk;- ek;gp> eq;if
Kiwik Rl;lh kfD kfSk; - kfd; kfs;
M^ kf^ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk;
khe;jH kf;fnsd;Dk; gd;ikg; ngaH
Rl;L Kjyhfpa md;Dk; MDkhtd :
87
mt;thsd;> ,t;thsd;> ct;thsd;@ mk;khl;lhd; > ,k;khl;lhd;>
ck;khl;lhd; vd;gd.
mt;thl;b> ,t;thl;b> ct;thl;b
xg;nghL t&cq; fpstpahtd nghd;dd;dhd;@ nghd;dd;dhs;
vd;gdTk; ghy; tpsq;fp epw;Fk; caHjpizg; ngaHfs; MFk;.

njhlf;fj;jd. ,it NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;ld Nghd;W mjpfk;;
gapd;Wthuhikapd;> mtw;nwhL xUq;F itf;fhJ jdpj;Jf;
$wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstpAk;>
vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstpAk;>
ngz;ik mLj;j kfd; vd; fpstpAk;>
md;d ,ayvd;kdhH GytH
vy;yhUk; vdTk; vy;yPUk; vdTk; ngz;kfd; vdTk; tUk; %d;Wk;

Nkw; $wg;gl;ldNghyg; ghywpte;j caHjpizg; ngaHfshk;.
,tw;Ws; ngz;kfd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F Gwj;Jg; Ngha;

tpisahLk; Ngijg; gUtj;Jg; ngz;kfis khNwhf;fj;jhH ,f;
fhyj;Jk; ngz; kfndd;W toq;FtH vdr; rhd;W fhl;LthH
NrdhtiuaH.
vy;yhUk; vy;yPUk; vd;wtop glHf;ifg; gd;ik AzHj;Jk; MH

vd;gJk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik AzHj;Jk; <H vd;gJk; ck;ik
aLj;J tUtjyhDk; ngz;kfd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ghy; jpupe;J
tUtjdhYk; jdpj;Jf; $wpdhH.
epyg; ngaH> Fbg; ngaH> FOtpd; ngaNu>
tpidg; ngaH> cilg; ngaH>gz;G nfhs; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j Kiw epiyg; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j rpid epiyg; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j jpiz epiyg; ngaNu>
$b tU tof;fpd; ML ,aw; ngaNu>
,d;wptH vd;Dk; vz;zpaw;nganuhL>
88
md;wp midj;Jk; mtw;W ,ay;gpdNt
epyg;ngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldTk; NkydNghyg; ghywpte;j

caHjpizg; ngaHfshk;. @
epyg;ngaH - mUthsd;> Nrhopad;>
Fbg;ngaH - kiyakhd;> Nrukhd;
FOtpd; ngaH - mitaj;jhH> mj;jp Nfhrj;jhH>
tpidg;ngaH - tUthH> nry;thH> jr;rd;> nfhy;yd;
cilikg;ngaH - mk;gH fpohd;> Ng&Hfpohd; vd;gd @ ntw;gd; >

NrHg;gd;.
gz;G nfhs; ngaH - fupahd;. nra;ahd;
gy;NyhHf;Fwpj;j Kiw epiyg; ngaH - je;ijah;> jhaH
gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j rpidepiyg; ngaH - ngUq;fhyH> ngUe;NjhsH
gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j jpiz epiyg; ngaH - ghHg;ghH> murH> tzpfH>

NtshsH
(gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j vd;W rpwg;gpj;jikahy; ,k; %tifg; ngaUs;

xUikg;ngaH ,uz;L jpizf;Fk; cupathk;)
$btU tof;fpd; Mbaw; ngaH - gl;bGj;jpuH> fq;ifkhj;jpuH
vz;zpaw; ngaH xUtH> ,UtH> Kg;gj;J%tH
md;d gpwTk; caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
gd;ikAk; xUikAk; ghy; mwpte;j
vd;d ngaUk; mj; jpizat;Nt
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l ngaHNghy;tdTk; gpwTk;> caHjpizf;fz;

gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghywpte;j vy;yhg;ngaUk; caHjpizg;
ngauhk;
md;d gpwTkhtd - Vdhjp> fhtpjp> vl;b> thapyhd;> g+apyhd;>

tz;zj;jhd;> Rz;zj;jhd;> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwH> kw;iwahd;>
kw;iwahs;> kw;iwahH> vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH
.
89
m/wpizg; ngaHfs;:
mJ> ,J> cJ> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
mit Kjy; Mfpa Ma;jg; ngaUk;@
mit> ,it> cit> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
mit Kjy; Mfpa tfug; ngaUk;@
`ahJ> ah> ahit>' vd;Dk; ngaUk;@
ghy; mwp te;j m/wpizg; ngaNu
mJ> ,J> cJntd; tUk; ngaUk;> Rl;Nl Kjyhf Ma;jj;NjhL

$b m/J> ,/J> c/J vd tUk; ngaUk; @ mit> ,it>
citnad tUk; ngaUk;> mr; Rl;Nl Kjyhf mt;> ,t;> ct;
vd tUk; tfu <w;Wg; ngaUk; ahJ> ah> ahit vd;Dk;
tpdhg;ngaUnkd ,g; gjpide;J ngaUk;> ghy; tpsq;f tUk;
m/wpizg; ngauhk;.
gy;y> gy> rpy> vd;Dk; ngaUk;>
cs;s> ,y;y> vd;Dk; ngaUk;>
tpidg; ngaHf; fpstpAk;> gz;G nfhs; ngaUk;>
',idj;J vdf; fpsf;Fk; vz;Zf;Fwpg; ngaUk;>
xg;gpd; Mfpa ngaHepiy csg;gl>
mg; ghy; xd;gJk; mtw;W Xud;d
gy;yntd;gJ Kjyhff; $wg;gl;l xd;gJ ngaUk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l

m/wpizg; ngaHNghyg; ghy; czu epw;Fk; ngaHfshk;.
,tw;Ws; gy;y> gy> rpy> cs;s> ,y;y vd;Dk; Ie;J ngaUk;

jk;ik AzHj;jp epd;wd. kw;iwad nghUSzHj;jp epd;wd.
tpidg; ngaHf;fpstp - tUtJ> nry;tJ
gz;G nfhs; ngaH fpstp – fupaJ> nra;a
,idj;njdf; fpsf;Fk; vz;Zf;Fwpf; fpstp: xd;W> gj;J> E}W
90
xg;gpdhfpa ngaHepiyf;fpstp: nghd;dd;dJ> nghd;dd;dit
fs;nshL rptZk; mt; ,aw;ngaNu>
nfhs; top cila> gy mwp nrhw;Nf .
fs;nsd;Dk; <w;nwhL nghUe;Jk; m/wpizapaw; ngaH

fs;sw
P ;NwhL nghUe;Jjw;fz; gytwp nrhy;yhk;.
m/wpiz ,aw;ngauhtd : M> eha;> Fjpiu> fOij>njq;F> gyh>

kiy> fly; vd;Dk; njhlf;fj;Jr; rhjpg;ngaH. xUikf;Fk;
gd;ikf;Fk; nghJtha; epw;wypd; ,aw;ngauhFk;. ,it fs;
vd;Dk;><w;wpidg; ngw;W Mf;fs;> Fjpiufs; vd epd;W gd;ik
tpsf;Fk; NghJ gytwp nrhy;yhf mikAk;.
md;d gpwTk; m/wpiz kUq;fpd;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ngaHNghy;tdTk; gpwTk;> m/wpizapd;fz;

gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghy; tpsq;f te;j vy;yhg; ngaUk;
mj;jpizf;Fupajhk;.
md;dgpwTk;vd;wjdhw; nfhs;sg;gLtd: gpwpJgpw@ kw;iwaJ>

kw;iwad> gy;yit> rpy;yit@ cs;sJ> ,y;yJ>cs;sd> ,y;yd
vd;De; njhlf;fj;jdMFk;.
njupepiy cila> m/wpiz ,aw;ngaH
xUikAk; gd;ikAk;> tpidnahL tupNd
fs;nshL tuhj m/wpiz ,aw;ngaH xUikAk; gd;ikAk;

tpsq;F epiyAila> mjw;Nfw;w tpidnahL njhlHe;J tUkplj;J
xUikAk; gd;ikAk; tpsq;Fk;
:M te;jJ> M te;jd@ Fjpiu te;jJ> Fjpiu te;jd vd

tpidahw; ghy; tpsf;fpaik mwpf.
tpuTg; ngaHfs;
caHjpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa ngaHfis
tpuTg;ngaH vd;gH> mj;jifa ngaHfis tpidfisf; nfhz;L
jpiz mwpa ,aYNkad;wp tpidfs; ,y;yhj top jpiz
mwpjy; ,ayhJ ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH>
91
,U jpizr; nrhw;Fk; Xud;d cupikapd;>
jpupG NtWg^ck; vy;yhg; ngaUk;>
epidAk; fhiy> jk;jk; kugpd;
tpidnahL my;yJ ghy; njupG ,yNt
vdf; Fwpg;ghH.
mit> jj;jk; kugpd; tpidnahL ghy; tpsf;FkhW :- rhj;jd;

te;jhd;> rhj;jd; te;jJ@ Kltd; te;jhd;> Kltd; te;jJ
vd;gjha; mikAk;.
jj;jk; kugpd; tpidahtd caHjpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;F cupa

gjpNdhuPw;Wg; glHf;iftpid vd;gjhFk;.
,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa nrhy;> tpidahw; nghJik ePq;fp

xUjpizr;nrhy;yh nkd;gJ fUj;jhfypd; <z;Lg; ghnyndg;gl;lJ
jpizNaahk;.
rpwg;Gilg; nghUisj; jhdpdpJ fpsj;jy; vd;gjdhy; jj;jk;

kugpd; tpidNahly;yJ ghy;njupgpy vd;whH vd;Dk;
rhj;jndhUtd; rhj;jndhd;W vdj; jk;kugpd; nganuhLte;J
ghy;tpsf;FjiyAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
tpuTg;ngaHfspd; jpizapiz tpidfshy; mwpjy; kl;Lkd;wp

nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;yhYk; mwpayhk;. mr;nrhy;
epfo; fhyk; gw;wpAk; gy;NyhH glHf;if xope;j ehd;F ghy;fspYk;
tUk;. ,jidf; nfhz;L me;j tpuTg; ngaHfs; caHjpiz
xUikg; ghw;F cupad vd;W mwpayhk;.
epf*c epd;w gyH tiu fpstpapd;
caHjpiz xUik Njhd;wYk; cupj;Nj>
md;d kugpd; tpidtapdhd
epfo;fhyk;gw;wp tUk; gyHtiu fpstpahd; caHjpiz xUikg;ghy;

Njhd;WjYk; cupj;J mt;nthUikg;ghy; Njhd;Wjw;Nfw;w
tpidaplj;J vdgH.
gyHtiu fpstpnad;wJ nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;Wr;nrhy;iy MFk;.
92
rhj;jd; ahnoOck;> rhj;jp rhe;jiuf;Fk; vd;wtop ahno*cjYQ;
rhe;jiuj;jYkhfpa tpid m/wpizf;F tuhJ xUtw;Fk;
xUj;jpf;F nghUe;jypd; caHjpiznahUikg;ghy; tpsq;fpaJ.
elj;jy; fplj;jy; Kjyhfpa gpwnjhopy;gw;wp tUk; gyHtiu

fpstpahd; caHjpiznahUik Njhd;whikapd;>md;d kugpd;
tpidtapdhd vd;whH vd tpsf;FthH NrdhtiuaH>
Njhd;wYk;cupj;njd;Dk; vjpHkiw ck;ikahd;> md;d kugpd;

tpidf;fl;Nlhd;whikAk;cupj;njd;dhJ> gyHtiu
fpstpahy;Njhd;whikAk;cupj;njd;W nfhs;f.
m/Njy;> ahno*cjYQ; rhe;jiuj;jY Kjyhfpa njhopy;

NtWghLgw;wp tUk; Kd;dpiytpidahDk; tpaq;NfhshDk;
,Utif nar;rj;jhD nky;yhk; caH jpizg;ghy; Njhd;Wjyhy;
gyHtiu fpstpapndd tiue;J $wy; nghUe;jhnjdpd;:- mw;wd;W@
Kd;dQ; NrHj;jp Kiwapd; czHjy; (nrhy; -193) vd Kd;dpiyg;
ngauhw; ghYzUkhW Kd;dUzHj;jg;gLjyhDk;> md;dkugpd;
tpidgw;wp tUk; tpaq;Nfhs; Vtw; nghUz;ikj;jhfypd;
VaJzHe;J nra;A KaHjpiz Rl;bay;yJ ngUk; ghd;ikAk;
thuhikahd; Mz;ld;d kugpd; tpidahw; ghYzHjy; xU
jiyad;whfyhDk; nganur;rj;jpw;F Kbthfpa ngaUk;
tpidnar;rKk; rpWghd;ik nghJtpid nfhz;ltopay;yJ
jj;jkugpd; tpid nfhz;ltop mt;tpidNa ghy; tpsf;fyhd;
Mz;nlr;rk; ghy; tpsf;fy; Ntz;lhikahDk;> mit nahopj;Jg;
gyHtiu fpstpNa tpje;J $wpdhH. ,Utif nar;rj;jhDk;
tpaq;NfhshDQ; rpWghd;ik caHjpizg;ghy; Njhd;wy; xd;nwd
Kbj;jnyd;gjdhw; nfhs;f vd;Dk; NrdhtiuaH ciu njspT
je;J epw;Fk;.
epfo;fhyj;Jg; gpwnrhy;iy ePf;Fjw;Fg; gyHtiu fpstp vd;whH.
gd;iktpuTg;ngaiu ePf;Fjw;F epf*cepd;w vd;whH.
93
Nky; tpuTg;ngaH jj;jkugpd; tpidNahly;yJ ghy; njupgpy
ntd;whH @ ,dp mtw;whdd;wpg; nghJtpid ahDk; ghy;njupa
epw;Fnkd;gJ czHj;jpathW. m/Njy;> rhj;jd; Gw;wpd;Dk;>
rhj;jp fd;wPDk; vdr; nra;Ankd;DQ; nrhy;yhd;
m/wpizg;ghYe; Njhd;Wjypd;> mJ $whuhapw;
nwd;idnadpd; :- vOjYk; miuj;jYk; m/wpizf;nfd;Dk;
,iagpy;yhjthW Nghyg; Gw;wpd;wy; caHjpizf;F
vt;thw;whD kpiagpd;nwdg; glhikahDk;> fd;wPDk; vd;Gop
<D nkd;Dk; tpidahdd;wpf; fd;nwd;DQ; rhHghd;
m/wpizg;ghy; Njhd;WjyhDk;> xUik tpidahd; xU top
m/wpizg;ghy; Njhd;wpDk; mJ rpWghd;ik ahfyhDk;>
$whuhapdh nud;gJ.
tpuTg;ngaHfspd; ghFghL:
,aw;ngaH> rpidg;ngaH> rpidKjw;ngaNu> Kiwg;ngaHf;
fpstp> jhNk> jhNd> vy;yhk;> ePapH> eP> vd;Dk; xd;gJk;
tpuTg; ngaHfs; MFk;.
,aw;ngaH> rpidg;ngaH> rpidKjw;ngaNu>
Kiwg;ngaHf; fpstp>C vdf; fpse;J
nrhy;ypa my;y gpwTk;> Mmq;F
md;dit Njhd;wpd;> mtw;nwhLk; nfhsNy
,aw;ngauhtd rhj;jd; nfhw;wd; - fhuzk; fUjhJ

xUtDf;F toq;Fk; ngaH> ,J tpuTg;ngaH vdpDk; xf;Fk;.
vdpDk; xUrhuhHf;F mg;ngaH nfhLj;jik rpwg;G fUjp
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH. ghzpAe; jhsKk; xU nghUsthapDk;
,ir E}yhH jhsj;Js; xUrhudtw;wpw;Fg; ghzp nad;Dk;
ngaH nfhLj;jhw; Nghy ntd;gJ. vd;gJ mtH ciu
rpidg;ngauhtd ngUq;fhyd;> Kltd; vd mr;

rpidAilikahfpa epkpj;jk;gw;wp Kjd;Nky; tUk; ngaH.
rpidKjw; ngauhtd rPj;jiyr;rhj;jd;. nfhLk;GwkUjp vdr;

rpidg;ngaNuhL njhlHe;J tUk; Kjw;ngaH. rhj;jd;>
kUjpnad;D Kjw;ngaH rpidg;nganuhL njhlHe;jy;yJ
nghUSzHj; jhikapw; rpid Kjw; ngauhapd
94
Kiwg;ngauhtd je;ij jhnad Kiwgw;wp KiwAilg;
nghUz;Nky; tUtd. KiwahtJ gpwtpahd; xUtNdhL xUtjw;F
tUk; ,iaG.MFk;. Jhk;> jhd;> vy;yhk;> ePapH> eP vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;
jk;ik czHj;jp epd;wd.
gpwTnkd;wjdhd;> kf> Fotp Nghy;td nfhs;f. vd;ghH NguhrpupaH>

,tw;iw caHjpizg; nganud;whH ciuahrpupaH. ,jid
kWj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH njhy;fhg;gpaH kugpaYs;.
kfTk; gps;isAk; gwOk; ghHg;Gk;
mitAk; md;d mg;gh yhd (kugpa – 14 )
vdTk;>
FQ;ruk; ngWNk Fotpg; ngaHf;nfhil (kugpay; -19)
vdTk;> mit m/wpizf;fhjy; $wp>
FotpAk; kfTk; Mapuz; ly;yit
fpot my;y kf;fl; fz;Nz (kugpay; - 23)
vd caHjpizf;F Xjpitj;jhuhfypd;> mit tpuTg;ngaNuahk;@

mjdhd; mJ NghypAiu vd;f vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
mtw;Ws;>
ehd;Nf ,aw;ngaH@ ehd;Nf rpidg;ngaH@
ehd;F vd nkhopkdhH> rpidKjw;ngaNu@
Kiwg;ngaHf; fpstp ,uz;L MFk;Nk@
Vidg; ngaNu jk;jk; kugpd
tpuTg;ngaUs; ,aw;ngaH ehd;F> rpidg;ngaH ehd;F>

rpidKjw;ngaH ehd;F> Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;lhFk;. Vida
Ie;J ngaUe; jj;jkpyf;fzj;jdthFk;.
mitjhk;>
ngz;ik ,aw;ngaH> Mz;ik ,aw;ngaH>
gd;ik ,aw;ngaH> xUik ,aw;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F vd;g,aw;ngaH epiyNa
95
.ngz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH> Mz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH>
gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH> xUikr; rpidg;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F vd;g-rpidg;ngaH epiyNa
ngz;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
Mz;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
gd;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
xUik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F vd;g-rpidKjw;ngaNu
ngz;ik Kiwg;ngaH> Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH> vd;W
Mapuz;L vd;g-Kiwg;ngaH epiyNa
Nkw;fz;l E}w;ghf;fs; ,aw;ngaH KJypa ehd;fd; tpupahfpa

gjpdhd;Fk; ,it ,it vd czHj;jpd.
ngz;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
ngz;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUj;jpf;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
Nkw;$wpa gjpdhd;F ngaUk; ,UjpizAk; gw;wpg; ghYzHj;jpa

ntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhH. mit ngz;ikg; ngaH ehd;Fk;>
Mz;ikg;ngaH ehd;Fk;> gd;ikg; ngaH %d;Wk;> xUikg;ngaH
%d;Wkhk;.
ngz;ik gw;wp tUk; ehd;F ngaUk;>m/wpizg; ngz;nzhd;ww;Fk;

caHjpiz nahUj;jpf;Fk; cupajhFk;.
me; ehd;F ngaHfshtd: ngz;ikapaw;ngaH>

ngz;ikr;rpidg;ngaH> ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH> ngz;ik
Kiwg; ngaH vd;gdNtahFk;.
m/wpiz- ngz;ikcaHjpiz– ngz;ik
ngz;ikapaw;ngaH>-rhj;jp te;jJ>rhj;jp te;jhs;
ngz;ikr;rpidg;ngaH - Klj;jp te;jJ>Klj;jp te;jhs;
96
ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH- Klnfhw;wp te;jJ>
Klf;nfhw;wp te;jhs;
ngz;ik Kiwg; ngaH - jha; te;jJ> jha; te;jhs;
Mz;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
Mz;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUtw;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
Mz;ikgw;wp tUk; ehd;F ngaUk;> m/wpiz xd;ww;Fk;>

caHjpiz xUtDf;Fk; cupajhFk;.
me; ehd;FngaHfs;:: Mz;ik ,aw;ngaH> Mz;ikr;rpidg; ngaH>

Mz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH> Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH vd;gdthFk;
; m/wpiz- Mz;ik
caHjpiz – Mz;ik
Mz;ikapaw;ngaH>- rhj;jd; te;jJ>

rhj;jd; te;jhd;
Mz;ikr;rpidg;ngaH - Kltd; te;jJ>

Kltd; te;jhd;
Mz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH- Klnfhw;wd; te;jJ>

Klf;nfhw;wd; te;jhd;;
Mz;ik Kiwg; ngaH - je;ij te;jJ>

je;ij te;jhd;
xd;ww;Fk; vdg; nghJg;gilahff; $wpbDk; Mz;ik Rl;ba

vd;wjdhy; m/wpiz Mz; xd;Nwahk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
gd;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
gd;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;m/wpiz xUikAk; m/wpizg;

gd;ikAk; caHjpiz xUikvd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l %d;W
ghy;fSf;Fkl; cupajhFk;.
97
gd;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;Nw> gyNt> xUtH> vd;Dk;
vd;W ,g; ghw;Fk; Xud;dt;Nt
mk;%d;Wkhtd@ gd;ikapaw;ngaUk;> gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaUk;>

gd;ikr;rpid Kjw;ngaUkhk;.
m/wpiz xUik m/wpiz gd;ik

caHjpiz xUik
gd;ik ,aw;ngaH:ahid te;jJ. ahid te;jd>ahid te;jhd;>

ahid te;jhs;
gd;ik rpidg;ngaH -neLq;fOj;jy;neLq;fOj;jy; neLq;fOj;jy;

te;jhd;
te;jJ te;jd neLq;fOj;jy; te;jhs;
gd;ikrpid Kjw;ngaH- ngUq;fhy; ahid

ngUq;fhy;ahid>ngUq;fhy;ahid
te;jhd;
te;jJ te;jd ngUq;fhy; ahid
te;jhs;
gd;ikf;Nfad;wp xUikf;FKupatha; tUtdtw;iwg; gd;ikg;

nganud;w njd;idnadpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH
ngz;ikg; ngaH KjyhapdTk; gpwngauhYzHj;jg;glhj ngz;ik
Kjyhapdtw;iwA KzHj;jyhdd;Nw mg; ngauthapd. vd;id ?
ngz;ik Kjyhapd gpwngauhYzHj;jg;gLkhapd; mg;ngz;ik
Kjyhapdtw;whd; mg;ngaH tiue;J Rl;lyhfhikapd;>
gd;ikg;ngaH xUik AzHj;JkhapDk;> gpwthw;whYzHj;jg;glhj
gd;ikia xUfhYzHj;jypd; mg; gd;ikahd; mit tiue;J
98
Rl;lg;gLjypd; mg;ngauthapd. mw;NwDk;> gd;ik Rl;ba
nganud;wikahw; gd;ikNa AzHj;jy; Ntz;Lnkdpd;:- mw;wd;W@
,ia gpd;ik ePf;fYk; gpwpjpdpiaG ePf;fYnkd tpNrbj;jy;
,Utifj;J. ntz;Filg; ngUtpwy; vd;w topr; nrq;Fil
Kjypatw;NwhL ,iaG ePf;fhJ ntz;FilNahL ,iagpd;ik
khj;jpiu ePf;fp ntz;Filahnad;gJgl epw;wypd; m/jpiagpd;ik
ePf;fyhk;. fUq;Ftis vd;w topr;nrk;ik Kjyhapdtw;NwhL
,iaG ePf;fypd;> ,J gpwpjpdpiaG ePf;fyhk;. gd;ik Rl;ba
nganud;gJ> ntz;Filg; ngUtpwy; vd;gJNghy> xUikapiaG
ePf;fhJ gd;ik Rl;LjNyhL ,iagpd;ik khj;jpiu ePf;fpg; gd;ik
Rl;Lnkd;gJgl epd;wJ. mjdhd; tpNrbf;Fq;fhw; gpwpjpdpiaG
ePf;fy; xUjiyad;nwd;f.m/wpiznahUikAk;
mj;jpizg;gd;ikAk; caHjpiz nahUikAkhfpa gytw;iwAk;
czHj;jyhw; gd;ik Rl;ba nganud;ghUKsH. m/Jiu ahrpupaH
fUj;jd;ik mt;Tiuahd; tpsq;Fk; vd ePz;l ciu vOjp
tpsf;FthH.
xUik Rl;ba rpidKjw; ngaH:
xUik Rl;btUk; xUik ,aw;ngaH> xUik rpidg; ngaH xUik

rpidKjw; ngaH Mfpad m/wpiz xUikf;Fk; caHjpiz
xUikf;Fk; cupathFk;.
xUik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUtHf;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
m/wpiz xUik caHjpiz xUik
xUik ,aw;ngaH Nfhij te;jJ Nfhij

te;jhd;> Nfhij te;jhs;
xUik rpidg; ngaH nrtpapyp te;jJ nrtpapyp

te;jhd;> nrtpapyp te;jhs;
xUik rpid Kjw; ngaH nfhLk;Gw kUjp te;jJ nfhLk;Gw

kUjp te;jhd;
nfhLk;Gw kUjp te;jhs
jhk; vd; fpstp:
jhk; vd; fpstp gd;ikf;F cupj;Nj.
jhk; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ikg;ghYf;F cupaJ
99
jhk; te;jhH
jhk; te;jd
jhd; vd; fpstp:
jhd; vd; fpstp xUikf;F cupj;Nj
jhd;; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; xUikg;ghYf;F cupaJ
jhd; te;jhd;
jhd; te;jhs;
jhd; te;jJ
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp:
.vy;yhk;' vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp
gy;top Ejypa epiyj;J MFk;Nk
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ikg;ghYf;F

cupaJ
vy;yhk; te;Njhk;
vy;yhk; te;jPH
vy;yhk; te;jhH
vy;yhk; te;jd
vy;yhnkd;Dk; ngaH ,uz;Ljpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ik Fwpj;J

tUnkd;dhJ gy;topnad;wJ. Nkdpnay;yhk; griyahapw;W vd
xU nghUspd; gytplq; Fwpj;J epw;wYKilj;njd;gJ}ck;
Nfhlw;Fg; NghYk;. m/J vQ;rhg;nghUl;lha;
tUtNjhHcUupr;nrhy;vd;ghUKsH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
jd; cs;SWj;j gd;ikf;F my;yJ>
caHjpiz kUq;fpd;> Mf;fk; ,y;iy
vy;yhnkd;DQ; nrhy;> caHjpizapy;> jd;ikg;gd;ikf;fy;yJ

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikf;Fk; glHf;ifg; gd;ikf;Fk; MfhJ
newpjh opUq;$e;j dpd;ngz;b nuy;yhk;' (ftp-97) vdg; glHf;iff;

fz;Zk; te;jjnjdpd;- vOj;jjpfhuj;Js;>caHjpizahadpd;
100
ek;kpil tUNk' (vO-190) vdj; jd;ikf;Nfw;w rhupia
$wpdikahDk;><z;L epakpj;jyhDk;> mJ ,l tOtikjpaha;
mike;jJ.
jd;ikr;nrhy; m/wpizf;fpd;ikapd;> vy;yhnkd;gJ nghJikapw;

gpupe;J jd;DSWj;j gd;ikf;fz; te;Jop caHjpizaPw;Wg;
nganudg;gbDk;> ,U jpizg;gd;ikAk;czHj;Jjw;Nfw;Wg; nghJg;
gpupahJ epd;wtop tpuTg; ngauhjw; fpOf;fd;W vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
vy;yhg;ghHg;ghUk;> vy;yhr; rhd;whUk; vdg; glHf;iff;fz;

tUjYk; Nfhlw;Fj; jd;Ds;SWj;j gd;ikf; fhq;fhy; caHjpiz
kUq;fpdy;yjhfhnjd nkhopkhw;wp Aiuj;jhuhy; vd;w
ciuahrpupaupd; ciuapy; tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH mjw;F
glHf;iff;fz; tUjy; ,ltOtikjp nad;wtopg;gL
kpOf;fpd;ikahDk;>jd;ikr; nrhy;Ny a/wpizf; fpstp' (nrhy;-43)
vdTk;@ ahd; ahk; ehnkd t&ck; ngaH' (nrhy;-163) vdTk;
gpwhz;L Nkhjpathw;why;> jd;ikr;nrhy; m/wpizf;fpd;ik
ngwg;gLjypd; <z;Lf;$wy; Ntz;lhik ahDk;> vOj;jjpfhuj;Js;
caH jpizahap dk;kpil tUNk' vdj; jd;ikf;Fupa rhupiaNa
$wyhDk;> mJ NghypAiunad;f vd tpsf;fk; nra;J
kWf;fpd;whH..
ePapH> ePvd t&ck; fpstp
.ePapH> eP' vd t&ck; fpstp
ghy; njupG ,yNt@ cld;nkhopg; nghUs
ePapH> eP vd t&ck; fpstpfs; jpiz njupa thuhJ>

,UjpizAk; cld; NJhd;wp epw;Fk;.
ePapH te;jha;
eP te;jha;.
mtw;Ws;>
eP vd; fpstp xUikf;F cupj;Nj
eP vd;Dk; fpstp xUikf;Fupj;J. xUik vd;gJ xUtd;> xUj;jp>

xd;W Mfpa %d;iwAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
eP te;jha;
101
Vidf; fpstp gd;ikf;F cupj;Nj.
ePapH vd;gJ gd;ikf;Fupj;J. gd;ik vd;gJ gy;NyhHf;Fk;

gytw;wpw;Fk; nghJthfpa gd;ik vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
ePapH te;jPH
xUtH vd;Dk; fpstp:
xUtH vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp
,U ghw;Fk; cupj;Nj> njupAk; fhiy
,d;wptnud;Dk;vz;zpaw; nganud;W Xjg;gl;ltw;Ws;>

xUtnud;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;>mlq;Fk;.caHjpiz Kg;ghYs; xUghy;
tpsf;fhJ> xUtd; xUj;jp nad;Dk; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJtha; epw;Fk;.
xUtH te;jhH
,Ughw;Fnkdg; nghJg;glf; $wpdhNuDk;> xUtnud;Dk; xUikg;

ngauhDzHj;jg; gLjw;Nfw;gd xUtd;> xUj;jp vd;gdNt
ahfyhd;> mitNa nfhs;sg;gLk;.
caHjpiz xUikg;ghy; ,uz;nld;W mwpag;gl;l ikahd;>

,Ughw;Fk; cupj;njd;Dk;ck;ikKw;Wk;ik. caHjpizg;
ngauhapDk;> ghYzHj;jhikAk; Kd;dHj;jhDzHj;jYk; ,jw;F
xf;Fkhfypd;><z;Lf; $wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
jd;ik Rl;bd;> gd;ikf;F Vw;Fk;.
xUtH vd;DK; nrhy; jd;ik Rl;bd; gd;ik Vw;Fk;.
xUtH te;jhH
xUtH mtH
,d;d ngaNu ,it vdy; Ntz;bd;>
Kd;dk; NrHj;jp Kiwapd; czHjy;
ePapH> eP> xUtH vd;gdtw;iw ,d;d ghy;ngaH vd;W mwpa

Ntz;bd; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;nghL $l;b czHjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xU rhj;jd;> xUtdhDk; xUj;jpahDk; gyuhDk; xd;whDk;

gythDe; jd;Dior; nrd;wtop> eP te;jha;> ePapH te;jPH vdy;.
mjidf; Nfl;gtd; ,td; ,d;dghy; fUjpf; $wpdhd; vd;gij
czHjy.;
102
xUtnuhUtiur; rhHe;njhOfyhw;wpd;( ehybahH ) vd;wtopr;
nrhy;YthndhL Nfl;lhd; ,td; Mz;ghy; cUitf; Fwpj;jhd;
vd czUk;.
kf^c vd;Dk;nrhy;:
.kf^c kUq;fpd; ghy; jpup fpstp
kf^c ,aw;if> njhopy;tapdhd
kf^cg; nghUz;ikf;fz; ghy;jpupe;JtUk; ngz;kfndd;Dk;

ngaH> tpidnfhs;Skplj;J kf^ctpw;Fupa tpid nfhs;Sk;.
:ngz;kfd; te;jhs; vd tUk;.
nghUz;ik gw;wp kf^c tpidnfhs;SNkh <W gw;wp M^c

tpidnfhs;SNkh vd;W IAw;whHf;F ,e;E}w;gh Iakfw;w
vOe;jJ.
rpwg;Gilg; nghUisj; jhdpdpJ fpsj;jy; vd;gjdhy;

njhopy;tapdhd; vd;whuhfypd;> rpwg;gpy;yhg; ngaHtapdplj;J
ngz;kfspts; vd kf^c ,aw;ifaha; tUk;.
nra;Al;Fupa kuG:
M X MFk; ngaUkhH csNt@
Mapld; mwpjy;> nra;ASs;Ns
nra;ASs; Mfhuk; Xfhukha;j; jpupAk;:
tpy;Nyhd; fhyd foNy njhbNahd;
nky;yb NkyTQ; rpyk;Ng ey;NyhH.
ahHnfh yspaH jhNk (ahupaH>
fapwhL ghiwapy; fhy;nghuhf; fyq;fp
thif ntz;nzw; nwhypf;Fk;)
Nta;gapy; gOt Kd;dp NahNu (FWe; - 7)
vdTk;>
fodp ey;Y}H kfpo;eHf; nfd;dpio
103
nefpog; gUtuy; nrg;gh NjhNa. (ew;wpiz - 40)
vdTk; Mfhuk; Xfhukha;j; jpupe;jtw;wpw;FR; rhd;whk;.
Md;> Ms;> MH> Ma; vd;Dk; kw;wthfpa ngauy;yJ> Nrukhd;>

kiyakhd; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd mt;thW
jpupahikapd;>Mapldwpjy; vd;whH. cohmd;> fpohmd; vd;gd
md;dPw;Wg;ngaHfs;. xUnkhopg; GzHr;rpahd; mt;thW> epd;wd.
MdPw;Wg; GzHr;rpahapd; coNthd;> fpoNthd; vdj; jpupAk;.
,iwr;rpg; nghUs;tapd; nra;ASs; fpsf;Fk;
,aw;ngaHf; fpstp caHjpiz Rl;lh@
epyj;Jtop kUq;fpd; Njhd;wyhd
jpiznahL gofpa ngaH myq;filNa
nra;ASl; fUg;nghUz;Nkw; fpsf;fg;gLk; ,Ujpizf;FKupa ngaH

caHjpiz AzHj;jhJ.: mt;tt; epyj;Jtop m/wpizg;
nghUstha; toq;fg;gl;L tUjyhy; MFk;
fLtd; KJkfd; fy;yh %yw;F
tJit aaHe;j td;gwo;f; Fkup
vd;wtop> fLfd;> %yd;>Fkupnad;gd m/wpizg;

nghUstha;epyj;J top kUq;fpw;> caHjpiz Rl;lhjjid mwpf.
<z;L epykhtJ> Ky;iy FwpQ;rp kUjk; nea;jy; vd;gjhFk;.
jpiznahL gofpa ngauyq; filNa
mt;tj;jpizf;Fupatha; toq;fg;gl;L tUk; ngauy;yhj tplj;J

fUg;nghUSzHj;Jk; tpuTg;ngaH caHjpiz Rl;lhJ m/wpiz
Rl;Lk;.
vdNt> jpizf;Fupatha; toq;fg;gl;L tUk; ngaH ,UjpizAQ;

Rl;btUnkd;gjhk;.
jpiznahL gofpa tpuTg;ngauhtd fhistpliy vd;De;

njhlf;fj;jd MFk;.
nrUkpF Kd;gpw; $HNtw; fhis' vdTk;>jpUe;JNty; tpliynahL

tUnkdj; jhNa (mfk;-195) vdTk;> caHjpiz Rl;bte;jthW
fz;Lnfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
104
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nrhw;fspd; tif Fwpj;J vOJf.
nrhw;fspd; tif:
nrhy; vdg;gLg ngaNu> tpid> vd;W
Mapuz;L vd;g> mwpe;jprpNdhNu
nrhy;yhtd ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr; nrhy;Ynkd ,uz;L

tifg;gLk;
ngaHr;nrhw;fpyf;fzk; Ntw;Wikapaypy; $wpdhH@

tpidr;nrhw;fpyf;fzk; tpidapaypy; $WthH vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
gpwnrhw;fSk; cs;sd vdpDk;> ,tw;wpdJ rpwg;G Nehf;fpg; ngaNu

tpidnad; whapuz; nld;g' vd;whH. ,tw;Ws;Sk; nghUsJ
GilngaHr;rpahfpa njhopy; gw;whJ mg; nghUs;gw;wp tUQ;
rpwg;Gilikahw; ngaiu Kw;$wpdhH vd;gJ NrdhtiuaHpd;
Fwpg;Giuahk;
,ilr;nrhy; fpstpAk;> cupr;nrhy; fpstpAk;>
mtw;W top kUq;fpd; Njhd;Wk; vd;g .
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAQ; rhHe;J

Njhd;Wk;.
mtw;Wtop kUq;fpw; Nwhd;W nkd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH

ciuj;jikahy; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAQ; rhHe;J Njhd;Wk; ,t;
tpuz;ilAk; mtw;NwhL NrHj;J nrhy; ehd;fh nkd;W mwpjy;
Ntz;Lk;. rhHe;J Njhd;Wnkd;wikahy; ,tw;wJ rpwg;gpd;ik
njupatUk;. tof;Fg; gapy;jy; Nehf;fp ,ilr;nrhy; Kjw;fz;
$wpdhH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
2.caHjpiz Mz;ghw;ngahfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
caHjpizg; ngaHfs;:
mt;top>
mtd;> ,td;> ctd;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
mts;> ,ts;> cts;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
105
mtH> ,tH> ctH> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
ahd;> ahk;> ehk;> vd t&ck; ngaUk;@
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH> vd;Dk;
ghy; mwpte;j caHjpizg; ngaNu
%tifahf Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l ngaUs;> mtndd;gJ Kjyhf

ahtnud;g jPwhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gjpide;Jk; ghy; tpsq;f epw;Fk;
caHjpizg;ngaH MFk;. mtd;> ,td;> ctd; vd;Dk; Mz;ghw;
ngaHfSk; mts;> ,ts;> cts; vd;Dk; ngz;ghw; ngaHfSk;
mtH> ,tH> ctH>vd;Dk; gyHghy; ngaHfSk;ahd;> ahk;> ehk;>
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH vd;Dk; ngaHfSk; caHjpizapy;
,d;dghy; vd;gjid czHj;jp epw;Fk; ngaHfs; MFk;.
,tw;Ws; ahndd;gJ> xUtd; xUj;jp nad;Dk; gFjp

czHj;jhjhapDk;> mJ jpiz nahUik czHj;jypd; ghywpte;j
ngauhk;. NkYk; ghywp te;jntdg; gd;ikgw;wpf; $wpdhnudpDk;
mJ ahd; vd;gjw;F Vw;fhJ> ,J ePq;fyhf Vidatw;wpw;F
Vw;wypd; gd;ikapy; $wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
Mz;ik mLj;j kfd;' vd; fpstpAk;>
'ngz;ik mLj;j kfs;' vd; fpstpAk;>
ngz;ik mLj;j ,fu ,WjpAk;>
ek; CHe;J t&ck; ,fu IfhuKk;>
Kiwik Rl;lh kfDk; kfSk;>
khe;jH kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngaUk;>
M^c kf^c MapU ngaUk;>
Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa md;Dk; MDk;>
mit Kjy; Mfpa ngz;L vd; fpstpAk;>
mg; gjpide;Jk; mtw;W Xud;d .
106
,g;ngaH gjpide;Jk; Nkw;$wg;gl;ld Nghy ghywpte;j
caHjpizg;ngauhk; @ v-W.
Mz;ikaLj;j kfndd; fpstp - Mz;kfd;;>
ngz;ikaLj;j kfnsd; fpstpngz;kfs;>- ngz;lhl;b
ek;%He;Jt&c kpfuKk; Ifhuk;- ek;gp> eq;if
Kiwik Rl;lh kfD kfSk; - kfd; kfs;
M^ kf^ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk;
khe;jH kf;fnsd;Dk; gd;ikg; ngaH
Rl;L Kjyhfpa md;Dk; MDkhtd :
mt;thsd;> ,t;thsd;> ct;thsd;@ mk;khl;lhd; > ,k;khl;lhd;>

ck;khl;lhd; vd;gd.
mt;thl;b> ,t;thl;b> ct;thl;b
xg;nghL t&cq; fpstpahtd nghd;dd;dhd;@ nghd;dd;dhs;
vd;gdTk; ghy; tpsq;fp epw;FK; caHjpizg; ngaHfs; MFk;.

njhlf;fj;jd. ,it NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;ld Nghd;W mjpfk;;
gapd;Wthuhikapd;> mtw;nwhL xUq;F itf;fhJ jdpj;Jf;
$wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstpAk;>
vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstpAk;>
ngz;ik mLj;j kfd; vd; fpstpAk;>
md;d ,ayvd;kdhH GytH
vy;yhUk; vdTk; vy;yPUk; vdTk; ngz;kfd; vdTk; tUk; %d;Wk;

Nkw; $wg;gl;ldNghyg; ghywpte;j caHjpizg; ngaHfshk;.
,tw;Ws; ngz;kfd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F Gwj;Jg; Ngha;

tpisahLk; Ngijg; gUtj;Jg; ngz;kfis khNwhf;fj;jhH ,f;
fhyj;Jk; ngz; kfndd;W toq;FtH vdr; rhd;W fhl;LthH
NrdhtiuaH.
vy;yhUk; vy;yPUk; vd;wtop glHf;ifg; gd;ik AzHj;Jk; MH

vd;gJk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik AzHj;Jk; <H vd;gJk; ck;ik
107
aLj;J tUtjyhDk; ngz;kfd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ghy; jpupe;J
tUtjdhYk; jdpj;Jf; $wpdhH.
epyg; ngaH> Fbg; ngaH> FOtpd; ngaNu>
tpidg; ngaH> cilg; ngaH>gz;G nfhs; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j Kiw epiyg; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j rpid epiyg; ngaNu>
gy;NyhH Fwpj;j jpiz epiyg; ngaNu>
$b tU tof;fpd; ML ,aw; ngaNu>
,d;wptH vd;Dk; vz;zpaw;nganuhL>
md;wp midj;Jk; mtw;W ,ay;gpdNt
epyg;ngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldTk; NkydNghyg; ghywpte;j

caHjpizg; ngaHfshk;. @
epyg;ngaH - mUthsd; > Nrhopad; > Fbg;ngaH - kiyakhd; >

Nrukhd;
FOtpd; ngaH - mitaj;jhH > mj;jp Nfhrj;jhH >
tpidg;ngaH - tUthH > nry;thH jr;rd; > nfhy;yd;
cilikg;ngaH - mk;gH fpohd; > Ng&Hfpohd; vd;gd @ ntw;gd; >

NrHg;gd;.
gz;G nfhs; ngaH - fupahd;. nra;ahd
gy;NyhHf;Fwpj;j Kiw epiyg; ngaH - je;ijahH > jhaH
gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j rpidepiyg; ngaH - ngUq;fhyH> ngUe;NjhsH
gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j jpiz epiyg; ngaH - ghHg;ghH > murH >

tzpfH > NtshsH >
(gy;NyhHf; Fwpj;j vd;W rpwg;gpj;jikahy; ,k; %tifg; ngaUs;

xUikg;ngaH ,uz;L jpizf;Fk; cupathk;)
$btU tof;fpd; Mbaw; ngaH - gl;bGj;jpuH> fq;ifkhj;jpuH
vz;zpaw; ngaH xUtH> ,UtH > Kg;gj;J%tH
108
md;d gpwTk; caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l ngaHNghy;tdTk; gpwTk;> caHjpizf;fz;

gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghywpte;j vy;yhg;ngaUk; caHjpizg;
ngauhk
md;d gpwTkhtd - Vdhjp> fhtpjp> vl;b> thapyhd;> g+apyhd;>

tz;zj;jhd;> Rz;zj;jhd;> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwH> kw;iwahd;>
kw;iwahs;> kw;iwahH> vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH
.
3.tpuTg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpuTg; ngaHfs;:
caHjpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa ngaHfis
tpuTg;ngaH vd;gH> mj;jifa ngaHfis tpidfisf; nfhz;L
jpiz mwpa ,aYNkad;wp tpidfs; ,y;yhj top jpiz
mwpjy; ,ayhJ mjidj; njhy;fhg;gpaH>
,U jpizr; nrhw;Fk; Xud;d cupikapd;
jpupG NtWg^ck; vy;yhg; ngaUk;
epidAk; fhiy> jk;jk; kugpd;
tpidnahL my;yJ ghy; njupG ,yNt
mit> jj;jk; kugpd; tpidnahL ghy; tpsf;FkhW :- rhj;jd;

te;jhd;> rhj;jd; te;jJ@ Kltd; te;jhd;> Kltd; te;jJ
vd;gjha; mikAk;.
jj;jk; kugpd; tpidahtd caHjpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;F vupa

gjpNdhuPw;Wg; glHf;iftpid vd;gjhFk;.
,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa nrhy;> tpidahw; nghJik ePq;fp

xUjpizr;nrhy;yh nkd;gJ fUj;jhfypd; <z;Lg; ghnyndg;gl;lJ
jpizNaahk;.
rpwg;Gilg; nghUisj; jhdpdpJ fpsj;jy; vd;gjdhy; jj;jk;

kugpd; tpidNahly;yJ ghy;njupgpy vd;whH vd;Dk;
109
rhj;jndhUtd; rhj;jndhd;W vdj; jk;kugpd; nganuhLte;J
ghy;tpsf;FjiyAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
tpuTg;ngaHfspd; jpizapiz tpidfshy; mwpjy; ml;Lkd;wp

nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;yhYk; mwpayhk;. mr;nrhy;
epfo; fhyk; gw;wpAk; gy;NyhH glHf;if xope;j ehd;F ghy;fspYK;
tUk;. ,jidf; nfhz;L me;j tpuTg; ngaHfs; caHjpiz
xUikg; ghw;F cupad vd;W mwpayhk;.
epf*c epd;w gyH tiu fpstpapd;
caHjpiz xUik Njhd;wYk; cupj;Nj>
md;d kugpd; tpidtapdhd
epfo;fhyk;gw;wp tUk; gyHtiu fpstpahd; caHjpiz xUikg;ghy;

Njhd;WjYk; cupj;J mt;nthUikg;ghy; Njhd;Wjw;Nfw;w
tpidaplj;J vdgH.
gyHtiu fpstpnad;wJ nra;Ankd;D Kw;Wr;nrhy;iy.
rhj;jd; ahnoOck;> rhj;jp rhe;jiuf;Fk; vd;wtop ahno*cjYQ;

rhe;jiuj;jYkhfpa tpid m/wpizf;F tuhJ xUtw;Fk;
xUj;jpf;F nghUe;jypd; caHjpiznahUikg;ghy; tpsq;fpaJ.
elj;jy; fplj;jy; Kjyhfpa gpwnjhopy;gw;wp tUk; gyHtiu

fpstpahd; caHjpiznahUik Njhd;whikapd;>md;d kugpd;
tpidtapdhd' vd;whH vd tpsf;FthH NrdhtiuaH.
Njhd;wY Kupj;njd;Dk; vjpHkiw Ak;ikahd;> md;d kugpd;

tpidf;fl;Nlhd;whikA Kupj;njd;dhJ> gyHtiu
fpstpahw;Nwhd;whikA Kupj;njd;W nfhs;f.
m/Njy;> ahno*cjYQ; rhe;jiuj;jY Kjyhfpa njhopy;

NtWghLgw;wp tUk; Kd;dpiytpidahDk; tpaq;NfhshDk;
,Utif nar;rj;jhD nky;yhk; caH jpizg;ghy; Njhd;Wjyhy;
gyHtiu fpstpapndd tiue;J $wy; nghUe;jhnjdpd;:- mw;wd;W@
Kd;dQ; NrHj;jp Kiwapd; czHjy; ' (nrhy; -193) vd
Kd;dpiyg; ngauhw; ghYzUkhW Kd;dUzHj;jg;gLjyhDk;>
md;dkugpd; tpidgw;wp tUk; tpaq;Nfhs; Vtw;
nghUz;ikj;jhfypd; VaJzHe;J nra;A KaHjpiz Rl;bay;yJ
ngUk; ghd;ikAk; thuhikahd; Mz;ld;d kugpd; tpidahw;
ghYzHjy; xU jiyad;whfyhDk; nganur;rj;jpw;F Kbthfpa
ngaUk; tpidnar;rKk; rpWghd;ik nghJtpid
nfhz;ltopay;yJ jj;jkugpd; tpid nfhz;ltop mt;tpidNa
110
ghy; tpsf;fyhd; Mz;nlr;rk; ghy; tpsf;fy; Ntz;lhikahDk;>
mit nahopj;Jg; gyHtiu fpstpNa tpje;J $wpdhH. ,Utif
nar;rj;jhDk; tpaq;NfhshDQ; rpWghd;ik caHjpizg;ghy;
Njhd;wy; xd;nwd Kbj;jnyd;gjdhw; nfhs;f vd;Dk;
NrdhtiuaH ciu njspT je;J epw;Fk;
epfo;fhyj;Jg; gpwnrhy;iy ePf;Fjw;Fg; gyHtiu fpstp vd;whH.
gd;iktpuTg;ngaiu ePf;Fjw;F epf*cepd;w vd;whH.
Nky; tpuTg;ngaH jj;jkugpd; tpidNahly;yJ ghy; njupgpy

ntd;whH @ ,dp mtw;whdd;wpg; nghJtpid ahDk; ghy;njupa
epw;Fnkd;gJ czHj;jpathW. m/Njy; > rhj;jd; Gw;wpd;Dk;>
rhj;jp fd;wPDk; vdr; nra;Ankd;DQ; nrhy;yhd; m/wpizg;ghYe;
Njhd;Wjypd;> mJ $whuhapw;Wvd;idnadpd; :- vOjYk;
miuj;jYk; m/wpizf;nfd;Dk; ,iagpy;yhjthW Nghyg;
Gw;wpd;wy; caHjpizf;F vt;thw;whD kpiagpd;nwdg;
glhikahDk;> fd;wPDk; vd;Gop <D nkd;Dk; tpidahdd;wpf;
fd;nwd;DQ; rhHghd; m/wpizg;ghy; Njhd;WjyhDk;> xUik
tpidahd; xU top m/wpizg;ghy; Njhd;wpDk; mJ rpWghd;ik
ahfyhDk;> $whuhapdh nud;gJ.
tpuTg;ngaHfspd; ghFghL:
.,aw;ngaH> rpidg;ngaH> rpidKjw;ngaNu> Kiwg;ngaHf; fpstp>
jhNk> jhNd> vy;yhk;> ePapH> eP> vd;Dk; xd;gJk; tpuTg; ngaHfs;
MFk;.
.,aw;ngaH> rpidg;ngaH> rpidKjw;ngaNu>
Kiwg;ngaHf; fpstp>C vdf; fpse;J
nrhy;ypa my;y gpwTk;> Mmq;F
md;dit Njhd;wpd;> mtw;nwhLk; nfhsNy
,aw;ngauhtd rhj;jd; nfhw;wd; - fhuzk; fUjhJ xUtDf;F

toq;Fk; ngaH> ,J tpuTg;ngaH vdpDk; xf;Fk;. vdpDk;
xUrhuhHf;F mg;ngaH nfhLjjik rpwg;G fUJp vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH> ghzpAe; jhsKk; xU nghUsthapDk; ,ir E}yhH
jhsj;Js; xUrhudtw;wpw;Fg; ghzp nad;Dk; ngaH nfhLj;jhw;
Nghy ntd;gJ. vd;gJ mtH ciu
rpidg;ngauhtd ngUq;fhyd; > Kltd; vd mr;

rpidAilikahfpa epkpj;jk;gw;wp Kjd;Nky; tUk; ngaH.
111
rpidKjw; ngauhtd rPj;jiyr;rhj;jd;. nfhLk;GwkUjp vdr;
rpidg;ngaNuhL njhlHe;J tUk; Kjw;ngaH. rhj;jd;> kUjpnad;D
Kjw;ngaH rpidg;nganuhL njhlHe;jy;yJ nghUSzHj; jhikapw;
rpid Kjw; ngauhapd
Kiwg;ngauhtd je;ij jhnad Kiwgw;wp KiwAilg;

nghUz;Nky; tUtd. KiwahtJ gpwtpahd; xUtNdhL xUtjw;F
tUk; ,iaG.MFk;.
jhk> jhd;> vy;yhk;> ePapH> eP vd;Dk; Ie;Jk; jk;ik czHj;jp

epd;wd.>
gpwTnkd;wjdhd;> kf> Fotp Nghy;td nfhs;f. vd;ghH NguhrpupaH>

,tw;iw caHjpizg; nganud;whH ciuahrpupaH. ,jid
kWj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH njhy;fhg;gpaH kugpaYs;.
kfTk; gps;isAk; gwOk; ghHg;Gk;
mitAk; md;d mg;gh yhd ' (kugpa – 14 )
vdTk;>
FQ;ruk; ngWNk Fotpg; ngaHf;nfhil ' (kugpay; -19)
vdTk;> mit m/wpizf;fhjy; $wp>
FotpAk; kfTk; Mapuz; ly;yit
fpot my;y kf;fl; fz;Nz ' (kugpay; - 23)
vd caHjpizf;F Xjpitj;jhuhfypd;> mit tpuTg;ngaNuahk;@

mjdhd; mJ NghypAiu vd;f vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
mtw;Ws;>
ehd;Nf ,aw;ngaH@ ehd;Nf rpidg;ngaH@
ehd;F vd nkhopkdhH> rpidKjw;ngaNu@
Kiwg;ngaHf; fpstp ,uz;L MFk;Nk@
Vidg; ngaNu jk;jk; kugpd
tpuTg;ngaUs; ,aw;ngaH ehd;F> rpidg;ngaH ehd;F>

rpidKjw;ngaH ehd;F> Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;lhFk;. Vida
Ie;J ngaUe; jj;jkpyf;fzj;jdthFk;.
112
.mitjhk;>
ngz;ik ,aw;ngaH> Mz;ik ,aw;ngaH>
gd;ik ,aw;ngaH> xUik ,aw;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F' vd;g,aw;ngaH epiyNa.ngz;ikr;

rpidg;ngaH> Mz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH>
gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH> xUikr; rpidg;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F vd;g - rpidg;ngaH epiyNa
ngz;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
Mz;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
gd;ik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaNu>
xUik Rl;ba rpidKjw;ngaH> vd;W
me; ehd;F vd;g- rpidKjw;ngaNu
ngz;ik Kiwg;ngaH> Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH> vd;W
Mapuz;Lvd;g- Kiwg;ngaH epiyNa
Nkw;fz;l E}w;ghf;fs; ,aw;ngaH KJypa ehd;fd; tpupahfpa

gjpdhd;Fk; ,it ,it vd czHj;jpd.
ngz;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
ngz;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUj;jpf;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
Nkw;$wpa gjpdhd;F ngaUk; ,UjpizAk; gw;wpg; ghYzHj;jpa

ntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhH. mit ngz;ikg; ngaH ehd;Fk;>
Mz;ikg;ngaH ehd;Fk;> gd;ikg; ngaH %d;Wk;> xUikg;ngaH
%d;Wkhk;.
ngz;ik gw;wp tUk; ehd;F ngaUk;>m/wpizg; ngz;nzhd;ww;Fk;

caHjpiz nahUj;jpf;Fk; cupajhFk;.
me; ehd;F ngaHfshtd: ngz;ikapaw;ngaH>>

ngz;ikr;rpidg;ngaH> ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH> ngz;ik
Kiwg; ngaH vdgdNtahFk;.
113
ngz;ikapaw;ngaH>-rhj;jp te;jJ> rhj;jp te;jhs;
ngz;ikr;rpidg;ngaH - Klj;jp te;jJ>

Klj;jp te;jhs;
ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH- Klnfhw;wp te;jJ>

Klf;nfhw;wp te;jhs;
ngz;ik Kiwg; ngaH - jha; te;jJ>

jha; te;jhs;
Mz;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
Mz;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUtw;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
Mz;ikgw;wp tUk; ehd;F ngaUk;> m/wpiz xd;ww;Fk;>

caHjpiz xUtDf;Fk; cupajhFk;.
me; ehd;FngaHfs;:: Mz;ik ,aw;ngaH> Mz;ikr;rpidg; ngaH>

Mz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH> Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH vd;gdthFk;
m/wpiz-Mz;ik caHjpiz– Mz;ik
Mz;ikapaw;ngaH>- rhj;jd; te;jJ> rhj;jd; te;jhd;
Mz;ikr;rpidg;ngah;- Kltd; te;jJ Kltd; te;jhd;
Mz;ikr;rpidg;
Kjw;ngah; - Klnfhw;wd; te;jJ Klnfhw;wd; te;jhd;
Mz;ik Kiwg; ngah;- je;ij te;jJ je;ij te;jhd;
xd;ww;FK; vdg; nghJg;gilahff; $wpbDk; Mz;ik Rl;ba

vd;wjdhy; m/wpiz Mz; xd;Nwahk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
114
gd;ik Rl;ba tpuTg;ngaH:
gd;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;m/wpiz xUikAk; m/wpizg;

gd;ikAk; caHjpiz xUikvd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l %d;W
ghy;fSf;Fkl; cupajhFk;
gd;ik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;Nw> gyNt> xUtH> vd;Dk;
vd;W ,g; ghw;Fk; Xud;dt;Nt
.mk;%d;Wkhtd@ gd;ikapaw;ngaUk;> gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaUk;>

gd;ikr;rpid Kjw;ngaUkhk;.
m/wpiz xUik m/wpiz gd;ik

caHjpiz xUik
gd;ik ,aw;ngaH:ahid te;jJ. ahid te;jd>ahid te;jhd;>

ahid
te;jhs;
gd;ik rpidg;ngaH -neLq;fOj;jy; neLq;fOj;jy;

neLq;fOj;jy; te;jhd;
te;jJ te;jd
neLq;fOj;jy; te;jhs;
gd;ikrpidKjw;ngaH- ngUq;fhy; ahid

ngUq;fhy;ahid>ngUq;fhy;ahid
te;jhd;
te;jJ te;jd
ngUq;fhy; ahid
te;jhs;
115
gd;ikf;Nfad;wp xUikf;FKupatha; tUtdtw;iwg; gd;ikg;
nganud;w njd;idnadpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH
ngz;ikg; ngaH KjyhapdTk; gpwngauhYzHj;jg;glhj ngz;ik
Kjyhapdtw;iwA KzHj;jyhdd;Nw mg; ngauthapd. vd;id ?
ngz;ik Kjyhapd gpwngauhYzHj;jg;gLkhapd; mg;ngz;ik
Kjyhapdtw;whd; mg;ngaH tiue;J Rl;lyhfhikapd;>
gd;ikg;ngaH xUik AzHj;JkhapDk;> gpwthw;whYzHj;jg;glhj
gd;ikia xUfhYzHj;jypd; mg; gd;ikahd; mit tiue;J
Rl;lg;gLjypd; mg;ngauthapd. mw;NwDk;> gd;ik Rl;ba
nganud;wikahw; gd;ikNa AzHj;jy; Ntz;Lnkdpd;:- mw;wd;W@
,ia gpd;ik ePf;fYk; gpwpjpdpiaG ePf;fYnkd tpNrbj;jy;
,Utifj;J. ntz;Filg; ngUtpwy; vd;w topr; nrq;Fil
Kjypatw;NwhL ,iaG ePf;fhJ ntz;FilNahL ,iagpd;ik
khj;jpiu ePf;fp ntz;Filahnad;gJgl epw;wypd; m/jpiagpd;ik
ePf;fyhk;. fUq;Ftis vd;w topr;nrk;ik Kjyhapdtw;NwhL
,iaG ePf;fypd;> ,J gpwpjpdpiaG ePf;fyhk;. gd;ik Rl;b a
nganud;gJ> ntz;Filg; ngUtpwy; vd;gJNghy> xUikapiaG
ePf;fhJ gd;ik Rl;LjNyhL ,iagpd;ik khj;jpiu ePf;fpg; gd;ik
Rl;Lnkd;gJgl epd;wJ. mjdhd; tpNrbf;Fq;fhw; gpwpjpdpiaG
ePf;fy; xUjiyad;nwd;f.m/wpiznahUikAk;
mj;jpizg;gd;ikAk; caHjpiz nahUikAkhfpa gytw;iwAk;
czHj;jyhw; gd;ik Rl;ba nganud;ghUKsH. m/Jiu ahrpupaH
fUj;jd;ik mt;Tiuahd; tpsq;Fk; vd ePz;l viu vOjp
tpsf;FthH.
xUik Rl;ba rpidKjw; ngaH:
xUik Rl;btUk; xUik ,aw;ngaH xUik rpidg; ngaH xUik

rpidKjw; ngaH Mfpad m/wpiz xUikf;Fk; caHjpiz
xUikf;Fk; cupathFk;.
xUik Rl;ba vy;yhg; ngaUk;
xd;ww;Fk; xUtHf;Fk; xd;wpa epiyNa
m/wpiz xUik cah;jpiz xUik
xUik ,aw;ngaH Nfhij te;jJ Nfhij

te;jhd;> Nfhij te;jhs;
xUik rpidg; ngaH nrtpapyp te;jJ nrtpapyp

te;jhd;> nrtpapyp te;jhs;
xUik rpid Kjw; ngaH nfhLk;Gw kUjp te;jJ
116
nfhLk;Gw kUjp te;jhd;
nfhLk;Gw kUjp te;jhs;.
4.jhk;> jhd; vd;gd vt;thW tUk;?
jhk; vd; fpstp:
jhk; vd; fpstp gd;ikf;F cupj;Nj.
jhk; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ikg;ghYf;F cupaJ
jhk; te;jhH
jhk; te;jd
jhd; vd; fpstp:
jhd; vd; fpstp xUikf;F cupj;Nj
jhd;; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; xUikg;ghYf;F cupaJ
jhd; te;jhd;
jhd; te;jhs;
jhd; te;jJ
5.vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf;fpstp Fwpj;J vOJf.
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp:
.vy;yhk;' vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp
gy;top Ejypa epiyj;J MFk;Nk
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaH ,Ujpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ikg;ghYf;F

cupaJ
vy;yhk; te;Njhk;
vy;yhk; te;jPH
vy;yhk; te;jhH
vy;yhk; te;jd
vy;yhnkd;Dk; ngaH ,uz;Ljpizf;fz;Zk; gd;ik Fwpj;J

tUnkd;dhJ gy;topnad;wJ. Nkdpnay;yhk; griyahapw;W vd
117
xU nghUspd; gytplq; Fwpj;J epw;wYKilj;njd;gJ}ck;
Nfhlw;Fg; NghYk;. m/J vQ;rhg;nghUl;lha; tUtNjh
Uupr;nrhnyd; ghUKsH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
caHjpiz kUq;fpd;> Mf;fk; ,y;iy
vy;yhnkd;DQ; nrhy;> caHjpizapy;> jd;ikg;gd;ikf;fy;yJ

Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikf;Fk; glHf;ifg; gd;ikf;Fk; MfhJ
newpjh opUq;$e;j dpd;ngz;b nuy;yhk;' (ftp-97) vdg; glHf;iff;

fz;Zk; te;jjnjdpd;- vOj;jjpfhuj;Js;>caHjpizahadpd;
ek;kpil tUNk' (vO-190) vdj; jd;ikf;Nfw;w rhupia
$wpdikahDk;><z;L epakpj;jyhDk;> mJ ,l tOtikjpaha;
mike;jJ.
jd;ikr;nrhy; m/wpizf;fpd;ikapd;> vy;yhnkd;gJ nghJikapw;

gpupe;J jd;DSWj;j gd;ikf;fz; te;Jop caHjpizaPw;Wg;
nganudg;gbDk;> ,U jpizg;gd;ikA KzHj;Jjw;Nfw;Wg; nghJg;
gpupahJ epd;wtop tpuTg; ngauhjw; fpOf;fd;W vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
vy;yhg;ghHg;ghUk;> vy;yhr; rhd;whUk; vdg; glHf;iff;fz; tUjYk;

Nfhlw;Fj; jd;Ds;SWj;j gd;ikf; fhq;fhy; caHjpiz
kUq;fpdy;yjhfhnjd nkhopkhw;wp Aiuj;jhuhy; vd;w
ciuahrpupaupd; ciuapy; tdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH mjw;F
glHf;iff;fz; tUjy; ,ltOtikjp nad;wtopg;gL
kpOf;fpd;ikahDk;>jd;ikr; nrhy;Ny a/wpizf; fpstp' (nrhy;-43)
vdTk;@ ahd; ahk; ehnkd t&ck; ngaH' (nrhy;-163) vdTk;
gpwhz;L Nkhjpathw;why;> jd;ikr;nrhy; m/wpizf;fpd;ik
ngwg;gLjypd; <z;Lf;$wy; Ntz;lhik ahDk;> vOj;jjpfhuj;Js;
caH jpizahap dk;kpil tUNk' vdj; jd;ikf;Fupa rhupiaNa
$wyhDk;> mJ NghypAiunad;f vd tpsf;fk; nra;J
kWf;fpd;whH.
6.ePapH> eP vd t&ck; fpstp vt;thW mikAk; vd;gjid

tpsf;Ff.
ePapH> eP vd t&ck; fpstp
ePapH> eP vd t&ck; fpstp
ghy; njupG ,yNt@ cld;nkhopg; nghUs
118
ePapH> eP vd t&ck; fpstpfs; jpiz njupa thuhJ>
,UjpizAk; cld; NJhd;wp epw;Fk;.
ePapH te;jha;
eP te;jha;.
mtw;Ws;>
eP vd; fpstp xUikf;F cupj;Nj
eP vd;Dk; fpstp xUikf;Fupj;J. xUik vd;gJ xUtd;> xUj;jp>

xd;W Mfpa %d;iwAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
eP te;jha;
Vidf; fpstp gd;ikf;F cupj;Nj.
ePapH vd;gJ gd;ikf;Fupj;J. gd;ik vd;gJ gy;NyhHf;Fk;

gytw;wpw;Fk; nghJthfpa gd;ik vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
ePapH te;jPH
7.xUtH vd;Dk; fpstp mikAk;khw;iw tpsf;Ff.
xUtH vd;Dk; fpstp:
xUtH vd;Dk; ngaHepiyf; fpstp
,U ghw;Fk; cupj;Nj> njupAk; fhiy
,d;wptnud;D nkz;zpaw; nganud;Nwhjg;gl;ltw;Ws;>

xUtnud;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;>mlq;Fk;.caHjpiz Kg;ghYs; xUghy;
tpsf;fhJ> xUtd; xUj;jp nad;Dk; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJtha; epw;Fk;.
rhd;W: xUtH te;jhH
tpidapay;
ngaUf;fhd ,yf;fzk; $wpa gpd; tpidapd; ,yf;fzj;ij

njhy;fhg;gpaH ,t;tpaypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. jpiz mbg;gilapy;
ngaupaiy mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJNghy; tpidapaiyAk; jpiz
mbg;gilapNy mikj;Jf; nfhz;L ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpwhH. tpid
vd;gJ nraiyf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. vdNt mjidg; gw;wpf; $Wk;
,g;gFjp tpidapay; vdg;gl;lJ.
119
tpidr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,ay;G:
tpid vdg;gLtJ Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ>
epidAk; fhiy> fhynkhL Njhd;Wk;.
tpidnad;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ Ntw;WiknahL nghUe;jhJ>

MuhAq;fhw; fhyj;njhL Gyg;gl;L tUk;. ,q;F Ntw;Wik vd;gJ
Ntw;Wik cUigf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
cz;lhd;> fupad; vd Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ fhynkhL Njhd;wp

epd;wJ.
tpidr;nrhy; fhynkhL Njhd;Wk; vdf; Fwpf;fhJ Ntw;Wik

nfhs;shJ vd;W kl;Lk; Fwpj;jhy; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk;
tpidr;nrhy; vd;gjha;g; nghUs; gLk; vd;gjhYk; mt;
,uz;bidAk;> ePf;Fjw;fhfTk; Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ fhynkhL
Njhd;Wk; vd;whH. Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ vdf; Fwpf;fhjpUg;ghpd;
mJ tpidahyizAk; ngaiuAk; Fwpj;J epw;FFk;. vdNt
Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ vd;whH>
tpidr;nrhy;Ys; ntspg;glf; fhyk; fhl;lhjdTk; cs. vdNt

mitAk; MuhAq;fhw; fhyKilad vd;wjw;F>epidAq;fhiy
vd;whH.
fhyj;jpd; ,ay;G:
fhyk; jhNk %d;W vd nkhopg.
fhyk; vd;gJ %d;W vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.
,wg;gpd;> epfo;tpd;> vjpHtpd;> vd;wh
mk; Kf; fhyKk; Fwpg;nghLk; nfhs;Sk;
nka;e; epiy cila> Njhd;wy.
,wg;Gk; epfo;Tk; vjpHTk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;. mk;%d;W fhyKq;

Fwpg;GtpidnahLk; nghUe;Jk.
Fhyk; %d;whtd ,wg;Gk;> epfo;Tk;> vjpHT vd;gjhk.; ntspg;glf;

fhyk; fhl;lhjdFwpg;G tpidnadg;gLk;.
cz;lhd;> cz;zhepd;whd;> cz;ghd; vd tUk;.
120
,wg;ghtJ njhopyJ fopT> epfo;thtJ njhopy; njhlq;fg;gl;L
Kw;Wg;ngwhj epiyik. vjpHthtJ njhopy; gpwthik MFk;.
tpidf;Fwpg;Gf; fhynkhL Njhd;Wq;fhy;> gz;L fupad; ,J

nghOJ fupad; vd ,we;jfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; KiwahNd gw;wp
tUjYk;> ehisf;fupadhk; vd vjpHfhyj;J Mf;fnkhL tUjYk;
cz;L.tpidf;Fwpg;gpy; fhyk; ntspg;glj; Njhd;whJ vdpDk;
fhyk; mike;J fplg;gJ nka;ikahjypd; nka;epiyAila
Njhd;wyhNw vdf; Fwpj;jhH njhy;fhg;gpaH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
tpidr;nrhw;fspd; tif:
Fwpg;gpDk; tpidapDk; newpg;glj; Njhd;wpf;
fhynkhL t&ck; tpidr;nrhy; vy;yhk;-
caHjpizf;F cupikAk;> m/wpizf;F cupikAk;>
MapU jpizf;Fk; Xud;d cupikAk;>
mk; %cUgpdNjhd;wyhNw.
nghJtifahw; $wpatpidr;nrhy;iyr; rpwg;G tifahDzHj;jpa

ntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.
Fwpg;Gg; nghUz;ikf; fz;Ze; njhopy; nghUz;ikf;fz;Ze;

Njhd;wpf;fhyj;NjhL tUk; vy;yhtpidr; nrhy;Yk;>
caHjpizf;FupadTk; m/wpizf;FupadtdTk; ,uz;L
jpizf;Fk; xg;g cupAiladTkha; tUk;.
fupad;> nra;ad; - Fwpg;G tpid
cz;lhd;- caHjpiz – njupepiy tpid
fupad; - caHjpiz – Fwpg;G tpid
nrd;wJ- m/wpiz- njupepiy tpid
nra;aJ- m/wpiz- Fwpg;G tpid
te;jid- tpuT tpid- njupepiy tpid
ntspia- tpuT tpid- Fwpg;G tpid
Fwpg;nghLq;nfhs;Sk; (nrhy;-200) vd Nkw;

Fwpgggpl;Liuj;jikahw; ,q;F Fwpg;gpDk; tpidapDk; vd;whH.
121
<Wgw;wp czHj;jg;gLk; tpidr;nrhw;fis ,J fhyj;jpw;Fupj;J
,J epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fupj;J ,J vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fupj;J vd tof;F
Nehf;fp> czHe;J nfhs;f vd;gjid tpsf;f>fhynkhL t&ck;
vd;whH.
tpidr;nrhw; fhyKzHj;Jq; fhyj;Jr; rpynewpg;ghLilad

vd;gjid tpsf;f newpg;glj;Njhd;wp vd;whH. newpg;ghL vdg;gLtJ
nrhw;fspd; <w;Wkpir epw;Fk; vOj;J NtWghL. mit Kw;Wk;
czHj;jy; vd;gJ ,ayhJ> vd;Dk; mt; <W czHj;Jk; ,lj;jpy;
mJ gw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLk; vd;whH NrdhtiuaH.
caHjpiz: - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpid Kw;W
caHjpizf;Fupa tpidfisj; njhy;fhg;gpaH jd;ik tpid>

glHf;if tpid> vd ,U tifapdthff; $WthH> Kd;dpiy
trpid vd;gJ tpuT tpid vd;gjw;F cupajhifahy; mjid
,q;F czHj;jpdhupy;iy.
mitjhk;>
mk;> Mk;> vk;> Vk;> vd;Dk; fpstpAk;>
ck;nkhL t&ck; f> l> j> w> vd;Dk;
me; ehw; fpstpnahL Mnaz; fpstpAk;
gd;ik ciuf;Fk; jd;ikr; nrhy;Ny.
caHjpiztpid ,Utifg;gLk;. mit jd;ik tpidAk;

glHf;iftpidAnkd;gjhk;. jd;ik tpidAk; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit
gd;ikj; jd;ikAk; xUikj; jd;ikAkhk.; jd;id kl;Lk;
czHj;jp tUtJ jdpj;jd;ikahFk;. jd;NdhL gpwiuAk;
csg;gLj;jp ciug;gJ gd;ikj;jd;ik MFk;. mit %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
mk;> Mk; - Kd;dpiyahiu csg;gLj;Jjy;.
vk;> Vk;- glHf;ifahiu csg;gLj;Jjy;
Fk;> Lk;>Jk; Wk; -Kd;dpiyahiuAk; glHf;ifahiuAk;

csg;gLj;Jjy;
mQ;rpdk;> mQ;rpdhk; - Kd;dpiyahiu csg;gLj;Jjy;
mQ;rpndk;> mQ;rpNdk; - glHf;ifahiu csg;gLj;Jjy;
122
cz;Fk;> cz;Lk;> tUJk;> NrWk; - Kd;dpiyahiuAk;
glHf;ifahiuAk; csg;gLj;Jjy;.
mk;> Mk;@ vk; > Vk; vd;gd %d;W fhyKk;gw;wp tUk;. ck;nkhL
t&cq; fljw mjhtJ Fk;> Lk;>Jk>; Wk; vd;gdvjpHfhyk;gw;wp
tUk;.
Kd;dpd;w ehd;F <Wk; mjhtJ mk;> Mk;@ vk;> Vk; vd;gd

,we;j fhyk; gw;wp tUq;fhy;> mk;Kk; vk;Kk; fljwntd;D
ehd;fd; Kd; md; ngw;W tUk;. Mk; md; ngwhJ. tUk;. Vk; md;
ngw;Wk; ngwhJ tUk;.
ef;fdk;
cz;ldk;
ciuj;jdk;
jpd;wdk;
- mk; - md; ngw;W tUjy;
ef;fndk;
cz;lndk;
ciuj;jndk;
jpd;wndk;
- vk; - md; ngw;W tUjy;.
ef;fNdk;
cz;lNdk;
ciuj;jNdk;
jpd;wNdk;
Vk; - md; ngw;W tUjy.;
ef;Nfk;
cz;Nlk;
ciuj;Njk;
123
jpd;Nwk;
Vk;.- md; ngwhJ tUjy;.
ef;fhk;>
cz;lhk;>
ciuj;jhk;> jpd;whk;
Mk; - md; ngwhJ tUjy.;
mk;> Mk;@ vk; > Vk; ehd;F <Wk; fljw vd;Dk; ehd;F vOj;Jj;
jtpu Vid vOj;jpd;Kd; qfhuKk; ofhuKk; xopj;J ,d;ngw;W
tUk;.
mQ;rpdk;>
mQ;rpdhk;>
mQ;rpndk;>
mQ;rpNdk;>
cupQpdk;>
cupQpdhk;>
cupQpndk;>
cupQpNdk;
gpwntOj;NjhL xl;bf; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH;. fyf;fpdk;>

njUl;bdk; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd Fw;WfutPwhfyhd;> mJTk;
VidnaOj;Njahk; vd;ghH.
mk;> Mk;@ vk;> Vk; vd;gd epfo;fhyk;gw;wp tUk;nghOJ> epy;>

fpd;W vd;gdtw;NwhL tUk;. epy;nyd;gJ yfhuk; dfhukha; wfhuk;
ngw;W epw;Fk;.
cz;zhepd;wdk;>
cz;zhepd;whk;
cz;zhepd;wndk;
cz;zhepd;Nwk;
124
cz;zhepd;wNdk;
cz;fpd;wdk;>
cz;fpd;whk;>
cd;fpd;wNdk;>
cz;zhepd;wNdk;.
mtw;Ws; md; ngw;w tpfhuk; ,we;j fhyj;jpw; $wpathW

mikAk;.
cz;zhfple;jdk;> cz;zhtpUe;jdk; vdf; fpl> ,U vd;gdTk;

rpWghd;ik epfo;fhyj;J tUk;.
epfo;fhyj;jpw;F cupj;J vd;W $wg;gl;l epy; vd;gJ>

cz;zhepw;Fk; cz;zhepw;gy; vd vjpHfhyj;Jk; te;jjid
tpdhthf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH epfo;T vd;gJ %d;W tifahd; tUk;
vd;gJ mtHjk; fUj;J> mit> ,we;j fhyj;J epfo;T> epfo;
fhyj;J epfo;T> vjpH fhyj;J epfo;T vd;gjhk;. @ gz;nlhUehs;
,r; Nrhiyf;fz; tpisahlh epd;Nwd; me;Neuj;njhU Njhd;wy;
te;jhd; vd;wtop> ,we;j fhyj;J epfo;Tgw;wp te;jhw;Nghy;
Mz;nljpH fhyj;J epfo;T te;jhw; Nghycz;zhepw;Fk;
cz;zhepw;gy; vd;w tplj;J vjpHfhyj;J epfo;tha; mike;jd.
vdNt> Mz;Lk; mJ epfo;fhyj;jpy; jPHe;jpd;W vd;fvd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
mk;> Mk;@ vk;> Vk; vd;gd vjpHfhyk;gw;wp tUq;fhy; gfuKk;

tfuKk; ngw;W tUk;. tfuNkw;Gopf; FfuKk; cfuKk; mLj;J
epw;Fk;.
ciug;gk;>
nry;tk;>
cz;Ftk;>
cupQtk;
,t;thNw> xope;j <w;NwhL xl;bf;nfhs; vd;ghH

NrdhtiuaH.rpWghd;ik ffunthw;Wg; ngWjYk; cz;L.
ghLfk;>
nry;fk;
125
ck;nkhL t&cq; fljw Mfpa Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; mfpa ehd;Fk;
vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
cz;Fk;>
cz;Lk;>
tUJk;>
NrWk; vd tUk.;
,it Vw;Gop cfuk; ngw;W tUk;.
cupQ;Jk;
jpUKJk;
Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; mfpa ehd;fpDs; Kjw;fz; ,Uf;Fk; Fk;kPW>

tpidnfhz;L KbAk;. xope;jdngaH nfhz;L KbAk;. Mjypd;
njhy;fhg;gpaH mtw;iw NtW vdf; $wpdhH> l;>j;>w; vd;gd fhyk;
fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; MFk;. ,it ,we;j fhyk; fhl;Lk;.Fk;> Lk;>
Jk;> Wk; vd;gd vjpHfhyk; fhl;Lk;. vdNt ,tw;iw XuPuhfg;
gpupf;f ,ayhJ> vdNt>Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; vd;DSk; ehd;fPwhff;
$wpdhH.
caHjpiz: - jd;ikg; xUik tpid Kw;W
f> l> j> w> vd;Dk;
me; ehd;F CHe;j Fd;wpaYfunkhL>
vd;> Vd;> my;> vd t&ck; VOk;
jd;tpid ciuf;Fk; jd;ikr; nrhy;Ny
fljw vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; nka;ik CHe;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuj;ij

<whfTila nrhy;Yk;> vd; Vd; my; vd;Dk; <w;whfTila
nrhy;Yk; vd mt;NtOk;> xUik czHj;Jk; jd;ikr; nrhy;yhk;.
Fw;Wfuk; ehd;Fk;> my;Yk; > vjpHfhyk;gw;wp tUk;. Fw;Wfuk;>

fhyntOj;Jg; ngWq;fhy;> ck; <w;iwg; Nghy cfur; rhupia
ngw;W tUk;. my;yPW gfuKk; tfuKk; ngw;W tUk;. vd; Vd;
vd;gd %d;W fhyKk; gw;wp tUk;.
126
cz;F
cz;L @
tUJ>
NrW
cupQ;F>
jpUKF
- my;yPW gfuKk; tfuKk; ngw;W tUk;
cz;gy;
tUty;
vd; Vd; vd;gd %d;W fhyKk; gw;wp tUk;
cz;lndd;
cz;zhepd;wndd;>
cz;Fntd;
cz;Nld;
cz;zhepd;Nwd;>
cz;Ngd;
fhyntOj; jLj;jw;fz; vk;kPW Nghy vd;dPW md; ngw;Wk; VkPW

Nghy VdPW md; ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
Fw;wpaYfunkd xd;whfhJ ehd;fhjw;F Kd;Diuj;jhq; Fiuf;f.
vjpHfhyk;gw;wp tof;Fg; gapw;rpAkpy;yhf; Fw;Wfuj;ij> mq;qdk;

tUk; my;NyhL gpd; itf;fhJ %d;W fhyKk; gw;wpg; gapd;W
tUk; vd; Vd; vd;gdtw;wpd; Kd; ck; <w;Nwhbiaa
itj;jJ>nra;nfd;gJ Nghyr; nra;Fnkd;gJk; fhz;Fk; te;Njk;
vd tpidnfhz;L KbAnkd;gjid mwptpj;jw;F vdf; Fwpg;ghH
NrdhtiuaH>
127
nra;F vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L xUik:
mtw;Ws;>
"nra;F" vd; fpstp tpidnahL KbapDk;>
mt; ,ay; jpupahJ vd;kdhH GytH.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l xUikj; jd;ik tpid VoDs;> nra;nfd;DQ; nrhy;

tpidnahL KbAkhapDk;> Kw;Wr; nrhy;yhjy; jpupahJ.
fhz;F te;Njd; vd tUk;.
nra;nfd;fpstp mt;tpay; jpupahnjdNt>ngaHj;jndd; Kaq;fahd;

(FWe; . 84 ) vdTk;>jq;fpid nrd;Nkh (Gwk; - 320 ) vdTk;
>Nkhapd SapHj;j fhiy (mfk; - 5) vdTk; VidKw;Wr; nrhy;
tpid nfhs;Sq;fhy; mt;tpay; jpupAk; . mit jpupe;jtop
tpidnar;rkhjy; tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk; NtWgy; Fwpa (nrhy; -
457 ) vd;gjdhy; ngwg;gLk;.
,UrhudTk; ngaH nfhs;shJ tpid nfhz;l topr; nra;nfd;

fpstp jpupahnjd;Wk; Vida jpupAnkd;Wq; $wpa fUj; njd;id
nadpd; vd tpdh vOg;gp fhz;F te;Njd; vd;wtopr; nra;nfd;
fpstp tpidnar;rkha;j; jpupe;jjhapw; nra;njndr;rkhjw;
Nfyhikapd;> nrantndr;rkha;j; jpupe;jnjdy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ntz;lNt nrantndr;rj;jpw;Fupa tpidKjy; tpidAk;
gpwtpidAk; mJnfhs;thd; nry;Yk; @ tpidKjy; tpiday;yJ
nfhs;shikapw; nrantndr;rkha;j; jpupe;j njd;wy;
nghUe;jhJ.gpwpjhwpd;ikapd;> Kw;Wr; nrhy;yha; epd;w njdNt
gLk;. mjdhd; mt;tpay; jpupahnjd;wh nud;gJ. my;yJ}ck;
nra;nfd; fpstp rpWghd;ik ay;yJ ngaH nfhs;shikapd; @
ngUk; ghd;ikahfpa tpidNfhly; mjw;fpay;Ngahk; MfNt mJ
jpupe;J tpidnfhs;S nkdy; Ntz;lhthk; @ mjdhYk; Kw;wha;
epd;W tpid nfhz;l njd;wNy Kiwiknad;W czHf vd
tpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH. NkYk;
Kw;Wr; nrhw;Fk; tpidnahL KbapDk;
Kw;Wr;nrh nyd;Dk; Kiwikap dpwth
vd;whH gpwUnkdf; nfhs;f.ngaHj;jndd; Kaq;f' (FWe; - 84)

vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd ,we;jfhyKzHj;jypw; nra;njndr;rkhjw;
Nfw;Gilikahd; > mtw;iwj; jpupngd;whH vdTk; tpje;NjhJthH.
128
glhf;if xUik tpidKw;W:
md;> Md;> ms;> Ms;> vd;Dk; ehd;Fk;
xUtH kUq;fpd; glHf;ifr; nrhy;Ny.
jd;iktpid AzHj;jp> ,dp caHjpizg; glHf;if tpid

AzHj;Jfpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH
md;> Md;> ms;> Ms; vd;D kPw;iwAila ehd;F nrhy;Yk;

caHjpiz xUik czHj;Jk; glHf;ifr; nrhy;yhk;;.,it ehd;F
<Wk; %d;W fhyKk;gw;wp tUk;.
:cz;ldd;> cz;zhepd;wdd;>cz;gd;@
cz;lhd; cz;zhepd;whd;>cz;ghd; @
cz;lds;> cz;zh epd;wds;>cz;gs;@
cz;lhs; cz;zhepd;whs;> cz;ghs; .
fhyj;Jf; Nfw;w vOj;Jg;ngWq;fhy; md;Dk; ms;Sk; mk;

<WNghy md; rhupia ngw;W tUk;. MDk; MSk; Mk; <W
Nghd;W md; ngwhJ tUk;.
glHf;ifg; gd;ik tpid Kw;W :
mH> MH> g> vd t&ck; %d;Wk;
gy;NyhH kUq;fpd; glHf;ifr; nrhy;Ny
mH MH g vd;Dk; <w;iwAilatha; tUk; %d;W nrhy;Yk;

gy;NyhiuAzHj;Jk; glHf;ifr; nrhy;yhk;. ufhutPW ,uz;Lk;
%d;Wfhyk; gw;wp tUk; @ gfhuk; vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;
cz;ldH> cz;zhepd;wdH> cz;gH
cz;lhH> cz;zhepd;whH> cz;ghH@
cz;g
md;<w;wpw;Fupa fhyntOj;J mH <w;wpw;Fk;> Md; <w;wpw;Fupa

fhyntOj;J MH <w;wpw;Fk; tUk;.
gfuk; cfuk;ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
129
cupQg>
cz;g
tUFg
vdr; rpWghd;ik FfuKk; ngWk;.
nra;khH vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpid:
khiuf; fpstpAk; gy;NyhH glHf;if@
fhyf; fpstpnahL KbAk; vd;g.
mH> MH> g vd;Dk; <WfNshL khuPw;Wr; nrhy;Yk; gy;NyhH

glHf;ifia AzHj;Jk; @ m/J mitNghyg; ngaH nfhs;shJ
tpidnfhz;L KbAk; gfuj;jpw;Fupa fhyntOj;J khiuf;
fpstpf;Fk;xf;Fk;.
vs;SkhH te;jhH .
nfhz;khH te;jhH vd tUk;
khiuf;fpstp tpidNahly;yJ nganuhL Kbahikapd;. vr;rkha;j;

jpupe;J tpidnfhz;l vdg;glhJ.
gPbd;W ngUfpa jpUtpw;
ghbd; kd;diug; ghld;khH vkNu (Gwk; - 375)
fhkk; glul tUe;jpa
Neha;kyp tUj;jq; fhzd;khH vkNu @ (ew; - 64)vdTk;>

khuPw;Wr;nrhw; ngaHnfhz;L te;jdNt vdpd; mit khH <w;Wr;
nrhy; my;y. mJ MH <w;W Kw;Wr;nrhy;. mit vjpH kiwaha;
xU nkhopg;GzHr;rpahd; kfuk; ngw;W epd;wd. khH <whapd; mit
ghlhnjhopthH. fhzhnjhopthH vd Vtw;nghUz;ik AzHj;Jk;.
Mdhy; <z;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; cs;s ghld;khH> fhzd;khH
vd;gd Vtw;nghUz;ikia czHj;JkhW ,y;iy. vdNt ghLthH>
fhz;ghH Nghd;w nrhw;fs; vjpHkiwaha; vOj;Jg;ngw;W te;jd.
caHjpizf;Fupa tpidKw;Wfs;:

me; ehy;-Ie;Jk; %d;W jiy ,l;l
Kd;Dwf; fpse;j caHjpizat;Nt.
130
gd;ikAk; xUikAkha;g; ghywp te;j ,Ugj;J %d;W<w;W
tpidr;nrhy;Yk; caHjpizf;Fupad MFk;.
,q;F$wpa glHf;iftpidNa fpstpahf;fj;Jf;fj;Js;Sk
;$wg;gl;ld.mit Ntwy;yntd;ghH> Kd;Dwf; fpse;jntd;whH

vd;whH>. mjdhw; gad; md; Md; ms; Ms; vd;gd Mz;ghy;
ngz;ghYzHj;Jjy; ,q;Fg; ngWjYk; d/fhndhw;W Kjyhapd
glHf;iftpidf; fPwha;epd;W ghYzHj;Jjy; <q;Fg; ngWjYkhk.;
NkYk;> Kw;Wg; ngw Xuplj;Jf; $wtikAk; <uplj;Jf; $wpajd;
fhuzk;; : - ghYzHj;Jk; ,ilnrhw;gw;wp caHjpizg;
glHf;iftpid AzHj;Jjy; <z;Lf; $wpajdhw; gad;
tOf;fhj;jw;F ,tw;iwj; njhFj;J ,yf;fz tof;FzHj;Jjw;fhk;.
ngaupay; Nehf;fpg; ngaupw; Njhd;Wk; ghywp fpstpAk;'
vd;whw;Nghy tpidapay; Nehf;fp tpidapy; Njhd;Wk; ghywp
fpstpAk; kaq;fy; $lh vd mikAk; Mz;Lf; $w Ntz;lhk;
vdpd; : - mt;thwd;W> ,Ujpiz Ik;ghw; nrhYzHj;jhf;fhy;
jpizghy;gw;wp tOtw;fntdTk; toP,aikf ntdTk; tOf;fhj;j
#j;jpuq;fnsy;yhtw;whDk; nghUspdpJ tpsq;fhikahDk;
tpidAs;Se; jpupgpd;wpg; ghy; tpsf;Fjw; rpwg;Gilad
glHf;iftpidNa ahfyhDk;>mtw;iwg; gpupj;J Mz;Lf;
$wpdhnud;gJ. glHf;ifg; ngauPWe; jpupgpd;wpg; ghYzHj;jhikapd;
,yf;fzntOj;NjhL $whJ> vjpuJ Nehf;fpf;nfhs;s itj;jhH
vd tpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH>
jd;ikg; gd;ik tpid – NtWghL:
mtw;Ws;>
gd;ik ciuf;Fk; jd;ikf; fpstp
vz; ,ay; kUq;fpd; jpupgit csNt.
,t;thW>$wg;gl;l ,Ugj;J%d;W nrhw;fSs;. gd;ik czHj;Je;

jd;ikr;nrhy; vz;Zk; top m/wpizia Asg;gLj;Jj; jpuptdTk;
cs.
ahDnkd; v/fKQ; rhWk;' vd tUk;.
jd;ikg;gd;ik tpidr;nrhy; caHjpiz tpidf;FupaJ.

Mifahy; caHjpizNa csg;gLj;Jk;. mt;thW ,Uf;f
m/wpizia csg;gLj;jy; tOthapDk; mikf ntd;ghH
jpupgit csntd;whH. mjdhd; ,r;#j;jpuj;ij Kd;Dwf; fpse;j
131
caHjpiz at;Nt (nrhy; - 208) vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jpd; gpd;
itj;jhH.
jpupAnkd;dhJ jpupgitAs vd;wjdhd;> vy;yhj; jpupah> rpyNt

jpuptd ntd;gjhk;.
ahH – caHjpiz Kg;ghw;Fk; cupajhjy;: .
ahmH vd;Dk; tpdhtpd; fpstp
mj; jpiz kUq;fpd; Kg; ghw;Fk; cupj;Nj.
ahnud;Dk; tpdhg;nghUis czHj;Jk; nrhy; caHjpiz

kUq;fpd; Kg;ghw;Fk; cupajhFk;.
mtd; ahH?
mts; ahH?
mtH ahH?
Cij$l; Lz;Zk; cFgdp ahkj;njq;
Nfhij$l; Lz;zpa jhd;ahHkd; - Nghnjy;yhe;
jhnjhL jhOe;jhHf; fr;rp tsehld;
J}njhL thuhj tz;L
vd;Dk; ghlypd;fz;> tz;Ljhd; ahH vd> ahnud;gJ m/wpizf;

fz;Zk; te;Js;sJ>.,J jpiztOtikjp vdg;gLk;.
,J tpidf;Fwpg;G> gy;NyhH glHf;if czHj;Jk; E}w;ghtpd; gpd;

itj;jpUf;fyhNk vdpd; mJ gyH ghiy kl;;Lk;
czHGj;Jk;.Mdhy; ahH vd;Dk; tpidf; Fwpg;ghdJ mtd;>
mts;> mtH>vd;Dk; Kg;ghypYk; tpdhthy; tUk; vd;gjdhy; mq;F
itf;fhJ ,q;F itj;Jf; $wpdhH.
tpidKw;Wfspd; <W jpupjy;:
ghy; mwp kugpd; mk; %<w;Wk;
M X MFk;> nra;ASs;Ns.
ghy; tpsq;f tUkpay;igAila Md;> Ms;> MH vd;Dk; %d;W

<w;wpd; fz;Zk; Mfhuk; nra;asplj;J XfhukhFk;.
132
tpdtpepw;we; NjhNd (mfk; - 48)>
ey;iy kd;ndd e$cg;ngaHe; NjhNs (mfk; - 248)>
ghrpiy thlh ts;spaq; fhbwe; NjhNu (Fwe; - 216)> vd;gdtw;wpy;

Mfhuk; Xfhukha; jpupe;J epd;wJ>
te;Njhk;>
nrd;Nwhk;
vd tof;fpDs; tUk; vdpDk; mtw;iw Vk; vd;Dk; <w;wpd;

rpijntd kWf;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
Ma; vd; fpstpAk; mtw;nwhL nfhs;Sk;
Kd;dpiyaPw;Ws;> Ma; vd;Dk; <W Nkw;$wg;gl;ldNghy

nra;aSs; Mfhuk; XfhukhFk;.
te;Njha; kd;w jz;flw; NrHg;g (mfk; - 80) vd tUk;.
Mnad;fpstp M X MtJ ngUk;ghd;ikAk; caHjpizf;fz;

te;jtop vd;gjid mwptpj;jw;Nf> Kd;id mjpfhuj;Jf; $whJ
<z;Lf; $wpdhH.
caHjpiz - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
mJr; nrhy; Ntw;Wik cilikahDk;>

fz; vd; Ntw;Wik epyj;jpdhDk;>
xg;gpdhDk;> gz;gpdhDk;> vd;W
mg; ghy; fhyk; Fwpg;nghL Njhd;Wk;.
Mwhk; Ntw;WikaJ cilikg; nghUl;fz;Zk; Vohk;

Ntw;WikaJ epyg;nghUl;fz;Zk; xg;gpd;fz;Zk;> gz;gpd;
fz;Znkd mg;gFjpf;fhyq; Fwpg;ghw; Njhd;Wk; mg; gFjpf;fhyq;
Fwpg;ghy; Njhd;Wk; vdNt mg;nghUs; gw;wp tpidf;Fwpg;G
tUnkd;wthwhFk;.
fr;rpdd; foypdd;- cilikg;nghUs;
,y;yj;jd; Gwj;jd; - epyg;nghUs;>
nghd;dd;dd; GypNghy;td; - Xg;Gg;nghUs;>
fupad; nra;ad; - gz;Gg;nghUs;
133
fr;rpdhd;>,y;yj;jhd; vdg; ngaUq; Fwpg;ghw; fhyk; tpsf;fypd;
mg;ghw; fhyq;Fwpg;nghL Njhd;W nkd;wjdhd; tpidf;Fwpg;ngd;gJ
ngWkhnwd;id nadpd;:- njhopdpiy nahl;L nkhd;wyq;fil
(nrhy; - 70) vdj; njhopw;ngauy;yd fhye;Njhd;wh
ntd;wikahy;>fr;rpdhd; ,y;yj;jhndd;gd fhyk; tpsf;fhikapd;
Fwpg;ghw; fhyk; tpsf;Ftd tpidf; Fwpg;ghjy; ngWJk.
my;yhJ}ck;> tpidf;Fwpg;Gk; fhye; Njhd;Wjiy
,yf;fzkhfTila tpidr;nrhy;Nyahjypd;> njw;nwd
tpsf;fhthapDq; fhyKilantdNtgLk;. ngaHf;F md;dNjh
upyf;fzkpd;ikapd;> fhye;njw;nwd tpsf;Ftd TsNtw;
nfhs;tjy;yJ> fhyk; tpsf;fhj ngaUq; fhyKilantd
ca;j;JzUkh wpy;iy. mjdhDq; Fwpg;ghw; fhyKzHj;Jtd
tpidf;Fwpg;Ng vd;gJ ngwg;gLk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
jd;dpdKbj;jy; vd;wikahy;> Iahl;ilad;> Jzq;ifad; vdr;

rpWghd;ik fhyKk; tpidnra; ,lKk; gw;wp tUtdTk;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
md;ikapd;> ,d;ikapd;> cz;ikapd;> td;ikapd;>
md;d gpwTk; Fwpg;nghL nfhs;Sk;
vd;d fpstpAk; Fwpg;Ng fhyk;.
md;ik> ,d;ik> cz;ik> td;ik vd;Dk; nghUs; gw;wp

tUtdTk;> mit Nghy;td gpwTk;> Fwpg;Gg; nghUz;ikNahL
nghUe;Jk; vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; Fwpg;ghy; fhyk; czHj;Jk;.
fhyk; Fwpg;ghy; czug;gLk; vdNt > ,itAk; tpidf;Fwpg;ghFk;.
my;yd;> my;ys;> my;yH
,yd;> ,ys;> ,yH
csd;> css;> csH
ty;yd;> ty;ys;> ty;yH
nghJg;glf; $wpatjhy;> nghUspyd;> nghUspys;> nghUspyH vd

cilikf;F kWjiyahfpa ,d;ikAk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
134
,tw;iwg; gz;gpy; mlf;fpf; $wf; $lhjh vdtpdh vOg;Gk;
NrdhtiuaH ,d;ik nghUl;F kWjiyahjypd; nnghUspd;fz;
fplf;Fk; gz;ngdg;glhJ> md;ik> cz;ik vd;gd gz;ngdg;gLk;.
vdpDk; gz;gpw;Fg; gz;gpy;iy vd;gJ jUf;fE}y; KbT> MfNt
,itAk; gz;ghfh vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
md;dgpwTk; vd;gjdhy;>
ey;yd;> ey;ys;> ey;yH
jPad;> jPas;> jPaH>
cilad;> cilas;> cilaH> vd;gdTk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
caHjpiz - Fwpg;G tpidKw;wpd; <W:
md;d kugpd; Fwpg;nghL t&ck;
fhyf; fpstp caHjpiz kUq;fpd;
Nkiyf; fpstpnahL NtWghL ,yNt.
gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghy; tpsf;fpf; Fwpg;Gg;

nghUz;ikAilatha; tUk; tpidr;nrhy; Nky;
tUk;caHjpizf;fl; $wpa njupepiy tpidNahL xf;Fk;..
njupepiytpidNahL xj;jy; vdg;gLtJ> caHjpizj; njupepiy

tpidf;F Xjpa <w;Ws; jkf;Nfw;gdtw;NwhL tpidf;Fwpg;G
te;jtplj;J> mt;tt; tPw;whd; mt;tg;ghYk; ,lKk; tpsf;Fjy;
MFk;.. $wg;gl;l nghUl;fz; te;jdthapDk; ,y;iy> ,y;> ,d;wp
vd;gd ghy; tpsf;fhikapd;> mtw;iw ePf;Fjw;Fg; gd;ikAk;
xUikAk; ghywp te;j vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH>xU nghUl;fl; gy
tha;ghLk; xU nghUl;fz; xU tha;ghLk; gw;wp tUk; ,UjpwKk;
vQ;rhky; jOTjw;Nf> md;dkugpd; vd;whH.
jd;ikAk; glHf;ifAk; czHj;Jk; njupepiytpid <w;Ws; Fwpg;G

tpidf;Nfw;w <Wfs; :- mk;> Mk;> vk;> Vk; >vd;> Vd;> vd;Dk;
jd;ik<H MWk;> md;> Md;> ms;>Ms; mH> MH vd;Dk; glHf;if
<H MWk; vdg; gd;dpuz;lhFk;.
fupak;> fupahk;> fupnak;> fupNak;> fupnad;> fupNad;
fupad;> fupahd;> fupas;> fupahs;> fupaH> fupahH
135
Md;> Ms;> MH vd;gd epyg;nghUz;ikf;fz; my;yJ gpw
nghUl;fz; gapd;WthuhJ.
m/wpiz - gd;ik tpidKw;W:
m> M> t vd t&ck; ,Wjp
mg; ghy; %d;Nw gytw;Wg; glHf;if
mfuKk; MfhuKk; tfu capHnka;Ak; Mfpa <w;iwAila

mf;$w;W %d;Wk; m/wpizg; gd;ikg; glHf;ifahk;.
mfuk; %d;W fhyKk;gw;wp tUk;. Mfhuk; vjpHkiw tpidaha;

%d;W fhyj;jpw;Fk; cupj;jhapDk; vjpHfhyj;Jg; gapd;WtUk;.
mfuk; > ,we;jfhyk;gw;wp tUq;fhy; > fljwntd;D ehd;fd;Kd;
md; ngw;Wk; > ngwhJk; tUk; . Vid naOj;jpd;Kd; ufhu ofhu
nkhopj;J ,d; ngw;W tUk; . afuj;jpd;Kd; rpW ghd;ik
,d;Ndad;wp md;ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk; . epfo;fhyj;jpd;fz; epy; >
fpd;W vd;gdtw;NwhL md;ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk; @
vjpHfhyj;jpd;fz; gfu tfuj;NjhL md;ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
njhf;fd> njhf;f > cz;ld> cz;l > te;jd> te;j > nrd;wd>
nrd;w vdTk;> mQ;rpd vdTk;@ Nghapd> Nghad> Ngha vdTk;@
cz;zh epd;wd cz;zh epd;w> cz;fpd;wd> cz;fpd;w vdTk;@
cz;gd> cz;g> tUtd> tUt vdTk; tUk;>
tUt> nry;t vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd mfutPwhjYk; > tfu

<whjYKilad vd;gJ fpstpahf;fj;Jl; $wg;ngw;wJ.
Mfhuk;> fhyntOj;Jg; ngwhJ> cz;zh> jpd;dh vd tUk;
Tfuk;> cz;Ft> jpd;Ft> vd vjpH fhyj;jpw;F cupj;jha;f;

FfukLj;Jk; tUk;;.
XLt > ghLt vdf; FfuklhJk; tUk;.
m./wpiz - xUik tpidKw;W:
xd;wd; glHf;if j> w> l> CHe;j
Fd;wpaYfuj;J ,Wjp MFk;.
xd;wid AzHj;Jk; glHf;if tpidahtJ jwl vd;gdtw;iw

CHe;Jepd;w Fw;wpaYfuj;ij <whfTila nrhy;yhFk;.
136
jfuTfuk; mjhtJ „J‟ %d;W fhyj;jpw;F Kupj;J. wfuTfuk;
mjhtJ „W‟ ,we;j fhyj;jpw;Fupj;J.. lfuTfuk; mjhtJ „L‟
%d;W fhyj;jpw;F cpa tpidf; Fwpg;gpw;fy;yJ thuhJ.
jfuTfuk;> ,we;jfhyj;J tUk; tif:
Gf;fJ> cz;lJ> te;jJ> nrd;wJ> NghaJ> cupQpaJ -- vdf;

fljwTk; afuKkhfpa capHnka;apd; gpd; tUk;.
„NghdJ‟ vd dfu capHnka;g;gpd; tUfpwNj vdpy;:-mJ rhd;NwhH

nra;ASs; thuhikapd;> mJ rpijntdg;gLk;.
epfo;fhyj;jpd;fz;> tUk; tif:
elthepd;wJ> elf;fpd;wJ> cz;zhepd;wJ> cz;fpd;wJ vd> epy;>

fpd;W vd;gdtw;NwhL mfuk; ngw;W tUk;.
vjpHfhyj;jpd;fz;> tUk; tif:
cz;gJ> nry;tJ vdg; gfutfuk; ngw;WtUk;.
wfuTfuk;> ,we;j fhyj;jpd;fz; tUk; tif:
Gf;fd;W> cz;ld;W> te;jd;W> nrd;wd;W vdf; fljw

ntd;gtw;wpd;Kd; md;ngw;W tUk;.
$apd;W> $apw;W> Nghapd;W> Nghapw;W vd VidnaOj;jpd; Kd;

,d; ngw;W tUk;.
„te;jpd;W‟ vd;gjid ,we;jfhyk; czHj;Jk; nrhy; vdyhNkh

vdpd; mJ vjpHkWj;jiy AzHj;Jjw;F te;j ,y;ypdJ yfuk;
dfukha;j; jpupe;j vjpHkiw tpid .vd kWf;fpwhH NrdhtiuaH>.
mJ vjpHkiwahjy;> te;jpy> te;jpyd;> te;jpys;> te;jpyH vd
tUk; Vidg;ghw; nrhw;fs; czHj;Jk;..
lfuTfuk; Fz;Lfl;L> FWe;jhl;L> vd tUk;.
m/wpizf;Fupa tpidKw;wpd; njhif:
.gd;ikAk; xUikAk; ghy; mwpte;j
mk;% tpuz;Lk; m/wpizat;Nt.
gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghywpate;j mt;thwPw;Wr; nrhy;Yk;

m/wpizadthk.;;
137
gd;ikapy; m> M> t vd;gd xUikapy; J> W> L vd;gd Mfpa
MWk; m/wpizf;Fupatha; tUk;.,jdhw; gad;> m/wpizr;nrhy;
MNw gpwpjpy;iynad tiuaWj;jJ. .
vtd; - m/wpiz - ,Ughw;Fk; cupajhjy;:
mj; jpiz kUq;fpd; ,U ghy; fpstpf;Fk;
xf;Fk; vd;g-vtd; vd; tpdhNt'.
vtndd;Dk; tpdhr;nrhy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l m/wpid ,uz;Lghw;Fk;

cupj;jhFk;. W.
m/njtd;>
mit vtd;
m/wpiz - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
.,d;W> ,y> cila' vd;Dk; fpstpAk;>
md;W> cilj;J> my;y' vd;Dk; fpstpAk;>
gz;G nfhs; fpstpAk;>cs' vd; fpstpAk;>
gz;gpd; Mfpa rpidKjw; fpstpAk;>
mg; ghy; gj;Jk; Fwpg;nghL nfhs;Sk.;
,d;W ,yntd;gd Kjyhfpa gj;Jk; tpidf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;yhk;.
mtw;Ws;> ,d;W> ,y cila> md;W> cilj;J> my;y> cs

vd;gd jk;ikAzHj;jp epd;wd. kw;wit nghUSzHj;jp epd;wd.
NfhLilj;J>
NfhLila>
mJtd;W>
mitay;y>
cs vd tUk;>>
138
Nfhbd;W>
Nfhby
vd cilikf;F kWjiyaha ,d;ikgw;wp tUtdTk;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;..
csnjd;gJ ngUtof;fpw;wd;ikapd;> csntd;gNj $wpdhH. mJ

jd;dpd Kbj;jnyd;gjdhw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
gz;G nfhs;fpstp- fupJ> fupa@ nra;aJ> nra;a vd tUk;.
gz;gpdhfpa rpid Kjw;fpstp- neLQ;nrtpj;J> neLQ;nrtpa

vd;gjhk;.
ngUe;Njhsd; vd caHjpizf;fz;Zk; gz;gLj;J tUjy;

xd;nwd Kbj;jnyd;gjdhw; nfhs;f. Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;gw;wp
tUq;fhy;> gpwpjpd;fpoikAk; cWg;gpd;fpoikay;yhj jw;fpoikAk;
Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUz;ikAk; gw;wp m/wpiztpidf; Fwpg;Gg;
gapd;W thuhikapd;> rpidf;fpoikNa $wpdhH. mg;nghUs;gw;wpg;
gapyhJ tUtd ciuapw; Nfhlnyd;gjdhw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
rpwg;Gilg; nghUisj; jhdpdpJ fpsj;jy;' vd;gjdhw; nfhs;spD
kikAk;.
mwpe;j khf;fl;lhFf jpy;y' (mfk;-15)>nky;tpud; ke;jpFiw$WQ;

nrk;kw;Nw' (fyp-40) vdTk;>mzpj;Njh Nra;j;Njh $Wkp ndkf;Nf'
(Gwk; 173) vdTk; tUk;. tlhJ'>njdhJ'(Gwk;-6) vd;gdTk; Vohk;
Ntw;Wikg; nghUz;ikf;fz; te;j tpidf;Fwpg;G@ ngaUkhk;.6
xg;nghL t&cq; fpstp-nghd;dd;dJ> nghd;dd;d vdtUk;.

xg;nghL tUjyhtJ nghUs;gw;wp tUjy; .
m/wpiz - Fwpg;G tpidKw;wpd; <W:
.gd;ikAk; xUikAk; ghy; mwpte;j
md;d kugpd; Fwpg;nghL t&ck;
fhyf; fpstp m/wpiz kUq;fpd;
Nkiyf; fpstpnahL NtWghL ,yNt.
gd;ikAk; xUikAkhfpa ghy; tpsf;fpf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;gw;wp

tUk; tpidr;nrhy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l m/wpiz tpidNah nlhf;Fk;..
njupepiy tpidf;Fupa J> W> L vdlgd Fwpg;G tpidf;Fk;
Vw;Fk;. L vd;Dk; <W Fwpg;G tpidf;F kl;Lk; cupaJ:>
139
tpuTtpid – ngaH> Kiw> njhif:
Kd;dpiy> tpaq;Nfhs;> tpid vQ;R fpstp>
,d;ik nrg;gy;>NtW' vd; fpstp>
nra;k;kd> nra;Ak;> nra;j' vd;Dk;
mk; Kiw epd;w Mnaz; fpstpAk;
jpupG NtWg^ck; nra;jpa Mfp>
,U jpizr; nrhw;Fk; Xud;d cupika
Kd;dpiy Kjyhfr; nra;jntd;g <whff; $wpa Kiwahdpd;w

vl;Lr; nrhy;Yk; > nghJikapy;; gpupe;J xUfhy;
caHjpizAzHj;jpAk; > xUfhy; m/wpiz AzHj;jpAk; >
NtWgLe; njhopiyAilatha; > ,Ujpizr; nrhy;yhjw;Fk;
xj;jTupikAilaitahFk;.
Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;yhtJ vjpHKfkha; epd;whd; njhopy;

czHj;JtJ.
tpaq;Nfhs; - Vtw;nghUl;lha; tUtJ> tho;j;Jjy; Kjyhfpa

gpwnghUshYk; tUk;.>tpidnaQ;Rfpstp – tpidnar;rk; tpidia
xopghfTilatpid>,d;ik nrg;gy; - ,y;iy> ,y;
vd;gd.Ntnwd;gJ - jd;id AzHj;jp epd;w nrhy;..
nra;k;kdntd;gJ - kdtPw;W Kw;wha; vjpHfhyk; czHj;Jk; >

nra;Ankd;gJ - Kw;Wk; vr;rKkhfpa ,U epiyikAKilj;jha;
ck; <w;whd; epfo;fhyk; czHj;Jk;> nra;jntd;gJ – mfu<w;W
vr;rkha; ,we;jfhyKzHj;Jk;.
nra;k;kd> nra;AK;:> nra;j Kjyhfpa %d;Wtha;ghl;lhDk;>

mt;tPw;wtha;f; fhyKzHj;Jk; cz;kd > cz;Zk;> cz;l
vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd vy;yhe; jOtg;gl;ld mtw;whd; .mit
jOtg;gl;lth nwd;id nadpd; :- cz;zy;> jpd;dy;> tUjy;
vy;yhj; njhopYk; nra;jy; NtWghlhFk;. nra;jy; vd;Dk; nrhy; >
nghJthfp; vy;yhj; njhopiyAk; mfg;gLj;J epw;Fk;. mjhtJ
rpwg;G tpidia nghJr;nrhy; nfhz;L cz;zjy; nra;jhd; vd;W
$wyhk;.nbghJr;nrhy; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;iyAk; Vw;Fk;. vd; nra;ah
epd;whd; vd;wto[p cz;zh epd;whd;vd;gJ ,f;fhuzk;
gw;wpNaahk;. vdNt cz;kd> cz;Zk;> cz;l vd;DSk;
140
njhlf;fj;jd jOtg;gLk; vd;whH NrdhtiuaH>,j;jifa jd;ik
nra;J> nra;G vd;gjw;Fk; xf;Fk;
mk;kPWk; md;dPWk; IaPWk; Kjyhfpa nrhw;fs; fhyg;gd;ikahd;

tUk;. tha;ghl;Lg; gd;ikahw; #j;jpuk; ngUFnkd;wQ;rp mtw;iw
<w;whDzHj;jpf; fhy NtWghL ,Nyrhw;nfhs;s itj;jhH.>
fhyg;gd;ikapy;ydtw;iw tha;ghl;lhD KzHj;Jg <w;whD
KzHj;Jg. Vd tpsf;fkspg;ghH NrdhtiuaH
njhy;fhg;gpaH Kd;dpiy Kjyhf tupirg;gLj;jp ciuj;jikf;Fk;

NrdhtiuaH fhuzk; fhl;LthH>
Kw;whjYk; gytha;gl;lhw; gapd;W tUjYk; cilikahd;>

Kd;dpiy tpidia Kd;itj;jhH. Vtw;nghUz;ik Kd;dpiy
tpidf;fz;Zk; cz;ikapd;; nghUspiaG cilj;jhfyhDk;
,lq;Fwpj;J Kw;wha; tUjy; xg;GikahDk;> mjd;gpd; tpaq;Nfhs;
itj;jhH. mjd; gpd;> Kw;whjy; xg;Gikahd; ,d;iknrg;gy;
Ntnwd;fpstp nra;k;kd vd;gdtw;iw itj;jd; KiwikahapDk;>
Kw;wpd;fz; tpidnar;rk; cz;ikahDk;><w;Wg;gd;iknahL
gapd;W tUjyhDk;> tpidnar;rk; itj;jhH. ,d;ik gw;wp tUk;
tpidnar;rk; cz;ikahd; mjNdhbiaa ,d;ik nrg;gy;
itj;jhy;. tpidf; Fwpg;ghjy; xg;GikahDk;> nra;k;kdtpw;
gapw;rpAilikahDk;. mjd;gpd; Ntnwd; fpstp itj;jhH.Kw;whjy;
xg;Gikahd;> mjd;gpd; nra;k;kd itj;jhH .
Kw;whepiyikAKilj;jhfypd;. mjd;gpd; nra;Ak; vd;gJ
itj;jhH. nganur;rkhjy; xg;Gikahd; mjd;gpd; nra;j ntd;gJ
itj;jhH. ,t;th wpiaGgw;wp itj;jikahd;> mk;Kiw epd;w'
ntd;whH. vd;gJ NrdhtiuaH Fwpf;Fk; tpsf;f ciuahFk;.
Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W:
mtw;Ws;>
Kd;dpiyf; fpstp
,> I> Ma; vd t&ck; %d;Wk;
xg;gj; Njhd;Wk; xUtHf;Fk; xd;ww;Fk;.
$wg;gl;l tpuTtpidfSs;> Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;. ,futPWk;

IfhutPWk; MaPWkhfpa %d;Wk; xUtw;Fk;. xUj;jpf;Fk; xd;ww;Fk;
MFk;..
141
,fuk; jlw t+He;J vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;. Ifhuk; mk; <w;wpw;Fupa
vOj;Jg;ngw;Wk;. MaPW Mk; <w;wpw; Fupa vOj;Jg; ngw;Wk;>
%d;WfhyKk; gw;wp tUk;.
ciuj;jp> cz;b> jpd;wp
cz;lid> cz;zh epd;wid> cz;ig
cz;lha; > cz;zh epd;wha;> cz;gha;
Iarpwp njd;id a+f;fp (FwpQ;rpf;fyp - 1) vd ,fuk; rpWghd;ik

ffuk; ngw;W tUk;.
cz;zha;> jpd;dha;> eltha;> fpltha; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyr;

nrhw;fs; Ma; tpFjp Fd;wp cz;> jpd;@ el> fpl vd Mapd.
vdNt Kd;dpiy xUik Mapd.
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W:
.",H><H> kpd; vd t&ck; %d;Wk;
gy;NyhH kUq;fpDk; gytw;W kUq;fpDk;
nrhy; Xuida vd;kdhH GytH
,H><H>kpd;ndd;Dk; <w;iwAila %d;W nrhy;Yk;> gy;NyhHfz;Zk;

gytw;wpd;fz;ZQ; nrhy; Yjw;fz;> xj;jTupika@ mfk;.
,H <W mH <w;wpw;Fupa vOj;Jk; ngw;Wk; <uPW MuPw;wpw;Fupa

vOj;Jg; ngw;Wk;. %d;Wfhyk; gw;wp tUk;. kpd;dPW gpwntOj;Jg;
ngwhJ Vw;wtop cfuk; ngw;W> vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
: cz;ldpH> cz;zhepd;wdpH> cz;FtpH
cz;BH> cz;zhepd;wPH> cz;FtPH
cz;kpd;> jpd;kpd;>
,H><H vd;gd %d;W fhyKk; tUk;. kpd; <W vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;
Kd;dpiytpidf;Fwpg;G> caHjpiztpidf;Fwpg;gpw; Xjpa
nghUs;gw;wp IfhuKk; MAk; ,UTk; <Unkd;D ehd;fPw;wtha;>
foypid> ehl;il> nghd;dd;id fupia vdTk;@ foypdha;>
ehl;lha;> nghd;dd;dha; fupaha; vdTk;@ foypdpH> ehl;bdpH>
nghd;dd;dpH fupapH vdTk;@ foypdPH> ehl;bdPH> nghd;dd;dPH> fupaPH
vdTk; tUk;.
142
Vida tpidfs;;:
vQ;rpa fpstp ,lj;njhL rptzp
Ik; ghw;Fk; cupa> Njhd;wyhNw
Kd;dpiytpid xopj;J xope;j VOtpidr; nrhy;Yk;

%d;wplj;jpw;Fk; Ie;Jghw;F Kupa> jj;jk; nghUl;fz;
Njhd;Wkplj;J vd;gjhk;.
mtd; nry;f>mts; nry;f>mtH nry;f>mJ nry;f>mit nry;f
cOJ te;Njd;> cOJ te;Njk;>cOJ te;jha;>cOJ

te;jPH>cOJ te;jhd;>cOJ te;jhs;>cOJ te;jhH> cOJ
te;jJ>cOJ te;jd
ahdpy;iy> ahkpy;iy> ePapy;iy> ePupy;iy> mtdpy;iy>

mtspy;iy> mtupy;iy> mJtpy;iy> mitapy;iy
ahd; NtW>ahk; NtW>eP NtW>ePapH NtW>mtd; NtW> mts; NtW>

mtH NtW> mJ NtW> mit NtW
@ahd; cz;kd. ahk; cz;kd> eP cz;kd> ePapH cz;kd> mtd;

cz;kd> mts; cz;kd> mtH cz;kd> mJ cz;kd> mit
cz;kd>
ahd; cz;Z%z;> ahk; cz;Z%z;> eP cz;Z%z;> ePapH

cz;Z%z;> mtd; cz;Z%z;> mts; cz;Z%z;> mtH
cz;Z%z;> mJ cz;Z%z;> mit cz;Z%z;
mtd; tUk;> mts; tUk;> mJ tUk;> mit tUk;
ahd; cz;lt+z;> ahk; cz;lt+z;> eP cz;lt+z;> ePapH

cz;lt+z;> mtd; cz;lt+z;> mts; cz;lt+z;> mtH
cz;lt+z;> mJ cz;lt+z;> mit cz;lt+z;
tpaq;Nfhs; tpid:
mtw;Ws;>
Kd;dpiy> jd;ik> MaPuplj;njhL
kd;dhJ MFk;> tpaq;Nfhs; fpstp
143
Nky; vQ;rpa fpstp (nrhy;-225) vdg; gl;l VoDs;>
tpaq;Nfhl;fpstp> Kd;dpiyAk; jd;ikAkhfpa ,uz;blj;NjhL
epiyngwhjhk;.
MaPH ,lj;njhL nfhs;shnjd;dhJ kd;dhjhFk; vd;wjdhy;>

mt;tplj;njhL rpWghd;ik tUjy; nfhs;f. kd;Djy; ngUk;
ghd;ikAk; epfo;jy;. rpWghd;ik tUtd> eP tho;f vd;Dk;
tho;j;Jjw; nghUz;ikf;fz;Zk;> ahDk; epd;ndhL ciwf
vd;Dk; Ntz;bf; Nfhlw; nghUz;ikf;fz;Zk; tUtdthk;.
flhTfghf epd; fhy;tndLe;NjH' vd;gJk; Ntz;bf;Nfhlw;
ngUz;ikf;fz; te;jjhk;.jd;ikf;fz; Vtypy;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpaH tpaq;Nfhs; <W gw;wpr; nrhy;yhikf;F fhuzk;

$Wk; NrdhtiuaH vOj;jjpfhuj;jpd; gy ,lq;fspy; $wpaikahd;
vd;gJld; me; ,lq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhH>Vty; fz;zpa
tpaq;Nfhl;fpstpAk; (vO-210) vd mfutPw;Ws; vLj;jyhw;
nghUe;jpa nka;a+He;J mfutPwha; tUjYk;>nrg;Gk; tpdhTk; tohm
Nyhk;gy;' (nrhy;-13) vdTk;>nrhy;tiue; jwpag; gpupj;jdH fhl;ly;
(nrhy;-463) vdTk;>kiwf;Fq; fhiy kuP ,a njhuh my; (nrhy;-
443) vdTk;> clk;nghL GzHj;jyhd; my;yPwha; tUjYk; MyPwha;
tUjYk; ngWjypd; tpaq;NfhsPWq; $wpdhnudNt gLk; vd;gJ
mtHjk ciu MFk;.
nra;Ak;; vd;Dk; tpid:
gy;NyhH glHf;if> Kd;dpiy> jd;ik>
mt; tapd; %d;Wk;>epfOk; fhyj;Jr;
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; fpstpnahL nfhs;sh.
gy;NyhH glHf;ifAk; Kd;dpiyAk; jd;ikAkhfpa mt;tapd;

%d;Wk;> epfo;fhyj;J nra;Ankd;DQ; nrhy;NyhL nghUe;jhJ.
mtd;> mts;. mJ> mit> vd;Dk; glHf;ifg; ngaHfNshL

nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghL tUk;.mtH nra;Ak; vdg; glHf;ifapYk;
eP nra;Ak; vd Kd;dpiyapYK; tuhJ.ahd; nra;Ak; vd;Wk; tuhJ>
vdNtjhd; gy;NyhH glHf;if Kd;dpiyj; jd;ikapy; tuhJ vd;w
$wpdhH>
144
tpidnar;rk;:
nra;J> nra;a+> nra;G> nra;njd>
nra;apaH> nra;apa> nrapd;> nra> nraw;F vd
mt; tif xd;gJk; tpid vQ;R fpstp.
nra;njd;gJ Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l xd;gJk; tpidnar;rkhk;.
tpidnaQ;R fpstp xd;gJk; tpFjpahfpa ,ilr;nrhy;yhd;

NtWgl;lthFk;.. mt;tpilr; nrhy;yhtd cfuuk; Cfhuk;> Gfuk;
,aH> ,a> ,d;> mfuk;> Ffuk; vd;gjhFk;.
nra;nfd; fpstp tpidnahL KbapDk; (nrhy; - 204)

vdTk;nra;ah vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy; (nrhy; - 450)
vdTk; ,Wjpapilr;nrhy; Vw;wthw;whw; gpupj;Jzu tha;ghL XjpdhH.
mJNghy Vw;wthw;whd; ,Wjpapilr;nrhw; gpupj;JzHe;J nfhs;s
<z;Lk; tha;ghL gw;wp XjpdhH.
cfuk;> fljw CHe;J ,we;jfhyk; gw;wp ,ay;gha; tUk;.
ef;F> cz;L> te;J> nrd;W
cfuk; VidnaOj;Jf;fspy; CHe;J ,fukha;j; jpupe;J

,we;jfhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
vQ;rp cupQp Xb
cfuk; neby; <w;W Kjdpiy Kd;dH afuk; tuj; jhd; nfl;L

,we;jfhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
Ma;> Ngha;
,t; cfutPW ,fukhjYk; afuk; tuf; nfLjYk; tpidnaQ;R

fpstpAk; NtWgy; Fwpa (nrhy; 457) vd;gjdhw; ngwg;gLk;.
rpid,> ciu,> ,uP,> cB,> guhma;> J}ca;> jhma; vd;gd

nra;As; KbTfs;.
Mfp> Nghfp> Xb> kyHj;jp Mw;wp vd;gdtw;wpy; MF> NghF>XL>

kyHj;J> Mw;W vd;gd gFjpfs;. ,tw;wpy; tUk; fljw vd;Dk;
vOj;Jfs; Fw;Wfuj;NjhL NrHe;J gFjpf;F <wha; te;jd. vdNt
,tw;iw Vid vOj;jhff; nfhs;sd Ntz;Lk;
145
Ma; vd;gjid afu <W vd;Wk; Xb vd;gjid
,futPnwd;Wq;nfhs;shJ cfu <W vd;wjw;fhd fhuzj;ij
NrdhtiuaH tpsf;FthH. ,futpWjp ,ilr;nrhy;yhapd;
,Wjpapilr;nrhy; vy;yhj; njhopYk; gw;wp tUjypw; nryT
tuntd;gdtw;NwhLk; tuy; Ntz;Lk;.,dpr; nra;njdr;rj; JfuKk;
,Wjpapilr; nrhy;yhjypd; MFjy; XLjnyd;De; njhopy;
gw;wpAk; tuy; Ntz;Lk; nryT tuT gw;wp ,fuk; thuhikahDk;
MFjy; XLjy; gw;wp cfuk; thuhikahDk; ,Wjpapilr; nrhy;
,fuNkahf cfuNkahf xd;whtjy;yJ ,uz;nldg; glhjhk; .
cfuk; xd;wha; epd;W fljw t+He;j tpjptpidf;fl; gapd;W
tUjyhDk; vjpHkiw vr;rnky;yhk; ngUk;ghd;ikAk;
cfutPwhay;yJ thuhikahDk; cfuk; ,ay;ghf ,fuk; mjd;
jpupngd;wNy Kiwik vd;f. afutPw;wpw;Fk; ,/njhf;Fk; vd;gJ
mtHjk; ciuf;Fwpg;ghk;.
Cfhuk; cz;Z}te;jhd; > jpd;D}te;jhd; vdg; gpd; tUe;njhopw;F

,ilapd;wp Kd;tUe; njhopd;Nky; ,we;jfhyk; gw;wp tUk; . m/J
cz;zh vd MfhukhAk; tUk;.
gfuTfuk; eFG te;jhd; vd epfo;fhyk; gw;wp tUk;. efh epd;W

te;jhd; vd;wthW. <z;L epfo;fhynkd;wJ Kbf;FQ;
nrhy;Yzug;gLe; njhopNyhL cldpfo;jy;> cupFG vd cfuKk;>
fw;FG vdf; FfuKk; Vw;wtopg; ngWjy; nfhs;f.
vdntd;gJ> fljw CHe;J ,we;j fhyk; gw;wp Kbf;FQ;

nrhy;yhd; czHj;jg;gLk; njhopw;Fj; jd; Kjdpiyj; njhopy;
fhuznkd;gJgl tUk;.
NrhiyGf;nfd ntg;gk; ePq;fpw;W
cz;nldg; grp nfl;lJ
ciuj;njd czHe;jhd;@
kUe;J jpd;nwdg; gpzp ePq;fpw;W
vd tUk; . vQ;rpnad vdTk; cupQpnad vdTk; Vid

vOj;NjhLk; NrHe;J tUk;.
,aH> ,a vd;gd vjpHfhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
cz;zpaH
jpz;zpaH @
146
cz;zpa >jpz;zpa vd tUk; .
NghfpaH >
Nghfpa
vd Vw;wtopf; ffuk; ngw;W tUjYk; cz;L.
,d; vjpHfhyk; gw;wpf; fhuzg;nghUl;lha; tUk;.
kionga;apw; Fsk; epiwAk;
nka;Azupd; tPnlspjhk; vd tUk;.
elg;gpd;
ciug;gpd; vd Vw;w topg; gfuk; ngw;W tUjYk; cz;L.
mfuk;%d;W fhyKk; gw;wp tUk;.
kio nga;af; Fsk; epiwe;jJ @
QhapW gl te;jhd; @
cz;z te;jhd; vd tUk;
ciug;g>
ciuf;f vd Vw;wtopg; gfuKq; ffuKk; ngWjYk; cz;L..
Ffuk;vd vjpH fhyk; gw;wp tUk;.
czw;F te;jhd;@
jpdw;F te;jhd; vd tUk.;;
jpupahJ epw;Fk; CfhuKk;> GfuKk;> vdTk; ,aUk; ,aTnkd;Dk;

Ie;jPw;Wtpidnar;rKk; tof;fpDs; ,f;fhyj;J thuhthapDk; >
rhd;NwhH nra;ASs; mtw;wJ tha;ghl;L Ntw;Wiknay;yhq; fz;L
nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
.gpd;> Kd;> fhy;> fil> top> ,lj;J vd;Dk;
md;d kugpd; fhyk; fz;zpa
vd;d fpstpAk; mtw;W ,ay;gpdNt.
147
gpd;> Kd;> fhy;> fil> top> ,lj;J vd;Dk; <w;wha; tUtdTk;
fhyq;fz;zp tUtdTk; gpwTk; tpidnar;rk;.
$wpagpd;
te;jgpd;
- ,wg;Gk; epfo;Tk;
,we;j fhyk; - kUe;J jpd;dh Kd; Neha; Fzkhapw;W.
%d;W fhyKk; - tzq;fp ehk;tpLj;jf;fhy;
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L epfo;T vjpH ,uz;L fhyj;jpw;Fk; -,dp

ehLq;fhy;
,we;j ghyk; gw;wpaJ – Jt;thik te;jf;fil
%d;W fhyKk; - ciuj;j top – ciuf;Fk; top
%d;W fhyKk; - ciuj;j tplj;J – ciuf;Fk; ,lj;J
gpd;> Kd; vd;gd ,lq;Fwpj;Jk; tUtJz;L.
tPl;bd; Kd;> tPl;bd; gpd; ,it mtw;wpDk; NtWgl;lit. tUk;

Kd; te;j gpd; vdf; fhyk; Fwpj;J tUtjhy; fhyq;fz;zpa vd
tUk;.
.mtw;Ws;>
Kjy; epiy %d;Wk; tpidKjy; Kbgpd.
Kw; Fwpf;fg;gl;l gjpide;J tpidnar;rj;Js; Kjw;fz; epd;w

nra;J> nra;A+>nra;G vd;gd %d;Wk; jk; tpid Kjy; tpidahy;
KbAk;.
cz;L te;jhd;
cz;Z} te;jhd;
cz;FG te;jhd;
mk; Kf; fpstpAk; rpid tpid Njhd;wpd;>
rpidnahL Kbah> KjnyhL KbapDk;>
tpid Xuida vd;kdhH GytH.
148
tpid Kjy; Kbtpdthfpa mk;%d;W nrhy;Yk; rpidtpid epd;W
rpidtpidNahL KbahJ Kjy; tpidNahL KbapDk; tpidahy;
xU jd;ik ciladthFk;. ifapw;W tPo;e;jhd;
ifapw;W} tPo;e;jhd;
ifapWG tPo;e;jhd;
ifapw;W tPo;e;jJ vd rpid tpidNahL KbtNj ,ay;ghapDk;

ifapw;W tPo;e;jhd; vd Kjy; tpidNahL KbtjidAk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tH> Vida vr;rq;fs; jk; tpidiaAk; gpw tpidiaAk;
nfhz;L KbAk;.
Vida vr;rq;fs; ,Utpid nfhz;L Kbjy;:
Vid vr;rk; tpidKjyhDk;>
Md; te;J ,iaAk; tpidepiyahDk;>
jhk; ,ay; kUq;fpd; KbAk; vd;g.
nra;J> nra;A+> nra;G vd;Dk; %d;Wk; my;yhj gpw tpidnar;rk;

tpid Kjy; tpidahDk; Mz;L te;J nghUe;Jk.; gpw
tpidahDk;> tiuaiwapd;wpj; jhk; ,aYkhw;whd; KbAk;
kio nga;njdg; Gfo; ngw;wJ – tpid Kjy; tpid
kio nga;njd kuq;Fioj;jJ– gpwtpid
- nra;njd Kbe;jJ
kio nga;apaH vOe;jJ. - tpid Kjy; tpid
kionga;apaH gyp nfhLj;jhH - – gpwtpid
- nra;apaH vd Kbe;jJ
kio nga;apa Koq;Fk; - tpid Kjy; tpid
kio nga;apa thd; gopr;RJk; - gpwtpid
- nra;apa vd Kbe;jJ
kio nga;apw; Gfo;ngWk; - tpid Kjy; tpid
kionga;apw; FsepiwAk; - gpwtpid
149
kio nga;ag; Gfo;ngw;wJ - tpid Kjy; tpid
kio nga;a kuq;Fioj;jJ– gpwtpid
nra vd Kbe;jJ
kio nga;jw;F Koq;Fk; - tpid Kjy; tpid
kio nga;jw;Ff; flTs; tho;j;J– gpwtpid
nraw;F vd Kbe;jJ
,we;jgpd; dpsik thuhJ - tpid Kjy; tpid
fztd; ,dpJz;lgpd; fhjyp KfkyHe;jJ – gpwtpid
gpd; vd Kbe;jJ
tpid Kjy; tpidAk; gpwtpidAk; nfhz;L te;jJ. my;ydTk;

,Utif tpidAq;Nfhly; tof;fpDl; fz;L nfhs;f vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Liug;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
tiuaiwapd;wp ,Utif tpidAq;Nfhlypd; tpidAq; Fwpg;G -

epidaj; Njhd;wpa Kbgh Fk;Nk' (nrhy; - 432) vd;Dk;
nghJtpjpahd; Kbtdtw;iw <z;Lf; $wy; Ntz;lhntdpd; >
tpidnar;rq;fSs; xUrhud tpidKjy;
tpidnfhs;Snkd;wjdhd; > Vidnar;rk; gpwtpidNa nfhs;SNkh
,Utif tpidAq; nfhs;SNkh vd;iwakhk;@ mjdhd; IaePq;f
,t;thW $wy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;.
tpidnahL Kbjy; <z;Lf; $wg;gl;likapd; vr;rtpaYs; Fwpg;G

KbghFk; vd mikAk;> tpidAnkdy; Ntz;lhntdpd; :-
Fwpg;Gnkd;D Kk;ikahw; wOtg;gLtJ Nra;j;jhfypw; nww;nwd
tpsf;fhikahDk; > tpidKjnyd;gJ ngaHf;Fk; tpidf;Fk;
nghJthfyhDk; tpidAnkdy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJ vdw
Nrdhtiuaupd; ciuf;Fwpg;G mtHjk; ciu eyj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whk;.
tpidnar;rq;fs; mLf;fp tuy;:
gy; KiwahDk; tpid vQ;R fpstp
nrhy; Kiw KbahJ mLf;Fe tupDk;>
Kd;dJ Kba KbAkd; nghUNs.
150
tpidnar;rq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdp;j;jdp tha;ghl;lhd; Kbjy;
,ay;ghk;. mt;thwd;wp gy mLf;fp xU tpidiaf; nfhz;L
KbjYk; cz;L.
cz;L jpd;Nwhbg; ghb te;jhd;
cz;L gUfpj; jpd;FG te;jhd; vdTk; tUk;.
Kd;dJ Kba KbAk; vd;whuhapDk; cz;L jpd;W kionga;af;

FsepiwAk; vd;wtop Kd;djd; njhopthd; Vida Kbahikapd;
gd;Kiwahd; mLf;Fq;fhy; Kd;djd; njhopyhd; Kbjw;Nfw;gdNt
nfhs;f.
nrhd;Kiw KbahikahtJ jk;nkhL jhKk; gpw nrhy;Y

KbahikahFk;
cz;L te;jhd;
jpd;W te;jhd;
vdr; nrhy;njhWk; tpid ,iajy; kuG. mq;qdk; epy;yhJ

jk;Ks; ,iagpy;yhjd mLf;fpte;J ,Wjp tpidnar;rj;jpw;F
Kbghfpa nrhy;yhy; vy;yhk; KbapDk; ,Of;fhJ.
tpidnar;rk; gd;KiwahDk; mLf;fp xU nrhy;yhd;

KbAk;;.vdNt nganur;rk; xUKiwahd; mLf;fp xU nrhy;yhy;
KbAnkd;gjhk;.
ney;yupA kpUe;njhOtH ( Gwk; - 24) vd;Dk; Gwj;njhif

ghl;bDs; njd;flw;wpiukpirg; ghAe;J vdTk; jz;Fuitr; rPH
J}q;Fe;J> vdTk;>vy;tis kfspH jiyf;if j&ce;J> vdTk;
Ke;ePHg; ghAk; vdTk; nra;Ankd;Dk; nganur;rkLf;fp Xk;ghtPif
khNt nst;tp> Gdyk; Gjtpd; kpoiy vd;Dk; xU nghUs;
nfhz;L Kbe;jd. Mq;Fj; jhq;fh TiwAzy; Y}H nfoP,a
vd;Dk; nganur;rk; ,il epiyaha; te;jJ..
nganur;rk; - Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fs;:
epyDk;> nghUSk;> fhyKk;> fUtpAk;>
tpidKjw; fpstpAk;> tpidAk;> csg;gl
mt; mW nghUl;Fk; Xud;d cupika>
nra;Ak;> nra;j vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny.
151
tpidnar;rk; czHj;jp> ,q;F ngaur;rk; czHj;Jfpd;whH
njhy;fhg;gpaH.
nra;Ak;> nra;j vd;DQ;nrhw;fs;> njhopd; Kjdpiy vl;lDs;

,d;djw;F ,J gadhf vd;Dk; ,uz;nlhopj;J Vid
MWnghUl;Fk; xj;j cupika@ mjhtJ epyk;> nghUs; fhyk;>
fUtp> tpidKjy;> tpid vd;gd mt; mWtifg; nghUl;fs;
MFk;.
,tw;wpw;F xj;j cupika vd;wikahy;> nra;Ak;> nra;j vd;gd

,d;djw;F ,J gadhf vd;Dk; ,uz;lw;Fk;> rpWghd;ik
cupajhFk;.
thOkpy;>
fw;FE}y;>
JapYq;fhyk;>
tidAq;Nfhy;>
XJk; ghHg;ghd;>
cz;Z%z;
- nra;Ankd;Dk; nganur;rj;J ck;kPW fhy vOj;Jg; ngwhJ MW

nghUl;Fk; cupj;jha; te;jJ
Gf;ftpy;>
cz;lNrhW>
te;jehs;>
ntd;w Nty;>
Mba $j;jd;>
Nghapd Nghf;F
nra;jntd;Dk; nganur;rjJ ,Wjpafuk; fljwTk; afu dfuKk;

CHe;J MW nghUl;Fk; cupj;jha; te;jJ.
Neha; jPUkUe;J> Neha; jPHe;j kUe;J
- vd;D VJg; nghUz;ik fUtpf;fz; mlq;Fk;@

- murd; M nfhLf;Fk;
152
M nfhLj;j ghHg;ghd;
- Mil nahypf;Fq; $yp

- Milnahypj;j $yp
nra;Ak;> nra;jd vd;gd ,d;djw;F ,J gadhf vd;gjpy;

rpWghd;ikAupatha; te;jd.
vy;iyg;nghUs; g/nwhopy; gw;wp tUQ; rpwg;gpd;wh fypw;nwhopd;

KjnyhL $whJ ,d;ik Ailik ehw;we; jPHj;jy;> (nrhy;-78)
vd;Dk; nghUz;ikahy; joP,f;nfhz;lhuhfypd;> goKjpUq; NfhL>
goKjpHe;j NfhL vdr; rpWghd;ik vy;iyg; nghUl;FupathjYq;
nfhs;f.
epd;Kfq; fhZ kUe;jpNd ndd;Dkhy; (FwpQ;rpf;fyp-24) vd;Gopf;

fhl;rpia kUe;njd;whd;. Mjypd; fhZk; kUe;njd;gJ
tpidg;ngaH nfhz;ljhk;. nghr;rhthf; fUtpahw; Nghw;wpr; nrapd;
(Fws;-537) vd;Gopr; nghr;rhthf; fUtpnad;gJ kJ. MWnrd;wtpaH
vd;Gop tpaH MWnrwyhd; te;j fhupakhfypd;> nrag;gL nghUl;
fz; mlq;Fk;. E}w;w E}yhdpad;w fypq;fKk; xw;Wik eaj;jhy;
E}w;w fypq;f nkdg;gLk;. E}yhf; fypq;fk; thyiuf; nfhsP,
(gjpw;Wg;gj;J> 2-Mk; gj;J> 12) vdg; nganur;rj;jd;p vjpHkiw
nghUl;ngaH nfhz;L epd;wjhk;.
cz;lhd; rhj;jd;> nkOfpw;Wj; jpz;iz vd;Gop cz;lhd; >

nkOfpw;W vd;Dk; Kw;Wr;nrhy; tpid KjYQ; nrag;gL
nghUSkhfpa nghUl;F cupath te;jJ. mt;thNw nra;A>nra;j
vd;Dk; ,t;tpU tifg; nganur;rKk; epyk; Kjyhfpa mWtifg;
nghUl;Fk; cupathFk; vd;gJ <z;L czHj;jg; ngw;wJ.
epyKjyhapdtw;iwg; nganur;rg; nghUnsd;dhJ Kbf;FQ;

nrhy;nydpd; mt;tWnghUl;F nkd;dhJ mt;tW ngaHf;F
nkd;NwhJthH. XjNt> nganuQ;R fpstp nganuhL KbNk (nrhy; -
433) vd;DQ; #j;jpuk; Ntz;lhthk;@ mjdhd; ,it
nghUnsd;wNy Aiu. mk; Mnkd;gd Kjyhf mfukPwhff; fple;j
,Wjp ,ilr; nrhw;Ff; $wg;gl;l fhyntOj;Jr; rpwpa
rpije;JtupDk;> rpWghd;ik gpwntOj;Jg; ngwpDk;>
Ez;ZzHTilNahH tof;F Nehf;fp AzHe;J nfhs;f vd;gJ
NrdhtiuaH ciuf;Fwpg;ghk;.
153
nra;Ak; - xU KbG:
mtw;nwhL tUtop>nra;Ak; vd; fpstp>
Kjw;fz; tiue;j %<w;Wk; cupj;Nj.
epyKjyhfpa nghUnshL tUq;fhy; nra;Ankd;DQ; nrhy;>

tpyf;fg;gl;l gy;NyhH glHf;if Kd;dpiy jd;ik vd;Dk;
%tiff;Fk;> cupj;jhk;.
cupj;jha; tUkhW vQ;rpa fpstp (nrhy;-225) vd;DQ; #j;jpuj;jpw;

fhl;bdhk;.
mtw;nwhL tUtopnadr; nra;Ak; vd;Dk; nrhy; mg;nghUz;ikf;F

cupj;jhAk; cupj;jd;wpAk; tUk;. mtw;nwhL tU epiyik
nganuQ;RfpstpahFk;@ mtw;nwhL thuh epiyik Kw;Wr;nrhy;yhk;;.
mJ Kw;Wr; nrhy;yhjw;fz;Zk; nganuQ;R fpstpahjw;fz;Zk;
Ntw;Wik zhnjdpd; :-VidKw;wpw;Fk; Vidnar;rj;jpw;Fk;
Ntw;WikahtNj ,q;Fk; Ntw;WikahFk;. Kw;Wr; nrhy;ypw;Fk;
vr;rj;jpw;Fk; Ntw;Wik ahnjdpd; gpwpNjhH nrhy;NyhL ,iaahJ
jhNk njhluhjw;F Vw;Fk; tpidr;nrhy; Kw;whk;@ gpwpNjhH nrhy;
gw;wpay;yJ epw;wyhw;wh tpidr;nrhy; vr;rkhk;@ ,J jk;Ks;
Ntw;Wik.
cz;lhndd;gJ rhj;jndd;Dk; ngauthtpad;Nw epw;gJ@ jhNk

njhluhnkd;wJ vd;id nadpd; :- mw;wd;W@ cz;lhd; rhj;jhd;
vd;wtop> vj;ijnad;Dk; mtha; epiyf;fz; Nrhw;iwnad;gJ
te;jpiae; jhw;Nghy> cz;lhd; vd;wtop ahnud;Dk; mtha;
epiyf;fz; rhj;jndd;gJ te;jpiatjy;yJ> mg;ngaHgw;wpay;yJ
epw;wyhw;wh epiyikj;jd;W> mr;nrhy;nyd;gJ> ,t;Ntw;Wik
tpsq;f MrpupaH Kw;Wr; nrhy;nyd;Dk;> vr;rnkd;Wk;> mtw;wpw;Fg;
ngaH nfhLj;jhH. vd tpsf;fkspg;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
vjpHkiw tpid nfhz;L Kbjy;;
ngaH vQ;R fpstpAk; tpid vQ;R fpstpAk;>
vjpH kWj;J nkhopapDk;> nghUs; epiy jpupah
nganur;rKk; tpidnar;rKk;> nra;jy; nghUs; md;wp

mr;nra;jw;nghUz;ik vjpHkWj;Jr; nrhy;ypDk;> mt; vr;rg;
nghUz;ikapy; jpupahJ@
154
cz;zhtpy;yk;>
cz;zhr;NrhW>
cz;zhf;fhyk;>
tidahf;Nfhy;>
Xjhg;ghHg;ghd;>
cz;zht+z;
cz;zhJ te;jhd;>
cz;zhikf;Fg; Nghapdhd;
vdTk; tUk;.
cz;zh vd;gJ cz;Zk;> cz;l vd;Dk; ,uz;lw;Fk;

vjpHkiwahk;. cz;zhj vd;gJk; mJthFk;.
cz;zhJ vd;gJ cz;L> cz;Z}> cz;FG vd;gdtw;wpw;F

vjpHkiw.
cz;zhikf;F vd;gJ> cz;zpaH> cz;zpa> czw;F

vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk; cz;z vdr; nraw;nfd;gJk; gltUk; nrantd;
vr;rj;jpw;Fk; vjpHkiwahk;. cz;zhik> cz;zhky;
vd;gdTe;jhk; mjw;F vjpHkiwahk; .
cz;byd;> cz;zhepd;wpyd;> cz;zyd;> cz;zhd; vd Kw;Wr;

nrhy;Yk; vjpHkWj;J epw;Fk;. Mdhy; mjw;F> nghUzpiy
jpupahnjd $wpdhupy;iy. mjw;F cupa fhuzj;ij NrdhtiuaH
tpsf;FthH. mitaidj;Jk; tpidKw;Wr; nrhw;fshfNt cs;sd.
vdNt mit vjpHkWj;J nkhopapDk; jpupahJ vdf; $Wjy;
,d;wpaikahjjhapw;W> Mdhy; Kw;Wf;fisNah cld;ghL>
vjpHkiw Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; nghUe;JkhW XjpAs;shH. vdNt
vjpH kWj;J nkhopapDk; jpupahJ vdf; $wy; Ntz;lhjhapw;W
vd;gjhk;.
,ilg;gpwtuy:;
jk;jk; vr;rnkhL rptZk; Fwpg;gpd;
vr; nrhy; MapDk;> ,ilepiy tiuahH
155
jj;jk; vr;rkhfpa tpidNahLk; ngaNuhLk; ,iaAk;
Fwpg;igAila vr;nrhy;yhapDk;> ,t; vr;rj;jpw;Fk; mtw;whd;
Kbtdthfpa jkf;Fk; ,ilepw;wy; tiuahH;
cOJ rhj;jd; te;jhd;>
cONjNuhL te;jhd;
-tpidnar;rk;
nfhy;Yq; fhl;Ls; ahid>
nfhd;w fhl;Ls; ahid.
nganur;rk;.
vr;nrhy;yhapDk; vd;wjdhd;> cONjhbte;jhd;> ftsq;nfhs;shf;

fspj;j ahid vd vr;rKk; ,ilepiyahjy; nfhs;f vd;gJ
NrdhtiuaH Fwpg;G>
rhj;jd; cz;Lte;jhd;> mwj;ij murd; tpUk;gpdhd;> cz;lhd;

te;j rhj;jhd; vd Vidj; njhlHf;fz;Zk; gpwnrhy; ,il epw;wy;
xf;FkhapDk;> vr;rj;njhlHf;F ,il epw;gdtw;wpd; fz;
Muha;r;rpAilikahw; $wpdhH vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
nra;Ak; - nganur;r <W nfly;:
mtw;Ws;>
nra;Ak;' vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;R fpstpf;F
nka;nahLk; nfLNk><w;Wkpir cfuk;
mt; ,ld; mwpjy; vd;kdhH GytH.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vr;rq;fSl; nra;Ak; vd;Dk; nganur;rj;jpw;F

<w;Wkpir epd;w cfue; jd;dhy; Cug;gl;l nka;nahLq; nfLkplk;
mwpf.
nfLk; ,lk; mwpf vd;wJ> mt;tPw;WkpirAfuk; ahz;Lq;nflhJ

tuaWf;fTk;glhJ rhd;NwhH tOf;fpDs;Sk; nra;ASs;Sk;
te;jtopf; fz;Lnfhs;f.
thTk;Gutp>
NghFk;Gio vd;gd <w;Wkpir Afuk; nka;nahLq;nfl>
156
thk;Gutp> Nghk;Gio vd epd;wd.
nra;Ankd;Dk; nganuQ;R fpstpf;F <w;Wkpir Afuk; nka;nahLq;

nfL nkdNt> nra;Ankd;D Kw;Wr;nrhw;F <w;WkpirAfuk;
nka;nahLq; nfLk.; nka;nahopj;Jk; nfLnkd;gjhk;.
mk;g Y}U ktndhL nkhopNk' (FWe;-51)>rhudhlntd; NwhopAq;

fYo;Nk' vd tUk;.
nra;J vd;Dk; vr;rk;:
nra;J vd; vr;rj;J ,we;j fhyk;>
va;J ,ld; cilj;Nj> thuhf; fhyk;.
nra;J vd;Dk; tpidnar;rj;jpdJ ,we;j fhyk; thuhf;fhyj;ij

va;Jk; ,lKilj;J@
<z;Lr; nra;njd; vr;rj;J ,we;jfhyk; vd;wJ Kbgha; tUk;>

tpidr;nrhy;yhy; czHj;jg;gLe; njhopw;F mt; vr;rj;jhy;
czHj;jg;gLk; njhopy; Kd;epfo;jiy. mJ thuhf;fhyk;
va;JjyhtJ> mk;Kd;dpfo;T rpijahky; mt;ntr;rk; vjpHfhyj;J
tUjy;.
ePAz;L tUtha;>
cOJ tUtha;
vdr; nra;njd; vr;rk; nghUs; rpijahky; vjpHfhyj;J tUk;.
va;jpld; cilj;Nj thuhf; fhyk; vd;wjdhd;> cz;L te;jhd;>

cOJ te;jhd; vd mt;ntr;rk; ,we;j fhyj;J tUjy;
,yf;fzk; vd;gjhk;.
,we;j fhyj;Jr; nrhy; vjpHfhyj;J tOthapDk; tOtikjpahff;

nfhs;f vd;gjhk;.
epfo;fhyj;jhy; czHj;jy;::
Ke; epiyf; fhyKk; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;if
vk; Kiwr; nrhy;Yk; epfOk; fhyj;J
nka;e; epiyg; nghJr; nrhy; fpsj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
157
Ke; epiyf; fhyKk; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;if vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk;
epfo;fhyj;Jj; nghUz;ik epiyikAilj;jha nra;Ak; vd;Dk;
nrhy;yhy; nrhy;Yf vd;gjhk;.
kiy epw;Fk;
jpq;fs; ,aq;Fk;
tpiutpy; fhyk; kaq;fy;:
thuhf; fhyj;Jk; epfOk; fhyj;Jk;
Xuhq;F t&ck; tpidr;nrhw; fpstp
,we;j fhyj;Jf; Fwpg;nghL fpsj;jy;
tpiue;j nghUs vd;kdhH GytH.
vjpHfhyj;Jk; epfo;fhyj;Jk; xUgbahf tUk; tpidr;nrhw;

nghUz;ikia tpiuT fhuzkhf ,we;jfhyj;jhw; nrhy;Yjy;
cz;L.
NrhW ghzpj;jtop cz;zhjpUe;jhidg; Nghfy; Ntz;Lk;;

FiwAilahndhUtd; ,d;Dk; cz;biyNah vd;wtop> cz;Nld;
Nghe;Njd; vdy;
cz;zh epd;whDk; cz;Nld; Nghe;Njd; vdy;
,q;F> vjpH fhyj;jpw;Fk; epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; cupa nghUis tpiuT

gw;wp ,we;jfhyj;jhw; $wpapUg;gijf; fhz;f.
njhopy; ,we;jdty;yNtDk;> nrhy;Ythd; fUj;J tifahy;

,we;jdthfr; nrhy;yg;gLjypd;>Fwpg;nghL fpsj;jy;vd;whH.
vjpHfhyj;Jg; nghUz;ikiaf; fpsj;jYk;> epfo;fhyj;Jg;

nghUz;ikiaf; fpsj;jYk; vd ,uz;lhfyhd; tpiue;j nghUs;
vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
rpwg;gpy; fhyk; kaq;fy;:
kpf;fjd; kUq;fpd; tpidr;nrhy; Rl;b>
mg; gz;G Fwpj;j tpidKjw; fpstp>
nra;tJ ,y;top> epfOk; fhyj;J
nka; ngwj; Njhd;Wk; nghUl;L MFk;Nk.
158
kpf;fjd;fz; epfOk; tpidr;nrhy;iy Nehf;fpj; jpuptpd;wpg; gaf;Fk;
mk; kpf;fjdJ gz;igf; Fwpj;JtUk; tpidKjw;nrhy; Rl;br;
nrhy;yg;gLtNjhH tpidKjypy;yhjtplj;J> epfo;fhyj;jhd;
ahg;GWj;j nghUis Ailj;jhk;.
Kaw;rpAk; nja;tKkhfpa fhuzq;fSl; nja;tQ; rpwe;jikahy;>

mjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa jtQ;nra;jy; jhiaf;Nfhwy; Kjyhfpa
njhopiy kpf;fJ vd;whH. nja;tkha ,Utpid kpf;fjd;fz;
tpidr; nrhy;yhtd jtQ;nra;jhd;> jhiaf; nfhd;whd; vd;De;
njhlf;fj;jd. mg;gz;G Fwpj;j tpid Kjw;fpstpahtd RtHf;fk;
GFk;> epuak; GFk; vd;gd.
ahtd; jtQ;nra;jhd; mtd; RtHf;fk; GFk;> ahtd; jhiaf;

nfhd;whd; mtd; epuak; GFk; vdTk; xUtd; jtQ;nra;apw;;
RtHf;fk; GFk;> jhiaf; nfhy;ypd; epuak; GFk; vdTk; kpf;fjd;
tpidr;nrhy; Nehf;fp mk;kpf;fjd; jpupgpy; gz;G Fwpj;j
tpidKjw; fpstp epfo;fhyj;jhd; te;jd.
nghJtifahff; $whJ xUtw;Rl;batop> mtd; jtQ; nra;J

RtHf;fk; Gf;fhd;> GFtd; vd Vidf;fhyj;jhw; nrhy;yg; gLjypd;>
mt;thW xUtw;Rl;Ljiy ePf;Fjw;F tpidKjw;fpstp ahapDQ;
nra;t jpy;topnad;whH. nra;tnjd;gJ> nra;ifia vd;ghUk;
csH.
tpidr; nrhy; vd;whNuDk;> jtQ;nra;jhd; RtHf;fk; GFk;. jhiaf;

nfhd;whd; epuak; GFk; vd tpidg; ngauha; tUjYq; nfhs;f.
jtQ;nra;apw; RtHf;fk; GFtd; vd vjpHfhyj;jhw; nrhy;yg;

gLtjid epfo;fhyj;jhw; nrhy;Yjy; tOthapDk; tO
mikjpahk; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
.,J nray; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fpstp
,J nray; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fpstp
,U tapd; epiyAk; nghUl;L MFk;Nk
jd; ghyhDk; gpwd; ghyhDk;.
,J nray;Ntz;Lk; vd;gJgl tUQ;nrhy;> jd;ghyhDk;

gpwd;ghyhDnkd <uplj;Jk; epiyngWk;
nghUz;ikiaAilj;jhk;jd;ndd;wJ nrayJ tpidKjiy
MFk;.
159
Xjy;Ntz;Lk; vd;wtop Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Xjw;F
tpidKjyhapdhw;Fk; mtd; Xjiy tpUk;Ge; je;ijf;Fk; Vw;wthW
fz;L nfhs;f.
td;Gw tUk; tpdh:
td;Gw t&ck; tpdhTil tpidr; nrhy;
vjpH kWj;J czHj;Jjw;F cupikAk; cilj;Nj.
tw;GWj;Jtjw;fhf tUtJk; tUk; tpdhitAila tpidr;nrhy;

tpidepfo;TzHj;jhJ vjpHkWj;JzHj;Jjw;Fk; cupajhFk;
tpdhthtd M> V> X> vd;gd.
fjj;jhdhf fspahdhf xUtd; njUshJ xUtid itjhd;@

mtd; njUz;lf;fhy;> itag;gl;lhd; eP nad;id itjha; vd;w
topj;jhd; itjit Azuh ikahy; itNjNd nad;Dk;@ Mz;lt;
tpdhnthL te;j tpidr;nrhy; itjpNyd; vd;Dk; vjpHkiwg;
nghUs;gl te;jthW fhz;f. tpdhnthL te;jtop vjpHkiwg;
nghUs;gLkhW vt;thnwdpd; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;G tifahd;
vjpHkiwg;nghU SzHj;jpw; nwd;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
vjpHkiwg; nghUSzHj;jpw;W MzL Vfhukhfypd;> tpidr;nrhy;
vjpHkWj; JzHj;Jjw; FupikAk; cilj;njd;wy; epuk;ghnjdpd;:-
vjpHkiwahapd gad;wUtJ tpdhTil tpidr;nrhnyd;whH
Mfypd;> m/njjpH kWj;jy; Mz;ilanjd kWf;f vd;gJk;
NrdhtiuaH ciuahFk;.
tpidepfo;T czHj;Jk; top> tpidaJ epfohik czHj;Jjy;

tOthapDk; mikfntd tpidr;nrhy; gw;wp kuGtO mikj;jhH.
,aw;if – njspT – fhyk; kaq;fy;:
thuhf; fhyj;J tpidr;nrhy; fpstp
,wg;gpDk; epfo;tpDk; rpwg;gj; Njhd;Wk;
,aw;ifAk; njspTk; fpsf;Fk; fhiy.
vjpHfhyj;Jf;Fupa tpidr;nrhy; nghUz;ik ,aw;ifahjYk;

njspag;gLjYk; nrhy;Ykplj;J ,we;j fhyr; nrhy;yhDk;
epfo;fhyr; nrhy;yhDk; tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;.
,aw;ifnad;gJ ngw;wp Kjyhapdtw;why; czug;gLtJ. njspT

E}y; njspthd; tUtJ.
160
xUfhl;bd;fl; NghthH $iwNfhl;gLjy; xUjiyahff; fz;L
,/jpaw;ifnad;W Jzpe;jhd;> $iw Nfhl;glh Kd;Dk;>
,f;fhl;Ls; Nghfpw; $iwNfhl;gl;lhd;. $iwNfhl;gLk; vd;Wk;
vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L njw;wp Nawpd; kio nga;jy; E}yhy;

njspe;jhd;> mit Kl;ilnfhz;L njw;wp Nawpatop> kio nga;ah
Kd;Dk;> kio nga;jJ> kio nga;Ak; vd;Wk;>
vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fupa nghUis ,we;jfhyj;jhDk; epfo;fhyj;jhDk;

$wpathW fhz;f.,J fhytOtikjp MFk;.
nrag;gL nghUs; - tpidKjy; Nghy tuy;:
nrag;gLnghUisr; nra;jJ Nghyj;
njhopw;glf; fpsj;jYk; tof;F ,ay; kuNg.
nra;gLnghUisr; nra;j tpidKjy; Nghyj; njhopw;glr;

nrhy;YjYk; tof;fpd;fz; ,aYk; kuG MFk;.
tof;fpad;kuG vd;wikahy; ,yf;fz kugd;W vd;gJ njspTWk;.
jpz;iz nkOfpw;W> fyq;foP,apw;W vd tUk;.
jpz;iz nkOfg;gl;lJ> fyq; fOtg;gl;lJ vd;W kd;dhfw;

ghyJ> mt;tha;ghld;wp tpidKjy; tha;ghl;lhd; tUjYk;
tof;fpD Sz;ikahd; mikfntd tpidr;nrhw;gw;wp kuGtO
czHj;jg; ngw;wJ.
nrag;gLnghUis tpidKjy; tha;ghl;lhw; $WjNyad;wp> vspjpd;

,lg;gLjy; Nehf;fp muprpjhNdal;lJ vdr; nrag;gL nghUis
tpidKjypd; njhopw; glf; fpsj;jYk; tof;fpad; kungd;ww;F
njhopw;glf; fpsj;jYk; vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
,wg;Gk; vjpHTk; jk;Ks; kaq;fy;:
,wg;Ng vjpHNt MapU fhyKk;
rpwg;gj; Njhd;Wk;> kaq;Fnkhopf; fpstp
,wg;Gk; vjpHTkhfpa ,uz;L fhyKk; kaq;Fnkhopg; nghUsha;

tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;.
161
,tH gz;L ,g;nghopyfj;J tpisahLthH@
ehis mtd; thnshL ntFz;L te;jhd;> eP vd; nra;Fit

vdtUk;.
,wg;Gk; vjpHTkhfpa ,uz;L fhyKk; kaq;Fnkhopg; nghUsha;j;

Njhd;Wk; vdNt> mtw;iw czHj;JQ;nrhy; kaq;Fk;. mit
ngaUk; tpidAkha; kaq;Fjypd;> kaq;F tpidr;nrhw; fpstp
vd;dhJ nghJg;gl kaq;Fnkhopf; fpstp vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
Njhd;Wnkd;gJ nganur;rnkdpDk; ,Of;fhJ.
gz;L tpisahbdhH vd;Wk; ehis tUtd; vd;W kd;Nw

$ww;ghyJ@ mt;thwd;wpj; jk;Kz; kaq;ff; $wpDk; mikf vdf;
fhy tOtikjp $wg;gl;lJ.
epfo;T Vida fhyj;njhL kaq;fy;:
Vidf; fhyKk; kaq;Fjy; tiuahH
,wg;Gk; vjpHTNkad;wp epfo;fhyKk; mtw;nwhL kaq;Fk;.
,ts; gz;L ,g;nghopyfj;J tpisahLk; vdTk;> ehis tUk;

vdTk; tUk;.
rpwg;gj;Njhd;W nkdTk; kaq;Fjy;tiuah nudTk; $wpdhH@

,wg;Gk; vjpHTk; kaq;Fjy; gapd;W tUjyhDk; mj;Jiz
epfo;fhy kaf;fk; gapd;W thuhikahD nkd;f.
%d;WfhyKe; jk;Kz; kaq;Fnkd;whNuDk;> Vw;Gopay;yJ

kaq;fhik nfhs;f. Vw;Gopf; nfhs;sNt te;jhid tUnfd;wYk;
tUthid te;jhd;vd;wYk; vd ,it Kjyhapdnty;yhk;
tOntd;gjhk;.
1.tpidr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpidr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,ay;G:
tpid vdg;gLtJ Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ>
epidAk; fhiy> fhynkhL Njhd;Wk;.
tpidnad;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ Ntw;WiknahL nghUe;jhJ>

MuhAq;fhw; fhyj;njhL Gyg;gl;L tUk;. ,q;F Ntw;Wik vd;gJ
Ntw;Wik cUig.f; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
162
cz;lhd;> fupad; vd Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ fhynkhL Njhd;wp
epd;wJ.
tpidr;nrhy; fhynkhL Njhd;Wk; vdf; Fwpf;fhJ Ntw;Wik

nfhs;shJ vd;W kl;Lk; Fwpj;jhy; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk;
tpidr;nrhy; vd;gjhag; nghUs; gLk; vd;gjhYk; mt;
,uz;bidAk; ePf;Fjw;fhfTk; Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ fhynkhL
Njhd;Wk; vd;whH. Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ vdf; Fwpf;fhjpUg;ghpd;
mJ tpidahyizAk; ngaiuAk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. vdNt
Ntw;Wik nfhs;shJ vd;whH.
tpidr;nrhy;Ys; ntspg;glf; fhyk; fhl;lhjdTk; cs. vdNt

mitAk; MuhAq;fhw; fhyKilad vd;wjw;F>epidAq;fhiy
vd;whH.
2.,ilg;gpwtuy; vd;gJ Fwpj;J vOJf.
,ilg;gpwtuy:;:
jk;jk; vr;rnkhL rptZk; Fwpg;gpd;
vr; nrhy; MapDk;> ,ilepiy tiuahH
jj;jk; vr;rkhfpa tpidNahLk; ngaNuhLk; ,iaAk;

Fwpg;igAila vr;nrhy;yhapDk;> ,t; vr;rj;jpw;Fk; mtw;whd;
Kbtdthfpa jkf;Fk; ,ilepw;wy; tiuahH;
:cOJ rhj;jd; te;jhd;>
cONjNuhL te;jhd;
-tpidnar;rk;
nfhy;Yq; fhl;Ls; ahid>
nfhd;w fhl;Ls; ahid.
nganur;rk;.
vr;nrhy;yhapDk; vd;wjdhd;> cONjhbte;jhd;> ftsq;nfhs;shf;

fspj;j ahid vd vr;rKk; ,ilepiyahjy; nfhs;f vd;hJ
NrdhtiuaH Fwpg;G.
3.nra;J> nra;G vd;gd vt;thW KbAk;?
nra;Ak; - nganur;r <W nfly;:
163
mtw;Ws;>
nra;Ak;' vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;R fpstpf;F
nka;nahLk; nfLNk><w;Wkpir cfuk;@
mt; ,ld; mwpjy;!' vd;kdhH GytH.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vr;rq;fSl; nra;Ak; vd;Dk; nganur;rj;jpw;F

<w;Wkpir epd;w cfue; jd;dhy; Cug;gl;l nka;nahLq; nfLkplk;
mwpf.
nfLk; ,lkwpf vd;wJ> mt;tPw;WkpirAfuk; ahz;Lq;nflhJ

tuaWf;fTk;glhJ rhd;NwhH tOf;fpDs;Sk; nra;ASs;Sk;
te;jtopf; fz;Lnfhs;f.
thTk;Gutp>
NghFk;Gio vd;gd <w;Wkpir Afuk; nka;nahLq;nfl>
thk;Gutp> Nghk;Gio vd epd;wd.
nra;Ankd;Dk; nganuQ;R fpstpf;F <w;Wkpir Afuk; nka;nahLq;

nfL nkdNt> nra;Ankd;D Kw;Wr;nrhw;F <w;WkpirAfuk;
nka;nahLq; nfLk.; nka;nahopj;Jk; nfLnkd;gjhk;.
mk;g Y}U ktndhL nkhopNk (FWe;-51)>rhudhlntd; NwhopAq;

fYo;Nk vd tUk;.
nra;J vd;Dk; vr;rk;:
nra;J vd; vr;rj;J ,we;j fhyk;>
va;J ,ld; cilj;Nj> thuhf; fhyk;.
nra;J vd;Dk; tpidnar;rj;jpdJ ,we;j fhyk; thuhf;fhyj;ij

va;Jk; ,lKilj;J@
<z;Lr; nra;njd; vr;rj;J ,we;jfhyk; vd;wJ Kbgha; tUk;>

tpidr;nrhy;yhy; czHj;jg;gLe; njhopw;F mt; vr;rj;jhy;
czHj;jg;gLk; njhopy; Kd;epfo;jiy. mJ thuhf;fhyk;
va;JjyhtJ> mk;Kd;dpfo;T rpijahky; mt;ntr;rk; vjpHfhyj;J
tUjy;.
ePAz;L tUtha;>
cOJ tUtha;
164
vdr; nra;njd; vr;rk; nghUs; rpijahky; vjpHfhyj;J tUk;.
va;jpl Dilj;Nj thuhf; fhyk; vd;wjdhd;> cz;L te;jhd;>

cOJ te;jhd; vd mt;ntr;rk; ,we;j fhyj;J tUjy;
,yf;fzk;vd;gjhk;.
4.fhyk; kaq;Fk; ,lq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
rpwg;gpy; fhyk; kaq;fy;:
kpf;fjd; kUq;fpd; tpidr;nrhy; Rl;b>
mg; gz;G Fwpj;j tpidKjw; fpstp>
nra;tJ ,y;top> epfOk; fhyj;J
nka; ngwj; Njhd;Wk; nghUl;L MFk;Nk.
kpf;fjd;fz; epfOk; tpidr;nrhy;iy Nehf;fpj; jpuptpd;wpg; gaf;Fk;

mk; kpf;fjdJ gz;igf; Fwpj;JtUk; tpidKjw;nrhy; Rl;br;
nrhy;yg;gLtNjhH tpidKjypy;yhjtplj;J> epfo;fhyj;jhd;
ahg;GWj;j nghUis Ailj;jhk;.
Kaw;rpAk; nja;tKkhfpa fhuzq;fSl; nja;tQ; rpwe;jikahy;>

mjw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa jtQ;nra;jy; jhiaf;Nfhwy; Kjyhfpa
njhopiy kpf;fJ vd;whH. nja;tkha ,Utpid kpf;fjd;fz;
tpidr; nrhy;yhtd jtQ;nra;jhd;> jhiaf; nfhd;whd; vd;De;
njhlf;fj;jd. mg;gz;G Fwpj;j tpid Kjw;fpstpahtd RtHf;fk;
GFk;> epuak; GFk; vd;gd.
ahtd; jtQ;nra;jhd; mtd; RtHf;fk; GFk;> ahtd; jhiaf;

nfhd;whd; mtd; epuak; GFk; vdTk; xUtd; jtQ;nra;apw;;
RtHf;fk; GFk;> jhiaf; nfhy;yp dpuak; GFk; vdTk; kpf;fjd;
tpidr;nrhy; Nehf;fp mk;kpf;fjd; jpupgpy; gz;G Fwpj;j
tpidKjw; fpstp epfo;fhyj;jhd; te;jd.
nghJtifahff; $whJ xUtw;Rl;batop> mtd; jtQ; nra;J

RtHf;fk; Gf;fhd;> GFtd; vd Vidf;fhyj;jhw; nrhy;yg; gLjypd;>
mt;thW xUtw;Rl;Ljiy ePf;Fjw;F tpidKjw;fpstp ahapDQ;
nra;t jpy;topnad;whH. nra;tnjd;gJ> nra;ifia nad;ghU
KsH.
tpidr; nrhy; vd;whNuDk;> jtQ;nra;jhd; RtHf;fk; GFk;. jhiaf;

nfhd;whd; epuak; GFk; vd tpidg; ngauha; tUjYq; nfhs;f.
165
jtQ;nra;apw; RtHf;fk; GFtd; vd vjpHfhyj;jhw; nrhy;yg;
gLtjid epfo;fhyj;jhw; nrhy;Yjy; tOthapDk; tO
mikjpahk; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
,wg;Gk; vjpHTk; jk;Ks; kaq;fy;:
,wg;Ng vjpHNt MapU fhyKk;
rpwg;gj; Njhd;Wk;> kaq;Fnkhopf; fpstp
,wg;Gk; vjpHTkhfpa ,uz;L fhyKk; kaq;Fnkhopg; nghUsha;

tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;.
,tH gz;L ,g;nghopyfj;J tpisahLthH@
ehis mtd; thnshL ntFz;L te;jhd;> eP vd; nra;Fit

vdtUk;.
,wg;Gk; vjpHTkhfpa ,uz;L fhyKk; kaq;Fnkhopg; nghUsha;j;

Njhd;Wk; vdNt> mtw;iw czHj;JQ;nrhy; kaq;Fk;. mit
ngaUk; tpidAkha; kaq;Fjypd;> kaq;F tpidr;nrhw; fpstp
vd;dhJ nghJg;gl kaq;Fnkhopf; fpstp' vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
Njhd;Wnkd;gJ nganur;rnkdpDk; ,Of;fhJ.
gz;L tpisahbdhH vd;Wk; ehis tUtd; vd;W kd;Nw

$ww;ghyJ@ mt;thwd;wpj; jk;Kz; kaq;ff; $wpDk; mikf vdf;
fhy tOtikjp $wg;gl;lJ.
epfo;T Vida fhyj;njhL kaq;fy;:
Vidf; fhyKk; kaq;Fjy; tiuahH
,wg;Gk; vjpHTNkad;wp epfo;fhyKk; mtw;nwhL kaq;Fk;.
,ts; gz;L ,g;nghopyfj;J tpisahLk; vdTk;> ehis tUk;

vdTk; tUk;.
rpwg;gj;Njhd;W nkdTk; kaq;Fjy;tiuah nudTk; $wpdhH@

,wg;Gk; vjpHTk; kaq;Fjy; gapd;W tUjyhDk; mj;Jiz
epfo;fhy kaf;fk; gapd;W thuhikahD nkd;f.
%d;WfhyKe; jk;Kz; kaq;Fk; vd;whNuDk;> Vw;Gopay;yJ

kaq;fhik nfhs;f. Vw;Gopf; nfhs;sNt te;jhid tUnfd;wYk;
tUthid te;jhd;vd;wYk; vd ,it Kjyhapdnty;yhk;
tOntd;gjhk;.
166
,aw;if – njspT – fhyk; kaq;fy;:
thuhf; fhyj;J tpidr;nrhy; fpstp
,wg;gpDk; epfo;tpDk; rpwg;gj; Njhd;Wk;
,aw;ifAk; njspTk; fpsf;Fk; fhiy.
vjpHfhyj;Jf;Fupa tpidr;nrhy; nghUz;ik ,aw;ifahjYk;

njspag;gLjYk; nrhy;Ykplj;J ,we;j fhyr; nrhy;yhDk;
epfo;fhyr; nrhy;yhDk; tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;.
,aw;ifnad;gJ ngw;wp Kjyhapdtw;why; czug;gLtJ. njspT

E}y; njspthd; tUtJ.
xUfhl;bd;fl; NghthH $iwNfhl;gLjy; xUjiyahff; fz;L

,/jpaw;ifnad;W Jzpe;jhd;> $iw Nfhl;glh Kd;Dk;>
,f;fhl;Ls; Nghfpw; $iwNfhl;gl;lhd;. $iwNfhl;gLk; vd;Wk;
.vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L njw;wp Nawpd; kio nga;jy; E}yhy;

njspe;jhd;> mit Kl;ilnfhz;L njw;wp Nawpatop> kio
nga;ah Kd;Dk;> kio nga;jJ> kio nga;Ak; vd;Wk;
vjpHfhyj;jpw;Fupa nghUis ,we;jfhyj;jhDk; epfo;fhyj;jhDk;

$wpathW fhz;f..,J fhytOtikjp MFk;.
,ilapay;
,g; gFjp ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; czHj;Jk; gFjp MFk;.

ngaupidAk; tpidapidAk; rhHe;J tUkhjypd; ,J mtw;wpd;
gpd; itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r; nrhw;fs; nkhopf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
tUkhapDk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,ilapy; tUjypd; ,ilnrhy;yhapw;W
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
,ilr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;:
,il vdg;gLg nganuhLk; tpidnahLk;eil ngw;W

,aYk;@
jkf;F ,ay;G ,yNt.
167
,ilr;nrhy; vd;W nrhy;yg; gLtd nganuhLk; tpidnahLk;
tof;Fg; ngw;wpaYk;@ jhkhf elf;Fk; ,ay;gpid ciladty;y.
,ilr;nrhw; fpstpA Kupr;nrhw; fpstpA ktw;Wtop kUq;fpw;

Nwhd;Wk;.'(nrhy;-159)
vd;wjdhy; ,ilr;nrhy; ngaUk; tpidAQ; rhHe;J tUjy; ngwg;

gl;likahy;> nganuhLk; tpidnahLk; eilngw;wpaYk; vd;gJ
ngwg;gLk;. jkf;fpay;gpy vd;wJ><z;Lg; ngaUk; tpidAk;
czHj;Jk; nghUisr; rhHe;J epd;W mtw;iw ntspg;gLg;gjy;yJ
jkf;nfdg; nghUSila ty;y vd;gjidf; Fwpj;jw;fhk;.
mJnfh Nwhop fhk NehNa (FWe;-5) vdTk;>
tUfjpy; yk;kntQ; Nrup Nru (mfk; 276) vdTk;> ngaUk;

tpidAQ; rhHe;J mg;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jthW tUk;.
rhHe;J tUjy; cupr;nrhw;Fk; xj;jypd;> jkf;nfdg; nghUspd;ik

,ilr;nrhw;Fr; rpwg;gpyf;fzkhk;. jkf;fpay;gpyNtnad;wJ>
rhHe;jy;yJ thuhntd typAWj;j te;jjhk;.
nganuhLk; tpidnahLk; eilngw;wpaYe; jkf;fpay; gpyntdg;

nghJg;glf; $wpatjdhy; rhug;gLQ; nrhy;ypd; Ntwha;
tUjNyad;wp>
cz;ldd;> cz;lhd;
vd;kdhH> vd;wprpNdhH
mUq;Fiuj;J
mtw;wpw; FWg;gha; tUjYq; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
,ilr;nrhw; fpstpAk; cupr;nrhw; fpstpAk; mtw;Wtop kUq;fpw;

Nwhd;Wk; vd;gjw;F> rhHe;J tUjyhd; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;
cupr;nrhy;YQ; rpwg;gpy@ ,it cl;glr; nrhy; ehd;fhnkd;gJ
fUj;jhfypd;> ,ilr;nrhy; ngaUk; tpidAQ; rhHe;J tUnkd;Dk;
NtWghL mjdhw; ngwg;glhJ. ,ilr;nrhy; ngaHrhHe;Jk;
cupr;nrhy; tpidrhHe;Jk; tupDk; mtw;wJ rpwg;gpd;ikAQ; nrhy;
ehd;fhjYk; czHj;Jjy; rpijahjhfyhd;. mjdhd; ,ilr;nrhy;
ngaUk; tpidAQ; rhHe;J tUnkd;gJ ,r; #j;jpuj;jhw;$wy;
Ntz;Lnkd;g. mt;Tiu Aiug;ghH ngaupDk; tpidapD nka;jL
khwp (nrhy; - 297) vd;gjw;Fk; ngaUk; tpidAQ; rhHe;njd;W
nghUSiug;g vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
168
,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ghFghL:
mitjhk;>
Gzupay; epiyapilg; nghUs; epiyf;F

cjTeTk;>
tpid nray; kUq;fpd; fhynkhL tUeTk;>
Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;tapd; cUG MFeTk;>
mirepiyf; fpstp Mfp tUeTk;>

,irepiwf; fpstp Mfp tUeTk;>
jk;jk; Fwpg;gpd; nghUs; nra;FeTk;>
xg;G ,y; topahd; nghUs; nra;FeTk;> vd;W
mg; gz;gpdNt> EtYk; fhiy.
,ilr;nrhw;fs;jhk;> ,uz;Lnrhy; GzUkplj;J mg;nghUzpiyf;
FjT tdTk;
tpidr;nrhy;iy Kbf;Fkplj;Jf; fhyg; nghUstha; tUtdTk;>
nrag;gLnghUz; Kjyhfpa Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;fz; cUngd;Dq;

Fwpatha; tUtdTk;>
nghUSilatd;wpr; rhHj;jpr; nrhy;yg;gLe; Jizaha; tUtdTk;>
NtWnghUSzHj;jhJ ,ir epiwj;jNy nghUshf tUtdTk;>
jj;jq; Fwpg;ghw; nghUSzHj;JtdTk;>
xg;Gik Njhd;whj top mt;nthg;Gikg;nghUs; gag;gdTk; vdf;

$wg;gl;l Vo; ,ay;igAilaJ.
Gzupadpiy GzupayJ epiy. Mz;Lg; nghUzpiyf;

FjTjyhtJ vy;yhtw;iwAk; vd;Gop tw;Wr; rhupia
epiynkhopg;nghUs; m/wpizg; nghUnsd;gJgl tUjYk; vy;yh
ek;ikAk; vd;Gop ek;Kr;rhupia mg; nghUs; jd;ikg;gd;ik
vd;gJ gl tUjYkhk;. my;ydTk; jhQ; rhHe;J tUk; nkhopg;
nghUl;F cgfhuKilatha; tUkhW XHe;J nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mt;thW thuhjd rhupia nkhopahfhJ.
169
tpidr;nrhy; xU nrhy;yhapDk; KjdpiyAk; ,Wjp epiyAk;
,ilr; nrhy;Ykhfg; gpupj;Jr; nra;if nra;J fhl;lg;gLjypd;
tpidnrad; kUq;fpd; vd;whH . mk; KbGzHj;jhikf;Ff;
fhuzk; Gzupa dpiyapil Azuj; Njhd;wh vd;Gopr; nrhy;yg;
gl;lJ. mtw;Ws; xU rhud ghYzHj;jhikahYk;> vy;yhq;fhy
KzHj;JjyhDk; fhynkhL tUeTk; vd;whH.
Ntw;Wikg; nghUstha; tUtd gpwnrhy;Yk; csthfypd;

mtw;iw ePf;Fjw;F cUghFeTk; vd;whH. gpwnrhy;yhtd
fz;zfd; Qhyk;>CHf;fhdpte;j nghJk;gH (FwpQ;rpf;fyp - 20)
vd Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;fz; tUq; fz; fhy;
KjyhapdTk;>midia ahfd; khNw (Gwk; - 4) rpwe;Njhd;
ngaud; gpwe;j khNw,ay;Gspf; NfhNyhr;R kd;dtd; (Fws; - 545)
vd %d;whk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;fz; tUk; khWcsp
vd;gdTk;>md;d gpwTkhFk;. ,t;thW gpwTk; tUjyhd; mtw;iw
ePf;Ftjw;F cUghFeTk; vdf; $wpdhH. mit
jk;ikAe;joPcf;Nfhlw;F Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;tapd; vd;whH.
mit tUq;fhy; epiynkhop AUgpw;Nfw;w nra;if Vw;Gopg;
ngWjYilikapd; cUghFeTk; vd;whH. ,/J
,UnghUSzHj;jyhd; ,Unjhluhff; nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
mirj;jy; - rhHj;Jjy;. nghUSzHj;jhJ naanuhLk;

tpidnahLQ; rhHj;jpr; nrhy;yg;gl;L epw;wypd; mir epiy
ahapw;W. mit me;jpy; Kjyhapd. Gfo;e;jpF ky;yNuh ngupNj
ciuj;jprpNdhNu vdr; rhHe;j nkhopia NtWgLj;J epw;wypd;>
mirepiyr; nrhy;yhapd vd;ghUKsH.
nra;Al;fz; ,irepiwj;J epw;wypd; ,irepiw ahapd.
Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;Ythd;fz;zjhapDk; mtd; Fwpj;j nghUisj;

jhq;Fwpj;J epw;wypd;> jj;jq;Fwpg;gpd; vd;whH.
,ilr;nrhy; epw;Fk; ,lKk; NtWghLk;:
mitjhk;>
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nkhop mLj;J tUjYk;>
jk; <W jpupjYk;
gpwpJ mtz; epiyaYk;>
md;dit vy;yhk; cupa vd;g.
,ilr;nrhy;> ,il tUjNyad;wp jk;khw; rhug;gLQ; nrhw;F

Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUjYk;> jk;kPW NtWgl;L tUjYk;> gpwpNjhH
170
,ilr;nrhy; Xupilr; nrhd;Kd; tUjYkhfpa mj;jd;ika
nty;yhk; cupajha; tUk;.
mJkd;> Nfz;kpah ( Gwk; - 148)–Kd;ndLj;J gpd; tUjy;
nfhd;D}H (FWe; - 138) XxtpdpNj - gpd;dLj;J Kd; te;jd .
clDapH NghFf jpy;yj ( FWe; - 57) - vd <W jpupe;J

te;jJ
tUfjpy; yk;kntQ; Nrup Nru ' (mfk; - 276) - vd;gJ

gpwpjtzpd;wJ.
md;ditnay;yh nkd;wjdhd;> kd;idr;nrhy; (nrhy; - 252)

nfhd;idr;nrhy; ( nrhy; - 254) vdj; jk;ik Azu epd;wtop <W
jpupjYk;> dfhiu Kd;dH vd vOj;Jr;rhupia <W jpupjYq;
nfhs;f.
kd; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
fopNt> Mf;fk;> xopapirf; fpstp> vd;W
mk; %d;W vd;g-kd;idr; nrhy;Ny
,t;Nthj;jpd;fz; ZzHj;jg;gLk; %tif apilr;nrhy;Ys; jj;jq;

Fwpg;ghw;nghUs; nra;Fe nghUSzHj;Jjw; epwg;Gg;
gug;Gilikahd; mjid Kd; DzHj;Jfpd;whH.
fopT Fwpj;J epw;gJk;> Mf;fq; Fwpj;J epw;gJk;> xopapirg;

nghUz;ik Fwpj;J epw;gJnkd kd;idr; nrhy; %d;whk;.
rpwpafl; ngwpNdnakf;fPA kd;Nd (Gwk;- 235) - fopT
gz;L fhLkdpd;W fay; gpwOk; tayhapw;W'– Mf;fk;
$upaNjhH thz;kd; - vd;Gopj; jpl;gkpd;W>,yf;fzkpd;W vd

vr;rkha; xope;j nrhw; nghUz;ik Nehf;fp epd;w xopapirf; fpstp
jpy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
tpioNt> fhyk; xopapirf; fpstp> vd;W
mk; %d;W vd;g jpy;iyr; nrhy;Ny'
tpioT Fwpj;J epw;gJk;> fhyq;Fwpj;Jepw;gJk;> Mz;nlhope;J

epd;w nrhw;nghUis Nehf;fp epw;gJnkdj; jpy;iyr;nrhy; %d;whk;.
171
thHe;jpyq;F itnaapw;Wr; rpd;nkhopaupitiag; ngWfjpy; yk;k
ahNd.' (FWe;-14) -tpioT
ngw;whq; fwpfjpy; yk;ktpt; t+Nu– fhyk;. tUfjpy; tk;k ntQ;

Nrup Nru' (mfk;-276)
- ,d;dJ nra;ty; vd;Dk; xopapirf; fpstp.
nfhd; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
mr;rk; gakpyp fhyk; ngUiknad;W
mg;ghy; ehd;Nf nfhd;idr; nrhy;Ny
mr;rg; nghUsJk;> gakpd;ikg; nghUsJk;> fhyg;nghUsJk;>

ngUikg; nghUsJnkdf; nfhd;idr; nrhy; ehd;fhk;.
nfhd;Kid aput+H Nghyr;
rpyth FfeP JQ;R ehNs (FWe;-91)– mr;rk;
nfhd;Nd fope;jd; wpsik (ehyb-55)– gadpd;ik
nfhd;tuy; thil epdnjdf; nfhz;NlNdh - fhyk;
nfhd;D}H JQ;rpDk; ahe;JQ; ryNk (FWe;-138)
vd;Gopg; Ng&H JQ;rpDk; - ngUik.
ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
vr;rk;> rpwg;Ng> Iak;> vjpHkiw>
Kw;Nw> vz;Nz> njupepiy> Mf;fk;> vd;W
mg; ghy; vl;Nlck;ikr; nrhy;Ny.
vr;rq; Fwpg;gJ Kjyhf Mf;fq; Fwpg;gJ <whf ck;ikr;nrhy;

vl;lhk;.
rhj;jDk; te;jhd; vd;Dk; ck;ik> nfhw;wDk; te;jhndd;Dk;

vr;rq; Fwpj;J epw;wypd;> vr;r Tk;ik.
FwtU kUSq; Fd;wj;Jg; gbNd (kiy-275) vd;gJ Fd;wj;J

kaq;fhJ ,aq;Fjw;fz; FwtH rpwe;jikahw; rpwg;Gk;ik.
xd;W ,ug;ghd;Ngh ypspte;JQ; nrhy;Y Kyfk;
172
Gug;ghd; Nghy;tNjhH kJifA Kilad;
ty;yhiu topgl; nlhd;wwpe; jhd; Nghy;
ey;yhHfl; nlhd;W klf;fK Kilad;
,y;NyhH Gd;f zPifapw; wzpf;f
ty;yhd; Nghy;tNjhH tz;ikA Kilad; (fyp-47)
vd;gjpy; ,d;dhndd;W Jzpahikf;fz; tUjypd; IaTk;ik.
rhj;jd; tUjw;F Kupad; vd;gJ thuhikf;Fk; cupad; vd;Dk;

vjpHkiwia xopghfTilj;jha; epw;wypd;> vjpHkiwAk;ik.
jkpo;ehl;L %Nte;jUk; te;jhH vd vQ;rhg; nghUl;lhfyhd;

Kw;Wk;ik.
epyD ePUe; jPAk; tspA khfhaK nkdg; g+jikj;J vd;Gop

vz;Zjw;fz; tUjypd; vz;Zk;ik.
,U epy kb Njha;jypw; wpUkfSky;ys; mukfSky;ys; ,ts;

ahuhFk; vd;wtopj; njupjw;nghUl;fz; tUjypd;; njupepiy Ak;ik.
jpUkfNsh mukfNsh vd;dhJ mtiu ePf;Fjypd;
IaTk;ikapdpd;W NtWgl;l ck;ikahdJ.
Mf;fTk;ik te;j topf; fz;Lnfhs;f vd;Dk; NrdhtiuaH .

ciuahrpupaH nebDk; typaD khapdhd; vd;Gop ck;ik
Mf;fq;Fwpj;J epw;wypd; Mf;f Tk;ik nad;whH ciuahrpupaH
vd vLj;Jf; fhl;LthH>
nrg;Ng toP,apDk; tiuepiy apd;Nw (nrhy;-15) vd;DKk;ik.

tOit apyf;fz khf;fpf; Nfhly; Fwpj;J epd;wikapd;
Mf;fTk;ik vd;ghU KsH. ghYk; Mapw;W vd;why;> mJNt
kUe;J khapw;W vd tUjyhk;. (Mf;fk;)
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;:
gpupepiy> tpdhNt> vjpHkiw> xopapir>
njupepiyf; fpstp> rpwg;nghL njhif,>
,U-%d;W vd;g- Xfhuk;Nk.
gpupepiyg; nghUl;lhtJ Kjyhf Xfhuk; mWtifg;gLk;.
173
ahNdh NjNwdtH ngha;toq; fyNu (FWe;-21) vd;gJ NjWthH
gpwupw; gpupj;jypw; gpupepiy
rhj;jDz;lhNdh vd;gJ tpdh
ahNdh nfhs;Ntd; vd;gJ nfhs;Nsd; vd;Dk; vjpHkiw Fwpj;J

epw;wypd;> vjpHkiw
nfhsNyh nfhz;lhd; vd;gJ nfhz;La;ag; Nghapdhdy;yd; vd;gJ

Kjyha xopapir Nehf;fp epw;wypd; xopapir
jpUkfNsh ty;ys; mukfNsh ty;ys; ,ts; ahH? vd;w topj;

njupjw;fz; tUjypw; njupepiyNahfhuk;.
XXngupad; vd;gJ ngUik kpFjp AzHj;jypw; rpwg;G
V vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
Njw;wk;> tpdhNt> gpupepiy> vz;Nz>
<w;wir> ,t; Ie;JVfhuk;Nk.
Njw;wk;> tpdhNt> gpupepiy> vz;Nz><w;wir vd;Dk; Ie;J

nghUs;fspy; Vfhuk; tUk;.
cz;Nl kWik vdj; njsptpd;fz; tUjypy; Njw;Nwfhuk;.
ePNa nfhz;lha; vd tpdhg;nghUSs;czHj;jypd; tpdhNtfhuk;.
mtUsptNd fs;td; vdg; gpupj;jypw; gpupepiy Nafhuk;.
epyNd ePNu jPNa tspNa vd vz;Zjw;fz; tUjypd;

vz;Nzfhuk;.
fly;Nghw; Nwhd;wy fhbwe; NjhNu ( mfk; - 1) vd;gJ

nra;AspWjpf; fz; tUjypd; <w;wirNafhuk;.
thlh ts;spaq; fhbwe;NjhNu ( FWe; - 216) vdr; nra;AspilAk;

tUjypd; <w;wirnad;gJ kpFjp Nehf;fpr; nrd;wjhk;.
vd vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
tpidNa> Fwpg;Ng> ,irNa> gz;Ng>
vz;Nz> nganuhL> mt; mW fpstpAk;
fz;zpa epiyj;Njvd vd; fpstp.
174
tpid Kjyhfpa MW nghUz;ikAk; Fwpj;J tUk; vd vd;Dk;
,ilr;nrhy;
kiythd; nfhs;nfd capHgyp J}ca; ( Gwk; - 143) - tpid
Jz;nzdj; Jbj;jJ kdk; - Fwpg;G
xy;nyd nthypj;jJ - ,ir
nts;nsd tpsHj;jJ. – gz;G
epyndd ePnudj; jPnad tspnad– vz;
mOf;fh nwdnthU ghtp (Fws; - 168)- ngaH
vd;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
vd;W vd; fpstpAk; mjd; Xuw;Nw.
vd;W vd;Dk; ,pilr;nrhy;Yk; vd vd;gJ Nghy tpid Fwpg;G>

,ir> gz;G> vz;> ngaH vd;Dk; mt;thW nghUSq; Fwpj;J
tUk;.
eiutU nkd;nwz;zp ( ehyb - 11) tpid
tpz;nzd;W tpirj;jJ – Fwpg;G
Xy;nyd; nwhypf;F nkhypGd Y}uw;F ' ( Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - 28)

- ,ir
gr;nrd;W gRj;jJ - gz;G
epyndd;W ePnud;W jPnad;W – vz;
ghup nad;nwhUtDsd; - vz;
tpiotpd; jpy;iy jd;dplj;J ,aYk;.
jpy;iyr; nrhy; vd;w nrhy; tpiotpd;fz; tUe;nghOJ

jd;ikf;fz; my;yJ thuhJ
V> x ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; KbG:
njsptpd; VAk;> rpwg;gpd; XTk;>
msgpd; vLj;j ,ira vd;g.
175
njsptpd;fz; tUk; VfhuKk;; rpwg;gpd;fz; tUk; XfhuKk; msthy;
kpf;f ,iria cilad.
cz;Nl kWik – V
x ngupad; - x
kw;W vd;Dk; nrhy;:
kw;W vd; fpstp tpidkhw;W> mirepiy>
mg; ghy; ,uz;L vd nkhopkdhH GytH.
kw;nwd;DQ;nrhy; tpidkhw;Wk; mir epiyAnkd ,uz;lha;

tUk;.
kw;wwpth ey;tpidahkpisak; (ehyb - 9)– tpid khw;W
mJkw; wtyq; nfhs;shJ nehJkw; fYOk; (FWe; - 12) vd

mirepiy fl;LiuapilAk; kw;Nwh vd mirepiyaha; tUk;.
vw;W vd;Dk; nrhy;:
vw;W vd; fpstp ,we;j nghUl;Nl
vw;nwd;DQ; nrhy; ,we;j nghUz;ikj;J@
vw;nwd; Dlk;gp ndopdyk; -
vw;W vd;W ,uq;Ft nra;aw;f
kw;iwaJ vd;Dk; nrhy:;
kw;iwaJ vd;Dk; fpstpjhNd
Rl;L epiy xopa> ,dk; Fwpj;jd;Nw.
kw;iwaJ vdg; ngaHf;F Kjdpiyaha; tUk; kw;iwnad;Dk;

IfhutPw; wpilr;nrhy; Rl;lg; gl;ljid xopj;J> mjd; ,dq;Fwpj;J
epw;Fk;.
Mil nfhzHe;jtop mt;thil Ntz;lhjhd; kw;iwaJ

nfhzhntdy;. mJ Rl;ba Milnahopj;J mjw;fpdkhfpa gpw
Miliaf; Fwpj;J epd;wJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; Kjdpiyaha; epd;wy;yJ mt;tpilr;nrhy;

nghUs; tpsf;fhikapd;> kw;iwanjd;Dq; fpstp ' vd;whH.
rpWghd;ik kw;iwahil vdj; jhNdAk; tUk;. kw;iwa/J
176
kw;iwatd; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jdTk; mt;tpilr;nrhy;
Kjdpiyaha ngaH.
kd;w vd;Dk; nrhy;:
kd;w vd; fpstp Njw;wk; nra;Ak;.
kd;w ntd;DQ; nrhy;> njspT nghUz; ikia AzHj;Jk;
flT shapD khf
klit kd;w thopa KUNf ' (ew;wpiz - 34)– njspT
me;jpy;> Mq;f vd;Dk; nrhy;:
me;jpy;-Mq;f> mirepiyf; fpstp> vd;W
Mapuz;lhFk; ,aw;ifj;J vd;g.
me;jpnyd;DQ;nrhy;> Mq;nfd;Dk; ,lg;nghUSzHj;JtJk;

mirepiyAnkd ,uz;lhk;@
tUNk - Nrapio ae;jpw; nfhOew; fhzpa ' ( FWe; - 293) -

,lk;
me;jpw;-fr;rpdd; foypdd; (mfk; -76)– mirepiy
nfhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;:
nfhy;Ny Iak;.
Fw;wpnfhy;Nyh kfd;nfhy;Nyh– Iak;
vy; vd;Dk; nrhy;:
vy;Ny ,yf;fk;
vy; vd;gJ cupr;nrhy; ePHikj;jhapDk;> MrpupaH ,ilr; nrhy;yhf

Xjpdikahd;> ,ilr;nrhy;nyd;W NfhLk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
vy;tid (Gwk; - 24) ,yf;fk;
MH vd;Dk; nrhy;:
,aw;ngaH Kd;dH Miuf; fpstp
gyHf;F cupvOj;jpd; tpidnahL KbNk.
177
,aw;ngaH Kd;dH tUk; MH vd;Dkpilr; nrhw; gyuwp nrhy;yhy;
KbAk;
ngUQ; Nre;jdhH te;jhH>
KltdhH te;jhH>
Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahH te;jhH>
je;ijahH te;jhH
eupahH te;jhH
jhk;> jhd; vy;yhk;> ePapH> eP vd;Dk; Ie;Jnkhopj;J

my;yhtpaw;nganuy;yhtw;W Kd;dUk; m/wpizapaw;
ngauy;yhtw;W Kd;dUk; Miuf;fpstp tUjypd;> ngUk;ghd;ik
Fwpj;J ,aw;ngaH Kd;dH vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH
ek;gpahH te;jhH.
eq;ifahH te;jhH
vdr; rpWghd;ik caHjpizg; ngaH Kd;dH tUjy; xd;nwd

Kbj;j nyd;gjdhw; nfhs;f.
Miuf;fpstp fs; nsd;gJ Nghy xw;Wikg;gl;Lg; ngauPwha;

epw;wypd;> Miuf;fpstp gyuwp nrhy;yhd; KbAnkd;wJ mjid
aPwhfTila ngaH gyuwp nrhy;yhd; KbAnkd;wthwhk;.
gyHf;Fup naOj;jpd; tpidnahL KbNk vd Miuf; fpstpaJ

,ay;GzHj;jNt> m/J caHj;jw; nghUl;lhjYk; jpiztOTk;
ghy;tOTk; mikj;jYk; ngw;whk;.
xUikg; ngaHKd;dH xUik rpijahky; Miuf; fpstp te;J

gyuwp nrhy;yhd; Kbjypd;> xUtiuf;$Wk; gd;ikf; fpstpapd;
Ntwhj ywpf vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
mirepiyf; fpstp MFtop mwpjy;
Miuf;fpstp mirepiyahkplkwpf
ngaupdhfpa njhifAkh UsNt> ( nrhy; - 67) >
vy;yh TapnuhLQ; nry;YkhH KjNy' (vOj;J - 61) vdTk; tUk;.
178
MFtopawpjy; vd;wjdhy;> mirepiyahq;fhy; ck;ik Kd;dUk;>
ck;kPw;W tpidKd;dUk; my;yJ thuhik awpf. rpWghd;ik
tUNkDq; nfhs;f.
V> Fiu vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;:
VAk; FiuAk;-,irepiw> mirepiy>
Mapuz;L MFk; ,aw;ifa vd;g
V vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; Fiunad;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy;Yk;

,irepiwAk; mirepiyAk; vd Xnuhd;wpuz;lhk;.
Vv ap/njhj;j ndd;ngwhd; Nfl;ilf; fhz; ( fyp - 61) -

,irepiw.
mspNjh jhNdaJ ngwyUq; Fiuj;Nj ( Gwk; - 5) - ,irepiw
Vvnad; nrhy;Yf - mir epiy.
gy;Fiuj;Jd;gq;fs; nrd;W gLk; (Fws; - 1045) - mirepiy.
kh vd;Dk; nrhy;:
kh vd; fpstp tpaq;Nfhs; mirr;nrhy;.
khntd;D kpilr;nrhy; tpaq;Nfhisr; rhHe;J mir epiyaha;

tUk;@
Gw;if Az;fkh nfhw;if NahNd - tpaq;Nfhs; mirepiy
Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhw;fs;:
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp> ,Fk;> rpd; vd;Dk;
Mtapd; MWk; Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhy;.
kpah,f> Nkh> kjp> ,Fk;> rpd;Kjypa MWk; Kd;dpiy

nkhopiar; rhHe;J tUk; mirr;nrhy;yhk;.
Nfz;kpah nrd;kpah
fz;gdp ahd;wpf ntd;wp Njhop
fhkQ; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh (FWe; - 2)
ciukjpthopNah tyt
179
nky;yk; Gyk;g fz;bFk;
fhg;Gk; g+z;brpw; filAk; Nghfiy (mfk; - 7)
,Fk;> rpd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;;
mtw;Ws;>
,FKk; rpd;Dk; Vid ,lj;njhLk;
jF epiy cila vd;kdhH GytH.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l MwDs;> ,FKk; rpd;Dk; glHf;ifr; nrhy;NyhLe;

jd;ikr;nrhy;NyhLk; nghUe;J epiyAila vd va;jpajd; Nky;
rpwg;Gtpjp tFg;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
fz;bF ky;yNkh (Iq;FW - 121)
fz;Zk; gLNkh ntd;wprpd; ahNd ( ew; - 61)
- jd;ikf;fz; te;jd.
Gfo;e;jpF ky;yNuh ngupNj
ahu/ jwpe;jrp NdhNu (FWe; - 18);
- glHf;iff;fz; te;jd.
mk;k vd;Dk; nrhy;:
mk;k Nfl;gpf;Fk;.
mk;kntd;D kpilr;nrhy; xUtid xUtd; xd;W Nfnsd;W nfhy;

Yjw;fz; tUk;
mk;k thop Njhop (Iq; - 21)
kpah ,f Kjyhfpa mirepiy xU nghUSzHj;jh thapDk;

Kd;dpiyf;fz;; my;yJ thuhikahy; mt;tplk; czHtpf;FkhW
Nghy mk;k vd;gJTk; xU nghUSzHj;jhjhapDk; xd;widf;
Nfl;gpf;Fk; ,lj;jy;yJ thuhikahd; mg;nghUSzHtpf;Fk; vd;gJ
tpsf;fpa> Nfl;gpf;Fk; vd;whH vd tpsf;FthH NrdhtiuaH.
Mq;f vd;Dk; nrhy;:
Mq;f ciuair.
Mq;fntd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; fl;Liuf;fz; mirepiyaha; tUk;..
180
Mq;ff;FapY kapYq;fhl;b
xg;G ,y; NghypAk; mg; nghUl;L MFk;.
xg;GikzHj;jhj Nghypr;nrhy;Yk; Mq;f ntd;gJNghy

ciuairahk;.
kq;fynkd;gNjh &Uz;L NghYk; .
NghYk; Nghy;tJ vd;De; njhlf;fj;Jg; gytha;ghLe; jOTjw;Fg;

Nghyp nad;whH. neUg;gow; NrHe;jf;fh nda;Nghy;tJ}ck; (ehyb
- 124)
mirepiyAk; nghUs; Fwpj;jy;yJ epy;yhikapd;

mg;nghUl;lhFk; vd;whH.
mirepiyr; nrhw;fs;:
ah> fh>
gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ vd t&ck;
MNao; nrhy;Yk; mirepiyf; fpstp.
ah> fh>gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ Kjyhfpa Vopilr; nrhy;Yk;

mirepiyahk;
ah gd;dpUtH khzhf;fUs ufj;jpadhHf;F
Gwepow;gl;lhNsh tptsptl;fhz;bfh
jhd; gpwtupir awpjypw;wd;De; J}f;fp ( Gwk; - 140)
mJgpwf;F vdTk;> Nehjf tpUq;Fap yhYkNuh (fyp 33)
gpupapd; thoh njd;Nghnja;a
tpspe;jd;W khjtHj; njspe;jntd; neQ;Nr (ew;wpiz - 178 ).
,lk; tiuawhikapd; ,it %d;wplj;jpw;F Kupa.
gpuptpy; mirepiyfs;:
Mf> Mfy;> vd;gJ vd;Dk;
Mtapd; %d;Wk; gpupT ,y; mirepiy.
181
Mf> Mfy;> vd;gJ vd;Dk; %d;W ,ilr; nrhy;Yk;>
mirepiyahFk;nghOJ> ,ul;bj;J epw;Fk;.
gpuptpyirepiy nadNt> jdpj;J epd;W mirepiy

ahfhntd;gjhk;.
xUtd; ahd; ,j;jifatd;;> eP ,j;jifad; vd;wNghJ vd;wNghJ

Nfl;lhd; Mf Mf> Mfy; Mfy; vd;Dk;@ ,it
clk;glhikf;fz;Zk; Mjukpy;topAk; tUk;. xUtndhd;Wiug;gf;
Nfl;lhd; vd;gJ vd;gJ vd;Dk;. mJ ed;Fiuj;jw; fz;Zk;
,opj;jw;fz;Zk; tUk;.
xs vd;Dk; nrhy;:
<H msG ,irf;Fk; ,Wjpapy; capNu
Mapay; epiyAk; fhyj;jhDk;>
msngil epiyAk; fhyj;jhDk;>
msngil ,d;wpj; jhd; tUk; fhiyAk;>
cs vd nkhopg-nghUs; NtWgLjy;
Fwpg;gpd; ,irahd; newpg;glj; Njhd;Wk;.
nkhopf;F ,Wjpaha; thuhJ vdg;gl;l ,uz;L khj;jpiu

cilj;jha; xsfhuk; gpuptpy; mirepiynahd;W Nkw;$wg;gl;ld
Nghd;W ,ul;bj;J epw;Fkplj;Jk; msngilapd;wp tUkplj;Jk;
nghUs; NtWgLjy; cs> mg;nghUs; NtWghL nrhy;thd;
Fwpg;gpw;Fj; jUk; Xir NtWghl;lhy; Gyg;gLk;. nghUs;
NtWghlhd tof;F Nehf;fr; rpwg;Gk; khW ghLkhk;.
xs xsnthUtd; jtQ; nra;jthW rpwg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;
xU njhopy; nra;thid xsxs ,dpr;rhYk; - khWghL Njhd;Wk;
xsc nthUt dputyHf; fPe;j thW– msngLj;J te;jJ:
xstpdpj; jl;Lg;Gilay; - msngilapd;wp te;jJ
Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;:
ed;W <w;W VAk;> md;W <w;W VAk;>
me;J <w;W XTk;> md; <w;W XTk;>
182
md;d gpwTk; Fwpg;nghL nfhs;Sk;.
ed;wPw;NwAk; md;wPw;NwAkhtd ed;Nw md;Nw vd;gd MFk;.

me;jPw;NwhTk; md;dPw;NwhTkhtd me;Njh md;Ndh vd;gd MFk;
ed;wpdJ <w;wpd;fz; Vnad tpupAk;> ,t; tpupT. Vidatw;wpw;F
nkhf;Fk;.
xUtd; xd;Wiuj;jtop mjw;F Nkthjhd; ed;Nw ed;Nw> md;Nw

ad;Nw vd mbf;fYk; tUk;@ mit Nkthikf; Fwpg;G tpsf;Fk;.
mtd; md;NwapJ nra;thd; vd mLf;fhJ epd;wtop
md;wPw;NwTf;Fj; njspT Kjyhfpa gpwnghUSk; gLk;.
Vidapuz;Lk; mLf;fpAk; mLf;fhJk; ,uq;fw; Fwpg;G
ntspg;gLf;Fk;. ,itAq; jj;jq; Fwpg;gpw; nghUs; nra;Ftd
MFk;.
mNjh mNjh
Nrh> Nrh
xf;Fk; xf;Fk; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ck; vd;Dk; nrhy;:
vr;r ck;ikAk;> vjpHkiw ck;ikAk;>
jj;jKs; kaq;Fk; cldpiy ,yNt
vr;rTk;ik epd;wtop vQ;R nghUl;fpstpahk; vjpHkiwAk;ikj;

njhlH te;J jk;Kz; kaq;Fjy; ,y;iy.
rhj;jDk; te;jhd; nfhw;wDk; tuYk; cupad; vdpd; ,iaahik

fhz;f.
vQ;R nghUl; fpstp nrQ;nrhy;Mapd;>
gpw;glf; fpsthH> Kw;glf; fpsj;jy;
vr;rTk;ikahy; jOtg;gLk; vQ;RnghUl; fpstp ck;ikapy;

nrhy;yhapd; mt; ck;ikapy; nrhy;iy mt; ck;ikj; njhlHf;Fg;
gpd; nrhy;yhJ Kd; nrhy;yhJ Kd; nrhy;yy; Ntz;Lk;
rhj;jd; te;jhd; nfhw;wDk; te;jhd; vd tUk;.
183
nfhw;wDk; te;jhd; rhj;jd; te;jhd; vdg; gpw;glf; fpsg; gpd;>
Kw;$wpajid tpyf;FtJNghd;W nghUs; nfhs;shik fz;L
nfhs;f.
mlFGyhy; ghF ghspjK Kz;zhd;
fly;NghYq; fy;tpatd;
vd;gJk; mJthFk;.
ck;ikalhNj jhNd epw;wypw; nrQ;nrhnyd;whH.
Kw;Wk;ik vr;rkhjy;:
Kw;wpa ck;ikj; njhifr;nrhy; kUq;fpd;>
vr;rf; fpstp cupj;Jk; MFk;.
Kw;Wk;ik aLj;J epd;w njhifr;nrhy;yplj;J vr;rr;nrhy;

cupj;Jkhk;
gj;Jk;nfhlhy;> midj;Jq;nfhlhNj vd;Dk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ik

jk;nghUSzHj;jhJ rpy jtpHj;Jf; nfhL vd;Dk; nghUs;
Njhd;w epd;wJ
,it %d;W #j;jpuj;jhDk; tOtw;f vd ,ilr;nrhw; gw;wp

kuGtOf; fhj;jthW. mike;jJ.
V vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F KbT:
<w;W epd;W ,irf;Fk; V vd; ,Wjp>
$w;Wtapd;> xH msG MfYk; cupj;Nj.
nra;As; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;wpirf;Fk; <w;wir Nafhuq; $w;wplj;J

xUkhj;jpiuj;J MfYk; cupj;J
fly;Nghw; Nwd;wy fhbwe; NjhNu (mfk; - f ) - Xusghapw;W.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs;:
vz;zpy; tUk; ck;ik @ vjpHkiw.
ck;ik vz;Zk;> vd vd; vz;Zk;>
jk;tapd; njhFjp flg;ghL ,yNt.
184
ck;ikahd; tUnkz;Zk; vdthd; tUk; vz;Zk; ,Wjpf;fz;
njhif ngWjiyf; flg;ghlhf Tilaty;y. vdNt> njhif
ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
caHjpizf; FupikA k/wpizf; FupikAk;
MapU jpizf;FNkh ud;d TupikAk;
mk;% TUgpd (nrhy;- 160)
,irapDq;Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDe; Njhd;wp (nrhy; - 297)
epyndd ePnudj; jPnad tspnad ehd;Fk;
capnud Tlnyd tpd;wpaikah
- vdj; njhif ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; te;jd
capnud Tlnyd tpd;wp aikah
vdTk; mt;tpUtif vz;Ze; njhifngw;Wk; ngwhJk; te;jd.
njhifnadg; nghJg;glf; $wpatjdhd; vz;Zg; ngaNu md;wp

midj;Jk; vy;yh nkd;De; njhlf;fj; jdTq; nfhs;f vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
vz;zpy; tUk; V vd;Dk; nrhy;:
vz; Vfhuk; ,ilapl;Lf; nfhspDk;>
vz;Zf; Fwpj;J ,aYk; vd;kdhH GytH.
nrhw;nwhWk; thuhJ vz;Nzfhuk; ,ilapl;L tupDk; vz;Zjw;

nghUl;lhk;;.
kiyepyk; g+Nt Jyhf;Nfhnyd; wpd;dH
Njhw;w kpirNa ehw;wQ; RitNa
AwNyh lhq;ifk; Gyndd nkhopg
vdTk; tUk;.
185
vdh> vd;wh vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;:
ck;ik njhf;f vdh vd; fpstpAk;>
M <W Mfpa vd;W vd; fpstpAk;>
MapU fpstpAk; vz;Ztopg;gl;ld.
ck;ik njhf;F epd;w vdhntd;Dkpilr; nrhy;Yk; vd;whntd;D

kpilr;nrhy;Yk; ,uz;Lk; vz;Zkplj;J tUk;
epynddh ePnudh - vdh
epyndd;wh– vd;wh
ck;iknjhf;f ntdhntd;fpstp vd;wikahy; vdhT nkd

mr;nrhy; ck;NkhL tUjYKilj;njd;gjhk;. ck;NkhL te;jtop
mt;ntz;Zk;ik vz;Zslq;Fk;.
vz;Ztopg;gl;ld vdNt> mit nrhw;nwhWk; tUjNy ad;wp

,ilapl;Lk; tUnkd;gjhk;. gpd;rhuay;Gil Njtif nadh (nrhy;
- 82) vdTk;> xg;gpw; Gfopw; gopap ndd;wh (nrhy; - 72 ) vdTk;
,ilapl;L te;jthW. ,it vz;Zjw;fz; thuhikahDk;
mtw;wpd; t&c nkz;zp dpWjpAk; ( nrhy; - 260 ) vdr; #j;jpuQ;
RUq;Fjw; rpwg;gpdhDk; mtw;wpid <z;L itj;jhH.
njhif ngw;W KbAk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs;:
mtw;wpd; t&ck; vz;zpd; ,WjpAk;>
ngaHf;F cup kugpd; nrt;ntz; ,WjpAk;>
Vapd; Mfpa vz;zpd; ,WjpAk;>
ahtapd; tupDk;> njhif ,d;W ,ayh
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vdh vd;wh vd;gdtw;whd; tUk; vz;zp

dpWjpAk;> ,ilr;nrhy;yhd; md;wpg; ngauhd; vz;zg;gLQ;
nrt;ntd; ,WjpAk;> Vfhuj;jhd; tUk; vz;zpdpWjpAk;>
ahjhDNkhH ,lj;J tupDk; njhifapd;wp epy;yh.
epynddh ePnudh tpuz;Lk;
epyndd;wh ePnud;wh tpuz;Lk;
epyePnud tpuz;Lk;
186
epyNd ePNunad tpuz;Lk; vdTk; njhif ngw;W te;jthW.
nrt;ntz; ,ilr;nrhy;nyz; zd;nwd; whuhapDk;> vz;zhjYe;

njhif ngWjYkhfpa xg;Gikahd; <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
vz;zpy; tUk; ck;kpw;F NkYk; xU KbT:
ck;ik vz;zpd; cUG njhfy; tiuahH
gpwpJgpwp Njw;wY KUGnjhf tUjYk;
newpgl toq;fpa topkUq; nfd;g (nrhy;-104)
vd;Dk; nghJtpjpahy; ck;ik naz;zpd;fz; cUG njhfy;

ngwg;gl;likahy;> ngw;wjd; ngaHj;Jiu epakg;nghUl;lhfyhd;
ck;ik naz;zp DUGnjhfy; tiuag;glhJ Vid naz;zpd;fz;
mit tiuag;gLnkd epakpj;jy; ,jw;Fg; gadhff; nfhs;f
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
Fd;wp Nfhgq;nfhbtpL gts
nkhz;nrq; fhe;j nshf;F epd;dpwk;
vdg; gpwntz;zpd;fz; cUG njhf;fjh vdpd; mw;wd;W

nrt;ntz; njhifapd;wp epy;yhikapd; mtw;iwnad xU nrhy;
tpupf;fg;gLk; @ tpupf;fNt . Fd;wp Kjyhapd vOthaha; epd;wdth
nkd;gJ.
ghl;Lq; Nfhl;bA kwpahg; gakp
Njf;F kuk;Nghy;ePba xUtd;
,irapDq; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; Njhd;wp (nrhy; - 297) vd

ck;iknaz;zpd;fz; cUG njhf;fthW fz;L nfhs;f.
tiuahJ vd;wikahy; vy;yhTUge; njhfhJ>IAq; fz;ZNk

njhf;F tUk; vdntdf; nfhs;f
ahid NjH Fjpiu fhyh nswpe;jhH vd ck;ikAk; cUGk;

cld; nwhf;ftop> ,jid ck;ikj;njhif nad;dhJ
cUGnjhif vd;f vd ,r;#j;jpuj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhf ciuj;jhuhy;
ciu ahrpupaH: m/J ck;ikj; njhifahjypd; xUnrhd;
dilj;jha; cUNgw;whDk; gadpiy nfhz;lhDk; epw;Fk; .
mj;njhifapil cUgpd;ik rpw;wwptpdhHf;Fk; GydhFk;@ mjdhd;
m/jtHf;F fUj;jd;ik nrhy;yNtz;LNkh ntd;gJvd
kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH NrdhtiuaH.
187
ck; ce;J Mjy;:
ck; ce;J MFk; ,lDkhH cz;Nl
tpidnray; kUq;fpw; fhynkhL tUtdtw;Ws; ck;kPW ce;jha;j;

jpupjY Kilj;J.
ePHf;Nfhop $g;ngaHf; Fe;J (Gwk; - 295)
ehuup ewtpdhz; kfpo;J}q; Fe;J vdTk; tUk;.
tpidnrad; kUq;fpw; fhynkhL tUk; ck;nkd;gJ Vw;Gopf;

Nfhlnyd;gjdhw; ngw;whk;.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidr; nrhw;fspy; tUjy;:
tpidnahL epiyapDk; vz;Z epiy jpupah@
epiday; Ntz;Lk;> mtw;W mtw;W ,ay;Ng.
tpidnahL epw;gpDk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; jd;dpiyapy;

jpuupahJ @ mtw;nwhL tUq;fhy; mtw;wtw;wpay;G Muha;jy;
Ntz;Lk;;
cz;Le;jpd;Wk; ghbAk; te;jhd;
cz;zntdj; jpd;d ntdg; ghlntd te;jhd;
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; ngaNuhly;yJ vz;zpilr;nrhy; epy;yhikapd;

mjid Kw;$wp> rpWghd;ik tpidnahL epw;wYKilikahd;
,jid <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
epiday; Ntz;Lk; mtw;wtw;wpay;Ng nad;wjdhd;. vz;zpilr;

nrhy; Kw;Wr;nrhy;Yk; nganur;rKk; gw;wp thuhJ vd;gJTk;>
tpidnar;rj;NjhLk; Vw;gd ty;yJ thuhnjd;gJTk; Mz;Lj;
njhif ngWjy; rpWghd;ik nad;gJ}cq; nfhs;f vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
rhj;jd; te;jhd;> nfhw;wd; te;jhd;> Ntld;te;jhd; vd %tUk;

te;jikahw; fypahzk; nghype;jJ vdr; nrt;ntz;njhif ngw;W
te;jnjd;w ciuahrpupaiu vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; @ mit vOthAk;
gadpiyAkha; mike;J khWjypd; vz;zg;glhik ahDk;.
%tUnkd;gJ rhj;jd; KjyhapNdhH njhifahfyhDk; mJ
NghypAiunad;f. vd kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH NrdhtiuaH.
188
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; gpupe;J nrd;W xd;Wjy:;
vd;Wk;> vdTk;> xLTk;> Njhd;wp>
xd;W top cila> vz;zpDs; gpupe;Nj
vd;Wk; vdTk; xLTk; vd;gd xUtopj; Njhd;wp vz;zpDl;
gpwtopAk; gpupe;J nrd;W xd;Wkplk; ciladthFk;.
tpidgif nad;wpuz;b ndr;rk; (Fws; - 874)
fz;zpik nehbnad (E}d;kuG - 7 )
nghUs; fUtpfhyk; tpidaplndh ile;Jk; (Fws; - 375)
vd mit xUtop epd;W> tpidnad;W gifnad;W vdTk;>

fz;zpiknad nehbnad vdTk; nghUnshL fUtpNahL
fhyj;NjhL tpidnahL ,lj;NjhL vdTk; epd;wtplj;Jg; gpupe;J
gpwtopr; nrd;W xd;wpathW fz;L nfhs;f.
,ilr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs; mwpjy;:
mt; mr; nrhy;ypw;F mit mit nghUs; vd
nka; ngwf; fpse;j ,ay MapDk;>
tpidnahLk; nganuhLk; epidaj; Njhd;wp>
jpupe;J NtW tupDk;> njupe;jdH nfhsNy
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,ilr;nrhw;fs;> mt;tr; nrhy;ypw;F mitait

nghUnsd epiyngwr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,ay;GiladthapDk;>
tpidnahLk; nganuhLk; Muha;e;J czuj; Njhd;wpNtW
nghUsthAk; mirepiyahAe; jpupe;J tupDk;> Muha;e;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;.
vdNt>$wpa Kiwahd; tUjy; ngUk;ghd;ik vd;Wk;> NtWgl

tUjy; rpWghd;ik vd;WQ; nrhy;ypathwhk;.
nrd;wP ngUkepw; wiff;FeH ahNuh (mfk; - 49)
fyf;nfhz;Nld; fs;nsd;Nfh fho;nfhw;wd; #nld;Nfh
- Xfhuk; <w;wirahAk; vz;zhAk; te;jJ.
XHfkh NjhopatH NjHkzpf; FuNy (mfk; - 273) -kh Kd;dpiy

airr; nrhy;yhapw;W.
mJkw; nfhz;fd; NwNu - kd; mirepiyahapw;W.
189
Gwdil:
fpse;j my;y NtW gpw Njhd;wpDk;>
fpse;jtw;W ,ayhd; czHe;jdH nfhsNy!
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;ldtd;wp ait Nghy;td gpwtupDk;> mtw;iwf;

fpse;j nrhy;ypdpay;ghy; czHe;J nfhs;f
fpse;jtw;wpayhd; vd;wJ> MrpupaH Mizahd; md;wpf;

fpse;jtw;iwAk; ,d;dntd;wwptJ tof;fpDl; rhHGk; ,lKq;
Fwpg;Gk; gw;wpad;Nw@ fpsthjtw;iwAk; mt;thW rhHGk; ,lKq;
Fwpg;Gk; gw;wp ,J mirepiy ,J ,irepiw ,J Fwpg;ghy;
,d;d nghUSzHj;Jk; vd;WzHe;J nfhs;f.
rpwpJjtpHe; jPf khsepd; guprpy Ua;k;khH
nrhy;nyd; nwa;a epd;ndhL ngaHe;Nj
mwpthHahu/jpWtop apWnfd
gzpAkh nkd;Wk; ngUik (Fws; - 978)
<q;fh Feth nyd;wprpd; ahNd (ew;wpiz - 55)
khs nja;a vd Mk; My;
- vd;gdTk; mirepiyaha; te;jd
Fd;WnjhwhlY epd;wjd; gz;Ng (jpUKUfh - 217)
- vdj;njhWntd;gJjhd; rhHe;j nkhopg; nghUl;Fg;

gd;ikAk; ,lkhjYKzHj;jp epw;Fk;.Mdk;> Vdk;> Xdk;
vd;gd vOj;Jr; rhupia.
mirepiyfs;:
ah> fh> gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ vd;gd mirepiyfs;

MFk;
190
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp><Fk;> rpd; vd;gd Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhw;fs;.
tpaq;Nfhs; mirr;nrhy;:
kpah vd;gjhFk;.
jj;jk; Fwpg;gpy; nghUs; nra;Ftd:
kd;> jpy;> ck;> Xfhuk;> Vfhuk;. Vd> vd;W> kw;W> vw;W>

kw;iwaJ> kd;w> jQ;rk;> me;jpy;> nfhy;> vy;> xsfhuk;> ed;Nw>
md;Nw> me;Njh> md;Ndh vd;gd jj;jk; Fwpg;gpy; nghUs;
nra;Ftd MFk;.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs;:
ck;> vd> vd> vd;wh> vd;W> vd> xL> Nghd;wd vz;zpilr;

nrhw;fs; MFk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp> ,Fk;> rpd;' vd;Dk;
Mtapd; MWk; Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhy;.
- kpah ,f> Nkh> kjp> ,Fk;> rpd;' Kjypa MWk;
Kd;dpiy nkhopiar; rhHe;J tUk; mirr;nrhy;yhk;
- Nfz;kpah nrd;kpah
- fz;gdp ahd;wpf ntd;wp Njhop
- fhkQ; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh (FWe; - 2)
- ciukjpthopNah tyt
- nky;yk; Gyk;g fz;bFk;
- fhg;Gk; g+z;brpw; filAk; Nghfiy (mfk; - 7)
- ,Fk;> rpd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;;
- mtw;Ws;>
- ,FKk; rpd;Dk; Vid ,lj;njhLk;
- jF epiy cila vd;kdhH GytH.
- Nkw;$wg;gl;l MwDs;> ,FKk; rpd;Dk; glHf;ifr;
nrhy;NyhLe; jd;ikr;nrhy;NyhLk; nghUe;J epiyAila
vd va;jpajd; Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp tFg;ghH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
- fz;bF ky;yNkh (Iq;FW - 121)

- fz;Zk; gLNkh ntd;wprpd; ahNd ( ew; - 61)
191
- jd;ikf;fz; te;jd.
- Gfo;e;jpF ky;yNuh ngupNj
- ahu/ jwpe;jrp NdhNu (FWe; - 18);
- glHf;iff;fz; te;jd.
2.Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;:
ed;W <w;W VAk;> md;W <w;W VAk;>
me;J <w;W XTk;> md; <w;W XTk;>
md;d gpwTk; Fwpg;nghL nfhs;Sk;.
ed;wPw;NwAk; md;wPw;NwAkhtd ed;Nw md;Nw vd;gd. MFk;.

me;jPw;NwhTk; md;dPw;NwhTkhtd me;Njh md;Ndh vd;gd MFk;
ed;wpd. jPw;wpd;fz; Vnad tpupAk;> ,t; tpupT Vidatw;wpw;F
nkhf;Fk;.
xUtd; xd;Wiuj;jtop mjw;F Nkthjhd; ed;Nw ed;Nw> md;Nw

ad;Nw vd mbf;fYk; tUk;@ mit Nkthikf; Fwpg;G tpsf;Fk;.
mtd; md;NwapJ nra;thd; vd mLf;fhJ epd;wtop
md;wPw;NwTf;Fj; njspT Kjyhfpa gpwnghUSk; gLk; .
Vidapuz;Lk; mLf;fpAk; mLf;fhJk; ,uq;fw; Fwpg;G
ntspg;gLf;Fk; . ,itAq; jj;jq; Fwpg;gpw; nghUs; nra;Ftd.
MFk;.
mNjh mNjh
Nrh> Nrh
xf;Fk; xf;Fk; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd nfhs;sg;gLk;.
3.xs vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vt;thW tUk;?
xs vd;Dk; nrhy;:
<H msG ,irf;Fk; ,Wjpapy; capNu
Mapay; epiyAk; fhyj;jhDk;>
msngil epiyAk; fhyj;jhDk;>
msngil ,d;wpj; jhd; tUk; fhiyAk;>
192
cs vd nkhopg-nghUs; NtWgLjy;
Fwpg;gpd; ,irahd; newpg;glj; Njhd;Wk;.
nkhopf;F ,Wjpaha; thuhJ vdg;gl;l ,uz;L khj;jpiu

cilj;jha; xsfhuk; gpuptpy; mirepiynahd;W Nkw;$wg;gl;ld
Nghd;W ,ul;bj;J epw;Fkplj;Jk; msngilapd;wp tUkplj;Jk;
nghUs; NtWgLjy; cs> mg;nghUs; NTWghL nrhy;thd;
Fwpg;gpw;Fj; jUk; Xir NtWghl;lhy; Gyg;gLk;. nghUs;
NtWghlhd tof;F Nehf;fr; rpwg;Gk; khW ghLkhk;.
xs xsnthUtd; jtQ; nra;jthW rpwg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;
xU njhopy; nra;thid xsxs ,dpr;rhYk; - khWghL Njhd;Wk;
xsc nthUt dputyHf; fPe;j thW– msngLj;:J te;jJ:
xstpdpj; jl;Lg;Gilay; - msngilapd;wp te;jJ.
4. vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; - fl;Liu tiuf.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs;:
vz;zpy; tUk; ck;ik vjpHkiw.
ck;ik vz;Zk;> vd vd; vz;Zk;>
jk;tapd; njhFjp flg;ghL ,yNt.
ck;ikahd; tUnkz;Zk; vdthd; tUk; vz;Zk; ,Wjpf;fz;

njhif ngWjiyf; flg;ghlhf Tilaty;y. vdNt> njhif
ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
caHjpizf; FupikA k/wpizf; FupikAk;
MapU jpizf;FNkh ud;d TupikAk;
mk;% TUgpd (nrhy;- 160)
,irapDq;Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDe; Njhd;wp (nrhy; - 297)
epyndd ePnudj; jPnad tspnad ehd;Fk;
capnud Tlnyd tpd;wpaikah
vdj; njhif ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; te;jd
capnud Tlnyd tpd;wp aikah
193
vdTk; mt;tpUtif vz;Ze; njhifngw;Wk; ngwhJk; te;jd.
njhifnadg; nghJg;glf; $wpatjdhd; vz;Zg; ngaNu md;wp

midj;Jk; vy;yh nkd;De; njhlf;fj; jdTq; nfhs;f vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
vz;zpy; tUk; V vd;Dk; nrhy;:
vz; Vfhuk; ,ilapl;Lf; nfhspDk;>
vz;Zf; Fwpj;J ,aYk; vd;kdhH GytH.
nrhw;nwhWk; thuhJ vz;Nzfhuk; ,ilapl;L tupDk; vz;Zjw;

nghUl;lhk;;
kiyepyk; g+Nt Jyhf;Nfhnyd; wpd;dH
Njhw;w kpirNa ehw;wQ; RitNa
AwNyh lhq;ifk; Gyndd nkhopg
vdTk; tUk;.
vdh> vd;wh vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;:
ck;ik njhf;f vdh vd; fpstpAk;>
M <W Mfpa vd;W vd; fpstpAk;>
MapU fpstpAk; vz;Ztopg;gl;ld.
ck;ik njhf;F epd;w vdhntd;Dkpilr; nrhy;Yk; vd;whntd;D

kpilr;nrhy;Yk; ,uz;Lk; vz;Zkplj;J tUk;
epynddh ePnudh - vdh
epyndd;wh– vd;wh
ck;iknjhf;f ntdhntd;fpstp vd;wikahy; vdhT nkd

mr;nrhy; ck;NkhL tUjYKilj;njd;gjhk;. . ck;NkhL te;jtop
mt;ntz;Zk;ik vz;Zslq;Fk;.
vz;Ztopg;gl;ld vdNt> mit nrhw;nwhWk; tUjNy ad;wp

,ilapl;Lk; tUnkd;gjhk; . gpd;rhuay;Gil Njtif nadh (nrhy;
- 82) vdTk;> xg;gpw; Gfopw; gopap ndd;wh (nrhy; - 72 ) vdTk;
,ilapl;L te;jthW. ,it vz;Zjw;fz; thuhikahDk;
194
mtw;wpd; t&c nkz;zp dpWjpAk; ( nrhy; - 260 ) vdr;
#j;jpuQ; RUq;Fjw; rpwg;gpdhDk; mtw;wpid <z;L itj;jhH.
njhif ngw;W KbAk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs;:
mtw;wpd; t&ck; vz;zpd; ,WjpAk;>
ngaHf;F cup kugpd; nrt;ntz; ,WjpAk;>
Vapd; Mfpa vz;zpd; ,WjpAk;>
ahtapd; tupDk;> njhif ,d;W ,ayh
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vdh vd;wh vd;gdtw;whd; tUk; vz;zp

dpWjpAk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhd; md;wpg; ngauhd; vz;zg;gLQ;
nrt;ntd; ,WjpAk;> Vfhuj;jhd; tUk; vz;zpdpWjpAk;>
ahjhDNkhH ,lj;J tupDk; njhifapd;wp epy;yh.
epynddh ePnudh tpuz;Lk;
epyndd;wh ePnud;wh tpuz;Lk
epyePnud tpuz;Lk;
epyNd ePNunad tpuz;Lk; vdTk; njhif ngw;W te;jthW.
nrt;ntz; ,ilr;nrhy;nyz; zd;nwd; whuhapDk;> vz;zhjYe;

njhif ngWjYkhfpa xg;Gikahd; <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
vz;zpy; tUk; ck;kpw;F NkYk; xU KbT:
ck;ik vz;zpd; cUG njhfy; tiuahH
gpwpJgpwp Njw;wY KUGnjhf tUjYk;
newpgl toq;fpa topkUq; nfd;g (nrhy;-104)
vd;Dk; nghJtpjpahy; ck;ik naz;zpd;fz; cUG njhfy;

ngwg;gl;likahy; > ngw;wjd; ngaHj;Jiu epakg;nghUl;lhfyhd;
ck;ik naz;zp DUGnjhfy; tiuag;glhJ @Vid naz;zpd;fz;
mit tiuag;gLnkd epakpj;jy; ,jw;Fg; gadhff; nfhs;f
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH
Fd;wp Nfhgq;nfhbtpL gts
nkhz;nrq; fhe;j nshf;F epd;dpwk;
195
vdg; gpwntz;zpd;fz; cUG njhf;fjh vdpd; mw;wd;W
nrt;ntz; njhifapd;wp epy;yhikapd; mtw;iwnad xU nrhy;
tpupf;fg;gLk;@ tpupf;fNt Fd;wp Kjyhapd vOthaha; epd;wdth
nkd;gJ.
ghl;Lq; Nfhl;bA kwpahg; gakp
Njf;F kuk;Nghy; ePba xUtd;
,irapDq; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; Njhd;wp (nrhy; - 297) vd

ck;iknaz;zpd;fz; cUG njhf;fthW fz;L nfhs;f.
tiuahJ vd;wikahy; vy;yhTUge; njhfhJ>IAq; fz;ZNk

njhf;F tUk; vdntdf; nfhs;f
ahid NjH Fjpiu fhyh nswpe;jhH vd ck;ikAk; cUGk;

cld; nwhf;ftop> ,jid ck;ikj;njhif nad;dhJ
cUGnjhif vd;f vd ,r;#j;jpuj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhf ciuj;jhuhy;
ciu ahrpupaH: m/J ck;ikj; njhifahjypd; xUnrhd;
dilj;jha; cUNgw;whDk; gadpiy nfhz;lhDk; epw;Fk;.
mj;njhifapil cUgpd;ik rpw;wwptpdhHf;Fk; GydhFk;@ mjdhd;
m/jtHf;F fUj;jd;ik nrhy;yNtz;LNkh ntd;gJ.vd
kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
ck; ce;J Mjy;:
ck; ce;J MFk; ,lDkhH cz;Nl
tpidnrad; kUq;fpw; fhynkhL tUtdtw;Ws; ck;kPW ce;eha;j;

jpupjY Kilj;J
ePHf;Nfhop $g;ngaHf; Fe;J (Gwk; - 295)
ehuup ewtpdhz; kfpo;J}q; Fe;J vdTk; tUk;.
tpidnrad; kUq;fpw; fhynkhL tUk; ck;nkd;gJ Vw;Gopf;

Nfhlnyd;gjdhw; ngw;whk;.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidr; nrhw;fspy; tUjy;:
tpidnahL epiyapDk; vz;Z epiy jpupah@
epiday; Ntz;Lk;> mtw;W mtw;W ,ay;Ng.
196
tpidnahL epw;gpDk; vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; jd;dpiyapy;
jpuupahJ@ mtw;nwhL tUq;fhy; mtw;wtw;wpay;G Muha;jy;
Ntz;Lk;;
cz;Le;jpd;Wk; ghbAk; te;jhd;
cz;zntdj; jpd;d ntdg; ghlntd te;jhd;
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; ngaNuhly;yJ vz;zpilr;nrhy; epy;yhikapd;

mjid Kw;$wp> rpWghd;ik tpidnahL epw;wYKilikahd;
,jid <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
epiday; Ntz;Lk; mtw;wtw;wpay;Ng nad;wjdhd;. vz;zpilr;

nrhy; Kw;Wr;nrhy;Yk; nganur;rKk; gw;wp thuhJ vd;gJTk;>
tpidnar;rj;NjhLk; Vw;gd ty;yJ thuhnjd;gJTk; Mz;Lj;
njhif ngWjy; rpWghd;ik nad;gJ}cq; nfhs;f vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH
rhj;jd; te;jhd;> nfhw;wd; te;jhd;> Ntld;te;jhd; vd %tUk;

te;jikahw; fypahzk; nghype;jJ vdr; nrt;ntz;njhif ngw;W
te;jnjd;w ciuahrpupaiu vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; @ mit vOthAk;
gadpiyAkha; mike;J khWjypd; vz;zg;glhik ahDk;
%tUnkd;gJ rhj;jd; KjyhapNdhH njhifahfyhDk; mJ
NghypAiunad;f. vd kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; gpupe;J nrd;W xd;Wjy:;
vd;Wk;> vdTk;> xLTk;> Njhd;wp>
xd;W top cila> vz;zpDs; gpupe;Nj
vd;Wk; vdTk; xLTk; vd;gd xUtopj; Njhd;wp vz;zpDl;

gpwtopAk; gpupe;J nrd;W xd;Wkplk; cila.dthFk;
tpidgif nad;wpuz;b ndr;rk; (Fws; - 874)
fz;zpik nehbnad (E}d;kuG - v )
nghUs; fUtpfhyk; tpidaplndh ile;Jk; (Fws; - 375)
vd mit xUtop epd;W tpidnad;W gifnad;W vdTk;>

fz;zpiknad nehbnad vdTk; nghUnshL fUtpNahL
fhyj;NjhL tpidnahL ,lj;NjhL vdTk; epd;wtplj;Jg; gpupe;J
gpwtopr; nrd;W xd;wpathW fz;L nfhs;f.
197
chpapay;
cupr;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; czh;j;Jk; ,ay; Mjypd; cupapay;

vdg;gl;lJ> jkf;fpay; gpy;yhj ,ilr; nrhw;fs; NghyTk; ,ir>
FwpG;G> gz;G vd;Dk; nghUs;fSf;Fj; jhNk cupathfypd;
cupr;nrhy; Mapw;W vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH. vOj;jpfhuj;jpy; mtw;iw
Fiw nrhw; fpstp vd;W Fwpj;jikahy; tlE}yhrpupaH jhJ vdf;
Fwpj;j nrhw;fNs mitnad;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.mitAk; Fiw nrhy;
Mjyhd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLthH nja;tr; rpiyahH.cupr;nrhy;
nra;ASf;Nf cupanjd;Wk; tpidail> ngauil vd;Dk;
epiyapy; tUtnjd;Wk; $WtH.er;rpdhhf;fpdpaH. mJ
jkf;fpay;gpy;yh ,ilr;nrhw; NghyhJ ,ir> Fwpg;G> gz;G vd;Dk;
nghUl;F cupadtha; tUjypd; cupr;nrhy; Xj;J vd;Dk;
ngaujhapw;W.<W gw;wpg; gynghUs; tpsf;fYk; cUNgw;wYk; ,d;wp
ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; rhHe;J nghUl;Fzj;ij tpsf;fypd;
cupr;nrhy; ngaupd; Ntnwd;WzHf vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
cupr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;:
cupr;nrhy; fpstp tpupf;Fk; fhiy>
,irapDk; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; Njhd;wp>
ngaupDk; tpidapDk; nka; jLkhwp>
xU nrhy; gy nghUl;F cupik Njhd;wpDk;>
gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupik Njhd;wpDk;>
gapyhjtw;iwg; gapd;wit rhHj;jp>
jk;jk; kugpd; nrd;W epiy kUq;fpd;>
vr; nrhy; MapDk;> nghUs; NtW fpsj;jy;
cupr;nrhy;iy tpupj;Jiuf;Fkplj;J> ,ir Fwpg;Gg; gz;ngd;Dk;

nghUz;Nky; Njhd;wp . ngaHf; fz;Zk; tpidf;fz;Zk; jk;
cUG jLkhwp xUnrhw; gynghUl; Fupj;jha; tupDk; gynrhy;
xUnghUl; Fupj;jha; tupDk; Nfl;ghdhw; gapyg;glhj nrhy;iyg;
gapd;wtw;NwhL rhHj;jpg; ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa jj;jkf;Fupa
epiyf;fsj;jpd;fz; ahjhDnkhU nrhy;yhapDk; NtW NtW
nghUSzHj;jg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.
198
,ir Fwpg;Gg; gz;ngd;Dk; nghUstha;g; ngaHtpid Nghd;Wk;
mtw;wpw;F KjdpiyahAe; jLkhwp xUnrhy; xUnghUl;
Fupj;jhjNyad;wp xUnrhw; gy nghUl;Fk; gy nrhy; xU
nghUl;Fk; cupatha; tUtd cupr;nrhy;nyd;Wk; mit ngaUk;
tpidAk;Nghy<Wgw;wpg; nghUSzHj;jyhfhikapd;>
ntspg;glhjtw;iwntspg;gl;ltw;NwhL rhHj;jp> jk;iknaLj;
NjhjpNa mg;nghUSzHj;jg;gLnkd;Wk; cupr;nrhw;Fg;
nghJtpyf;fzKk; mtw;wpw;Fg; nghUSzHj;J
KiwikAKzHj;jpathW.
Fwpg;G - kdj;jhw; Fwpj;Jzug;gLtJ. gz;G - nghwpahDzug;gLq;

Fzk;.
fWg;G jtntd;gd ngaHtpidg;Nghyp> Jitj;jy;

Jitf;Fnkd;gd ngaH tpidf;F Kjdpiyahapd >cW
Kjyhapd nka; jLkhwhJ tUjypd;> ngaupDk; tpidapD
nka;jLkhwp nad;wJ ngUk;ghd;ikgw;wpnadf; nfhs;f.
mit $wpathw;whw; nghUl;Fupatha; tUkhW Kd;dHf;

fhzg;gLk;.
nka;jLkhwYk; xUnrhy; gy nghUl;FupikAk; gynrhy;

xUnghUl;FwpikAk; cupr;nrhw;F cz;ikahd; XjpdhNuDk;>
cupr;nrhw;F ,yf;fzkhtJ ,ir Fwpg;Gg; gz;ngd;Dk;
nghUl;Fupatha; tUjNyahk;.
xU nrhy; xUnghUl; Fupj;jhjy; ,ay;ghfyhw; nrhy;yhikNa

KbAnkd;gJ.
ntspg;gL nrhy;Ny fpsj;jy; Ntz;lh@
ntspg;gl thuh cupr;nrhy; Nkd.
ntspg;gl;l cupr;nrhy; fpse;jjdhw; gadpd;ikapw; fpsf;fg;glh@

ntspg;gl thuh cupr;nrhd; Nkw;Wf; fpse;Njhjy;
gapyh jtw;iwg; gapd;wit rhHj;jp vr;nrhy;yhapDk; nghUs;NtW

fpsj;jy; (nrhy;- 297) vd;wjdhy; gapyhjtw;iwg; gapd;wtw;NwhL
rhHj;jpg; gapd;wtw;iwg; gpwpnjhd;wNdhL rhHj;jhJ jk;ikNa
fpse;Jk; vy;yh Tupr;nrhy;Yk; czHj;jg;gLnkd;gJ gl;L
epd;wjid tpyf;fp> gadpd;ikahw; gapd;w cupr;nrhw;
fpsf;fg;glhJ gapyhj cupr;nrhy;Ny fpsf;fg;gLnkd>
tiuaWj;jthW.
199
cW> jt> edp:
mitjhk;>
cW> jt> edp> vd t&ck; %d;Wk;
kpFjp nra;Ak; nghUs vd;g.
ntspg;gl thuh cupr;nrhy;iyf; fpse;Njhjp tpupf;fpd;whH.
mitjhk; vd;wJ ntspg;gl thuh cupr;nrhw;whk; vd;wthW.

mjw;F KbG mitjhk;mk;khnkk;Nk nkd;Dk; fpstpAk; (nrhy;-
303) vd;Gop ciuj;jhq; Fiuf;f
cWGdy; je;Jy$l;b (ehyb-85)
<ahJ tPAKapH jtg; gyNt (Gwk;- 233)
te;J edp tUe;jpid thopnad; neQ;Nr (mfk;-19)
cW jt edp vd;gd kpFjpnad;Dq; Fwpg;Gg; nghUSzHj;Jk;.
Fwpg;Gnrhw; gug;Gilikahd; Kw;$wpdhH.
cU> Giu:
cU cl;F MFk;@ Giu caHG MFk;
cUnfO flTs; - cUG
Giua kd;wh GiuNahH Nfz;ik (ew;wpiz-1)– Giu
FU nfO:
FUTk; nfOTk; epwd; MFk;Nk
FUTk; nfOTk; epwnkd;Dk; gz;GzHj;Jk;.
FUkzpj; jhyp - epwk;
nrq;Nfo; nkd;nfhb (mfk;-80)– gz;G.
nry;yy;> ,d;dy;:
nry;yy;> ,d;dy;> ,d;dhikNa.
nry;Yk; ,d;dYk; ,d;dhik nad;Dq; Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
kzq;fko; tpad;khH gzq;fpa nry;yy; (mfk;-22) - ,d;dhik
200
ntapy;Gwe; j&ck;> ,d;d tpaf;fj;J (kiygL-374) -
,d;dhik
ky;yy;:
ky;yy; tsNd@
ky;yYk; VTk;> tsKk; ngw;Wkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
ky;yy; khy;tiu (mfk;-52)
V:
V ngw;W MFk;.
ngw;W-ngUf;fk;. <J mf;fhyj;Jg; gapd;wJ NghYk; vd;ghH

NrdhtiuaH.
Vfy; mLf;fk; (ew;wpiz-116)
cfg;G>ctg;G:
cfg;Ng caHjy;@ ctg;Ng ctif.
cfg;Gk; ctg;Gk; caHjYk; ctifAkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
tpRk;Gfe; jhlhJ
cte;Jte;jhHt neQ;rNkh lha;ey dis,a (mfk;-35)
gag;G:
gag;Ng gad; Mk;.
gag;Gk; grg;Gk;> gaDk; epwNtWghLkhfpa Fwpg;Gk; gz;Gk;

czHj;Jk;
gathf; fsuidaH fy;yh jtH (Fws; 406)
ikapy; thz;Kfk; grg;g+ Uk;Nk (fyp -7)
grg;G:
grg;G epwd; MFk;.
ikapy; thz;Kfk; grg;g+ Uk;Nk (fyp -7)
201
,iaG:
,iaNg GzHr;rp.
,iaGk;> ,irg;Gk;> GzHr;rpf; Fwpg;Gk; ,irg; nghUz;ikAk;

czHj;jpathW.
.iae;njhOFk; ahopira+g; Gf;Fk;
,irg;G:
,irg;G ,ir MFk;.
ahopira+g; Gf;Fk;
mykuy;> njUkuy;:
mykuy;> njUkuy;> Mapuz;Lk; Row;rp.
mykuYk; njU kuYk; Row;rpahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
myku yhak; (Iq; - 66)
njUkuYs;sNkh ld;id JQ;rhs;
ko>Fo:
koTk; FoTk; ,sikg; nghUs.
koTq; FoTk; ,sikf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUSzHj;Jk;
kofspW (Gwk; - 38)
Fof;fd;W (Gwk; - 103)
rPHj;jp:
rPHj;jp kpF Gfo;.
rPHj;jpAk; khiyAk;> ngUk;GfOk; ,ay;Gkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk
taf;fQ;rhy; rPHj;jp
khiy:
khiy ,ay;Ng.
,utud; khiyaNd (FwpQ;rpg; - 239)
202
$Hg;G fopT:
$Hg;Gk; fopTk; cs;sJ rpwf;Fk;.
$Hg;Gk;fopTk; xd;wdJ rpwj;jyhfpa Fwpg;ig AzHj;Jk;
Jdp$nut;tnkhL (rpWghz;-39)
fopfz; Nzhl;lk;
fjo;T> JidT:
fjo;Tk; JidTk; tpiutpd; nghUs.
fjo;Tk; JidTk;> tpiuthfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
fjo;gupneLe;NjH (ew;wpiz - 223)
Jidgup eptf;Fk; Gs;spd; khd
mjpHT tpjpHg;G:
mjpHTk; tpjpHg;Gk; eLf;fk; nra;Ak;.
mjpHTk; tpjpHg;Gk;> eLf;fkhfpa Fwpg; GzHj;Jk;
mjpu tUtNjhH Neha; ( Fws; - 439)
tpjpHg;Gw twpah Ntkf; fhg;gpid (Gwk; - 20)
mjpo;ntd;W ghlNkhjp mjpo;fz; Kurk; vd;W jhuzq;fhl;LthUk;

csH. vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
thHjy;> Nghfy;> xOfy;:
thHjy;> Nghfy;> xOfy;> %d;Wk;
NeHGk; neLikAk; nra;Ak; nghUs.
thHjy;> Nghfy;> xOfy; vd;D %d;W nrhy;Yk;> NeHikAk;

neLikAkhfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;
thHe;jpyq;fk; itnaapw;W (FW - 14)
thHfapw; nwhOif (mfk; - 173)
NghF nfhb kUq;Fy;
nts;Nty; tplj;NjnuhL fhUil Nghfp (gjpw; - 13)
203
xOFnfhb kUq;Fy;
khy;tiu nahOfpa thio (rpWghz; - 21)
jPHjy;> jPHj;jy;:
jPHjYk; jPHj;jYk; tply; nghUl;L MFk;.
jPHjYe; jPHj;jY nkd;D kpuz;Lk; tpLjyhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
Jizapw; wPHe;j fLq;fz; ahid (ew;wpiz 10)
jPHj;jy; tpLjw;nghUz;ikf;fz; te;jtopf; fz;L nfhs;f.

jPHj;jnyd;gJ nra;tpj;jiy AzHj;jpepd;w epiyiknadpd; :-
nra;tpj;jiy AzHj;J epiyik NtNwhjpd;>,iaNg GzHr;rp
(cupapay; - 12) vd;GopAk; ,iag;ngd NtNwhjy; Ntz;Lk;
mjdhw; wPHj;jYQ; nra;jiy AzHj;JtNjh Uupr;nrhy; nydNt
gL nkd;gJ NrdhtiuaH ciu.
nfltuy;> gz;iz:
nfltuy;> gz;iz> Mapuz;Lk; tpisahl;L.
nfltuYk; gz;izAk;> tpisahl;lhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
nfltu yhankhL
gz;izj; Njhd;wpa ntz;zhd;F nghUSk;' (nghUs;>

nka;g;gl;bay;)
jl> fa> esp:
jlTk; faTk; espAk; ngUik.
jlTk; faTk; espAk; ngUikahfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;.
typJQ;R jlf;if tha;thl; Fl;Lthd;' (Gwk;-394)>
fatha;g; ngUq;if ahid (mfk;-118)>
fsp kiyehld; (Gwk;-150)
mtw;Ws;>
jl vd; fpstp Nfhl;lKk; nra;Ak;
jlntz;fpstp Kjyhapd> ngUikNaad;wpf; Nfhl;lKk;

nkd;ikAkhfpa gz;Gk; nrwpthfpa Fwpg;GKzHj;Jk;
204
jlkUg;ngUik (ew;-120)
fae;jiy klg;gpb (ew;-137)
espapUs;
fa:
fa vd; fpstp nkd;ikAk; nra;Ak;.
fae;jiy klg;gpb (ew;-137)
esp:
esp vd; fpstp nrwpTk; MFk;.
espapUs;.
gOJ:
gOJ gak; ,d;Nw
gOJ Kjyhapd> gakpd;ikahfpa Fwpg;Gk; nkd;ikahfpa gz;Gk;

vQ;rhikahfpa Fwpg;G KzHj;Jk;
gOJfop tho;ehs;
rhay;:
rhay; nkd;ik.
rhad; khHG (gjpw;- 16)
'KOJ' vd; fpstp vQ;rhg; nghUl;Nl.
kz;KOjhz;l
tk;G
tk;G epiy ,d;ik.
tk;Gk; khjUk;> epiyapd;ikAq; fhjYkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@

tk;Gkhup (FWe;-66)
khjH:
khjH fhjy;.
khjH Nehf;F eae;J ehk; tpl;l ed;nkhop ek;gp (mfk;-19
205
ek;G>NkT:
ek;Gk; NkTk; eir MFk;Nk
ek;Gk; NkTk; eirahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
etpu Nkv TiwAq;> fhup Az;b (kiygL-82)
Xa;jy;> Ma;jy;> epoj;jy;> rhma;:
Xa;jy;> Ma;jy;> epoj;jy;> rhma;>
Mtapd; ehd;Fk; cs;sjd; EZf;fk;.
Xa;jy; Kjyhapd EZf;fkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
NtdpYoe;j twpJaq; Nfha; fspW (fyp-9)>gha;e;jha;e;j jhidg;

gupe;jhdh ike;jpid' (fyp-99)
epoj;j ahid Nka;Gyk; glu (kJ3-03)
faywnyjpuf; fLk;Gdw; rhma; (neLey;-18)
Gyk;G:
Gyk;Ng jdpik.
Gyk;G Kjyhapd jdpikAk; epiwTk; KjpHTkhfpa Fwpg;Gk;

tpUk;Gjyhfpa gz;GKzHj;Jk;@
Gypg;gw; Nfhj;j Gyk;Gkzpj; jhyp (mfk;-7)
#d;KuQ; nropyp
ntq;fhkk;' (mfk;-15)
Jtd;W:
Jtd;W epiwT MFk;.
MupaH Jtd;wpa Ngupir Ks;sPH (ew;-170)
KuQ;ry;:
KuQ;ry; KjpHNt.
#d;KuQ; nropyp
206
ntk;ik:
.ntk;ik Ntz;ly;
ntq;fhkk; (mfk;-15)
nghw;G:
nghw;Ng nghypT
nghw;G Kjyhapd KiwahNd nghypTk; rpwpnjd;gJ}ck; epidTk;

JzpTkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
ngUtiu aLf;fk; nghw;g (ew;-34)
fhdyQ; NrHg;gd; nfhLikNaw;wp' (FWe; - 145)>vw;Nww;wkpy;yhUs;

ahNdw;wkpy;yhNjd;' vdTk;> nghw;G Kjyhapd KiwahNd
nghypTk; rpwpnjd;gJ}ck; epidTk; JzpTkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
twpJ:
twpJ rpwpJ MFk;.
twpJtlf; fpiwQ;rpa (gjpw;-24)
Vw;wk;:
Vw;wk; epidTk; JzpTk; MFk;.
vw;Nww;wkpy;yhUs; ahNdw;wkpy;yhNjd;
fhdyQ;NrHg;gd; nfhLikNaw;wp (FWe; - 145)
gpiz> Ngz;:
gpizAk; NgZk; ngl;gpd; nghUs.
ngl;gpd; nghUshfpa Gwe;jUjnyd;Dq; Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@ ngl;gpd;

nghUs ntd;wjdhy; ngl;gpd; nghUshfpa tpUk;GjYzHj;jYq;
nfhs;f
giz:
gizNa gpioj;jy;@ ngUg;Gk; MFk;.
ngUg;ghfpa Fwpg;GKzHj;Jk; gid nad;gJ gpioj;jyhfpa

Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
207
gizj;JtPo; gfop
ad;wp Nta;kUs; gizj;Njhs; (mfk;-1)
ngUikahfpa gz;GzHj;jhJ ngUj;jyhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jnkd;ghH

ngUg;ngd;whH.
glH:
glNu cs;sy;@ nryTk; MFk;.
glnud;gJ cs;SjYe; nryTkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
ts;spNahHg; glHe;J Gs;spw; Nghfp (Gwk;-47)
fwit fd;W tapw; glu (FWe;-108)
igAs;: rpWik:
igASk; rpWikAk; Nehapd; nghUs
igASQ; rpWikAk; Nehahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
igAz;khiy (FWe;-195)
rpWikAWg nra;gwpayNu
va;ahik:
va;ahikNa mwpahikNa.
va;ahik mwptpd;ikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
va;ahikaiy ePAk; tUe;Jjp (FwpQ;rpg;-8)
mwpjw; nghUl;lha; va;jnyd;whDk; va;j;jnyd;whDk; rhd;NwhH

nra;Al;fz;thuhikapd;> va;ahik vjpHkwpad;ik awpf.
ed;W:
ed;W ngupJ MFk;.
ed;nwd;gJ ngupnjd;Dq; Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;:
ed;WkupJJw; widahw; ngUk (mfk;-10)
ngUik vd;dhJ ngupnjd;wjdhd; ed;nwd;gJ tpidnar;rkhjy;

nfhs;f.
208
jhNt:
jhNt typAk; tUj;jKk; MFk;.
jhntd;gJ typAk; tUj;jKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
jhtpdd;nghd; iw,a ghit> (mfk;-212)
fUq;fl; lhf;fiy ngUk;gpwp Jw;nwd> (FWe;-98)
jhntd;gJ typAk; tUj;jKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
njT:
njTf; nfhsy; nghUl;Nl
njTk;> njt;Tk; KiwahNd nfhs;SjYk; gifAkhfpa

Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
ePHj; njTepiwj; njhOthH (kJ-89)
njt;T:
njt;Tg; gif MFk;.
njt;T gifAkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
njt;Tg; Gyk;
tpwg;Gk;> cwg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk;:
tpwg;Gk;> cwg;Gk;> ntWg;Gk; nrwpNt
tpwg;G Kjyhapd nrwpntd;Dq; Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
cwe;j tpQ;rp
ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;F Gfo;f; fgpyd; (Gwk; - 56) >
mtw;Ws;>
tpwg;Ng nt&cg; nghUl;Lk; MFk;.
tpwg;ngd;gJ nrwpNt ad;wp ntUTjw; Fwpg;GKzHj;Jk;
mtnywp Ayf;ifg; ghLtpwe; jay (ngUk;ghz; - 229
209
fk;giy> Rk;ik> fypNa> mOq;fy;:
fk;giy> Rk;ik> fypNa> mOq;fy;>
vd;W ,it ehd;Fk; mutg; nghUs.
fk;giy Kjyhfpa ehd;Fk; mutkhfpa ,irg;nghUz;ik

AzHj;Jk;
fk;giy %J}H (Gwk; 54
xU ngUQ; Rk;iknahL
fypnfhsha kypGnjhF ngLj;j (mfk; - 11 )
caTg;GzHe; jd;wpt; tOq;fY}Nu (ew; - 203)
mtw;Ws;>
mOq;fy; ,uf;fKk; NfLk; MFk;.
mOq;fy; mutNkad;wp ,uf;fKq; NfLkhfpa Fwpg;GKzHj;Jk;
goq;f Nzhl;lK eypa tOq;fpd dy;yNdh (mfk; - 66)
FzdOq;ff; Fw;w Kio epd;W $WQ; rpwpatHfl;F (ehyb -

353 )
fOk;:
fOk; vd; fpstp kaf;fk; nra;Ak;.
fO nkd;gJ kaf;fkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
fOkpa Qhl;G (fstop - 11)
nrOik:
nrOik tsDk; nfhOg;Gk; MFk;.
nrOik tsDq;nfhOg;G khfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;
nrOk;gy; Fd;wk;
nrOe;jb jpd;w nre;eha;
tpOkk;:
tpOkk; rPHikAk; rpwg;Gk; ,Lk;igAk;.
210
tpOkk; KiwahNd rPHikAQ; rpwg;Gk; ,Lk;igAkhfpa
Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
tpOkpNahH fhz;nlhWQ; nra;tH rpwg;G (ehyb - 159 )
Ntw;Wik apy;yh tpOj;jpizg; gpwe;J (Gwk; - 27)
epd;DW tpOkq; fise;Njhd; (mfk; - 140)
fUtp:
fUtp njhFjp.
fUtpAk; fkKk; njhFjpAk; epiwTkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
fUtp thdk; (Gwk; - 159)
fUtpthdk; vd;gjpy;; fUtp kpd;D Kof;F Kjyhatw;wJ

njhFjp.
fkk;:
fkk; epiwe;J ,aYk;.
fUtpAk; fkKk; njhFjpAk; epiwTkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
fkQ; #d; khkio (mfk; - 49 )
mup:
.mupNa Ik;ik.
mupAq;ftTk; Ik;ikAk; mfj;jPL khfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
mupkapHj; jpuz;Kd;if (Gwk; - 11 )
ftT:
ftT mfj;jpLNk.
mupAq;ftTk; Ik;ikAk; mfj;jPL khfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
f* ctpdq; fhuq; fit ,a khHNg (Gwk; - 19)
Jitj;jYk; rpiyj;jYk; ,ak;gYk; ,uq;fYk;:
Jitj;jYk; rpiyj;jYk; ,ak;gYk; ,uq;fYk;
,irg; nghUl; fpstp vd;kdhH GytH.
211
Jitj;jd; Kjyhapd ,irg;nghU SzHj;Jk;
tis Jitk;g
Mkh ey;NyW rpiyg;g (KUF - 915)
fbkue; jbA Nkhif jd;D}H
neLkjpy; tiug;gpw; fbkid apak;g (Gwk; - 96)
Vwpuq;fpUspil (fyp - 46)
.mtw;Ws;>
,uq;fy; fope;j nghUl;Lk; MFk;.
,uq;fy;> ,irNa ad;wpg; nghUsJ fopthfpa Fwpg;G KzHj;Jk;.
nra;jpuq;fhtpid (Gwk; - 10)
fope;j nghUs;gw;wp tUk; ftiyiaf; fope;j nghUnsd;whH.
,yk;ghL> xw;fk;:
,yk;ghL> xw;fk;> Mapuz;Lk; tWik.
,yk;ghLk; xw;fKk; tWikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
,yk;gL Gyt Nuw;wife; epiwa (kiygL - 576)
xf;fnyhw;fQ; nrhypa (Gwk; - 327)
,ynkd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; ghnld;De; njhopy;gw;wp

my;yJ thuhikapd; ,yk;ghnld;whH.
nQkpHjy;> gha;jy;:
nQkpHjYk; gha;jYk; guj;jy; nghUs.
nQkpHjYk; gha;jYk;> guj;jyhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
jUkzd; nQkpupa jpUefH Kw;wj;J (neLey; - 60) vdTk
gha;Gdy;
212
ftHT:
ftHT tpUg;G MFk;.
ftHT Kjyhapd KiwahNd tpUg;Ge; jpul;rpAk; mfyKkhfpa

Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
ftHeilg; Gutp (mfk; - f30)
NrHe;J nrwp Fwq;F (ew;wpiz - 170);
NrH:
NrNu jpul;rp.
ftHT NrNu Kjyhapd KiwahNd tpUg;Ge; jpul;rpAk;

mfyKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
NrHe;J nrwp Fwq;F (ew;wpiz - 170)
tpay; vd; fpstp mfyg; nghUl;Nl
ftHT> NrNu> tpay; Kjyhapd KiwahNd tpUg;Ge; jpul;rpAk;

mfyKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk
tpaYyfk;
Ngk;> ehk;> cUk;:
Ngk;> ehk;> cUk; vd t&ck; fpstp
M Kiw %d;Wk; mr;rg; nghUs.
Ng Kjyhfpa %d;Wk; mr;rkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
kd;w kuh mj;j NgKjpH flTs; ( Fwe; - 87)
ehey;yhH
cUkpy;Rw;wk; (ngUk;ghz; - 447)
ta:
ta typ MFk;.
ta Kjyhapd> typAk; mwpT NtWgLjYkhfpa Fwpg;Gk;

xspahfpa gz;GKzHj;Jk;
213
Jd;dUe; Jg;gpd; takhd; (Gwk; - 44)
thz;Kfk; (Gwk; - 6)
JaTw;Nwk; ahkhf
ths;:
ths; xsp MFk;.
ta Kjyhapd> typAk; mwpT NtWgLjYkhfpa Fwpg;Gk;

xspahfpa gz;GKzHj;Jk;
Jd;dUe; Jg;gpd; takhd; (Gwk; - 44)
thz;Kfk; (Gwk; - 6)
JaT:
JaT vd; fpstp mwptpd; jpupNg.
ta> JaT Kjyhapd> typAk; mwpT NtWgLjYkhfpa Fwpg;Gk;

xspahfpa gz;GKzHj;Jk;:
JaTw;Nwk; ahkhf
cahT:
cahNt caq;fy;.
caq;fYQ; #o;r;rpAk; Ntl;ifg; ngUf;fKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
gUe;jpUe; Jahtpsp gapw;W kpahTaH ede;jiy (mfk; - 19)
crh:
crhNt #o;r;rp
caq;fYQ; #o;r;rpAk; Ntl;ifg; ngUf;fKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
crhj;Jiz ( FWe; - 207)
tah:
tah vd; fpstp Ntl;ifg; ngUf;fk;
cah> tah Kjyhapd KiwahNd caq;fYQ; #o;r;rpAk;

Ntl;ifg; ngUf;fKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
214
taTW kfspH (Gwk; - 20)
fWg;G> rptg;G:
fWg;Gk; rptg;Gk; ntFspg; nghUs.
fWg;Gk; rptg;Gk; ntFspahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
epw;fWg;gNjh uUq;fb Kidas;
eP rpte;jpWj;j ePuopghf;fk; (gjpw; - 13)
fWik nrk;iknad;dhJ fWg;Gr; rptg;ngd;wjdhd;>

njhopw;gl;Lopay;yJ mit ntFsp AzHj;jhik nfhs;f.
.epwj;J cU czHj;jw;Fk; cupa vd;g.
ntFspNaad;wp epwNtWghLzHj;jw;F Kupa:
fWj;jfhah
rpte;j fhe;js; (gjpw; - 15)
,it ntspg;gL nrhy;yhapDk;@ fWg;GQ; rptg;Gk; ntFspg;nghUs

ntd;wjdhy;> fWq;fz; nrt;tha; vdg; gz;gha topay;yJ
njhopyhatop epwNtWghLzHj;jh ntd;gJ gLjypd;> mjidg;
ghJfhj;jthW vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
nehrpT Kjyhapd:
nehrpTk; EioTk; Ezq;Fk; Ez;ik.
nehrpT Kjyhapd Ez;ikahfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;.
nehrpkl kUq;fy; (fyp - 60)
Eio E}w; fypq;fk; (kiygL - 56)
Ezq;FJfp Dlf;fk; Nghy (ew;wp 15)
GdpW:
GdpW vd; fpstp <d;wzpikg; nghUl;Nl.
GdpW vd;gJ <d;wzpikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
Gdpw;whg; gha;e;njdf; fyq;fp (mfk; - 5 )
215
edT:
edNt fsDk; mfyKk; nra;Ak;.
edTfsDk; mfyKkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
edTg;GF tpwtpapw; Nwhd;W ehld; (mfk; 82)
ede;jiy Ayfk; (gjpw; - 63)
kjT:
kjNt klDk; typAk; MFk;.
kjntd;gJ klDk; typAkhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
gjT Nka;e;j kjTeil ey;yhd; (mfk; - 14)
fapwpL fjr;Nrg; Nghy kjkpf;F (mfk;-36 )
.kpFjpAk; tdg;Gk; MfYk; cupj;Nj.
klDk; typANkad;wp kpFjpAk; tdg;Gkhfpa Fwpg;GQ;

rpWghd;ikAzHj;Jk;..kjtpil vd;gJ kpFjp> cs;s kpFjp.
khjH thz;Kfk; ij,a Nehf;Nf (mfk;-130)
ahzH:
GjpJgly; nghUl;Nl ahzHf; fpstp.
ahzH vd;gJ thup Gjpjhfg; gLjyhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
kPndhL ngaUk; ahz &u (ew; - 210)
mkHjy;:
mkHjy; Nkty;.
mkHjYk; ahZk;> KiwahNd NkTjYq; ftpDkhfpa

Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
mfdkHe;J nra;ah SiwAk; ( Fws; - 84)
ahz;:
ahZf; ftpd; Mk;.
216
mkHjYk; ahZk; KiwahNd NkTjYq; ftpDkhfpa
Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
ahzJ griy (ew;wpiz - 50)
guTk; gopr;Rk;:
guTk; gopr;Rk; tOj;jpd; nghUs
guTk; gopr;Rk; tOj;Jjyhfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;
ney;YFj;Jg; guTq; flTSkpyNt (Gwk; - 335)
ifnjh*cg; gopr;rp (kJ - 664)
fb vd; fpstp:
fb vd; fpstp
tiuNt> $Hik> fhg;Ng> GJik>
tpiuNt> tpsf;fk;> kpFjp> rpwg;Ng>
mr;rk;> Kd;Njw;W> MaPH-Ie;Jk;
nka;g;glj; Njhd;Wk; nghUl;L MFk;Nk
fbnad;D Kupr;nrhy; tiuT Kjyhfpa gj;Jf; Fwpg;G KzHj;Jk;
fbe;j fbe;njhuhH nra;jhHf;F(Fws;-658) - tiuT
fbEidg; gfop - $Hik
fbfh> (fstop-26) - fhg;G
fbkyH - GJik>
fLkhd; (mfk;-134) - tpiuT
fLk;gfy; (mfk;-148) tpsf;fk;
fLq;fh nyhw;wypd; (gjpw;-25) - kpFjp
fLel;G - rpwg;G
fbiaah ndLe;jif nrUtj; jhNd- mr;rk;
nfhLQ;Ropg;GfhHj;nja;t Nehf;fpf; fLQ;# lUFt dpdf;Nf (mfk;-

110) - Kd;Njw;W
217
Kd;Njw;W- Gwj;jpd;wpj; nja;t Kjyhapdtw;wpd; Kd;dpd;W
njspj;jy;.
IaKk; fupg;Gk; MfYk; cupj;Nj.
fbnad;fpstp Nkw;$wg;gl;l nghUNsad;wpr; rpWghd;ik Iakhfpa

Fwpg;Gq; fupg;ghfpa gz;G KzHj;J jw;F Kupj;J@
fLj;jd sy;yNsh td;id
fL kpsF jpd;w fy;yh ke;jp
I tpag;G MFk;.
I Kjyhapd KiwahNd tpag;Gk; KdpTq; $HikAk; typAkhfpa

Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;@
INj fhkk; ahNd (ew;wpiz-143) - tpag;G
KidT:
KidT KdpT MFk;.
KidT KdpthFk;
Nrw;Wepy Kid,a nrq;fl fhuhd; (mfk;-46)– KdpT
it:
itNa $Hik.
itNa $Hik vd;DSk; nghUsJ
itEidg; gfop (Ky;iy-73)
vWo;:
vWo; typ MFk;
vWo; typ vd;gjhFk;
NghnuWo;j; jpzpNjhs; (ngUk;ghz;-93)
nka; ngwf; fpse;j cupr;nrhy; vy;yhk;
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUgit ehb>
218
xj;j nkhopahd; GzHj;jdH czHj;jy;
jk;jk; kugpd; Njhd;Wk;kd; nghUNs.
md;d gpwTq; fpse;jty;y gd;KiwahDk; gue;jd t&ck;

cupr;nrhy; vy;yhk; vd;gJ> nrhy;yg; gl;ldNtad;wp
mitNghy;td gpwTk; gythw;whDk; gue;JtUk;
cupr;nrhy;nyy;yhk; vd;gjidf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.nghUl;Fiw
$l;ltpad;w kUq;fpdpidj;njd mwpAk; tuk;G jkf;fpd;ikapd;
vd;gJ> nghUNshL GzHj;JzHj;j ,ir Fwpg;Gg; gz;Ggw;wpj;
jhkpad;w epyj;J ,j;Jiznad tiuaWj;JzUnky;iy
jkf;fpd;ikahd; vQ;rhikf; fpsj;jyupjhfypd; vdg; nghUs;
jUk;.topedp rilg;gpbj;Njhk; gilahizapw; fpse;jtw;wpayhw;
ghq;FwTzHjy; vd;gJ.
,irapDq; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDe; Njhd;wpg;
ngaupDk; tpidapD nka;jLkhwp (nrhy;-267)
vdTk;>Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUgitehb vdTq; $wpa newpiar;

Nrhuhkw; filg;gpbj;J vr;nrhy;yhapDk; nghUs; NtW fpsj;jy;
(nrhy;-267) vdTk;>
xj;j nkhopahw; GzHj;jd UzHj;jy;
jj;j kugpw; Nwhd;Wkd; nghUNs (nrhy;-376)
vdTk;> vd;dhw; wug;gl;l ghJfht yhizapw; fpse;j tw;wpay;

nghLkuP ,atw;iw Kiwg;gl TzHf vd;wthW.
Fwpg;Gg;nghUz;ik gytifj;jhfyhDk;> ngaupDk; tpidapD

nka;jLkhwpAe; jLkhwhJk;> xUnrhw; gynghUl; Fupj;jhAk;
tUjyhDk;><Wgw;wpj; njhFj;JzHj;jw;F md;dtPWila
td;ikahDk; gd;KiwahDk; gue;jd t&ck;vd;whH.
nghUisr; nrhy; ,d;wpaikahikapd;> mjidf;Fiwnad;whH@

xUtd; tpidAk; gaDk; ,d;wpaikahkpd;>tpidf;Fwp jPHe;jhupw;
wPHe;jd; WyF (Fws;-912)>gaf;Fiw apy;iyj; jhk; thO ehNs'
(Gwk;-177) vd;whw; Nghy> nghUl;Fiw $l;l tuk;Gjkf;fpd;ik
apndd ,iaAk;.
,Uiknad;gJ fUikAk; ngUikA khfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;.

Nrnzd;gJ Nra;ikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.njhd;ik vd;gJ
goikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;. ,itnay;yhk; md;dgpwTq; fpse;j
ty;y ntd;gjdhw; nfhs;f. gpwTkd;d.
219
$wpa fpstpg; nghUs; epiy my;y
NtW gpw Njhd;wpDk;> mtw;nwhL nfhsNy!.
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUgtit ehbatop> cupr;nrhw;Ff; $wg;gl;l

nghUNsad;wpg; gpw nghUNlhd;W khapDk;> $wg;gl;l tw;NwhL
mtw;iwAq; nfhs;f vd;gjhk;.
fbehWk; g+e;JzH - fbnad;gJ Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUgit ehl>

tiuT Kjyhapd nghUis czHj;jhJ kzk; vd;Dk; nghUis
czHj;jp epd;wJ.
nghUl;Fg; nghUs; njupapd;> mJ tuk;G ,d;Nw.
gapyhjtw;iwg; gapd;wit rhHj;jpg; nghUSzHj;Jq;fhw;

gLKiwik AzHj;Jfpd;whH.
xU nrhy;iy xU nrhy;yhw; nghUSzHj;jpa top

mg;nghUSzHj;j te;j nrhw;Fk; nghUs; ahnjdg; nghUl;Fg;
nghUs; njupAkhapd; Nky;> tUtdtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; <njhj;jypd;>
mt;tpdh ,iwtuk;gpd;wpNahLk; mjdhw; nghUl;Fg; nghUs;
njupaw;f vd;whH;
xU nrhw;Fg; nghUSiug;gJ gpwpNjhH nrhy;yhdd;Nw@

mr;nrhw;nghUSk; mwpahjhid czHj;Jkhnwd;idnadpd;> mJ
tUfpd;w #j;jpuj;jhw; ngwg;gLk;.
. nghUl;Fj; jpupG ,y;iy> czHj;j ty;ypd;.
fw;Wk; khztH czUk; top mwpe;J czHj;j ty;yhdhapd;

nghUs; jpupGglhky; mtd; czUk;.cWfhy; (ew;-37) vd;wtop
cWntd;DQ; nrhw;Fg; nghUshfpa kpFjp vd;gjd; nghUis
mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mwpahdhapd; fLw;fhw;W>nfhLq;fhw;W Kjypa
nrhw;fshy; mwpTilNahH nghUs; czHj;j Kay;tH.
czHr;rp thapy; czHNthH typj;Nj
ntspg;glj; njhlHnkhop $wpaNghJk; nghUisf; fhl;bSk;

czHj;jTk; czuhjhid czHj;Jk; thapypy;iy@ czHr;rpaJ
thapy; czHNthu JzHit typahf Tilj;jhfyhd;.
nkhopg; nghUl; fhuzk; tpopg;gj; Njhd;wh
220
cW jt Kjyhapd nrhw;F kpFjp Kjyhapd nghUshjy;
tuyhw;W Kiwikahw; nfhs;tjy;yJ. mit mg;nghUshtjw;Ff;
fhuzk; tpsq;fj; Njhd;wh.
nghUNshL nrhw;fpiaG ,aw;if Mfyhd; mt; ,aw;ifahfpa

,iaghy; nrhw;nghUs; czHj;Jnkd;gH xU rhuhH. xU rhuhH gpw
fhuzj;jhy; czHj;J nkd;gH. mtw;Wz; nka;k;ikahfpa fhuzk;
MrpupaHf;Fg; Gydhtjy;yJ ek;kNdhHf;Fg; Gydhfhikapd;>
nkhopg;nghUl; fhuzkpy;iy vd;dhJ tpopg;gj; Njhd;wh
ntd;whH.mf;fhuzk; nghJtifahd; gythk;@ mjdhd;
tpopg;gj;Njhd;whntdg; gd;ikapw; $wpdhH. cupr;nrhw;gw;wp
XjpdhNuDk;> Vidr; nrhw; nghUl;F kp/njhf;Fk;.
vOj;Jg; gpupe;J ,irj;jy; ,tz; ,ay;G ,d;Nw.
KjdpiyAk; ,WjpepiyAkhf vOj;Jf;fs; gpupe;J NtW NtW

nghUSzHj;jy; cupr;nrhy;yplj; jpiaGilj;jd;W@
,tzpay;gpd;nwdNt> vOj;Jg; gpupe;J nghUSzHj;jy; gpwhz;L

,ay;Gilj; njd;gjhk;. mitahtd@ tpidr;nrhy;Yk;
xl;Lg;ngaUkhk;. gpupjYk; gpupahikAk; nghUSzHj;J
tdtw;wpw;Nfahfypd;> $iw Nfhl;gLjy; flTsHf;F va;jhjthW
Nghy> ,ilr;nrhw;F ,t;thuha;r;rp va;jhik awpf.
jtedpnad;De; njhlf;fj;jd Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; Nghyg;

nghUSzHj;jypd;> mitNghyg; gpupf;fg;gLq; nfhy;Nyh
ntd;iwAwhik Iakfw;wpathW vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
md;d gpwTk; fpse;j my;y
gy; KiwahDk; gue;jd t&ck;
cupr;nrhy; vy;yhk; nghUl;Fiw $l;l>
,ad;w kUq;fpd; ,idj;J vd mwpAk;
tuk;G jkf;F ,d;ikapd;> top edp filg;gpbj;J>
Xk;gil Mizapd;> fpse;jtw;W ,ayhd;>
ghq;Fw czHjy;! vd;kdhH GytH.
221
md;d gpwTq; fpse;jty;y gd;KiwahDk; gue;jd t&ck;
cupr;nrhy; vy;yhk; vd;gJk; Kupr;nrhy;nyy;yhk; vd;wthW.
nghUl;Fiw $l;ltpad;w kUq;fpdpidj;njd mwpAk; tuk;G
jkf;fpd;ikapd; vd;gJ> nghUNshL GzHj;JzHj;j ,ir Fwpg;Gg;
gz;Ggw;wpj; jhkpad;w epyj;J ,j;Jiznad tiuaWj;JzUk;
vy;iy jkf;fpd;ikahd; vQ;rhikf; fpsj;jyupjhfypd; vd;wthW.
topedp rilg;gpbj;Njhk; gilahizapw; fpse;jtw;wpayhw;
ghq;FwTzHjy; vd;gJ>
,irapDq; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDe; Njhd;wpg;
ngaupDk; tpidapD nka;jLkhwp (nrhy;-267)
vdTk;>Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUgitehb vdTq; $wpa newpiar;

Nrhuhkw; filg;gpbj;J vr;nrhy;yhapDk; nghUs; NtW fpsj;jy;
(nrhy;-267) vdTk;>
xj;j nkhopahw; GzHj;jd UzHj;jy;
jj;j kugpw; Nwhd;Wkd; nghUNs (nrhy;-376)
vdTk;> vd;dhw; wug;gl;l ghJfht yhizapw; fpse;j tw;wpay;

nghLkuP ,atw;iw Kiwg;gl TzHf vd;wthW.
Fwpg;Gg;nghUz;ik gytifj;jhfyhDk;> ngaupDk; tpidapD

nka;jLkhwpAe; jLkhwhJk;> xUnrhw; gynghUl; Fupj;jhAk;
tUjyhDk;><Wgw;wpj; njhFj;JzHj;jw;F md;dtPWila
td;ikahDk; gd;KiwahDk; gue;jd t&ck;' vd;whH.
nghUisr; nrhy; ,d;wpaikahikapd;> mjidf;Fiwnad;whH@

xUtd; tpidAk; gaDk; ,d;wpaikahkpd;> `tpidf;Fwp
jPHe;jhupw; wPHe;jd; WyF (Fws;-912)>gaf;Fiw apy;iyj; jhk; thO
ehNs (Gwk;-177) vd;whw; Nghy> nghUl;Fiw $l;l
tuk;Gjkf;fpd;ik apndd ,iaAk;.
,Uik - vd;gJ fUikAk; ngUikA khfpa gz;GzHj;Jk;.
Nrz; - vd;gJ Nra;ikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;.
njhd;ik - vd;gJ goikahfpa Fwpg;GzHj;Jk;. ,itnay;yhk;

md;dgpwTq; fpse;j ty;y ntd;gjdhw; nfhs;f. gpwTkd;d.
Fwpg;Gg; gw;wp tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs;:
cU> Giu> ky;yy;> V> cfg;G> ctg;G> gag;G> ,iaG> rPHj;jp>

khiy> gOJ> KOJ> tk;G> khjH> Gyk;G> Jtd;W>KuQ;ry;>
222
nghw;G> twpJ> ca;ahik> ed;W> njT> njt;T> fOk;> fUtp> fkk;>
mup> ftT> ,uq;fy;> ftHT> NrH> tpay;> ta> JaT> cah> crh>
tah> GdpW> ahzH> mkHjy;> ahz;> tpag;G> KidT> it> vWo;>
esp vd;gd Fwpg;Gg; nghUspy; tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
xU nrhy; gynghUl;Fupad:
Vw;wk;> giz> glH> jh> tpwg;G> mOq;fy;> tpOkk;> edT> kj> fb>
vd;gd xUnrhy; gynghUl;fSf;F cupad MFk;.
gynrhy; xU nghUl;F cupad:
cW> jt> edp> - nry;yy;> ,d;dy;> - mykuy;> njUkuy;> - ko>

Fo> - $Hg;G> fopT> - fjo;T> JidT> - mjpHT> tpjpHg;G> -
jPHj;jy;> jPHjy;> - nfltuy;> gz;iz> - ek;G> NkT>- Xa;jy;>
Ma;jy;> epfo;j;jy;> rhma;> - gpiz> Ngz;> - igAs;> rpWik> -
tpwg;G> cwg;G> ntWg;G> - ,yk;ghL> xw;fk;> - nQkpHjy;> gha;jy;>
- Ngk;> ehk;> cUk;> - fWg;G> rptg;G> - guT> gopr;R> vd;gd gy
nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupadtha; tUjy; MFk;.
gz;G gw;wp tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs;:
( 1 ) xU nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupad:
grg;G>rhay;> ntk;ik> ths;> fb> vd;gd gz;G gw;wp tUk;

cupr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
( 2 ) xU nrhy; gy nghUl;F cupad:
thHjy;> Nghfy;> xOfy;> - jl> - fa> - nrOik vd;gd xUnrhy;

gy nghUl;F cupajha; tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
( 3 ) gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupad:
FU> nfO> - jl> fa> edp> - fWg;G> rptg;G> - nehrpT> EioT>

Ezq;F> - vd;gd gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupadtha; tUtd
MFk;.
,ir gw;wp tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs;:
( 1) xU nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupaJ
,irg;G vd;gJ kl;LNk <z;L Rl;lg;ngWfpwJ.
223
( 2 ) xU nrhy; gy nghUl;F cupaJ:
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; ,j;jifa cupr;nrhy; ,t; ,aypy;

Fwpf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.
( 3 ) gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupad:
fk;giy> Rk;ik> fyp> mOq;fy;> - Jitj;jy;> rpiyj;jy;>

,ak;gy;. ,uq;fy; vd;gd gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupad.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.cupr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
cupr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;:
cupr;nrhy; fpstp tpupf;Fk; fhiy>
,irapDk; Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; Njhd;wp>
ngaupDk; tpidapDk; nka; jLkhwp>
xU nrhy; gy nghUl;F cupik Njhd;wpDk;>
gy nrhy; xU nghUl;F cupik Njhd;wpDk;>
gapyhjtw;iwg; gapd;wit rhHj;jp>
jk;jk; kugpd; nrd;W epiy kUq;fpd;>
vr; nrhy; MapDk;> nghUs; NtW fpsj;jy;
cupr;nrhy;iy tpupj;Jiuf;Fkplj;J> ,ir Fwpg;Gg; gz;ngd;Dk;

nghUz;Nky; Njhd;wp . ngaHf; fz;Zk; tpidf;fz;Zk; jk;
cUG jLkhwp xUnrhw; gynghUl; Fupj;jha; tupDk; gynrhy;
xUnghUl; Fupj;jha; tupDk; Nfl;ghdhw; gapyg;glhj nrhy;iyg;
gapd;wtw;NwhL rhHj;jpg; ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa jj;jkf;Fupa
epiyf;fsj;jpd;fz; ahjhDnkhU nrhy;yhapDk; NtW NtW
nghUSzHj;jg;gLk; vd;gjhFk;.
2.cupapay; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
vr;rtpay;
fpstpahf;fk; Kjy; cupapay; <whf mike;j ,ay;fspy;

czHj;Jtjw;F ,lkpd;ikahd; xzHj;jg;gl;lJ Nghf cQ;rp
epd;w nrhy; ,yfr;fzk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; njhy;fhg;gpaH ,t
224
,aypy; njhfj;J czHj;j tpUk;GfpwhH. mjdhy; ,g;gFjp
vr;rtpay; Mapw;W. ghl;bay; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fupa nra;As;
<l;lr;nrhy;> tpfhuk;> nghUs;Nfhs;> Fwpg;ngr;rk;> ,irnar;rk;>
nrhy;nyr;rk; Kjypatw;iwAk; ,t; ,aypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH> gj;J
tif vr;rq;fis czHj;jkpaikahy; ,J vr;rtpayp Mapw;W
vd;ghH $w;wpid kWf;fpwhH NrdhtiuaH>
vr;rtpaypy; nra;Asd; xopG> tof;fpzj;jJ xopG> kuG xopG

NgHd;wd tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nra;As; xopG vdg;gLtJ ehd;F tifr; nrhw;fs;> nra;As;

tpfhuk;> nkhopGzH ,ay;G Nghd;wd MFk;.
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fs;:
,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy;> vd;W
midj;Nj-nra;As; <l;lr; nrhy;Ny.
fpstpahf;f Kjyhf cupapay; ,Wjpahff; fple;j Xj;Jf;fSs;

czHj;Jjw; fplkpd;ikahd; czHj;jg;glhJ vQ;rp epd;w nrhy;
ypyf;fznky;yhe; njhFj;JzHj;jpa ntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhH. mjdhd;
,t;Nthj;J vr;rtpanyd;Dk; ngaHj;jhapw;W.
fz;Bnud;wh (nrhy;-425) vdTk;>nra;ahnad;D Kd;dpiy

tpidr;nrhy; (nrhy;-450) vdTk;>cupr;nrhd; kUq;fpDk; (nrhy;-459)
vdTk;>xUik Rl;ba ngaHepiyf; fpstp' (nrhy;-491) vdTk;>
,it Kjyhfpa #j;jpuq;fsh DzHj;jg; gl;l mirepiyAk;>
tpidr;nrhy; ypyf;fzKk; tOtikjpAk; mt;Nthj;Jf;fS
SzHj;jhJ <z;LzHj;jpa njd;idNah ntdpd;:- mjw;Ff;
fhuzk; mt;tr;#j;jpuKiuf;Fk; topr; nrhy;YJk;.
gynghUl;nlhFjpf;F xd;wdhw; ngaH nfhLf;Fq;fhy; jiyikAk;

gd;ikAk; gw;wpf; nfhLg;gpdy;yJ gpwpjhwpd;ikahDk;> jiyikAk;
gd;ikAk; vr;rj;jpw;fpd;ikahDk; gj;J tif nar;rk; <z;L
czHj;jyhd; vr;rtpayhapw;nwd;wy; nghUe;jhik AzHf.
nra;Al;Fupa nrhy;Yk;> mtw;wpyf;fzKk;> mtw;whw; nra;As;

nra;topg;gLk; tpfhuKk; nra;Al; nghUs;NfhSk;> vLj;Jf; Nfhlw;f
DzHj;Jfpd;whH.
225
,aw;nrhy;Yk;> jpupnrhy;Yk;> jpirr;nrhy;Yk;> tlnrhy;Yk; vd
mj;JizNa nra;AsPl;Ljw;Fupa nrhy;yhtd:
,aw;nrhy;yhDQ; nra;Al;nrhy;yhfpa jpupnrhy;yhDNkapd;wpj;

jpirr; nrhy;Yk; tl nrhy;Yk; ,iltpuha;r; rhd;NwhH nra;As;
nra;AkhW fz;L Vidg;ghilr; nrhy;YQ; nra;Al;FupaNth
ntd;iwAw;whHf;F> ,e;ehd;F nrhy;YNk nra;Al; #upad@
gpwghilr; nrhy; cupaty;yntd;W tiuaWj;jthW.
nra;As; nra;ayhtJ xUnghUz;Nkw; gynrhw;nfhzHe;

jPl;lyhfyhd; <l;lnyd;whH.
ngaHtpidapilAup vd;gd ,aw;nrhw; ghFghlhfyhd;> ,aw;nrhy;

me;ehd;F ghFghl;lhDQ; nra;Al; Fupj;jhk; jpupnrhw; ngauhay;yJ
thuh. vd;kdhnud;gjid tpidj;jpupnrhy; vd;ghUKsH. m/J
vd;wprpNdhH ngwyUq;Fiuj;J (Gwk;-5) vd;gd Nghyr;
nra;Az;KbG ngw;W epd;wnjd;wNynghUj;jKilj;J. jpy;nyd;D
kpilr;nrhy;> jpy;yntd;whDe; jpy;iy nad;whDk; jpupe;J
epd;wtop mit tof;fpw;F Kupathfypd; jpupnrhy;nydg;glhJ
fLq;fhy; vd;Gopf;fbnad;D Kupr;nrhy;>ngaupDk; tpidapD
nka;jLkhwp' (nrhy;-234) vd;gjdhw; gz;Gg;ngauha;g; nganuhL
njhf;F tof;fpDl; gapd;W tUjyhy;> jpupnrhy;nydg;glhJ.
jpirr;nrhy;Ys; Vidr;nrhy;YKsNtDk;> nra;Al;Fupj;jha;
tUtJ ngaHr;nrhy;Nyahk;. tlnrhy;Ys;Sk; ngauy;yJ nra;Al;
Fupatha; thuh. ,t;thwhjy; rhd;NwhH nra;As; Nehf;fpf; fz;L
nfhs;f.
nra;AsPl;lr; nrhy; ehd;F :- njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r;

nrhw;fs; ,yf;fz Kiwapw; Nghd;Nw nrhw;gpwg;gpay; KiwapYk;
ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;ld. KjyhtJ jd;nrhy; maw; nrhy; vd;fpw
Kiwapy; njd;nrhy; tlnrhy; vd;w ghFghLk;> gpd;G jd;
nrhw;Fs; nre;jkpo; nfhLe;jkpo; vd;fpw Kiwapy; ehl;Lr;nrhy;
jpirr;nrhy; vd;w ghFghLk;> gpd;G ehl;Lr; nrhw;fs; ,ay;Gk;
jpupAk; gw;wp ,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; jpirr;nrhy; tlnrhy; vd
ehd;fike;jd.
226
njYq;F> fd;dlk; Kjypa jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Kw;fhyj;jpy;
nfhLe;jkpoh apUe;jikapd;> mtw;wpd; nrhw;fs; jpirr; nrhw;fs;
vdg;gl;ld. ,d;W mk;nkhopfs; Mupaf;fyg;ghy; Ntw;W nkhopaha;
toq;Ffpd;wikahd;> Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fisnay;yhk; jpirr;
nrhy;nydf; $WtJ jtwhFk;> Kw;fhyj;jpy; jpirr;nrhy;yhff;
fhl;lg;gl;l nfhLe;jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs ,d;We; jpirr;nrhy;yhFk;.
tlnkhop nahd;Nw Kw;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;J toq;fpa mad;nkhop.

mjdhy;> mjd; nrhy; mk;nkhopg; ngauhNyNa tl nrhy;
vdg;gl;lJ. mJNghy; ,g;NghJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fSk; Mq;fpyr;nrhy; NghHj;JfPrpar;nrhy; vd mt;tk; nkhopg;
ngauhNyNa miof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;nrhy;:
. mtw;Ws;>
,aw;nrhy;jhNk
nre;jkpo; epyj;J tof;nfhL rptzp>
jk; nghUs; tohik ,irf;Fk; nrhy;Ny.
me;ehd;fDs; ,aw;nrhy;nyd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l nrhy;>

nre;jkpo;epyj;J tof;fhjw;Fg; nghUe;jpf; nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;Je;
jk;nghUs; tOthky; czHj;JQ; nrhy;yhFk;.
mitahtd : epyk; ePH> jP> tsp> NrhW> $o;> ghy; >japH> kf;fs;>
kh> njq;F> fKF vd;De; njhlf;fj;jdMFk;.
nre;jkpo; epykhtd> itiaahw;wpd; tlf;Fk; kUjahw;wpd;

nww;Fk; >fUt+upd; fpof;Fk; kUt+upd; Nkw;Fkhk;.
jpupgpd;wp ,ay;ghfpa nrhy;yhfypd; ,aw;nrhy; Mapw;W.

nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthfypd; ,aw; nrhy;yhapw;WvdpDk;
mikAk; ePnud;gJ Mupar; rpijthapDk; mg; nghUl;F mJNt
nrhy;yha;r; nre;jkpo; epyj;Jk; nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;Jk;
toq;fg;gLjyhd; ,aw;nrhy; Mapw;W.
227
jpupnrhy;:
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j NtW nrhy; MfpAk;>
NtW nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy; MfpAk;>
,U ghw;W vd;g-jpupnrhy;-fpstp'.
xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfTk; NtWnghUs; Fwpj;j

xUnrhy;yhfTk; tUgit vy;yhk; jpupnrhy; vdg;gLk;.,J
,aw;nrhy;ypdpd;W jpupe;J toq;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;.
ntw;G> tpyq;fy;> tpz;L – xUnghUs; Fwpj;j NtWngaHf;fpstp
vfpdk;> ce;jp – NtWnghUs; Fwpj;j xUngaHf;fpstp
Nkw;fz;ltw;Ws; vfpdk; vd;gJ md;dk;> ftupkh> Gspkh> eha;

vd;Dk; nghUs;fis czHj;Jk;.ce;jp vd;gJ aho;gj;jH
cWg;ghFk;.,j nfhg;G+o;> NjHj;jl;L> fhd;ahW vd;Dk;
nghUs;fisAk; czHj;Jk;.
jpupnrhy; cWg;Gj; jpupjy;> KOtJe;jpupjy; vd ,Utifg;gLk.
fps;is> kQ;iQ – cWg;Gj; jpupjy; - fpsp – fps;is- kapy; –

kQ;iQ vdj; jpupe;jJ.
tpyq;fy;> tpz;L – KOtJk; jpupe;jd.,it ntw;G vd;gjd;

jpupghFk;. jkf;Fs; njhlHG rpwpJk; Gyg;glhky; KOtJk;
jpupe;jd.
jpirr;nrhy;:
nre;jkpo; NrHe;j gd;dpU epyj;Jk;
jk; Fwpg;gpdNt-jpirr;nrhy;-fpstp.
nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; NrHe;j gd;dpuz;L epyj;Je; jhq; Fwpj;j

nghUs; tpsf;Fk; nrhy; jpirr;nrhy; vd;gjhFk;.mt;te;epyj;Jj;
jhq; Fwpj;j nghUs; tpsf;Ftjy;yJ mt;tpaw;nrhw;Nghy
ve;epyj;Je; jk;nghUs; tpsf;fh ntd;wthwhk;.
gd;dpUepykhtd nghq;fHehL> xspehL> njd;ghz;behL> Fl;lehL>

FlehL> gd;wpehL> fw;fhehL> rPjehL> g+opehL> kiyehL>
mUthehL> mUthtl jiy vdr; nre;jkpo; ehl;Lj; njd;fPo;ghd;
Kjyhf tl fPo;ghypWjpahf cs;sdthFk;.
228
nfhLe;jkpo; epykhf NrdhtiuaH $wpa gd;dpU epyk; 12 Mk;
E}w;whz;bw; Nfw;witahjypd;> njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpj;jitahfh.
njd;ghz;behl;lhH M> vUik vd;gtw;iwg;ngw;wk; vd;Wk;> jk;khkp

vd;gjidj; je;Jit vd;Wk; toq;FtH.
jq;Fwpg;gpdntd;W jdpnkhop jk;nghUSzHj;J khw;Wf;Fr;

nrhy;ypdhH. ,Unkhop njhlUkplj;Jj; jd;id te;jhd; vd
Ntz;bathW tug;ngW nkd;whuy;ynud;gJ.
gd;dpUepykhtd:-itahw;wpd; ehL@ xspehL> njd;ghz;behL>

fUq;Fl;lehL> FlehL> gd;wpehL> fw;fhehL> rPjehL> g+opehL>
kyhL> mUthehL> mUthtljiy vd;g. ,it nre;jkpo;
ehl;lfj;j nre;jkpo; ehnld;wikahy;> gpwehlhf Ntz;Lnkd;ghH.
cjhuzq;fhl;LkhW:- fd;dpj; njd;fiuf; flw;goe;jPgk;@ nfhy;yq;
$gfQ;rpq;fsnkd;Dk; vy;iyapd; Gwj;jTk;> fd;dlk;> tLfk;>
fypq;fk;> njypq;fk;> nfhq;fzk;> JStk;> Flfk;> Fd;wfk;>
vd;gd FlghypUtpwr; iraj; JlDiwG $We; jkpo;
jpupepyq;fSk; KbAilat upLepythl;rpapd; mRu Nkk;gl;l
FWepyf; FLkpfs; gjpd;kUk; cldpUg; gpUtUkhfpa gd;dpUtH
murUk; gilj;j gd;dpUNjaj;jpDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhjw;F
tpUg;Gilad" vd;wikahDk;> jkpo; $W ey;Yyfj;J tof;FQ;
nra;ASkhapU Kjypd; vOj;JQ; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; ehb vd
epWj;Jg; gpd;DQ; nre;jkpopaw;if rptzpa epyj;njhL Ke;J E}y;
fz;L' vd Xjpatjdhw; rptzpa epykhtJ vy;iy Fwpj;j
epyj;ijr; rhHe;j epynkd Ntz;LjyhDk;> gd;dpU epykhtd:-
Fkupahw;wpd; njd;fiug;gl;l goe;jPgKk;> nfhy;yKk;> $gfKk;>

rpq;fsKk;> iraj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;gl;l nfhq;fzKe; JStKq;>
FlfKq;> Fd;wfKk;> fpof;Fg; gl;l fUelKk;> tLFk;> njypq;Fk;>
fypq;Fk; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLk;.
,tw;Ws;> $gfKq; nfhy;yKq; fly; nfhs;sg; gLjypd;>

Fkupahw;wpd; tlfiuiaf; nfhy;ynkdf; FbNawpdhH NghYk;.
gQ;rj; jpuhtplnkdTk; tlehl;lhH ciug;gthfyhd;>
mitiae;Jk; Ntq;flj;jpd; njw;fhjYk; $lhikAzHf.
tlnrhy;-fpstp tl vOj;J XuP,>
vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy; MFk;Nk.
tlnrhw; fpstpahtJ tlnrhw;Nf cupa vdg;gLQ; rpwg;ngOj;jpd;

ePq;fp ,UrhH nkhopf;Fk; nghJthfpa vOj;jhdpad;w nrhy;yhk;
229
vdNt>nghJntOj;jhd; ,ad;w tlnrhy;Yk; nra;Al; nra;jw;Fr;
nrhy;yhnkd;wthwhapw;W.
mit thup> NkU> Fq;Fkk;> kD vd;De;njhlf;fj;jd.
xf;Fnkd;W nrhy;yg;gLtd xU Gilahy; xg;GikAk;

Ntw;WikAKilikahd; ,uz;lhfy; Ntz;Lk;> ,it vOj;jhDk;
nghUshDk; NtWghbd;ikahfpa xU nrhy;ypyf;fz
Kilikahd; ,uz;Lnrhy;nydg;glhJ
mjdhd; xj;jy; ahz;ilaJ @ xU nrhy;Nyahnkd;gJ. xU

nrhy;yhapDk; MupaKe; jkpOkhfpa ,lNtw;Wikahy;
Ntwhapdntdpd; :- mt;thwhapd; tof;FQ; nra;ASkhfpa ,l
Ntw;Wikahw; NrhW $nod;De; njhlf;fj;jdTk; ,uz;L
nrhy;yhthd; nry;Yk;@ mjdhd; ,lNtw;WikAilaNtDk; xU
nrhy; ypyf;fzKilikahd; xU nrhy;Nyahk; xU nrhy;yha
topj; jkpo;r;nrhy; tlghilf;fl; nry;yhiknaDk; tlnrhy;
vy;yhj;Njaj;jpw;Fk; nghJthfahDk;> ,it tlnrhy;yha; <z;L
toq;fg;gl;ld vdy; Ntz;Lk; @ mjdhd; mJ NghypAiunad;f.
my;yJ}ck; mit jkpo;r;nrhy;yhapd; tlntOj;njhuP, nad;wy;
nghUe;jhikahDk;> tl nrhy;yhjywpf vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
rpije;jd tupDk;> ,iae;jd tiuahH.
nghJ vOj;jhd; ,ad;wdNt md;wp> tlntOj;jhd; ,ad;w

tlnrhw; rpije;J tupDk;> nghUj;jKilad> nra;Asplj;J
tiuahH
mukpa tpayfj; jpak;Gk; (mfk; - 424)
jrehd; nfa;jpa gizkU Nzhd;whs; (neLey; - 115) vdTk;

tUk;.
rpije;jd tupDnkdg; nghJg;glf; $wpatjdhd;> Mid> tl;lk;>

etPlk;> fz;zd; vdg; ghfjkha;r; rpije;J tUtdTq; nfhs;f
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
me; ehw; nrhy;Yk; njhLf;Fk; fhiy>

typf;Fk; top typj;jYk;> nkypf;Fk; top nkypj;jYk;>
tpupf;Fk; top tpupj;jYk;> njhFf;Fk; topj; njhFj;jYk;>
ePl;Lk; top ePl;lYk;> FWf;Fk; topf; FWf;fYk;>
ehl;ly; typa vd;kdhH GytH.
230
,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy;nyd;Dk; ehd;F
nrhy;iyAk; nra;Ashfj; njhLf;fhy; nkypajid
typf;fNtz;Lk;top typj;jYk;> typajid nkypf;fNtz;Lk;top
nkypj;jYk;> Fiwtjid tpupf;f Ntz;Lk;top
tpupj;jYk;>kpFtjidj; njhFf;fNtz;Lk; topj; njhFj;jYk;>
Fwpajid ePl;l Ntz;Lk;top ePl;lYk;> nebajidf;
FWf;fNtz;Lk; topf; FWf;fYkhfpa mWtif tpfhuKk;>
nra;Aspd;gk; ngwr; nra;tH GytH.
FWq;if apUk;Gyp - FWf;if apUk;Gyp' (269)
Ke;ij t&cq; fhye; Njhd;wpd; -Kj;ij t&cq; fhye;

Njhd;wpd;' (vO - 194) typf;Fk;top typj;jy;.
RLkl;;ghit- RLkz;ghit
Fw;wpa Yfuj; jpWjp' - Fd;wpa Yfuj; jpWjp - nkypf;Fk;top

nkypj;jy;
.jz; Jiwtd; - jz;ze; Jiwtd; (FWe; - 296) - tpupf;Fk;top

tpupj;jy;
.kotiu Xl;ba - kotH Xl;ba (mfk; - 9) -

njhFf;Fk;>topj;njhFj;jy;
Fd;wp Nfhgq; nfhbtpL gts nkhz;nrq;fhe;jnshf;F epd;dpwk;

vd;Gopr; nrt;ntz;zpd; njhif njhf;F epw;wypd; ,JTk;
njhFf;Fk;>topj;njhFj;jyhk;.
tpL kpd; - tPL kpd;> gr;rpiy - ghrpiy - ePl;Lk;top ePl;ly;
cz;lhHe;J -cz;lUe;J - FWf;Fk; topf;FWf;fy;.
nkhopGzH ,ay;G:
. epuy;-epiw> Rz;zk;> mbkwp> nkhopkhw;W>
mit ehd;F vd;g-nkhop GzH ,ay;Ng
epudpiwAk;> Rz;zKk;> mbkwpAk;> nkhopkhw;Wnkd ehd;nfd;W

nrhy;Yg @ me;ehd;F nrhy;YQ; nra;Asplj;Jj;
jk;Kl;GzUKiwia.
231
epudpiwAk; Rz;zKk; nkhopkhw;whjy; xf;FkhapDk;> epudpw;wYk;
mstbnaz;rPiur; Rz;zkhfj; Jzpj;jYkhfpa
NtWghLilikahd;> mtw;iwg; gpupj;J mt;NtWghl;lhw;
ngaHnfhLj;J> Ntwpyf;fzk; ,y;yhj nkhopkhw;iw
nkhopkhw;nwd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
mtw;Ws;>
epuy;-epiwjhNd
tpidapDk; ngaupDk; epidaj; Njhd;wp>
nrhy; NtW epiy,> nghUs; NtW epiyay;
me; ehd;fpDs;> epudpiwahtJ tpidahDk; ngauhDk; Muhaj;

Njhd;wpr; nrhy; NtW epw;gg; nghUs; NtW epw;wyhk;@
njhlH nkhopg;nghUs; Kbf;FQ; nrhw;fz; Mfyhd; Kbf;FQ;

nrhy;iyg; nghUnsd;whH.
tpidapDk; ngaupD nkd;wjdhy;> tpidr;nrhy;yhy; tUtJ>

ngaHr;nrhy;yhy; tUtJ mt;tpU nrhy;yhDk; tUtJ vd
epudpiw %d;whk;.
khR NghfTq; fha;grp ePq;fTq; -
fbGdd; %o;fp abrpy;if njhl;L
- vd KbtdTk; Kbg;gdTkhfpa tpidr;nrhy;

NtWNtW epw;wypd;> tpidepudpiw ahapw;W.
mit khRNghfg; Gdd;%o;fp> grpePq;f mbrpy; ifnjhl;L vd

,iaAk;>
nfhb Ftis nfhl;il ERg;Gz;fz; Nkdp
- vd KbtdTk; Kbg;gdTk; Mfpa ngaHr;nrhy;

NtWNtW epw;wypd;> ngaH epudpiwahapw;W. mit ERg;Gf;nfhb>
cz;fz;Ftis> Nkdpnfhl;il vd ,iaAk;.
clY Kile;NjhL %o;kyUk; ghHf;Fq;
flypU shk;gy;ghk; ngd;w - nflyUQ;rPHj;
jpq;f bUKfkhr; nrj;J
232
vd Kbg;gdthfpa tpidAk; Kbtdthfpa ngaUk; NtWNtW
epw;wypd;> nghJ epudpiwahapw;W.
mit fly; clYk;> ,Us; cile;NjhLk;> Mk;gy; Co;kyUk;

ghk;G ghHf;Fk; vd ,iaAk;.
epidaj;Njhd;wp vd;wjdhy;> nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; NtWNtW

epw;Fq;fhy; epuy;gl epy;yhJ>
fspWk; fe;Jk; Nghy espflw;
$k;Gq; fyDe; Njhd;We;
Njhd;wd; kwe;NjhH JiwnfO ehl;Nl
- vd kaq;fp tUjYq; nfhs;f.
Rz;zg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
Rz;zk;jhNd
gl;lhq;F mike;j <H mb vz; rPH
xl;L top mwpe;J> Jzpj;jdH ,aw;wy;.
Rz;zkhtJ ,ay;ghf mike;j <ubf;fz; mike;j vz;rPiuj;

Jzpj;J ,iaAk; top mwpe;J $l;b ,aw;wg;gLtjhk;@
mstb my;yhjd tpfhutbahfypw; gl;lhq;F mike;jpy Mjypw;

gl;lhq;fike;j <ubnadNt> mstbahjy; ngwg;gLk;. <ubnaz;rPH
tpfhutbahDk; ngwg;gLjypd;> mtw;iw ePf;Fjw;Fg;
gl;lhq;fike;j <ubnad;whH. vdNt Rz;zk;
mstbapuz;lDsy;yJ thuhnjd;gJ. ngwg;gLk;; vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
Riuaho mk;kp kpjg;g tiuaida
ahidf;F ePj;J Kaw;F epiynad;g
fhdf ehld Rid
vd;Gop> Mo> kpjg;g> ePj;J> epiynad;gdTk;> Riu. mk;kp

ahidf;F> Kaw;nfd;gdTk; epd;Wtop nghUs; nfhs;s
,iaahikapd; Riu kpjg;g> mk;kp aho> ahidf;F epiy>
Kaw;F ePj;J vdj; ,iaAkhW Jzpj;Jf;$l;l Ntz;Lk;.
233
Rz;zk;Nghyr; rpjuha;g; gue;J fplj;jpypw; Rz;z nkd;whH.
mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
mbkwpr; nra;jp mb epiy jpupe;J>
rPH epiy jpupahJ> jLkhWk;Nk.
mbkwpr;nra;AshtJ> rPH epd;whq;F epw;g mbfs; jj;jepiyapy;

jpupe;J xd;wd; epiyf;fsj;J xd;W nrd;W epw;Fk;.
”khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
Ntwh nkd;Nwhs; tisnefp Ok;Nk
$wha; Njhopahd; thO khNw'
“ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
$wha; Njhopahd; thO khNw
vd mb kwpj;jpl;lhYk; nghUs; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; ehybr;nra;Al;f zy;yJ ,g;nghUs; Nfhs;

thuhnjd;f.
epudpiwjhNd> Rz;ze;jhNd>nkhopkhw;wpaw;if vd;gd Nghy

<z;Lk; mbkwpr;nra;jpnad;gjidf; Fwsbahf;fp. mbepiy jpupe;J
rPHepiy jpupahJ jLkh Wk;Nk nghUnjup kUq;fpd; vd;W
#j;jpukhf ciug;ghUKsH.
nghUs; njup kUq;fpd;
<w;W mb ,W rPH vUj;Jtapd; jpupAk;
Njhw;wKk; tiuahH> mbkwpahd.
nghUshuhAq;fhy;> mbkwpr; nra;Al;fz; <w;wbaJ ,Wjpr;rPH

vUj;jbapw; nrd;W jpupjYk; tiuahH@
234
rPHepiy jpupahJ jLkhWk; vd;whuhfypd; rPHepiy jpupjYk; xU
topf;fz;L va;jpaJ ,fe;Jglhkw; fhj;jthW. vUj;Jtad;
vd;gjw;F <w;waw;rPHtapd; vd;W nghUSiuj;J MFk;.
#uy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahNw
#uu kfsp uhuzq; fpdNu
rhu dhl ePtU jPNa
thu nydpNd ahdQ; RtNy
vd;Gop mQ;Rty; ahd; vd ,Wjpr;rPH <w;waw;rPHtapw; nrd;W

jpupe;jnjd;W cjhuzq; fhl;ba ciuahrpupaiu vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
NrdhtiuaH : - ahdQ;Rtnyd epd;whq;F epw;gTk; nghUs;
nry;Ykhfypd; . ,t;thW jpupjy; nghUe;jhikapd;> mtHf;fJ
fUj;jd;nwd;f. vd kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
vy;yhtbAk; ahz;LQ; nry;YkhapDk;> ciug;NghH Fwpg;ghd;

vUj;njd;Wk; <w;wbnad;Wq; $wpdhH.
ciug;NghH Fwpg;gp DzHtif ad;wp
apilg;ghd; KjyP nwd;wpit jk;Kz;
kjpf;fg; glhjd kz;ly ahg;Ng
vd ciug;NghH Fwpg;ghd; KjYk; ,ilAk; <Wq;Nfhly; gpwUq;

$wpdhnud;gJ.
nkhopkhw;Wg;nghUs;Nfhs;:
nkhopkhw;W ,aw;if
nrhy; epiy khw;wp> nghUs; vjpH ,iaa>
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nfhs; topf; nfhshmy;!
nkhopkhw;wpdjpay;G> nghUnsjpH ,iaAkhW nrhy; epiyia

khw;wp Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nfhs;Sk; topf; nfhSTjyhFk;.
Mupa kd;dH giwapd; vOe;jpak;Gk;
ghup gwk;gpd;Nky; jz;Zik - fhup
tpwd;Ks;SH Ntq;if tP jhdhZk; Njhshd;
235
epwDs;SH cs;s jyH
vd ,jDs;> ghup gwk;gpd;Nky; jz;Zik jhdhZk; Njhshs;

vdTk;> epwd; tpwd;Ks;SH Ntq;iftP vdTk;> cs;SUs;sjhfpa
myH Mupa kd;dH giwapd; vOe;jpak;Gk; vdTk;> Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dq; nfhs;top awpe;J nfhs;f. nkhopkhw;W epd;W
xd;ww;nfhd;W nrt;thfhik Nfl;lhH $l;bAzUkhW nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. my;yhf;fhy;> mtha;epiyAk; jFjpAila nrhw;fs;
mz;ikahfpa fhuzkpd;ikahw; nrhw;fs; jk;Ks; ,iaahthk;.
tof;fpdj;J xopG:
fpisEjw; ngaHfs;> njhifr;nrhw;fs;>mLf;F> tpidKw;W>

vr;rq;fs; Nghd;wit vr;rtpaSs; mike;Js;s tof;fpdj;J xopG
MFk;.
fpisEjw; ngaHfs;:
'j> e> E> v' vDk; mit Kjy; Mfpa
fpis Ejw; ngaUk; gpupg;gg; gpupah
j e E v vd;gdtw;iw Kjyhf cilatha;f; fpisik Ejyp

tUk; ngaUk; gpupf;fg;glhJ.
mitahtd>
jkd;> jks;> jkH: ekd;> eks;> ekH@
Ekd;> Eks;> EkH@ vkd;> vks;> vkH @
jk;khd;> jk;khs;> jk;khH@ ek;khd;> ek;khs;> ek;khH@
Ek;khd;> Ek;khs;> Ek;khH@ vk;khd;> vk;khs;> vk;khH
vd;gdMFk;.ck;ikahw; gpwfpisEjw; ngaUk; gpupf;fg; gpupah

ntd;gjhk;. mit jha;> Qha;> je;ij> jd;id vd;De;
njhlf;fj;jd.
ntw;gd; nghUg;gd; vd;De; njhlf;fj;J xl;Lg;ngaH ntw;G +

md;> nghUg;G + md; vdg; gpupj;jtopAk;> ntw;G nghUg;G vd;Dk;
Kjdpiy jk;nghUs; ,dpJ tpsf;Fk;. jkd;> vkd; vd;gdtw;iwj;
jk; + md;> vk; + md;> vdg; gpupf;fYwpd; jk;> vk; vd;gd
Kjdpiyaha;g; nghUSzHj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; @ mit
nghUSzHj;jhikahd;> jkd;> vkd; vd toq;fpahq;Ff;
nfhs;tjy;yJ gpupf;fg;glhikapd; >mt;thW $wpdhH njhy;fhg;gpaH;
236
.. jhk; ahk; vd;gd mtw;wpw;F Kjdpiyahfg; gpupf;fNt> mitAe;
jk; nghUSzHj;J vdpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH jkd;>
vkd; vd;gd jd; fpis> vd; fpis vdTk; jq;fpis> vq;fpis
vdTk; Kjdpiy tifahd; xUikf;Fk; gd;ikf;Fk;
nghJthjYila xUikAzHj;Jq;fhy; jhk; ahk; vd;gd
nghUe;jhikapd; jhd; ahd; vd;gdNt Kjdpiynady;
Ntz;Lk;.Ntz;lNt ,t;thW gpupg;gpd; jkd; vkd; vd
Xnuhd;wpuz;L nrhy;yhjy; Ntz;Ljyhd;> vOj;jhDk; nghUshDk;
NtWghbd;ikapd; xU nrhy;nydNt gLk;@ ,uz;L nrhy;nyd;wy;
epuk;ghikapd; > mt;thW gpupj;jYk; nghUj;jkpd;W vd;gJ Mk;.
,irepiw> mirepiy> nghUnshL GzHjy;> vd;W
mit %d;W vd;g-xU nrhy; mLf;Nf
,irepiwAk; mirepiyAk; nghUs; NtWghl;NlhL GzHtJnkd

xU nrhy;yLf;F %d;W tifg;gLk;@
,irepiw:
nra;Aspy; ,irepiwj;jw; nghUl;L tUk;. ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp

tUk;. ,uz;L> %d;W KiwAk; mLf;fp tuyhk;.
,irg;gL nghUNs ehd;F tuk;ghFk; ( nrhy; - 423 )
V V V V ak;gd; nkhope;jds; - ,irepiw.
mirepiy:
nra;Aspy; ,d;gk; Fwpj;J tUk;. ,J mLf;fp tUjw;F

njhy;fhg;gpaH tuk;G $wtpy;iy> vdpDk; ciuahrpupaHfs;
,UKiw mLf;fp tUk; vd;gH.
kw;Nwh kw;Nwh@ md;Nw md;Nw - mirepiy.
nghUNshL GzHjy;:
xU nghUS; Fwpj;J tUk;. tpiuT> JzpT> cld;ghL> xU

njhopy;Nky; gyfhy; tUjy; vdf; Fwpj;J tUk;.
ghk;G ghk;G>- tpiuT
mtd; mtd; - JzpT
itNjd; itNjd; @ cz;L cz;L @ Nghk; Nghk; - epfo;jy;
237
vd;gd tpiuTe; JzpTk; clk;ghLk; xU njhopy; gyfhy;
epfo;jYkhfpa nghUs;NtWghL czHj;jypw; nghUnshL
GzHj;jy;.
njhifepiynkhopfs;
.Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa> ctkj; njhifNa>
tpidapd; njhifNa> gz;gpd; njhifNa>
ck;ikj; njhifNa> md;nkhopj; njhif> vd;W
mt; MW vd;g>-njhifnkhop epiyNa
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhfj; njhifr;nrhy; Mwhk;
Ntw;WikAUGk; ctkTUGk; ck;ikAk; tpidr;nrhy;yPWk;

gz;Gr;nrhy;yPWe; njhFjypw; njhifahapd ntd;ghUk;.
mt;tg;nghUz;Nky; ,uz;Lk; gyTkhfpa nrhw;fs; gpsTglhJ
xw;Wikg;glj; jk;Ks; ,iajypw; njhifahapd vd;ghUk; csH.
nra;jhd; nghUs;> ,Ue;jhd; khlj;J vd cUG njhf;F
tUtdtw;iwj; njhifahff; fUjtpy;iy.; Ntof;fUk;G>
Nfow;gd;wp vd;topj; njhf;ftpy;iy vdpDk; njhifnadf;
fUJtH;. cUG Kjyhapd njhFjypy; njhif vdpy; cUG
njhfy; vy;yhj; njhifapd; fz;Zk; ,y;iy. vdNt
NrdhtiuaH mt;tg; nghUs;Nky; gpsTglhJ nrhd;dPHikgl;L
tUtjidNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;thH> cUG njhftUjYk; (nrhy; - 104)
vdTk;>Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk; (nrhy; - 418)
vdTk;>ck;ik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;' vdTk;>ctiknjhf;f
ngaHtapdhDk;' vdTk; Xjyhy; mit Mz;Lj; njhf;fdntdg;
gLNkh vdpd; - mt;thwd;W>> mJntd; Ntw;Wik AaH jpizj;
njhiftapd;' (nrhy; 94) vd;Gop mJntDUG epd;W nfl;ljhapd;
epd;w fhyj;Jj; jpidtOthk;. @ mj;jpiztO mikTilj;njdpd;
tpupf;fpd;Wop ehd;fhKUG njhluhJ mJjd;idNa tpupg;gpDk;
mikTilj;J@ mjdhd; Kiwg;nghUNlhd;wh ek;gpkfd; vd
,uz;L nrhw; njhf;fd ntd;gNj MrpupaH fUj;njdy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;> tpidj;njhif> gz;Gj;njhif> md;nkhopj;njhif vd;gd
tw;wpd;fz; tpidAk; gz;Gk; md;nkhopAe; njhf;F epy;yhik
ahDk;> m/Nj fUj;jhjywpf. mjdhd; cUGk; ctikAk;
ck;ikAe; njhFjyhtJ jk; nghUs; xl;ba nrhy;yhw;Nwhd;wj;
jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyg;glhJ epw;wNy ahk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH
238
Ntw;Wikj; njhifnad;gJ Ntw;Wikg; nghUisAila njhif
my;yJ Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; njhf;fnjhif vd;whDk; tpupAk;.
ctkj;njhif ck;ikj; njhif md;nkhopj;njhifnad;gdTk;
mt;thW tpupAk;. md;nkhopahtJ njhf;f nrhy;yy;yhj nkhop.
tpidj;njhif gz;Gj;njhif nad;gd> tpidapdJ njhif
gz;gpdJ njhifnad tpupAk;. tpidgz;ngd;wJ mtw;iw
AzHj;JQ; nrhy;iy. xU nrhy;yhw; njhifapd;ikapw; gpwpnjhU
nrhy;nyhL njhFjy; ngwg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wikj;njhif:
mtw;Ws;>
Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa Ntw;Wik ,ay;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif mt;Ntw;Wik cUG njhlHnghUs;

czHj;jpahq;F czHj;Jk;@
rhj;jndhL te;jhd; vd;Dk; nghUl;fl; rhj;jd; te;jd; vdTk;

rhj;jw;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; vd;Dk; nghUl;fl; rhj;jd; nfhLj;jhd;
vdTk; cUG njhlHGg; nghUSzHj;Jk;; Mw;wy; ,y;yd njhfh>
mt;thw;wy; ciladNt njhFk;;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhf Ntw;Wikj;njhif mW

tifg;gLk;.
epyq;fle;jhd;> Fiof;fhJ
jha; %tH> nghw;Flk;
fUg;G Ntyp> fb#j;jpug;nghd;
tiu gha;jy; > fUt+Hf; fpof;F
rhj;jd; Gj;jfk;> nfhw;wDzHT
kd;wg;ngz;iz> khupahkh
,it KiwahNd> epyj;ijf; fle;jhd; @ Fioia Aila fhJ@

jhnahL %tH@ nghd;dhdpad;w Flk; @ fUk;gpw;F Ntyp@
fb#j;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghd;@ tiuapdpd;Wk; gha;jy;@ fUt+upd; fpof;F@
rhj;jdJ Gj;jfk; @ nfhw;wd JzHT@ kd;wj;jpd;fzpw;Fk;
ngz;iz@ khupf;fZs jhkh vd;Dk; cUGnjhlHg; nghUis
,dpJ tpsf;Fk;.
239
ctkj;njhif:
ctkj; njhifNa ctk ,ay;
ctkj; njhif ctkTUG njhlHg; nghUs; Nghyg; nghUSHj;Jk;.

vdNt Gypad;d rhj;jd;> kapyd;d khjH vd;Dk; nghUl;fl;
Gypr;rhj;jd;> kapd;khjH vd mg;nghUs; tpsf;Fk; Mw;wy;
,y;yhjd njhfh@ Mw;wYilaNt njhFk;;.
Gypg;gha;j;Js; @ kiotz;if @ JbeLT@ nghd;Nkdp vd;gd

Gypg;gha;j;Jsd;d gha;j;Js; kioad;d tz;if@ Jbad;d eLT@
nghd;dd;d Nkdp vdj; jk; tpupg;nghUs; czHj;jpd.
Gypg;gha;j;Jis nahf;Fk; gha;j;Js;@ kioianahf;Fk; tz;if
vd tpupj;jypd; mitnay;yhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif nadg;gLk;@
mjdhd; ctkj; njhifnad xd;wpy;iynadpd;:
mt;thwd;W>nrhy;YthHf;F mJ fUj;jhapd; Ntw;Wikj;
njhifAkhk;. mf; fUj;jhdd;wpg; Gypad;d gha;j;Js;> nghd;khD
Nkdp vd Ntw;WikNahL ,iagpy;yh ctkTUG
njhlHg;nghUl;fz; njhf;ftop ctkj; njhifahfNt mikAk;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif Mfh vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
ctkTUG xg;gpy; topahw; nghUs; nra;Ak; ,ilr;nrhy;yhfyhd;>

tpidAk; tpidf;Fwpg;Gk; gw;wp tUk;. (,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik)
mitgw;wp vd;Nghw; ngUtpJg; GWfepd;id apd;dhJw;w twdpy;
$w;Nw (Gwk; - 255) vd;Gopg; Nghyntd;gJ Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkha;
epw;wyhDk;>Ek;k NdhUkw;wpida uhap - ndk;k Ndhuptl; gpwtyH
khNjh (Gwk; - 210) vd;wtop md;Ndhnud;gJ ,ilr; nrhy;
Kjdpiyahfg; gpwe;j Fwpg;Gg; ngauhfyhDk;> vd;idg; Nghy
Ek;ikad;NdhH vk;ikad;Ndhnud ,uz;lhtJ tpupj;jhw; F
Vw;Gilik cz;nld;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpidj;njhif:
tpidapd; njhFjp fhyj;J ,aYk;.
tpidj; njhif fhyj;jpd;fz; epfOk;@
fhyj;jpaYk; vdg; nghJtifahw; $wpatjdhd; %d;W fhyKq;

nfhs;f.
njhFjp fhyj;jpaYnkdNt mt;tpid gpupe;J epd;w topj;

Njhd;whJ. njhf;ftopj; njhifahw;wyhw; fhye;Njhd;Wk;
240
tpidnad;wJ vdg;gLtJ: - tpidr; nrhw;Fk; tpidg;
ngaHf;Fk; Kjdpiyaha;> cz;> jpd;> nry;> nfhy;> vd tpid
khj;jpu KzHj;jp epw;git MFk; ,tw;iw tlE}yhH jhJntd;gH.
Mluq;F> nra;Fd;W@ GzHnghOJ@ mupths;@ nfhy; ahid@

nry;nryT vd tUk;. fhyk; czHj;jhJ tpidkhj;jpuk;
czHj;Jk; ngaH> epiyg;ngaH Kjyhfpa nganuhL njhf;Fopf;
fhyKzHj;Jk;.fhyKzHj;Jfpd;Wopg; nganur;rg; nghUstha;
epd;WzHj;Jnkd;gJ
nra;AQ; nra;j ntd;Dq; fpstpapd; -
nka;nahUq; fpaYe; njhopnwhF nkhopAk;. (vO - 482)
vd;gjdhw; $wpdhH. njhifg; nghUshfpa jhk; gpupe;jtopg;

ngwg;glhikapd; MrpupaH ,tw;iwg; Gzupadpiyapil Azuj;
Njhd;wh' vd;whH. mjdhd; ,itjQ; nrhy;yhd; tpupf;fg;glhikapw;
gpuptpnyhl;lhk;.
nganur;rk; epd;W njhf;fnjd;w ciuahrpupaupd; fUj;jpid

vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH; : - mw;wd;W MrpupaH ,tw;iwg;
gpupj;Jg; GzHf;fg;glh @ toq;fpathNw nfhs;sg;gLnkd;wJ.
gpupj;jtopj; njhifg;nghUs; rpijjyhdd;Nw @ nfhd;w ahid vd
tpupe;j topAk; mg;nghUs; rpijtpd;Nwy; Gzupa dpiyapil
Azuj;Njhd;wh' vd;ww;nfhU fhuzkpy;iyahk; @ mjdhw;
nganur;rk; epd;W njhFjy; MrpupaH fUj;jd;ikapd;
ciuahrpupaHf;Fk; mJ fUj;jd;nwd;f vd tpsf;fk; nra;fpwhH>
my;yJ}ck;> MFngaH czHj;jpatop tpidj;njhifAsg;gl
,Unganuhl;Lk;' (nrhy; - 114) vd;whuhfyhDk; tpid epd;W
njhFjy; mtHf;Ff; fUj;jd;ikawpf.vd tpsf;fk; nra;fpwhH
NrdhtiuaH.
gz;Gj;njhif:
tz;zj;jpd;> tbtpd;> mstpd;> Ritapd;> vd;W
md;d gpwTk; mjd; Fzk; Ejyp>
,d;dJ ,J vd t&ck; ,aw;if
vd;d fpstpAk; gz;gpd; njhifNa.
241
tz;zk;> tbT> msT> Rit vd;gdTk; mit Nghy;td gpwTk;
Fzj;ij Fwpj;Jg; gpd; njhf;f topf; Fzr;nrhw;
FzKilajid AzHj;jyhd; ,d;d jpJntd xd;wid xd;W
tpNrbj;J ,U nrhy;Yk; xU nghUspd;Nky; tUk; ,ay;igAila
vy;yhj; njhifr; nrhy;Yk; gz;Gj;njhifahk;:
fUq;Fjpiu - tz;zk;
tl;lg;gyif - tbT.
neLq;Nfh - msT .
jPq;fUk; - Rit.
md;dgpwT nkd;wjdhd;.
Ez;Z}y;> guhiu> nky;ypiy> ey;yhil vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd

nfhs;f. mit> fupjhfpa Fjpiu> tl;l khfpa gyif vdg;
gz;Gr; nrhy;Yk; gz;Gilg; nghUNs Fwpj;jyhd;> ,U nrhy;Yk;
xU nghUstha; ,d;dJ ,Jntd xd;iwnahd;W nghJik
ePf;fpathW fz;Lnfhs;f. m/Njy;> fupjhfpa Fjpiu> tl;lkhfpa
gyif vd;gd mj;njhifapd; tpupahfypd; gz;Gj; njhif
gpupf;fg;glhJ vd;wJ vd;idnadpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk;
NrdhtiuaH:- mw;wd;W> njhifg;nghUk; czHj;Jjw;Fg; gpwnrhw;
nfhzHe;J tpupj;jjy;yJ jd;nrhy;yhd; tpupahikapd; mit
tpupnadg;glh ntd;f. tlE}yhUk; gpupahj; njhifAk; gpw
nrhy;yhd; tpupf;fg;gLnkd;whH. fupanjd;Dk; gz;G nfhs; ngaH
fUq;Fjpiunadj; njhf;fnjd;whuhy; ciuahrpupanudpd;. mjidg;
nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif epiynkhop vd;wjw;F ciuj;jhq;
Fiuj;J kWf;f. gpwnrhw;nfhzHe;J tpupf;Fq;fhy; fupa Fjpiu.
fupjhfpa Fjpiu> fupaJ Fjpiu vd mj;njhifg;
nghUSzHj;Jtd vy;yhtw;whDk; tpupf;fg;gLk; vd tpsf;fk;
jUthH.
Kjdpiy vdg;gLtJ fupad;> nra;ad;> fUik> nrk;ik> vd;gd

tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Kjdpiyaha;r; nrhy;yha; epuk;ghJ fU
nrt;ntdg; gz;Gkhj;jpu KzHj;jp epw;gjhk;.
vd;d fpstpAk; vd;wjdhy;>
rhiug;ghk;G> Ntof;fUk;G> Nfow;gd;wp vdg; gz;G njhfhJ ngaH

njhf;fdTk; mj;njhifahjy; nfhs;f.
242
ck;ikj;njhif:
,U ngaH> gy ngaH> mstpd; ngaNu>
vz;zpaw; ngaNu> epiwg; ngaHf; fpstp>
vz;zpd; nganuhL> mt; mW fpstpAk;
fz;zpa epiyj;Nj ck;ikj; njhifNa.
,UngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l mWtifr; nrhy; jpuisAk;

jdf;Fr; rhHghff; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; ck;ikj;njhif@
cthg;gjpdhd;F- ,Ungauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
Gyptpw;nfz;il - gy ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
J}zpg;gjf;F - msTg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
Kg;gj;J %tH - vz;zpaw;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
njhbaiu - epiwg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
gjpide;J - vz;Zg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
mit tpupAq;fhy;> cthTk; gjpdhd;Fk; vdTk;. GypAk; tpy;Yq;

nfz;ilAk; vdTk;> J}zpAk; gjf;Fk; vdTk;> Kg;gjpd;kUk;
%tUk; vdTk;> njhbAk; miuAk; vdTk;> gj;Jike;Jk; vdTk;
tpupAk;.
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhapd gynrhy;yhy;; njhFjy; rpW

ghd;ik @ mjdhd; ck;ikj;njhif ,U nrhy;yhDk; gy
nrhy;yhDk;> xg;gj;njhFnkd;gJ mwptpj;jw;F ,UngaH
gynganud;whH. fw;Ridf; Ftisapjo;> ngUe;Njhl; Ngij vdg;
gpw njhifAk; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; gy nrhy;yhd; tUkh vdpd; :-
fy;nyd;gJk; Ridnad;gJk; fw;Rid vdj; njhf;F xU
nrhy;yha;g; gpd; ,jnod;gNjhL njhf;Ff; fw;Ridf;
Ftisapjnod xd;whapw;W. ngUe;Njhnsd;De; njhif xU
nrhy;yha;g; Ngijnad;gjNdhL njhf;Fg; ngUe;Njhl; Ngijnad
xd;whapw;W.mit ,t;thw;whdy;yJ njhfhikapd; ,U
nrhw;whifNaahk;. Gyptpw; nfz;il vd;wtop %d;W ngaUe;
njhFnkd;dhJ Kjw; nganuhopj;Jk; ,Wjpg; nganuhopj;Jk;
Vidapuz;Le; jk;Ks; njhf;F xU nrhy;yha;g; gpd;
243
kw;iwajNdhL njhFnkdpd; : - Kd;nwhF kpuz;lw;Fk; XupiaG
NtWghbd;ikahDk; . ,U njhifg;gLj;jy;
gynra;ifj;jhjyhDk; mit %d;W ngaUk; xUq;F
njhf;fdntdNt gLk; vd;gJ. ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;.
mstpd; ngaH Kjyhapd> ,Ungauhay;yJ njhfhntd

tiuaWj;jw;F ,UngaH gy;nganud mlq;Ftdtw;iwg;
ngaHj;Jf; $wpdhH. fyNd J}zpg; gjf;F> njhbNa f/riu>
E}w;Wehw;gj;Jehd;F vd;Gopj; J}zpg;gjf;F f/riu> ehw;gj;Jehd;F
vd;gd xU nrhw;Nghy msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg; ngaUk;> vz;Zg;
ngaUkha; toq;fg;gl;L tUjypd; fyKe; J}zpg;gjf;Fk; njhbAk;
f/riuAk;> E}Wk; ehw;gj;Jehd;Fk; vd ,U nkhop epd;W
njhf;fntd;wNy nghUj;jKilikawpf.
gz;G njhf t&ck; fpstpahDk;>
ck;ik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;>
Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;>
<w;W epd;W ,aYk;-md;nkhopj;njhifNa.
gz;Gr;nrhw;nwhFQ; nrhy;ypDk;> ck;ik njhf;f ngaHf;fz;Zk;

Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHf;fz;Zk; @ ,Wjpr;nrhw;fs; epd;W elf;Fk;
md;nkhopj;njhif@
gz;Gj;njhifglTk; ck;ikj; njhifglTk; Ntw;Wikj;

njhifglTk; mr;nrhy; njhf;fgpd; mj;njhif md;nkhopj;
njhifahfhikapd; njhFtjd; Kd; mtw;wpw;F epiyf;fskhfpa
nrhw;gw;wp tUnkd;gJ tpsf;fpa njhiftapdhDk;
vd;dhJ>gz;Gnjhf t&cq; fpstpahDk;> ck;ik
njhf;fngaHtapdhDk;> Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk; vd;whH.
nts;shil-mfutPW vd;gd gz;Gj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j

md;nkhopj; njhif @
jfuQhoy; - ck;ikj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;

njhif.
nghw;nwhb - Ntw;Wikj; njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j

md;nkhopj;njhif
mit nts;shilALj;jhs;> mfukhfpa <w;iwAila nrhy;

vdTk;> jfuKQhoYkhfpa rhe;J g+rpdhs; vdTk;> nghw;nwhb
njhl;lhs; vdTk; tpupAk;.
244
gz;Gj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwj;jy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mfypd;
Kiwapw; $whJ mjid Kd;dH $wpdhH . Ntw;Wikj; njhif
epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwj;jypd; ck;ikj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg;
gpwj;jy; rpWghd;ik ahapDk;> xU gaNdhf;fp mjid mjd;Kd;
itj;jhH.mjd; gad; ahnjdpd;:-rpWghd;ikctkj;njhif
epiyf;fsj;Jk; tpidj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jk; md;nkhopj;njhif
gpwf;Fnkd;g JzHj;Jjnyd;f. mit gtstha;> jpupjhb vdtUk;.
mitjhk; gtsk;NghYk; thiaAilahs;@ jpupe;j jhbiaAilahd;
vd tpupAk;.
njhifr; nrhw;fs; - nghUs; rpwj;jy;:
mitjhk;>
Kd; nkhop epiyaYk;> gpd; nkhop epiyaYk;>
,U nkhop NkYk; xUq;Fld; epiyaYk;>
mk; nkhop epiyahJ my; nkhop epiyaYk;>
me; ehd;F vd;g nghUs; epiy kuNg.
Kd;nkhopNky; epw;wYk;> gpd;nkhopNky; epw;wYk; ,UnkhopNky;

epw;wYk;> mtw;wpd; Nky; epy;yhJ gpw nkhopNky; epw;wYk; vd
mj;njhifAk; mtw;wJ nghUzpiykuGk; ehd;nfd;W
nrhy;yg;ngWk;;
Ntq;ifg;g+ vd;Gopg; g+ntd;Dk; Kd;nkhopf;fl; nghUzpd;wJ.mJ

ewpnjd;Dk; tpidNahbiaAkhw;whd; .
Nkw;gl;Lj;Njhd;wpaJ.,ltifahd; Kd;nkhopahapw;W.
miyfly; vd;Gop miynad;Dk; gpd;nkhopf;fl;

nghUzpd;wJ.,ltifahw; gpd;nkhopahapw;W. Kd; gpd;ndd;gd
fhytifahw;wLkhwp epw;Fk;. flYq; flyile;j tplKq; flnydg;
gLjypd;> milflnyd;gJ milahfpa flnyd ,UngaHg;
gz;Gj;njhif.
cthg;gjpdhd;F - ,Unkhop NkYk; nghUzpd;wJ.
nts;shil - njhf;f ,Unkhop NkYk; epy;yhJ

cLj;jhnsd;Dk; md;nkhopNky;nghUs; epd;wJ.
Ntw;Wikj; njhifKjy; ehd;FnjhifAk; Kd;nkhopg; nghUs @

Ntw;Wikj;njhifAk; gz;Gj;njhifAk; rpWghd;ik gpd;nkhopg;
nghUsTkhk;. ck;ikj;njhif ,Unkhopg; nghUl;L.
245
vy;yhj; njhifAk; xU nrhy; eila.
mWtifj; njhifr; nrhy;Yk; xUnrhy;yha;

elj;jiyAilajhFk;.@ xU nrhy; milantdg; nghJg;glf;
$wpajhy;> ahidf;NfhL nfhy;ahid vd Kd;nkhop ngauhfpa
top xU ngaHr; nrhy; eilaha; te;jd.
epyq;fle;jhd;> Fd;wj;jpUe;jhd; vd Kd;nkhop tpidahatop xU

tpidr;nrhy; eilaha; te;jd.
Nkw;fz;lit cUNgw;wYk; gadpiyNfhlYk; Kjyhfpa

tpidj;jd;ikAilad.
epyq;fle;jhd;> Fd;wj;jpUe;jhd; vdg; ngaUk; tpidAe;njhf;fd

xUnrhd;dPHik apythfypw; nwhif nadg;glh ntd;ghUKsH.
vOj;Njhj;jpDs; ngaUe;njhopYk; gpupe;njhUq;
fpirg;gNtw;WikAUG epiy ngWtopAe; Njhw;wk; Ntz;lhj;
njhFjpf; fz;Zk; (vO - 123) vd;wjdhd;> Ntw;WikAUG njhfg;
ngaUe; njhopYk; xUq;fpirj;jy; MrpupaH NeHe;jhuhfypd; mit
njhifnadNt gLnkd;gJ. fle;jhdpyk;> ,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;J
vd;gd xUq;fpirahJ gf;fpirj;jypd; mit njhifad;ikawpf
vd tpsf;fk; nra;thH NrdhtiuaH.
vy;yhj; njhifAk; xUnrhy; eila vd;wjdhd;> njhifay;yhj

njhlHnkhopAs; xU nrhd;dilathtd rpyTsntd;gjhk;. ahid
NfhL $upJ> ,Uk;G nghd;dhapw;W> kf;fis caHjpiznad;g
vd;gdtw;Ws;> NfhL$upJ> nghd;dhapw;W> caH jpiz nad;g
vd;De; njhifay; njhlHnkhop xU nrhd;dilatha;>
vOtha;f;Fk; ,uz;lhtjw;Fk; Kbthapd.
caHjpiz kUq;fpd; ck;ikj; njhifNa
gyHnrhy; eilj;J vd nkhopkdhH GytH
caHjpizf;fz; tUk; ck;ikj;njhif gyHf;Fupa <w;whd;

elf;Fk;:.
kh%yngUe;jiyr; rhj;jH @
fgpy guz ef;fPuH tpuTg;ngaHj;njhifAk; mlq;Fjw;F

caHjpizg; ngaUk;ikj; njhif vd;dhJ> caHjpizkUq;fpDk
ck;;ikj;njhif vd;whH. mit xl;bnahUnrhy;yha; epw;wypy;
gyuwpnrhy; vdg;gLk;. gyuwpnrhy; fgpyguzd; vd xUikaPw;whd;
elj;jy; tOthfypd; tOf;fhj;jw;fhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
246
Fwpg;G nkhop:
. thuh kugpd tuf; $WjYk;>
vd;dh kugpd vdf; $WjYk;>
md;dit vy;yhk; mtw;W mtw;W ,ay;ghd;>
,d;d vd;Dk; Fwpg;Giu MFk;.
thuh ,ay;gpdtw;iw tUtdthfr; nrhy;YjYk; vd;dh

,ay;gpdtw;iw vd;gdthfr; nrhy;YjYk; mj;jd;ikahdnty;yhk;
mt;tg; nghUspay;ghd ,j;jd;ika vd;W nrhy;Yk;
Fwpg;Gnkhopahk;@
me;newp ,q;F te;J fple;jJ
mk;kiy te;J ,jNdhL nghUe;jpw;W
mtyty; vd;fpd;wd ney;>
kiokio vd;fpd;wd igq;$o;
Kiy te;jd> jiy te;jd vd;gd fhl;LthUKsH. Mz;L

tUjy; tsHjw; nghUl;lhfyhd;> mit <z;ilf; fhfh ntd;f
vd kWj;Jiug;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
epyk; ty;nyd;wJ' ePH jz;nzd;wJ vd;gdtw;iw; ciuahrpupaH

fhl;bdhH vd;gjid vLj;Jiuj;Jnrhyy; nghUstd;ikapd;>
mit fhl;ly; mtH fUj;jd;nwd;f vd ciu tpsf;fKk;
nra;thH.
md;ditnay;yhk; vd;wjdhd;>
,e;newp ahz;Lr; nrd;W fplf;Fk; @ ,f;Fd;W mf;Fd;Nwhnlhd;Wk;

vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd nfhs;f.
.,irg; gL nghUNs ehd;F tuk;G MFk;.
,irg; nghUl;fz; mLf;fp tUk; nrhy;ypw;F vy;iy ehd;F MFk;.
xf;FNk xf;FNk xf;FNk xf;Fk; - ,ir
.tpiu nrhy; mLf;Nf %d;W tuk;G MFk;.
tpiuTg; nghUl;fz; mLf;fp tUk; nrhy;ypw;F vy;iy %d;W

MFk;.
247
jP jP jP - tpiuT
'fz;BH vd;wh> nfhz;BH vd;wh>
nrd;wJ vd;wh> Nghapw;W vd;wh>
md;wp midj;Jk;> tpdhnthL rptzp>
epd;w top mirf;Fk; fpstp vd;g.
fz;BH vdTk;> nfhz;BH vdTk;> nrd;wnjdTk; Nghapw;nwdTk;

tUk; tpidr;nrhy; ehd;Fk;@ tpdhnthL nghUe;jp epd;wtop
mirepiyaLf;fhk;.
fl;Liuafj;J xUtd; xd;W nrhy;ypatop mjw;F clk;glhjhd;

fz;BNu fz;BNu vd;Dk;@
<z;L tpidr;nrhw; nghUz;ikAk; tpdhg;nghUz;ikAk;

,d;ikahy; . mirepiyahapw;W. tiuahJ $wpdikahy;> fz;BNu
vdr; rpWghd;ik mLf;fhJ tUjYk; cz;L vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
VidaTk; Vw;wtop mLf;fpAk; mLf;fhJk; mirepiyahk;..
Nfl;il vd;wh> epd;iw vd;wh>
fhj;ij vd;wh> fz;il vd;wh>
md;wp midj;Jk; Kd;dpiy my; top>
Kd;Dwf; fpse;j ,ay;G MFk;Nk.
Nfl;il vdTk;> epd;iw vdTk;> fhj;ij vdTk;> fz;il vdTk;

tUk; ehd;Fk; Kd;dpiy my;yhf;fhy;> Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l
mirepiyahk;.
,itAk; fl;Liuf;fz; mLf;fpAk; rpWghd;ik mLf;fhJk; Vw;Wtop

mirepiyaha; tUk;. epd;iw> fhj;ij vd;gd ,f;fhyj;Jg;
gapd;W thuh.
tpdhtpw; filahf mLf;fpte;jtop Kd;dpiyair epiyNaahk;.

,it mLf;fpAk; mLf;fhJk; Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;yhjYk;
cilikahy;> me;epiyikia ePf;Fjw;F> Kd;dpiyay;top
vd;whH.
Kd;Dwf;fpse;j ,y;ghFk; vd;wjdhy;> Kd;idaJNghyr;

rpWghd;ik tpdhnthL tUjYk; cz;L.;
248
Kd;dpiyay;top vd;gjw;F Kd;idaNghy tpdhnthL rptzp
epy;yhjtop vd;Wiuj;jhu; ciuahrpupaH. ,jid@ tpdhnthL
rptzy; ,tw;wpw;nfhd;wh nda;jhikapd; tpyf;f Ntz;lh@
mjdhd; mtHf;fJ fUj;jd;nwd;f vdr; NrdhtiuaH
kWj;Jiug;ghH.
,uz;L #j;jpuj;jhDk; $wg;gl;ld tpidr;nrhy;yhjYk;

,ilr;nrhy;yhjYk; cilikahd;> tpidapaYs;Sk;
,ilapaYs;Sq; $whJ <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
Mf> Mfy; vd;gJk; mLf;fp tUtd MFk;. ,q;F

Fwpf;fg;gl;ldTk; mLf;fp tUtdNt MFk;. vdpDk; NtWghL
cz;L. ,ir epiwj;jw;Fk; nghUs; NtWghl;bw;Fk;. mLf;fp
tupdy;yhJ mLf;fhJ tUjNy tpidr;nrhy;ypw;F ,ay;ghk;> Mf>
Mfy; vd;gJ vd;gd mLf;fpay;yJ epy;yhikapd;> tpidr;nrhy;
,ilr;nrhy;yhapd ntdg;glh> fz;BH> nfhz;BH> vd;gd
Kjyhapd tpidr;nrhw;Fupa <w;wtha; mLf;fpAk; mLf;fhJk;
tUjyhy; tpidr;nrhy; mirepiyahapd vdg;gLk;@ NYk;
tpdhnthL rptzp epw;wyhYk; tpidr;nrhy;nydNt gLk;.
tpidKw;W:
,wg;gpd;> epfo;tpd;> vjpHtpd;> vd;w
rpwg;Gil kugpd; mk; Kf; fhyKk;>
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if> vd;Dk;
mk; %,lj;jhd;> tpidapDk; Fwpg;gpDk;>
nka;k;ikahDk; ,t; ,uz;L MFk;
mt; MW' vd;g-'Kw;W ,ay; nkhopNa
Kw;Wr;nrhy;yhtJ> ,wg;G epfo;T vjpHntd;Dk; %d;W fhyKk;>

jd;ik Kd;dpiy glHf;if vd;Dk; %d;wplj;Jk;> caHjpizAk;
m/wpizAk; ,Ujpizg; nghJTkhfpa nghUs; NjhWk;>
tpidahDk; Fwpg;ghDk; ,t;tpuz;lha; tUk; mt;tWtifr;
nrhy;yhk; vd;W nrhy;tH MrpupaH@
nrd;wdd;> fupad;
nrd;wJ> fupJ
nrd;wid> fupia
249
,lKzHj;jYk; jpizAk; ghYk; tpsf;fYk; Nghy xU
rhudtw;wpw;Nf MfhJ> vy;yhKw;Wr;nrhw;Fk; fhyk; Kd;
rpwj;jypd; rpwg;Gil kugpd; mk;Kf; fhyKk;' vd;whH.
tpidapDk; Fwpg;gpDk; vd;wtop XH <w;wthfpa tpidAk; tpidf;

Fwpg;GNk nfhs;sg;gLk;. nka;k;ikahtJ nghUz;ik.
caHjpizAk; m/wpizAky;yJ ,Ujpizg; nghJ ntd;gnjhU

nghUspy;iyahapDk;> nrd;wid> fupia vd;gd nrytpw;F
tpid KjyhjYk; gz;gpAkhfpa xU epkpj;jk; gw;wp ,Ujpizf;
fz;Zk; Nrwypd; me;epkpj;jk; ,Ujpizg; nghJntdg;gl;lJ.
tpidapDq; Fwpg;gpDk; ,t;tpuz;lha; tUjyhtJ njupepiy

tpidahy; njw;nwdj; Njhd;wYk; Fwpg;G tpidahy; njw;nwdj;
Njhd;whikAk; MFk;.
Kw;wpepw;wy; Kw;Wr; nrhy;ypw;F ,yf;fzkhjy; Kw;wpad; nkhopNa

vd;gjdhy; ngwg;gLk;.. Kw;wpepw;wyhtJ ,Jntd;gJ tpidapaYl;
$wpdhk; (nrhy; - 235). jpizAk; ghYk; ,lKk; tpsf;fy; vy;yh
Kw;wpw;Fk; ,d;ikahd; ,yf;fzkd;ik mwpf vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH>
caHjpiz m/wpiz tpuntd;Dk; nghUz; Nky; tpidAk;

tpidf;Fwpg;Gkha; tUjy;gw;wp mt;thnwd;g ntd;whH> fhyKk;
,lKk; Kjyhapdtw;NwhL $l;bg; gFg;gg; gythk;.
CuhNdhH NjtFyk; vd;whw;Nghy nka;k;ik ahDk; vd;Gop

Mndd;gJ njhWk; vd;gjd; nghUl;lha; epd;wJ.
Kd;dHg; gpupepiy tpidNa ngaNu ( nrhy; - 430) vd;Gopg;

nganur;rKk; tpid nar;rKq; $Wgthfypd; mtw;NwhL ,iaa
Kw;Wr;nrhy;iyAk; <z;Lf; $wpdhH. $wNt Kw;Wr; nrhy;Yk;
nganur;rKk; tpid vr;rKk; vd tpidr;nrhy; %tifj;jhjy;
,dpJ czug;gLk;.
ciuahrpupaH tpidapaYs; Xjg;gl;ld rpy tpidr;nrhw;Fk;

Kw;Wr; nrhy;nyd;W FwpapLjy; Ejypw;W ,r;#j;jpunkd;ghH>
,jidr; NrdhtiuaH kWj;Jiug;ghH. Kw;Wr; nrhy;ypw;Fg;
ngaupLtNj fUj;jhapd; mt;thW vd;g Kw;wpad; nkhopNa
vd;dhJ mt;thW Kw;wpad; nkhopNa vdy; Ntz;Lk; Mfypd; mJ
NghypAiunad;fvd;ghH.
250
nkhop khw;wf; nfhz;L nghUs; ciuf;fyhNk vdpd; xd;wpw;Fg;
ngaupLtJ MSjw; nghUl;Nl Mjypd; mq;qdk; Mshikapd;
nkhopkhw;wp ,lHg;gl Ntz;lhk; vd;ghH.
%tif tpidr; nrhy;Yk; Kw;W vdf; FwpapLjw;F ,e;E}w;gh

$wpdhH vdpd; Vida ,Utif vr;rq;fSf;Fk; Fwpapl nt;NtW
E}w;ghf;fs; $w Ntz;Lk;. mq;qdk; $whikapd; mJ
nghUj;jkd;W.
vdNt nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rk;>tpidKw;WbMfpa %d;wDs;

,Utif vr;rk; ePq;fyhf Vida nrhw;fNs Kw;Wr; nrhw;fsha;
epw;Fk;. mit Kj;jpizNahLk; Kf;fhyj;NjhLk; %tplj;NjhLk;
Nrug; gytifg;gLk; vd;gjidAk; czHj;jty;yNj ,e; E}w;gh
vd;gJ NrdhtiuaH fUj;jhk;.
vt; tapd; tpidAk; mt; ,ay; epiyAk;.
%tplj;jhy; nghUs; NjhWk; ,t;tpuz;lhk; vd Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l

fl;lisAs; mlq;fhJ gpw ,lq;fspy; tUk; tpidAk; Kw;wpd;
,ay;igg; ngWk;.
mtd; ahH?
nghUs; ,y;iy?
,dk; NtW?
ahH> vtd;> ,y;iy> NtW vd;gd ,lk; czHj;jhikapd;

Nkw;$wpa fl;lisapy; mlq;fhJ.gpw ,lq;fspy; te;jdthk;. rpwg;G
<w;whd; tUk; njupepiy tpidAk; Fwpg;G tpidAk; nghUNlhWk;
tpidAk; tpidf; Fwpg;Gkha; tUjw;F va;jhikapd;
nka;k;ikahD kpt;tpuz; lhFk; (nrhy; - 427) fl;lisAl;glhJ
gpw ,lq;fspy; te;jdthk;. Fwpg;G tpidf;F <whfhJ njupepiy
tpidf;F <whtdTk; njupepiy tpidf;F <whfhJ Fwpg;G
tpidf;F <whtdTk; rpwg;G <w;wthFk;. mit tpidapaYl;
$wg;gl;lJ> ahH> vtd; vd;gd ghYk;> ,y;iy NtW vd;gd
jpizAk; ghYk; czHj;jh MapDk; Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;jhd;
Kw;Wr;nrhw;Fg; ghYe; jpizA KzHj;jy; xUjiyahf
va;jhikapd; ,lk; czHj;jhikNa gw;wp <z;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld.
jpizAk; ghYk; czHj;jy; xUjiyahapd; jd;ik Kd;dpiy
glHif vd;Dk; %tplj;jhd; (nrhy; - 427) vd MrpupaH
Kd;dpiyaplk; Mz;L itahH vd;gJ. NrdhtiuaH jUk;
ciuf;Fwpg;ghFk;.
251
Kw;Wr;nrhy;Ny md;wpg; nganur;rKk; tpidnar;rKk; fhyKk;
,lKk; czHj;Jk; vd;gJ ,r; #j;jpuj;jpw;Fg;nghUshf
ciuj;jhuhy; ciuahrpupaH vdpd; :- mit ,lNtWghLzHj;jhJ
%tplj;jpw;Fk; nghJtha; epw;wypd;> mJ NghypAiu nad;f vd
kWf;fpwhH NrdhtiuaH.
Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;jhw; $wg;gl;l nghUz; NkYk; tUk; vy;yh

tpidAk; Kw;Wr;nrhy;yha; epw;Fk; vd;wthW><z;Ltpidnad;wJ
tpidr;nrhy;iy Mf;Fk; Kjdpiyia> vy;yhtpidAk;
Kw;Wr;nrhy;yhk;. vdNt vr;rkhfy; xU jiyad; vd;gjhk;.
MfNt> tpidr; nrhy;yhjw;Fr; rpwe;jd Kw;Wr;nrhy;Ny vd;gjhk;.
vy;yhtpidAk; Kw;Wr;nrhy;yhfYk;> fr;rpdd;> foypdd;> epyj;jd;>
Gwj;jd; vd;De; njhlf;fj;J tpidf;Fwpg;gpd; Kjdpiy vr;rkha;
epy;yhikAk;> tof;F Nehf;fpf; fz;L nfhs;f vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
mitjhk;>
jk;jk; fpstp mLf;Fe tupDk;>
vj; jpwj;jhDk; ngaH KbgpdNt.
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l Kw;Wr;nrhw;fSk; jj;jkw;Nfw;w tpidr;

nrhy;NyhLmLf;fp tupDk;;> jk;Ks; njhluhJ vt;thw;whDk;
nganuhL KbAk;@
cz;lhd; jpd;whd; Mbdhd; ghbdhd; rhj;jd;
ey;ydwpTilad; nrt;tpad; rhd;NwhH kfd;
mLf;fp tupDk; vd;w ck;ikahd; te;jhd; tOjp@ fupad;khy; vd

mLf;fhJ nganuhL KbjNy ngUk;ghd;ik vd;gjhk;.
jk;ghy; nrhy;yy;yJ gpwghy; nrhy;nyhL tpuhaLf;F ,d;ikapd;

jj;jq;fpstp vd;whH.
vr;rq;fs:;
gpupepiy tpidNa> ngaNu> xopapir>
vjpHkiw> ck;ik> vdNt> nrhy;Ny>
Fwpg;Ng> ,irNa> MaPH-Ie;Jk;
252
newpg;glj; Njhd;Wk; vQ;R nghUl; fpstp.
gpupepiy Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gj;Jk; vQ;RnghUl; fpstpahk;.
mtw;Ws; filepiy %d;Wk; mjhtJ nrhy;nyr;rk;> Fwpg;ngr;rk;>

,irnar;rk; Mfpa %d;Wk; jhNk Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhAk;
mikAk;.Vidad jkf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;ypidf; nfhz;L epd;W
jhk; vQ;RnghUl;fpstpaha; epw;Fk;.
nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; ngaH tpidahd; Kbjypd;> MFngauhy;

ngaH tpidnad;whH.
MaPiue;Jk; vQ;RnghUl;fpstp vd;whNuDk; vQ;R nghUl;fpstp

gj;Jtifg;gLnkd;gJ fUj;jhff;nfhs;f.
vr;rkhtd xUrhH @ ngaUk; tpidAk; ,ilr;nrhy;Ykhjypd;>

ngaupad; Kjyhapdtw;Wl; gj;Jk; xUq;FzHj;Jjw; Nfyhik awpf
vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
gpupepiy vr;rk;:
mtw;Ws;>
gpupepiy vr;rk; gpupepiy Kbgpd
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vr;rq;fSs;> gpupepiy nar;rk; Vfhug;gpupepiyAk;

Xfhug;gpupepiyAk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.mt;tpUtifg; gpupepiynar;rKk;
gpupf;fg;gl;l nghUisAzHj;JQ; nrhy;NyhL KbAk;:
jhNd nfhz;lhd; - Vfhug; gpupepiy vr;rk;
jhNdh nfhz;lhd; - Xfhug; gpupepiy vr;rk;
m/Njy;> jhnddg;gl;lhdd;Nw Mz;Lg; gpupf;fg; gl;lhd>; gpwH

nfhz;bynud;gJ mtidAzHj;JQ; nrhy;yd;ikahd;> mit gpupepiy
nfhz;L Kbe;jpythy; vdpd;:- mw;wd;W@ jhnddg;gl;lhd; gpwupw;
gpupf;fg;gl;ltopg;> gpwFk; mtdpw; gpupf;fg;gl;likahd;> mit gpupepiy
nfhz;ldNtahFk;.
gpupepiyNahL KbjyhtJ mtNd nfhz;lhd; vd;wtop mtNd vd;gJ

nfhz;lhnddg; gpupf;fg;gl;l nghUis tpidnadf; nfhz;L Kbjy;
vd;whH ciuahrpupaH. mtNd nfhz;lhd; vd;Gop mtd; vd;Dk;
vOtha;Ntw;Wik nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; gadpiy nfhz;lJ@ Vfhuk;
gpupTzHj;jpw;W. Mz;L vr;rKk; vr;rj;ij Kbf;FQ; nrhy;Ykpd;ikahd;
mtHf;fJ fUj;jd; nwd;f vd kWj;Jiug;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
253
tpidnar;rk;:
tpid vQ;R fpstpf;F tpidAk; Fwpg;Gk;
epidaj; Njhd;wpa KbG MFk;Nk@
Mtapd; Fwpg;Ng Mf;fnkhL tUNk.
tpidnar;rj;jpw;Fj; njupepiy tpidAk; Fwpg;G tpidAk; Kbghk;@

Mz;ilf; Fwpg;Gtpid Mf;f tpidNahL tUk;.
cOJ te;jhd;@ - njupepiy tpidnar;rk;
kUe;Jz;L ey;y dhapdhd; - Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
cOJ tUjy;@ cOJ te;jtd; vd tpidnar;rk; tpidg;ngaNuhL

Kbjy; epidaj; Njhd;wpa vd;wjdhw; nfhs;f.
Ntq;ifAq; fhe;jS ehwp ahk;gd; kyupDe; jhd;wz;zpaNs@'

(FWe; - 84)
tpy;yf tpuypw; nghUe;jpathW ey;yfQ; Nrup ndhUkUq; fpdNk'

(FWe; - 370)
fw;Wty;yd; ngw;Wilad;
tpidf;Fwpg;G Mf;fkpd;wp te;jd vdpd; Mf;fnkhL tUnkd;wJ

ngUk;ghd;ik Fwpj;jjhfypw; rpWghd;ik Mf;fkpd;wpAk; tUk;.
nganur;rk;:
ngaH vQ;R fpstp nganuhL KbNk
nganur;rk; nganuhL KbAk;@
cz;ZQ;rhj;jd;@
cz;lrhj;jd;
mt;tW nghUl;FNkh ud;d Tupika' (nrhy; - 234) vd;wjdhw;

nganur;rk; nghUs;gLKiwik $wpdhH.
xopapir vr;rk;:
xopapir vr;rk; xopapir Kbgpd.
254
kd;id xopapirAk;> jpy;iy xopapirAk;> Xfhu xopapirAk;
Mfpa xopapir vr;rk; %d;Wk; xopapirahd; KbAk;@
$upaNjhH thz;kd; - jpl;gk; ,d;ik vd;Dk; xopapirg;

nghUisj; je;jJ.
tUfjpy; yk;kntQ;Nrup Nru (mfk; - 276) - te;jhy; ,d;dJ

nra;ty; xopapirg; nghUisj; je;jJ.
nfhsNyh nfhz;lhd; - nfhz;La;ag; NghkhW mwpe;jpyd; vd;Dk;

xopapirahd; Kbe;jthW fhz;f.
vjpHkiw vr;rk;:
vjpHkiw vr;rk; vjpHkiw Kbgpd.
khWnfhs; vr;rk; vdg;gl;l Vfhu vjpH kiwAk;> Xfhu

vjpHkiwAk;> ck;ik vjpHkiwAkhfpa vjpHkiwnar;rk; %d;Wk;
vjpHkiwahd; KbAk;.
ahNd nfhs;Ntd;>
ahNdh fs;td;>
tuYKupad;
vd;Dk; vjpHkiwnar;rk;> KiwahNd> nfhs;Nsd;> fs;Nsd;

thuhikAk; cupad; vd;Dk; vjpHkiwahd; Kbe;jJ.
ck;ik vr;rk;:
ck;ik vr;rk; ,U tPw;whDk;
jd;tpid xd;wpa KbG MFk;Nk.
vQ;RnghUl;fpstpAk; mt; vQ;RnghUl;fpstpahd; KbtJkhfpa

ck;iknar;rk; NtWghL ,uz;ld; fz;Zk;> jd;tpidNahL
nghUe;jpa Kbitg; ngWk;.
vQ;RnghUl; fpstp nrQ;nrh yhapd; (nrhy; - 284) vd;wjdhd;

ck;ikAilj;jhAk; ck;ikapd;wpAk; tUk; vQ;R nghUl;fpstp
ck;iknar;rj;jpw;F Kbghjy; va;jpw;W. vy;yhntr;rj;jpw;Fk; vQ;R
nghUl;fpstpNa Kbghfypd;. ,dp ck;iknahL njhlHe;j
nrhy;ypuz;lw;Fk; tpidnahd;Nw Mfy; Ntz;Lnkd va;jhjJ
va;Jtpj;jthW mike;jJ.
255
rhj;jDk; te;jhd;> nfhw;wDk; te;jhd; - ,uz;Lk; xUtpid
nfhz;like;jJ.
rhj;jhDk; te;jhd;> nfhw;wDk; cz;lhd; -tpid NtWgl;l top

ck;ik vr;rKk; vQ;RnghUl; fpstpAk; ,iaahky; Nghapw;W.
igk;Gjy; Ntq;ifA nkhs;spzH tpupe;jd
neLntz; bq;fS %Hnfhz; ld;Nw' (mfk; - 2)
vd tpid NtWgl;LopAk;; jk;Ks; ,iae;jdthy; vdpd;:- ,zH

tpupjYk; CH NfhlYk; ,uz;Lk; kzQ;nra; fhyk; ,J
vd;WzHj;jyhfpa xUnghUs; Fwpj;J epd;wikahd;> mit xU
tpidg;ghw;gLk; vd;gJ mwpa tUk;. vQ;R nghUl;fpstp
nrQ;nrhyhatopj; jd;tpid Nfhly; <z;llq;fhikahd;> mJ
jd;dpdKbj;jnyd;gjdhw; ngwg;gLk;.
ck;iknar;rk; ,UtPw;whDk; vd;wjdhy;> ck;ik vr;rj;jpw;F

Kbghfpa vQ;RnghUl;fpstp ck;iknahLtupd; vr;rkhnkd;gjhk;.
m/J vr;rkhq;fhy;> Kd;dpd;wJ> vQ;RnghUl; fpstpahnkd;gJ.
vjpHkiwAk;ik vjpHkiw vr;rkhalq;Fjypd;><z;Lk;ik

vr;rnkd;wJ vr;rTk;ikNaahk;.
jd;Nky; nrQ;nrhy; t&ck; fhiy>
epfOk; fhynkhL thuhf; fhyKk;>
,we;j fhynkhL thuhf; fhyKk;>
kaq;Fjy; tiuahH Kiwepiyahd.
ck;ik vr;rj;jpd;Kd; vQ;RnghUl;fpstp ck;ikaw;w nrhy;yha;

tUq;fhy; epfo;fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyKk; ,we;j fhyj;NjhL
vjpHfhyKk; kaq;Fjy; tiuahH@
Kiwepiyahd vd;wjdhd;> $wpa Kiwahdy;yJ vjpHfhyk;

Kd;dpw;g Vidf;fhyk; gpd; te;J kaq;Fjypy;iy vd;gjhk;.
$Oz;zhepd;whd; NrhWKz;gd; - epfo;fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyk;

kaq;fp epd;wJ
$Oz;lhd; NrhWKz;gd; - ,we;j fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyk; kaq;fp

epd;wJ
256
,tw;NwhL ,J kaq;Fjy; tiuahH vdNt> ,we;j fhyj;NjhL
epfo;fhyKk; epfo;fhyj;NjhL ,we;jfhyKk; te;J kaq;Fjy;
tiuag;gLk;
jd;Nkw; nrQ;nrhy; t&cq;fhiy vd;wjdhd;> ck;ikaLj;j

nrhy; tUq;fhy;> NtWghbd;wp ,uz;L nrhy;Yk; xUfhyj; jhd;
tUnkd;gjhk;.
jd;tpid> fhyk;NtWgLjYk; NtWglhikAk; cilikahd;>

,d;Dop ,d;dthw;whd; my;yJ fhyk; NtWglhnjd
tiuaWj;jthW.
vd vd; vr;rk;:
'vd' vd; vr;rk; tpidnahL KbNk
vdntd;Dnkr;rk; tpidnfhz;L KbAk;@ vd vd;Dk; vr;rk;

tpid> Fwpg;G> gz;G> vz;> ngaH vd;Dk; MW ngaNuhL
tUk;.tpidnar;rj;jkpd; tha;ghLfSs; xd;wha nra;njd
vd;gjpNdhLk; NrHe;J tUk;.Mifahy; vd vd;Dk; vr;rk; VO
tifg;gLk;.,tw;Ws; vz;> ngaH vd;gjpNdhL tUk; vd vd;Dk;
vr;rk; tpid nfhs;shJ> nra;njd vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; tUk; vd
vd;Dk; vr;rk;tpidNahL Kbjy; tpidapaypy; $wg;gl;lJ> vdNt
tpid> Fwpg;G> ,ir> gz;G vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fNshL tUk; vd
vd;Dk; vr;rk; tpidNahL Kbjiy <z;L njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;bdhH.
nfhs;nsdf; nfhLj;jhd; - tpid
Jz;nzzj; Jbj;jJ@ - Fwpg;G
xy;nyd nthypj;jJ@ - ,ir
fhnudf; fWj;jJ - gz;G
vQ;rpa %d;Wk; Nky; te;J Kbf;Fk;
vQ;R nghUl; fpstp ,y vd nkhopg.
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; nrhy;yg;gl;ld gj;jDs; KbT nrhy;yhj %d;W

vr;rq;fSk; jk NKy; te;J Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fis viladty;y.
mit KiWNa xope;J epd;w nrhy;nyr;rk;> Fwpg;ngr;rk;>;
,irnar;rk; vd;gd MFk;.
mitjhk;>
jk;jk; Fwpg;gpd; vr;rk; nrg;Gk;.
257
mt;ntr;r%d;Wk; nrhy;thH Fwpg;ghd; vQ;rp epd;w
nghUisAzHj;Jk;@
Fwpg;ngr;rk;;:
nrhw;gL nghUNs md;wp nrhy;Ygtd; Fwpj;j nghUSk; vQ;rp

epw;gJ Fwpg;ngr;rk; MFk;.,t; vr;rk; jhNd vr;rkha; epw;gjd;wp
jdf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;iyg; ngwhjJ.
grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;wh UiliaNah td;d
epwj;ijNah gPukyH
,isjhf Kzkuq; nfhy;f fisAeH
ifnfhy;Yq; fho;j;j tplj;J (Fws; 879)
vd;wtop KiwahNd grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;whiu ahKilNak; vdTk;>

jPahiuf; fhyj;jhw; fisf vdTk; te;j njhlHnkhop vr;rkha;
epd;w Fwpg;Gg;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jyhy; Fwpg;ngr;rkhapd.
,irnar;rk;:
njhlHnkhop vQ;rp epw;gJ ,irnar;rk; vd;gjhFk;.,t; vr;rk;

jhNd vr;rkha; epw;gjd;wp jdf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;iyg;
ngwhjJ
mfu Kjy ntOj;njy;yh khjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw AyF (Fws;-1)
mspj;jQ;r nyd;wtH ePg;gpw; nwspj;jnrhw;
NwwpahHf; Fz;Nlh jtW (Fws;-1154)
vd;wtop KiwahNd mJNghy vdTk;> ePj;jhHf;Nf jtW vdTk;

tUtd vQ;rpa ,irg;nghUSzHj;jyhy; ,irnar;rk; Mapd.
nrhy; nyr;rj;jpw;F cjhuzk; Kd;dHf;fhl;LJk;. nrhy;ysk; ty;y
njQ;Rj ypd;Nw' (nrhy;> 441) vd;gjdhd; m/njhU nrhy;yhjy;
ngwg; gLjypd; ,J njhlHr; nrhy;yhnkd;gJ nrhy;nyd;DQ;
nrhy; vQ;RtJ nrhy;nyr;rnkd;ghH ,t;tpU tifAk;
,irnar;rnkd mlf;Fg.
epiyaYq; Fwpg;gpw; Nwhd;wYk; (nrhy;-157) vdr; nrhw;nghUl;

ghFghLzHj;jpdhH. Fwpg;gpw; Njhd;Wk; nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
vr;rkhjYilikahd; vr;rnkd;whH@ mjdhd; Mz;L mlq;fhJ.
,dp tpirj;jJ xypj;jJ vd;gd jQ;nrhy;nydg;glhJ@ gbDk;
258
tpz;nzd tPq;fpw;W> Jz;nzdj; Jsq;fpdhd; vdTk;> xy;
grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;whiu ahKilNak; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd
Fwpg;gpw;Nwhd;wyh alq;Fjypd;> tpz;nzd tpirj;jJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;ngr;rnkd;Wk;> mJNghy vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd
tpfhutifahy; njhf;F epd;wikahd;> xy;nyd xypj;jJ vd;gJ
,irnar;r nkd;Wk;. ,it jj;jQ; nrhy;yhd; Kbjyy;yJ gpw
nrhy;yhd; Kbahikapd; ,tw;iw Nky;te; J Kbf;Fk; vQ;R
nghUl;fpstpapy; vd;whnud;Wk;> ciuj;jhuhy; ciuahrpupaH
vdpd;:- vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH mw;wd;W@ njupGNtW vd
tPo;e;jJ vdTk; gpw nrhy;yhDk; Kbjypd; vQ;RnghUl; fpstpapy;
ntd;wy; nghUe;jhjhk;. jQ;nrh yy;yhjd vQ;RnghUl; fpstpah
khfypd; vd tpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH.
nrhy;nyr;rk;:
'nrhy;' vd; vr;rk;> Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;>
nrhy; msT my;yJ vQ;Rjy; ,d;Nw.
nrhy;nyr;rk;> xUnrhw;F Kd;Dk; gpd;DQ; nrhy;khj;jpuk;

vQ;Rtjy;yJ> njhluha; vQ;Rjypy;iy
caHjpiznad;kdhH (nrhy;-1) - MrpupaH vd;Dk;; nrhy;

Kd;dhy; vQ;rp epd;wJ>>
kUe;njdpd; kUe;Nj itg;ngdpd; itg;Ng> (FWe;-71) -

vkf;nfd;Dk; nrhy; gpd;Dk;> vQ;rp epd;wJ.
mitay; fpstp:
mitay; fpstp kiwj;jdH fpsj;jy;.
mitf;fz; ciuf;fg;glhj nrhy;iy ciuf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

#oy; Vw;gl;lhy; mr; nrhy;iy kiwj;J gpw nrhy;yhy; $wy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mitf;fz; toq;fg;gLQ; nrhy;iy mitnad;whH.
Md;Kd; t&c kPfhu gfuk; - gP
fz;foP, tUJk;>
fhd;Nk dPHnga;J tUJk;
fUKf ke;jp– ngz;Fwp
259
nrk;gpNdw;iw – Mz;Fwp
Gypyd;wp we;j ePuy; yPuj;J - %j;jpuk;
<fhugfunkd;gJNghyf; fz; fOTjd; Kjyhapd mitay;

fpstpahy; $whJ cs;sthNw $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.vdpDk; mitay;
fpstpg; nghUz;ikia AzHj;jypd;> xw;Wik eaj;jhd; mitay;
fpstpiag; gpwpNjhuhw;whw; $wpa tha;ghlhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;@
,it jFjpAk; tof;Fk;> (nrhy;-14) vd;Gopj; jFjpahalq;Fnkdpd;

vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH nrj;jhiuj; JQ;rpdh nud;wy;
Kjyhapdtd;Nw jFjpahtd@ Mz;Lr; nrj;jhnud;gJ
,yf;fzkhfypd; mjdhDk; toq;fg;gLk; jfT@ Nehf;fpr;
nrhy;Yq;fhy;; JQ;rpdh nud;WQ; nrhy;yg;gLk;@ <z;L mitay;
fpstpahw; fpsj;jy; tOthjypd; kiwj;j tha;ghl;lhNd
fpsf;fg;gLk;@ mjdhd; Mz;L mlq;fh vd;gJ vd tpsf;fk;
jUthH.
kiwf;Fk; fhiy kuP,aJ xuhmy;!.
mitay; fpstpia kiwj;Jr; nrhy;Yq;fhy;. Nkw;nwhl;L

toq;fg;gl;L tUtd kiwf;fg;glhJ
Mg;gp > Midapyz;lk; vd kuP, te;jd kiwf;fg;glhJ te;jJ.
gfy;fhd; nwOjUk; gy;fjpHg; gupjp (ngUk;ghz; - 2) vd;Gopf;

fhd;nwd;gJ > jd; nghUz;Nky; epy;yhJ mzp Fwpj;Jg; gpwpnjhU
nghUz;Nky; epw;wypd; kuP,a nrhy;yha; kiwf;fg; glhikapd; >
mjd; nghUz;Nky; epd;wtop kiwf;fg;gLjYk; mwpf.
,uj;jy; fpstp:
'<> jh> nfhL' vdf; fpsf;Fk; %d;Wk;
,utpd; fpstp MF ,ld; cila.
<> jh> nfhL vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; %d;Wk; xUtd; xd;iw

,uj;jw;fz; tUQ;nrhy;yhk;@
mit gpwnghUz;Nky; tUjYKilikahd;> ,utpd; fpstp ahfpl

Dila vd;whH.
toq;fy;> cjty;> tPry; Kjyhapd gpwTk; csthf ,tw;iwNa

tpje;Njhjpajw;Ff; fhuzk;; mit nfhilg; nghUstha;
tUtjy;yJ ,itNghy ,uj;jw; Fwpg;G ntspg;gLf;Fk; ,utpd;
fpstpaha;g; gapd;W thuhik MFk;. NkYk; ,d;dhHf;F ,d;d
260
nrhy; cupj;njd;W tiuaWj;jYk; tOtikj;jYkhfpa Muha;r;rp
Mz;bd;ikahDk; ,tw;iwNa tpje;Njhjpajw;fhd fhuzk; MFk;.
<nad;fpstp (nrhy; - 445) vd;Dk; #j;jpuk; Kjyha ehd;Fk;

mikAk; @ ,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lh vdpd; ,it ,utpd;
fpstpahjYk; %d;nwd;Dk; tiuaiwAk; mtw;whw;
ngwg;glhikapd; Ntz;Lnkd;gJ.
Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;yha; tUtopay;yJ gpw ,lq;fspy; ,d;d nrhy;

,d;dhHf;F cupj;njd;Dk; tiuaiw ,y;nyd;gJ czHj;Jjw;F
<>jh> nfhL vd Kd;dpiy tha;ghLgw;wp XjpdhH.
mtw;Ws;>
'<' vd; fpstp ,ope;Njhd; $w;Nw.
< vd;fpstp ,uf;fg;gLNthdpd; ,ope;j ,utyd; $w;whk;.
NrhW < - ,uf;fg;gLNthdpd; ,ope;j ,utyd; $w;W
'jh' vd; fpstp xg;Nghd; $w;Nw.
jhntd;fpstp mtNdhL xg;Nghd; $w;whk;
Mil jh - mtNdhL xg;Nghd; $w;W
'nfhL vd; fpstp caHe;Njhd; $w;Nw.
nfhL vd;fpstp mtdpDk; caHe;jtd; $w;whk;@
rhe;JnfhL - nfhL vd;fpstp mtdpDk; caHe;jtd; $w;W
'nfhL vd; fpstp glHf;ifMapDk;>
jd;idg; gpwd;Nghy; $Wk; Fwpg;gpd;
jd;dplj;J ,aYk; vd;kdhH GytH.
nfhLntd;DQ; nrhy;> Kjdpiy tifahw; glHf;ifahapDk;.

jd;idg; gpwndhUtd; Nghyf; $Wq; fUj;J tifahy;>
jd;dplj;Jr; nry;Yk;@
jk;gpf;Ff; nfhL – jd;idNa glHf;ifapy; $WtJ.
jd;ikf;Fk; Kd;dpiyf;Fk; cupa jhntd;gjdhdhf nghJthfpa

< vd;gjdhdhftd;Nw nrhy;yw;ghyJ@ caHe;jhd; mq;qde; jhd;
Vw;ghdhfr; nrhy;yhJ> nfhLntdg; glHf;if tha;ghl;lhw;
261
nrhy;Yk;@ Mz;L jd;idNa gpwd;Nghyf; Fwpj;jhdhfypw;
jd;dplj;Nj ahnkd ,ltO tikj;jthW vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
caHe;jhd; jk; xUtidf; fhl;b ,tw;Ff; nfhL vd;Dnkd;whu;

ciuahrpupaHvd vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH:- Mz;Lg; glHf;ifr;
nrhw;glHf;ifr; nrhy;NyhL ,iajyhd; tOtpd;ikapd; mikf;fy;
Ntz;lhthk; @ mjdhd; mJ NghypAiunad;f vd kWf;fpd;whH>.
ngaHepiyf; fpstpapd; MmFeTk;>
jpirepiyf; fpstpapd; MmFeTk;>
njhy; newp nkhoptapd; MmFeTk;>
nka;e; epiy kaf;fpd; MmFeTk;>
ke;jpug; nghUs;tapd; MmFeTk;>
md;wp midj;Jk; flg;ghL ,yNt.
xU jpizg;ngaH xUjpizf;fha; tUtdTk;:. jpirr; nrhy;

rpytplj;J tha;ghL jpupe;J tUtdTk;> KJ nrhy;yhfpa nra;As;
NtWghl;bd;fz; ,iagpy;yd ,iae;jdtha; tUtdTk;>
nghUz;kaf;fhfpa gprpr; nra;Al;fz; jpizKyhapd jpupe;J
tUtdTk; ke;jpug; nghUl;fz; mg; nghUl; Fupj;jy;yhr; nrhy;
tUtdTk; Mfpa ,itaidj;Jk; ,yf;fz kugpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkpyNtDk; tof;fpy; mit fbag;glhJ>
XnuUj;ij ek;gpnad;W toq;FjYk;> xUfpspia eq;ifnad;W

toq;Fjy;- ngaHepiyf;fpstp
Gypahd;> g+irahd; - jpirepiyf; fpstp
Mw;Wl; nrj;j vUikaPHj;jy; CHf; FatHf;Ff; fld; - njhd;ndwp

nkhop .
vOJtupf; Nfhyj;jh uPthHf; FupahH
njhOjpikf; fz;zize;j Njhl;lhH - KOjfyh
ehzpw; nrwpe;jhH eyq;fps;sp ehNlhWk;
Ngzw; fike;jhH ngupJ.
- vd;gJ Gj;jfj;jpw;Fk; ngz;zpw;Fk; cupaJ>-

nka;e;epiy kaf;F
262
ke;jpug; nghUl;Fupa rhd;W ke;jpy E}y;ty;yhH Nfl;LzHf vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
,J ,aw;nrhy;Yk;; jpirr;nrhy;Yk; gpwTk;gw;wp tOtikj;jJ

Mfypd;> fpstpahf;f Kjyhapdtw;wpd;fz; czHj;Jjw;F
,iagpd;ikahd;@ <z;L itj;jhH njhy;fhg;gpaH>
'nra;aha;' vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;
nra; vd; fpstp MF ,ld; cilj;Nj
nra;ahnad;Dk; tha;ghl;ljhfpa Kd;dpiy Kw;Wr;nrhy;

Mnad;Dk; <W nflr; nra; nad;Dk; nrhy;yha; epw;wk; cilj;J@
Mfpld; cilj;J vd;wjdhy;> nra;ah vd <W nflhJ epw;wNy

ngUk;ghd;ik nad;gjhk;.
cz;zha;> jpd;dha;> fpltha;> eltha;> jhuha;> thuha;> Nghtha;

vd;gd <Wnfl>
cz;> jpd;> fpl> el>jh>th>Ngh vdr; nra;nad; fpstp ahapd.
nra;ahnad;Dk; Kd;dpiy najpHkiw nra;nad; fpstpahjw;

Nfyhikapd;> nra;ahnad;Dk; Kd;dpiy tpidr; nrhnyd;wJ
tpjp tpidiaNaahk;.
jd;dpdk; Kbj;jy; vd;gjdhd; tk;kpd; jk;kpd; vd;gd kpd;nflTk;>

tk;> jk; vd epw;wYk;> mopaiy miyaiy vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy
vjpHkiw> Ifhuq;nfl;L mopay; miyay; vd epw;wYq; nfhs;f.
xd;nwd Kbj;jnyd;gjdhy;> Gfo;e;jhH vd;Dk; glHf;iftpid

MH <Wnflf; Gfo;e;jpF ky;yNuh vd epw;wYq;nfhs;f.
,itnay;yhQ; nra;Az;KbT vd;ghUk; csH.
nra;ah vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy vjpHkiw vjpHkiw glhJ nra;nad;

tpjp tpidahjYk; cupj;njd;ghH;; ciuahrpupaH> mjid kWf;Fk;
NrdhtiuaH nra;ahnad;Dk; vjpHkiwtpidAQ; nra;ah vd;Dk;
tpjptpidAk; Kbe;j epiyik xf;FkhapDk; vjpHkiwf;fz;
kiwAzHj;Jk; ,ilepiyAk; cz;ikahd;> Kbf;FQ;nrhy;
NtnwdNt gLk;. kiwAzHj;Jk; ,ilepiyahtd@ cz;zyd;>
cz;byd;> cz;zhJ> cz;Nzd; vd tUk;. my;Yk;> ,y;Yk;>
MTk;> VAk; gpwTkhk;. cz;zha; cz;Nzd; vd;wtop
263
vjpHkiwahfhuk; Vfhuq; nfl;L epd;wd vdy; Ntz;Lk;@
my;yhf;fhy; kiwnghUs; ngwg;glhikapd;> mjdhd; vjpHkiwr;
nrhy;Ny tpjptpidr;nrhy; Mfhikapd; mtHf;fJ fUj;jd;nwd;f
vd kWf;fpd;whH> NkYk; MrpupaH mf;fUj;jpduhapd;>
nra;ahnad;Dk; vjpHkiwtpidr;nrhy; vd;W XJthH. mt;thW
Xjhikahd; mtHf;fJ fUj;jd;ikahd; ciuahrpupaHf;Fk; mJ
fUj;jd;ikawpf vd;Wk; tpje;J $WthH.
Kd;dpiy Kd;dH <Ak; VAk;
me; epiy kugpd; nka; CHe;J tUNk.
Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy; Kd; tUk; <fhuKk; VfhuKk; mk;

Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;ypw;F Vw;w nka;a+He;J tUk;.
nrd;wP ngUkepw; wiff;FeH ahNuh (mfk;-46)>
ml;bNyhiy njhl;lid epd;Nk (ew;wpiz-300)
- Kd;dpiyf;Nfw;w nka;a+He;J te;jd.
Kd;dpiy vd;whNuDk;> nra;nad; fpstpahfpa Kd;dpiy vd;gJ

mjpfhuj;jhw; nfhs;f.
<fhuk; xd;Nwahf> Gf;f>P cz;B> ciuj;jP> nrd;wP vd Kd;dpiy

tpidaPw;W NtWghl;bw; Nfw;g nka; NtWgl;L tUjyhy;>me;epiy
kugpd; nka; vd;whH. Vfhuk; kfuk; CHe;J my;yJ thuhJ.
,t;ntOj;Jg;NgW GzHr;rp tpfhukhjypd; <z;Lf;$ww;

ghw;wd;nwdpd;:- mw;wd;W: ,aw;ngaH Kd;duhiuf; fpstp' (nrhy;-
270) mg; ngaNuhL xw;Wikg; gl;L epd;whw;Nghy Kd;dpiy Kd;dH
<Ak; VAk; Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;nyhL xw;Wikg;gl;L epw;wyhd;>
epiynkhop tUnkhop nra;J GzHf;fg;glhikahd;> mk;nka;
GzHr;rp tpfhu nkdg; glhntd;f. m/Njy;> ,ilapaYs;
,aw;ngaH Kd;d uhiuf; fpstp (nrhy;-270) vd;gjNdhL ,iaa
,jidAk; itf;f ntdpd;:- Mz;L itg;gpw; nra;ah nad;gJ
nra;nad; fpstpaha topaJ mt;tPfhu Ntfhu tuntd;gJ
ngwg;glhikapd; <z;L itj;jhH> `nra;ah nad;D Kd;dpiy
tpidr;nrhy; vd;gjid <z;L itj;jw;Fk; ,JNt gadhjywpf.
Kd;dpiyr; nrhy; tpfhuk; xUq;FzHj;jy; mjw;Fg; ganddpD
kikAk;><nad;g Njhupilr;nrhy; cz;nld;gJ ,r;
#j;jpuj;jhw;ngw;whk;. ,itapuz;Lk; <z;Lg; Gwj;JwT nghUs;gl
epd;wd. mir epiy vd;ghUKsH.
264
fb nrhy; ,y;iy> fhyj;Jg; gbNd.
,itnjhd;W njhl;ld ty;yd vd;W fbag;gLQ; nrhy;ypy;iy@

mjhtJ mt;tf;fhyj;Jj; Njhd;wp toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
fbag;gLtjpy;iy.
rk;G> rs;is> rl;b> rko;g;G
rhuf; fpstpA ktw;Nwh uw;Nw
m I xsntD %d;wyq;filNa (vO 92)
vd tpyf;fhH MrpupaH@ mjdhd; mit gpw;fhyj;Jj; Njhd;wpa

nrhy;Nyahk;..
,/J vOtif tOtikjpAs; xd;whfhJ xU ghJfhtyhjypd;

fpstpahf;fj; jpiagpd;ikahd; <z;Lf; $wpdhH>.
,dp xd;nwd Kbj;jyhw; Gjpad Njhd;wpdhw; Nghyg; gioad

nfLtdTk; csntdf; nfhs;f. mit mohd;> Gohd;
KjypadTk; vOj;jpw;GzHe;j nrhw;fs; ,f;fhyj;J
toq;fhjdTkhk;.
rk;G> rs;is> rl;b> rko;g;G rikKjypa nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaH

fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng toq;fpdik Njw;wkhfypd;> rfuf; fpstpA
ktw;Nwh uw;Nw vd;Dk; E}w;gh gpw;fhyj;jpilr; nrUfyhNah
ghlNtWghL cs;sjhNah ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. njhy; fhg;gpak; XH
mfuhjpad;ikapd;> mjpw; rfuf;fpstp apd;ik rfuk; nkhop Kjy;
tuhnjd;gjw;Fr; rhd;wd;W@
Fiwr;nrhw; fpstp:
Fiwr;nrhw; fpstp Fiwf;Fk;top mwpjy;
Fiwf;FK; nrhy;iyf; Fiwf;Fk; ,lkwpe;J Fiwf;f.

Fiwj;jdthapDk; mit FiwahJ epiwe;J epd;w
ngaupay;GiladthFk;.
jhkiu- kiuapjo; GiuAk; mQ;nrQ; rPwb – Kjw;Fiw
Xe;jp – XjpKJNghj;J - ,ilf;Fiw
ePyk; - ePy; cz; Jfpypif – filf;Fiw
Fiwe;jd MapDk; epiwg; ngaH ,ay.
265
Fiwe;j topAk; epiwe;j ngauhff; nfhs;f.Fiwf;fg;gLtd
ngaNuahfypd;> epiwg;ngaupay ntd;whH.
,ilr; nrhy; vy;yhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;Ny.
gpwpnjhU nrhy;iy NtWgLg;gdTk; gpwpnjhU nrhy;yhd;

NtWgLf;fg;gLtdTnkdr; nrhy; ,U tifg;gLk; @ gpwpnjhU
nrhy;iy NtWgLj;jyhtJ tpNrbj;jy;. gpwpnjhU nrhy;yhd;
NtWgLf;fg;gLjyhtJ tpNrbf;fg;gLjy;. ,ilr; nrhy;nyy;yhk;
gpwpnjhU nrhy;iy NtW gLf;FQ; nrhy;yhk;
NtWgLj;jYk; NtW gLf;fg;gLjYk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; nghJ

tifahd; vy;yhr; nrhw;Fq; $whik va;Jkhfypd;
,ilr;nrhy;nyy;yhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;nyd;wjdhd; >,it
NtWgLf;FQ; nrhy;yhjyy;yJ xUQhd;Wk; NtWgLf;fg;gLQ;
nrhy;yhfhntd epakpj;jthwhk;. mit md;dthjy; ,ilapaYs;
Xjg;gl;l ,ilr;nrhy; tof;fpDs;SQ; nra;ASs;Sk; tUk; topf;
fz;L nfhs;f.
Ntw;Wikr;nrhy; Ntw;Wikiar; nra;AQ; nrhy;nyd

tpupAk;.Ntw;WiknadpDk; NtWghnldpD nkhf;Fk;.
,ilr;nrhy; vy;yhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;yhapDk;> mtw;Ws; xU

rhudtw;iw Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;nyd;whH.,aw;nrhy;Ys; xU
rhudtw;iw ,aw;nganud;whw;Nghy ntd;gJ. ,JTnkhU eak;.
cupr; nrhy; kUq;fpDk; cupait cupa
cupr;nrhy; ,lj;Jk; NtWgLf;FQ; nrhy;yhjw;Fk; cupad

cupathk; @ vy;yhk; cupathfh. vdNt> cupr; nrhy;Ys;
NtWgLj;Jk; NtWgLf;fg;gl;Lk; ,UepiyikAk; cilatha;
tUtdNt ngUk;ghd;ik vd;gjhk;.
NtWgLf;FQ; nrhy;Nyahtd cW> jt> edp vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd

.
,UepiyikA Kilad FU> nfO> nry;yy;> ,d;dy; vd;De;

njhlf;fj;jd.
cW nghUs;> jtg;gy;> edp Nra;j;J. Vfy;yLf;fk; vd ,it

xd;iw tpNrbj;J te;jd.
FUkzp> tpsq;FFU@ Nfo; fpsufyk;> nrq;Nfo;@ nry;yNdha;>

mUQ;nry;yy;@ ,d;dw;Fwpg;G> Ngupd;dy; vd ,it xd;wid
tpNrbj;Jk; tpNrbf;fg;gl;Lk; ,U epiyikAKilatha; te;jd.
266
tpid vQ;R fpstpAk; NtW gy; Fwpa.
tpidnar;rKk; NtWgl;l gy tpyf;fzj;ijAilad MFk;@
mitahtd : cuw;fhy; ahid nahbj;Jz;nlQ;rpa (FWe; - 232)

vdTk;>QhapW gl;L te;jhd;' vdTk; nra;njndr;rk; tpidKjy;
nfhs;shJ gpwpjpd; tpidNfhlYk; m/jPW jpupjYk;>Nkhapd
SapHj;j fhiy (mfk; - 5) vdTk;> fz;zpad; tpy;yd; tUk;
vdTk;> Kw;Wr; nrhy;yJ jpupgha; tUjYk;> Xbte;jhd; tpiue;J
Nghapdhd; vdTk;> nta;a rpwpakpow;WQ; nrt;tha; vdTk;
nrt;td; njupfpw;ghd;> GJtjdpad;w tzpad; vdTk;> jk;ik
Kbf;Fk; tpidf;fl;fple;j njhopyhDk; gz;ghDq; Fwpg;ghDk;
czHj;jpj; njupepiy tpidAq; Fwpg;G tpidAkha; Kbf;FQ;
nrhy;iy tpNrbj;jYk; gpwTkhk;. nra;njdr;rj;jPW jpupjy;
tpidapaYl; fhl;bg; Nghe;jhk; vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
ngUq;if aw;wntd; Gyk;GKe; Jwj;J vd;Gopg; ngUnkd;gij

xUrhuhH tpidnar;r tha;ghnld;gH @ xUrhuhH tpidr;nrhw;gw;wp
epd;wNjhH cupr;nrhnyd;gH.
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,yf;fzNkad;wpg;

gpwtpyf;fz Kila ntd;g JzHj;jpdhH. ,dp mitNaad;wp
tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk; gy tpyf;fzj;jd vd;gJgl epd;wikahd;>
ck;ik ,we;jJ joP,a vr;rTk;ik> mt;tpyf;fzk; Xupaytd;wpj;
jpupjYk; NtW nghUSzHj;JjYk; tpNrbj;jY Kjyhfpa
Ntw;WikAilathfypd;> NtW gy;Fwpa ntd;whH.
tpidnar;rj;Js; tpNrbj;Nj epw;gdTKsntd;gJck;

czHj;Jfpd;whuhfypd;> ,jid tpidapaYs;itahJ><z;L
tpNrbf;FQ; nrhy;YzHj;Jtd tw;NwhL itj;jhH.
ngaHj;jndd; Kaq;f (FWe; - 64) vd;gJ Kjyhapd

nra;njndr;rk; Kw;wha;j; jpupe;jdntd;Wk; xbj;Jz;nlQ;rpa
vd;gJ Kjyhapd nrantndr;rk; nra;njndr;rkha;j; jpupe;jd
ntd;Wk;> Kd;dUiuj; jhuhy; ciuahrpupaH vd;gjid vLj;Jf;
fhl;b ngaHj;jndd; Kaq;f vd;gJ Kjyhapd vr;rj;jpupghapd;
vr;rg;nghUSzHj;J tjy;yJ ,lKk;ghYk; czHj;jw;ghy ty;y.
vr;rg; nghUz;ikahtJ %d;wplj;jpw;Fk; Ie;Jghw;Fk; nghJthfpa
tpid epfo;r;rpad;Nw@ mt;thwd;wp Kw;Wr;nrhw;F Xjpa <w;wtha;
,lKk; ghYKzHj;jypd;> mit Kw;Wj;jpupnrhy; nydNt gLk;.
267
nrhd;dpiy AzHe;J tpid Nfhld; khj;jpuj;jhd; tpidnar;r
nkdpd; :- khiuf; fpstpAk;> tpidnahL KbAk; Ntw;WikAk;>
gpwTnky;yhk; tpidnar;rkhthd; nry;Yk;@ mjdhd; mtHf;fJ
fUj;jd;nwd;f. my;yJ}ck; fz;zpad; tpy;yd; tUk; vd
tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;wha;j; jpupjw;Nfw;gnjhU tpidnar;rk;
,d;ikahDk;> mJ fUj;jd;ikawpf. vd;Wk; kWj;Jiug;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
xbj;Jz;nlQ;rpa vd;gJck; QhapW gl;L te;jhd; vd;gJck;
gpwtpid nfhz;ldthapDk;>nrantndr; rj;jpw;Fupa ,we;jfhy
KzHj;jyhd;>Vidf;fhyj;jpw;Fupa nra;njndr;rj;jpd;
jpupngdg;glh@nrantndr;rj;jpw;Fupa fhyKzHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
ciuaplj;J ,aYk; cldpiy mwpjy;
tof;fpy; gapd;W tUk; khWghlw;w nrhw;fs; cldpiae;J epw;wiy

czHf.
,e;ehopf;fpe;ehop rpwpJ ngupJ vd cldpw; fw;ghy ty;yhr;

rpWikAk; ngUikAk; cldpd;wthW fz;L nfhs;f.
Kd;dj;jpd; czUk; fpstpAk; csNt.
,d;d vd;Dk; nrhy;Kiwahd.
nrhy;yhy; md;wpr; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;ghw; nghUSzug;gLQ;

nrhy;Yk; cs @ ,g;nghUs; ,j;jd;ika vd;W nrhy;Yjw;fz;@
nrQ;nrtp> nts;nshf;fyH vd;wtop kzpAk; nghd;D kze;j nrtp

vd;Wk; > ntspaJLj;j Rw;wk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gh Dzug;gl;lthW
fz;Lnfhs;f. Fionfhz;L NfhopnawpAk; tho;f;ifaH vd;Gop
md;d ngUQ; nry;tj;jhH vd;gJk; Fwpg;ghy; czug;gLk;.
xU nghUs; ,U nrhy; gpupT ,y tiuahH
nghUs; NtWghbd;wp xU nghUz;Nky; tUk; ,uz;Lnrhw;

gpuptpd;wpj; njhlHe;Jtupd;> mtw;iwf; fbahH@
epte;Njhq;F ngUkiy
JWfd; kPkpir AWfz;
gpuptpy ntd;wJ> NtnwhU nrhy;yhd; ,ilaplg; glhJ epw;gd

ntd;wthW.
268
,Unrhy; xU nghUz;Nky; tUjy; vOtif tOtpDs; xd;
wd;ikahd; <z;Lf; $wpdhH.
itiaf; fpotd; taq;FjhH khzfye;
ijayh apd;WeP ey;fpid ey;fhNaw;
$lyhH NfhNthL ePAk; gLjpNa
ehlwpaf; nfsit nahUq;F
vd;wtop> itiaf; fpotd; $lyhHNfh vd;gd xU nghUis

tiue;JzHj;jyhw; gpuptpythfypd; tiuag; glhntd;Wk;>
nfha;jspHj; jz;liyf; $j;jg; ngUQ;Nre;jd;
itfY NkEk; taf;fspNw-ifnjhOty;
fhNyf tz;zidf; fz;zhuf; fhzntQ;
rhNyfQ; rhu el
vd;wtop fhNyftz;zd; vd;gJ mr; rhe;J g+rpdhH vy;yhHf;Fk;

nghJtha;f; $j;jg;ngUQ;Nre;jidNa tiue;JzHj;jhikapd;>
mit gpupTilathnkd;Wk;. ciu ahrpupaH ciuj;jij kWf;Fk;
NrdhtiuaH.
ehzp epd;Nwh zpiyfz; bahDk;
Ngzpnd dy;yNdh kfpo;e thdj;
jzq;fUq; flTsd; Ndhzpd;
kfd;wh ahjy; Giutjhq; nfdNt (mfk; - 33)
vd;Gop thdj; jzq;fUq; flT sd;Ndhs; vd;gJ

kfspHf;nfy;yhk; nghJtha; ehzp epd;Nwhis
tiue;JzHj;jhikapd; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;ghd; mtisNa
czHj;jpdhw;Nghyf; fhNyftz;zd; vd;gJk; nghJthapDQ;
nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;ghw; $j;jg; ngUQ; Nre;jidNa czHj;jpg;
gpuptpytha; epw;wyhd;> mtHf;fJ fUj;jd;nwd;f vd tpsf;fk;
nra;fpd;whH>
xUik Rl;ba ngaH epiyf; fpstp
gd;ikf;F MFk; ,lDkhH cz;Nl
269
xUikf;Fupa ngaHr;nrhw; gd;ikf;fhFk; ,lKk; cz;L:
Vt ypisaH jha;tapW fupg;g vd;gjpy; jhnad;Dk; xUik Rl;ba

ngaH ,isa vd;gjdhy; jhaH vd;Dk; gd;ik czHj;jpw;W>
gd;ikf; fhFkplDkh Uz;Nl vd;gJ> xUikr; nrhw; gd;ikr;

nrhy;NyhL njhlHjw;Fg; nghUe;Jkplk; cz;nld;gJ}ck;
glepd;wikahd;>m/ij> je;ij> mz;zy>; ahid> mL NghHr;
NrhoH vd xUikr; nrhy; gd;ikr; nrhy;NyhL njhlHjYq;
fz;Lnfhs;f. <z;L xUikr;nrhw; gd;ikr;nrhy;NyhL
kaq;FjYilik ahd; xUtiuf; $Wk; gd;ikf; fpstp (nrhy; -
36) vd;Gop mlq;fhik mwpf vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fzk;:
Kd;dpiy Rl;ba xUikf; fpstp
gd;iknahL KbapDk; tiu epiy ,d;Nw@
Mw;Wg;gil kUq;fpd; Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;dpiy Fwpj;J epd;w xUikr; nrhy; > gd;iknahL

Kbe;jjhapDk; > tiuag;glhJ @ mk;KbG Mw;Wg;gilr;
nra;Asplj;Jg; Nghw;wpAzug;gLk;@
$j;juhw;Wg;gilAs; fyk;ngW fz;Zs nuhf;fw;wiyt

(kiygLflhk; - 50) vd epd;w xUikr; nrhw;Ngha; ,Uk;Ng
nuhf;fnyhL gjkpfg; ngWFtpH' (kiygLflhk; - 157 ) vd;Dk;
gd;ikr; nrhy;NyhL Kbe;jJ..
xUik Rl;ba ngaHepiyf; fpstp
gd;ikf; fhF kplDkh Uz;Nl (nrhy;-461)
vd;gjdhd; ,JTk; mlq;Fjypd; > ,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lhth vdpd;

: - gd;iknahL KbAkplDkhUz;Nl vd;dhJ gd;ikf;fhF
kplDkhUz;Nl vd;whuhjypd;> Mz;L gd;ikr; nrhw;nfhz;L
KbahJ xUikr; nrhw; gd;ikAzHj;JjYk; gd;ikr; nrhy;nyhL
xU nghUl;lhfpa Jizaha; kaq;FjYKzHj;jpdhH . mjdhd;
,f;nfhz;L KbG Mz;L mlq;fhnjd;gJ> my;yJ}ck;> ,k;KbG
nra;Al;F cupj;J vd;wikahDk; Mz;L mlq;fhikawpf.
nghJtifahd; Mw;Wg;gilkUq;fp ndd;whuhapDk; Rw;wj;NjhL

Rw;wj;jiytid Mw;Wg;gLj;jw; fz;zJ ,k; kaf;fnkd;gJ
ghJfhj;JzHfntd;ghH Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whH.
270
ghd;kaf; Fw;w Iaf; fpstp (nrhy; - 23) vd;gjdhw; $wpa
xUikg;gd;ik kaf;fk; tOtikjpahapDk; ,yf;fzj;Njhlj;Jg;
gapd;W tUk; xUik Rl;ba ngaH epiyf;fpstp gd;ikf;fhjYk;>
Kd;dpiynahUik gd;iknahL KbjYk; md;dtd;wpr;
rpWtof;fpdthjypd;> Mz;L itahJ <z;L itj;jhH.
xUtH xUtiu Mw;Wg;gLj;jw;fz; Kd;dpiy nahUik

gd;iknahL Kbjy; tof;fpw;Fk; xf;Fkhfyhd;> Mw;Wg;gilnadg;
nghJtifahw; $wpdhH.
nra;As; kUq;fpDk; tof;fpay; kUq;fpDk;
nka; ngwf; fpse;j fpstp vy;yhk;
gy; NtW nra;jpapd; E}y; newp gpioahJ>
nrhy; tiue;J mwpa> gpupj;jdH fhl;ly;!.
nra;Asplj;Jk; tof;fplj;Jk; ,t;tjpfhuj;jpd;fz; nghUs;ngwr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l nrhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gy;NtW nra;ifAila
njhd;D}y; newpapw; gpioahJ nrhy;iy NtWgLj;JzUkhw;whw;
gpupj;Jf; fhl;Lf@
epyg;ngaH Fbg;ngaH' vdTk;>mk;. Mk;> vk;. Vk; vdTk;

nghJtifahw; $wg;gl;ld . mUths epyj;jhndd;Dk; nghUl;fz;
mUthsd; vdTk;@ Nrhoepyj;jhndd;Dk; nghUl;fz; Nrhopad;
vdTk;@ ,we;jfhyj;jpd;fz; cz;ldk;> cz;lhk; vdTk;@
epfo;fhyj;jpd;fz; cz;zh epd;wdk;> cz;zh epd;whk;>
cz;fpd;whk; vdTk;@ vjpHfhyj;jpd;fz; cz;Ftk;> cz;ghk;
vdTk; NtWgl;L tUkd;Nw@ mt;NtWghnly;yhk; $wpw;
gy;Fnkd;wQ;rpf; $wpw;wpydhapDk; njhd;D}y; newpapw; gpioahky;
mt; NtWghL czugpupj;Jf; fhl;Lf E}y; ty;yhnud;wthwhapw;W.
,J gpw E}d; Kbe;jJ jhDlk;gLjnyd;De; je;jpuTj;jp

gpwTkd;d.
nrhy;tiue;jwpa vdNt tiue;NjhjhJ nghJ

tifahNdhjg;gl;ltw;wpd; Nkw;W ,g;Gwdil nad;gjhk;.
,dp XUiu :- nra;Asplj;Jk; tof;fplj;Jk; vd;dhw; fpsf;fg;glhJ

njhd;D}yhrpupauhw; fpsf;fg;gl;L vQ;rp epd;w nrhy;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; mt;tj; njhd;D}y; newpapw; gpioahikr;
nrhy;iy tiue;Jzuf;nfhzHe;J gpupj;Jf;fhl;Lf vd;wthW.
271
Gwdilahw; nfhs;sg;gLtd :- ahD ePA ktDQ; nry;Ntk;
vdTk;> ahD ePAQ; nry;Ntk; vdTk; Vidaplj;jpw;Fupa nrhy;
jd;ikr; nrhy;NyhL ,iae;jtopj; jd;ikahd; KbjYk; mtD
ePAQ; nrd;kpd; vdg; glHf;ifr;nrhy; Kd;dpiyNahL ,iae;j top
Kd;dpiyahd; KbjYk;> epy;yhJ ngaHe;j gy;NyhUs;Sk;
vd;Gopg; gy;Ny Ks;Snkdj; jd;ikahfw; ghyJ
gy;NyhUs;Snkdg; glHf;ifg; gd;ikahatop mikjYk;>
KuRnfO jhid %tUs;Sk;
munrdg; gLtJ epdNj ngUk(Gwk;-35)
vd;Gop %tpUs;Snkd Kd;dpiyah fw;ghyJ %tUs;Sk;

vdg;glHf;ifahatop mikjYk;. ,uz;lDl; $Hq; Nfhl;l
fhl;Lty; vd;Gopf; $Hq;Nfhl;lnjd xUik ahfw;ghyJ
$Hq;Nfhl;lntdg; gd;ikahtop mikjYkhk;. mfj;jpaKjyhapd
vy;yhtpyf;fzKk; $wypw; gy;NtW nra;jpapD}nyd;whH.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:;
1.ehd;F tifr;nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J tptup?
ehy;tifr; nrhw;fs;:
,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy;> vd;W
midj;Nj-nra;As; <l;lr; nrhy;Ny.
fpstpahf;f Kjyhf cupapay; ,Wjpahff; fple;j Xj;Jf;fSs;

czHj;Jjw; fplkpd;ikahd; czHj;jg;glhJ vQ;rp epd;w nrhy;
ypyf;fznky;yhe; njhFj;JzHj;jpa ntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhH. mjdhd;
,t;Nthj;J vr;rtpanyd;Dk; ngaHj;jhapw;W.
fz;Bnud;wh' (nrhy;-425) vdTk;>nra;ahnad;D Kd;dpiy

tpidr;nrhy;' (nrhy;-450) vdTk;>cupr;nrhd; kUq;fpDk;' (nrhy;-459)
vdTk;>xUik Rl;ba ngaHepiyf; fpstp' (nrhy;-491) vdTk;>
,it Kjyhfpa #j;jpuq;fsh DzHj;jg; gl;l mirepiyAk;>
tpidr;nrhy; ypyf;fzKk; tOtikjpAk; mt;Nthj;Jf;fS
SzHj;jhJ <z;LzHj;jpa njd;idNah ntdpd;:- mjw;Ff;
fhuzk; mt;tr;#j;jpuKiuf;Fk; topr; nrhy;YJk;.
gynghUl;nlhFjpf;F xd;wdhw; ngaH nfhLf;Fq;fhy; jiyikAk;

gd;ikAk; gw;wpf; nfhLg;gpdy;yJ gpwpjhwpd;ikahDk;> jiyikAk;
gd;ikAk; vr;rj;jpw;fpd;ikahDk; gj;J tif nar;rk; <z;L
czHj;jyhd; vr;rtpayhapw;nwd;wy; nghUe;jhik AzHf.
272
nra;Al;Fupa nrhy;Yk;> mtw;wpyf;fzKk;> mtw;whw; nra;As;
nra;topg;gLk; tpfhuKk; nra;Al; nghUs;NfhSk;> vLj;Jf; Nfhlw;f
DzHj;Jfpd;whH.
,aw;nrhy;Yk;> jpupnrhy;Yk;> jpirr;nrhy;Yk;> tlnrhy;Yk; vd

mj;JizNa nra;AsPl;Ljw;Fupa nrhy;yhtd:
,aw;nrhy;yhDQ; nra;Al;nrhy;yhfpa jpupnrhy;yhDNkapd;wpj;

jpirr; nrhy;Yk; tl nrhy;Yk; ,iltpuha;r; rhd;NwhH nra;As;
nra;AkhW fz;L Vidg;ghilr; nrhy;YQ; nra;Al;FupaNth
ntd;iwAw;whHf;F> ,e;ehd;F nrhy;YNk nra;Al; #upad@
gpwghilr; nrhy; cupaty;yntd;W tiuaWj;jthW.
nra;As; nra;ayhtJ xUnghUz;Nkw; gynrhw;nfhzHe;

jPl;lyhfyhd; <l;lnyd;whH.
ngaHtpidapilAup nad;gd ,aw;nrhw; ghFghlhfyhd;>

,aw;nrhy; me;ehd;F ghFghl;lhDQ; nra;Al; Fupj;jhk; jpupnrhw;
ngauhay;yJ thuh. vd;kdhnud;gjid tpidj;jpupnrhy;
vd;ghUKsH. m/J `vd;wprpNdhH' `ngwyUq;Fiuj;J' (Gwk; -5)
vd;gd Nghyr; nra;Az;KbG ngw;W
epd;wnjd;wNynghUj;jKilj;J. jpy;nyd;D kpilr;nrhy;>
jpy;yntd;whDe; jpy;iy nad;whDk; jpupe;J epd;wtop mit
tof;fpw;F Kupathfypd; jpupnrhy;nydg;glhJ `fLq;fhy;'
vd;Gopf;fbnad;D Kupr;nrhy;> `ngaupDk; tpidapD
nka;jLkhwp' (nrhy;-234) vd;gjdhw; gz;Gg;ngauha;g; nganuhL
njhf;F tof;fpDl; gapd;W tUjyhy;> jpupnrhy;nydg;glhJ.
jpirr;nrhy;Ys; Vidr;nrhy;YKsNtDk;> nra;Al;Fupj;jha;
tUtJ ngaHr;nrhy;Nyahk;. tlnrhy;Ys;Sk; ngauy;yJ nra;Al;
Fupatha; thuh. ,t;thwhjy; rhd;NwhH nra;As; Nehf;fpf; fz;L
nfhs;f.
nra;AsPl;lr; nrhy; ehd;F :- njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r;

nrhw;fs; ,yf;fz Kiwapw; Nghd;Nw nrhw;gpwg;gpay; KiwapYk;
ehd;fhf tFf;fg;gl;ld. KjyhtJ jd;nrhy; maw; nrhy; vd;fpw
Kiwapy; njd;nrhy; tlnrhy; vd;w ghFghLk;> gpd;G jd;
nrhw;Fs; nre;jkpo; nfhLe;jkpo; vd;fpw Kiwapy; ehl;Lr;nrhy;
jpirr;nrhy; vd;w ghFghLk;> gpd;G ehl;Lr; nrhw;fs; ,ay;Gk;
jpupAk; gw;wp ,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; jpirr;nrhy; tlnrhy; vd
ehd;fike;jd.
273
Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhw;fis primitives drivatives vd
,uz;lha;g; gFg;gjhYk;> `jpupgpd;wp ,ay;ghfpa nrhy;yhfypd;
,aw;nrhy;yhapw;W' vd;Wk;> `jpupnrhy;yJ jpupthtJ
cWg;Gj;jpupjYk; KOtJe; jpupjYnkd ,Utifj;J> fps;is>
kQ;iQ vd;gd cWg;Gj;jpupe;jd. tpyq;fy;> tpz;L vd;gd
KOtJe; jpupe;jd' vd;Wk; NrdhtiuaUk; gpwUk; $WtjhYk;@
,aw;nrhy;iyAe; jpupnrhy;iyAk; KiwNa vz;nrhy; mUQ;nrhy;
vd;W nfhs;shky;> ,ay;ghd nrhy; jpupf;fg;gl;l nrhy; vd;W
nfhs;tNj nghUj;jkhk;.
njYq;F fd;dlk; Kjypa jpuhtpl nkhopfs; Kw;fhyj;jpy;

nfhLe;jkpoh apUe;jikapd;> mtw;wpd; nrhw;fs; jpirr; nrhw;fs;
vdg;gl;ld. ,d;W mk;nkhopfs; Mupaf;fyg;ghy; Ntw;W nkhopaha;
toq;Ffpd;wikahd;> Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fisnay;yhk; jpirr;
nrhy;nydf; $WtJ jtwhFk;> Kw;fhyj;jpy; jpirr;nrhy;yhff;
fhl;lg;gl;l nfhLe;jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs ,d;We; jpirr;nrhy;yhFk;.
tlnkhop nahd;Nw Kw;fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;J toq;fpa mad;nkhop.

mjdhy;> mjd; nrhy; mk;nkhopg; ngauhNyNa tl nrhy;
nydg;gl;lJ. mJNghy; ,g;NghJ jkpopy; toq;Fk; gpwnkhopr;
nrhw;fSk; Mq;fpyr;nrhy; NghHj;JfPrpar;nrhy; vd mt;tk; nkhopg;
ngauhNyNa miof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;nrhy;:
. mtw;Ws;>
,aw;nrhy;jhNk
nre;jkpo; epyj;J tof;nfhL rptzp>
jk; nghUs; tohik ,irf;Fk; nrhy;Ny.
me;ehd;fDs; ,aw;nrhy;nyd;W nrhy;yg;gl;l nrhy;>

nre;jkpo;epyj;J tof;fhjw;Fg; nghUe;jpf; nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;Je;
jk;nghUs; tOthky; czHj;JQ; nrhy;yhFk;.
mitahtd : epyk; ePH> jP> tsp> NrhW> $o;> ghy; >japH> kf;fs;>
kh> njq;F> fKF vd;De; njhlf;fj;jdMFk;.
nre;jkpo; epykhtd> itiaahw;wpd; tlf;Fk; kUjahw;wpd; nww;Fk;

>fUt+upd; fpof;Fk; kUt+upd; Nkw;Fkhk;.
274
jpupgpd;wp ,ay;ghfpa nrhy;yhfypd; ,aw;nrhy; Mapw;W.
nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthfypd; ,aw; nrhy;yhapw;
nwdpDikAk; ePnud;gJ Mupar; rpijthapDk; mg; nghUl;F
mJNt nrhy;yha;r; nre;jkpo; epyj;Jk; nfhLe;jkpo; epyj;Jk;
toq;fg;gLjyhd; ,aw;nrhy; Mapw;W. gpwTk; ,t;thW tUtd
,aw;nrhy;yhff; nfhs;f.
NtW nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy; MfpAk;>
jpupnrhy;:
nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy; MfpAk;>
xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfTk; NtWnghUs; Fwpj;j

xUnrhy;yhfTk; tUgit vy;yhk; jpupnrhy; vdg;gLk;.,J
,aw;nrhy;ypdpd;W jpupe;J toq;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;.
rhd;W: ntw;G> tpyq;fy;> tpz;L – xUnghUs; Fwpj;j

NtWngaHf;fpstp
vfpdk;> ce;jp – NtWnghUs; Fwpj;j xUngaHf;fpstp
Nkw;fz;ltw;Ws; vfpdk; vd;gJ md;dk;> ftupkh> Gspkh> eha;

vd;Dk; nghUs;fis czHj;Jk;.ce;jp vd;gJ aho;gj;jH
cWg;ghFk;.,j nfhg;G+o;> NjHj;jl;L> fhd;ahW vd;Dk;
nghUs;fisAk; czHj;Jk;.
jpupnrhy; cWg;Gj; jpupjy;> KOtJe;jpupjy; vd ,Utifg;gLk.
fps;is> kQ;iQ – cWg;Gj; jpupjy; - fpsp – fps;is- kapy; –

kQ;iQ vdj; jupe;jJ.
tpyq;fy;> tpz;L – KOtJk; jpupe;jd. ,it ntw;G vd;gjd;

jpupghFk;. Jkf;Fs; njhlHG rpwpJk; Gyg;glhky; KOtJk;
jpupe;jd.
275
jpirr;nrhy;:
nre;jkpo; NrHe;j gd;dpU epyj;Jk;
jk; Fwpg;gpdNt-jpirr;nrhy;-fpstp.
nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; NrHe;j gd;dpuz;L epyj;Je; jhq; Fwpj;j

nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jpirr;nrhy; vd;gjhFk;. mt;te;epyj;Jj; jhd;
Fwpj;j nghUs; tpsf;Ftjy;yJ mt;tpaw;nrhw;Nghy ve;epyj;Je;
jk;nghUs; tpsf;fh ntd;wthwhk;.
gd;dpUepykhtd nghq;fHehL> xspehL> njd;ghz;behL> Fl;lehL>

FlehL> gd;wpehL> fw;fhehL> rPjehL> g+opehL> kiyehL>
mUthehL> mUthtl jiy vdr; nre;jkpo; ehl;Lj; njd;fPo;ghd;
Kjyhf tl fPo;ghypWjpahf cs;sdthFk;.
nfhLe;jkpo; epykhf NrdhtiuaH $wpa gd;dpU epyk; 12 Mk;

E}w;whz;bw; Nfw;witahjypd;> njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpj;jitahfh.
njd;ghz;behl;lhH M> vUik vd;gtw;iwg;ngw;wk; vd;Wk;> jk;khkp

vd;gjidj; je;Jit vd;Wk; toq;FtH.
jq;Fwpg;gpdntd;W jdpnkhop jk;nghUSzHj;J khw;Wf;Fr;

nrhy;ypdhH. ,Unkhop njhlUkplj;Jj; jd;id te;jhd; vd
Ntz;bathW tug;ngW nkd;whuy;ynud;gJ.
1.gd;dpUepykhtd:-itahw;wpd;...ehL@ xspehL> njd;ghz;behL>

fUq;Fl;lehL> FlehL> gd;wpehL> fw;fhehL> rPjehL> g+opehL>
kyhL> mUthehL> mUthtljiy vd;g. ,it nre;jkpo;
ehl;lfj;j nre;jkpo; ehnld;wikahy;> gpwehlhf Ntz;Lnkd;ghH
cjhuzq;fhl;LkhW:- "fd;dpj; njd;fiuf; flw;goe;jPgk;@ nfhy;yq;
$gfQ;rpq;fsnkd;Dk; vy;iyapd; Gwj;jTk;> fd;dlk;> tLfk;>
fypq;fk;> njypq;fk;> nfhq;fzk;> JStk;> Flfk;> Fd;wfk;> vd;gd
FlghypUtpwr; iraj; JlDiwG $We; jkpo; jpupepyq;fSk;
KbAilat upLepythl;rpapd; mRu Nkk;gl;l FWepyf; FLkpfs;
gjpd;kUk; cldpUg; gpUtUkhfpa gd;dpUtH murUk; gilj;j
gd;dpUNjaj;jpDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhjw;F tpUg;Gilad"
vd;wikahDk;> ` jkpo; $W ey;Yyfj;J tof;FQ;
nra;ASkhapU Kjypd; vOj;JQ; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; ehb' vd
epWj;Jg; gpd;DQ; `nre;jkpopaw;if rptzpa epyj;njhL Ke;J
E}y; fz;L' vd Xjpatjdhw; rptzpa epykhtJ vy;iy Fwpj;j
epyj;ijr; rhHe;j epynkd Ntz;LjyhDk;> gd;dpU epykhtd:-
276
Fkupahw;wpd; njd;fiug;gl;l goe;jPgKk;> nfhy;yKk;> $gfKk;>
rpq;fsKk;> iraj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;gl;l nfhq;fzKe; JStKq;>
FlfKq;> Fd;wfKk;> fpof;Fg; gl;l fUelKk;> tLFk;> njypq;F k;>
fypq;Fk; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLk;.
,tw;Ws;> $gfKq; nfhy;yKq; fly; nfhs;sg; gLjypd;>

Fkupahw;wpd; tlfiuiaf; nfhy;ynkdf; FbNawpdhH NghYk;.
gQ;rj; jpuhtplnkdTk; tlehl;lhH ciug;gthfyhd;>
mitiae;Jk; Ntq;flj;jpd; njw;fhjYk; $lhikAzHf.
tlnrhy;-fpstp tl vOj;J XuP,>
vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy; MFk;Nk.
tlnrhw; fpstpahtJ tlnrhw;Nf cupa ntdg;gLQ;

rpwg;ngOj;jpd; ePq;fp ,UrhH nkhopf;Fk; nghJthfpa
vOj;jhdpad;w nrhy;yhk;
vdNt>nghJntOj;jhd; ,ad;w tlnrhy;Yk; nra;Al; nra;jw;Fr;

nrhy;yhnkd;wthwhapw;W.
mit thup> NkU > Fq;Fkk;> kD
xf;Fnkd;W nrhy;yg;gLtd xU Gilahy; xg;GikAk;

Ntw;WikAKilikahd; ,uz;lhfy; Ntz;Lk;> ,it vOj;jhDk;
nghUshDk; NtWghbd;ikahfpa xU nrhy;ypyf;fz
Kilikahd; ,uz;Lnrhy;nydg;glhJ
mjdhd; xj;jy; ahz;ilaJ @ xU nrhy;Nyahnkd;gJ . xU

nrhy;yhapDk; MupaKe; jkpOkhfpa ,lNtw;Wikahy;
Ntwhapdntdpd; :- mt;thwhapd; tof;FQ; nra;ASkhfpa ,l
Ntw;Wikahw; NrhW $nod;De; njhlf;fj;jdTk; ,uz;L
nrhy;yhthd; nry;Yk; @ mjdhd; ,lNtw;WikAilaNtDk; xU
nrhy; ypyf;fzKilikahd; xU nrhy;Nyahk; . xU nrhy;yha
topj; jkpo;r;nrhy; tlghilf;fl; nry;yhiknaDk; tlnrhy;
vy;yhj;Njaj;jpw;Fk; nghJthfahDk; ,it tlnrhy;yha; <z;L
toq;fg;gl;ld ntdy; Ntz;Lk; mjdhd; mJ NghypAiunad; f.
my;yJ}ck; mit jkpo;r;nrhy;yhapd; tlntOj;njhuP, nad;wy;
nghUe;jhikahDk; tl nrhy;yhjywpf.
277
2.nkhopGzH ,ay;G ( nghUs;Nfhs; ) Fwpj;J vOJf.
nkhopGzH ,ay;G:
. epuy;-epiw> Rz;zk;> mbkwp> nkhopkhw;W>
mit ehd;F vd;g-nkhop GzH ,ay;Ng
epudpiwAk;> Rz;zKk;> mbkwpAk;> nkhopkhw;Wnkd ehd;nfd;W

nrhy;Yg @ me;ehd;F nrhy;YQ; nra;Asplj;Jj;
jk;Kl;GzUKiwia.
epudpiwAk; Rz;zKk; nkhopkhw;whjy; xf;FkhapDk;> epudpw;wYk;

mstbnaz;rPiur; Rz;zkhfj; Jzpj;jYkhfpa
NtWghLilikahd;> mtw;iwg; gpupj;J mt;NtWghl;lhw;
ngaHnfhLj;J> Ntwpyf;fzk; ,y;yhj nkhopkhw;iw
nkhopkhw;nwd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.
.mtw;Ws;>
epuy;-epiwjhNd
tpidapDk; ngaupDk; epidaj; Njhd;wp>
nrhy; NtW epiy,> nghUs; NtW epiyay;
me; ehd;fpDs; > epudpiwahtJ tpidahDk; ngauhDk; Muhaj;

Njhd;wpr; nrhy; NtW epw;gg; nghUs; NtW epw;wyhk;@
njhlH nkhopg;nghUs; Kbf;FQ; nrhw;fz; Mfyhd; Kbf;FQ;

nrhy;iyg; nghUnsd;whH.
tpidapDk; ngaupD nkd;wjdhy; > tpidr;nrhy;yhy; tUtJ>

ngaHr;nrhy;yhy; tUtJ mt;tpU nrhy;yhDk; tUtJ vd
epudpiw %d;whk;.
khR NghfTq; fha;grp ePq;fTq; -
fbGdd; %o;fp abrpy;if njhl;L' vd KbtdTk; Kbg;gdTkhfpa

tpidr;nrhy; NtWNtW epw;wypd; > tpidepudpiw ahapw;W.
mit khRNghfg; Gdd;%o;fp> grpePq;f mbrpy; ifnjhl;L vd

,iaAk;>
nfhb Ftis nfhl;il ERg;Gz;fz; Nkdp' vd KbtdTk;

Kbg;gdTk; Mfpa ngaHr;nrhy; NtWNtW epw;wypd;> ngaH
278
epudpiwahapw;W. mit ERg;Gf;nfhb> cz;fz;Ftis>
Nkdpnfhl;il vd ,iaAk;.
clY Kile;NjhL %o;kyUk; ghHf;Fq;
flypU shk;gy;ghk; ngd;w - nflyUQ;rPHj;
jpq;f bUKfkhr; nrj;J"
vd Kbg;gdthfpa tpidAk; Kbtdthfpa ngaUk; NtWNtW

epw;wypd; > nghJ epudpiwahapw;W .
mit fly; clYk; > ,Us; cile;NjhLk; > Mk;gy; Co;kyUk;

ghk;G ghHf;Fk; vd ,iaAk;.
epidaj;Njhd;wp vd;wjdhy;> nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; NtWNtW

epw;Fq;fhy; epuy;gl epy;yhJ>
fspWk; fe;Jk; Nghy espflw;
$k;Gq; fyDe; Njhd;We;
Njhd;wd; kwe;NjhH JiwnfO ehl;Nl"
vd kaq;fp tUjYq; nfhs;f.
.Rz;zk;jhNd
gl;lhq;F mike;j <H mb vz; rPH
xl;L top mwpe;J> Jzpj;jdH ,aw;wy;.
Rz;zkhtJ ,ay;ghf mike;j <ubf;fz; mike;j vz;rPiuj;

Jzpj;J ,iaAk; top mwpe;J $l;b ,aw;wg;gLtjhk;@
mstb my;yhjd tpfhutbahfypw; gl;lhq;F mike;jpy Mjypw;
gl;lhq;fike;j <ubnadNt> mstbahjy; ngwg;gLk; . <ubnaz;rPH
tpfhutbahDk; ngwg;gLjypd; > mtw;iw ePf;Fjw;Fg;
gl;lhq;fike;j <ubnad;whH'. vdNt Rz;zk;
mstbapuz;lDsy;yJ thuhnjd;gJ. ngwg;gLK; vd;ghH
NrdhtiuaH.
Riuaho tk;kp kpjg;g tiuaida

ahidf;F ePj;J Kaw;F epiynad;g
fhdf ehld Rid'
vd;Gop> Mo> kpjg;g> ePj;J> epiynad;gdTk;> Riu. mk;kp
ahidf;F> Kaw;nfd;gdTk; epd;Wtop nghUs; nfhs;s
279
,iaahikapd; Riu kpjg;g> mk;kp aho> ahidf;F epiy> Kaw;F
ePj;J vdj; ,iaAkhW Jzpj;Jf;$l;l Ntz;Lk;.
Rz;zk;Nghyr; rpjuha;g; gue;J fplj;jpypw; Rz;z nkd;whH.
mbkwpr; nra;jp mb epiy jpupe;J>
rPH epiy jpupahJ> jLkhWk;Nk.
mbkwpr;nra;AshtJ> rPH epd;whq;F epw;g mbfs; jj;jepiyapy;

jpupe;J xd;wd; epiyf;fsj;J xd;W nrd;W epw;Fk
”khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
“ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
vd mb kwpj;jpl;lhYk; nghUs; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
ngUk;ghd;ikAk; ehybr;nra;Al;f zy;yJ ,g;nghUs; Nfhs;

thuhnjd;f.
epudpiwjhNd' Rz;ze;jhNd' nkhopkhw;wpaw;if' vd;gd Nghy

<z;Lk; mbkwpr;nra;jpnad;gjidf; Fwsbahf;fp. mbepiy jpupe;J
rPHepiy jpupahJ jLkh Wk;Nk nghUnjup kUq;fpd; vd;W
#j;jpukhf ciug;ghUKsH.
nghUs; njup kUq;fpd;
<w;W mb ,W rPH vUj;Jtapd; jpupAk;
Njhw;wKk; tiuahH> mbkwpahd.
nghUshuhAq;fhy;> mbkwpr; nra;Al;fz; <w;wbaJ ,Wjpr;rPH

vUj;jbapw; nrd;W jpupjYk; tiuahH@
280
rPHepiy jpupahJ jLkhWk; vd;whuhfypd; rPHepiy jpupjYk; xU
topf;fz;L va;jpaJ ,fe;Jglhkw; fhj;jthW. vUj;Jtad;
vd;gjw;F <w;waw;rPHtapd; vd;W nghUSiuj;J.
#uy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahNw
#uu kfsp uhuzq; fpdNu
rhu dhl ePtU jPNa
thu nydpNd ahdQ; RtNy'
vd;Gop mQ;Rty; ahd; vd ,Wjpr;rPH <w;waw;rPHtapw; nrd;W

jpupe;jnjd;W cjhuzq; fhl;ba ciuahrpupaiu vLj;Jiuf;Fk;
NrdhtiuaH : - ahdQ;Rtnyd epd;whq;F epw;gTk; nghUs;
nry;Ykhfypd; . ,t;thW jpupjy; nghUe;jhikapd;> mtHf;fJ
fUj;jd;nwd;f. vd kWj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.
vy;yhtbAk; ahz;LQ; nry;YkhapDk;> ciug;NghH Fwpg;ghd;

vUj;njd;Wk; <w;wbnad;Wq; $wpdhH.
ciug;NghH Fwpg;gp DzHtif ad;wp
apilg;ghd; KjyP nwd;wpit jk;Kz;
kjpf;fg; glhjd kz;ly ahg;Ng'
vd ciug;NghH Fwpg;ghd; KjYk; ,ilAk; <Wq;Nfhly; gpwUq;

$wpdhnud;gJ.
nkhopkhw;W ,aw;if
nrhy; epiy khw;wp> nghUs; vjpH ,iaa>
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nfhs; topf; nfhshmy;!
nkhopkhw;wpdjpay;G> nghUnsjpH ,iaAkhW nrhd;dpiyia

khw;wp Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nfhs;Sk; topf; nfhSTjyhk;@
Mupa kd;dH giwapd; vOe;jpak;Gk;
ghup gwk;gpd;Nky; jz;Zik - fhup
tpwd;Ks;SH Ntq;if tP jhdhZk; Njhshd;
epwDs;SH cs;s jyH'
vd ,jDs;> ghup gwk;gpd;Nky; jz;Zik jhdhZk; Njhshs;

vdTk;> epwd; tpwd;Ks;SH Ntq;iftP vdTk;> cs;SUs;sjhfpa
281
myH Mupa kd;dH giwapd; vOe;jpak;Gk; vdTk;> Kd;Dk;
gpd;Dq; nfhs;top awpe;J nfhs;f. nkhopkhw;W epd;W
xd;ww;nfhd;W nrt;thfhik Nfl;lhH $l;bAzUkhW nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. my;yhf;fhy;> mtha;epiyAk; jFjpAila nrhw;fs;
mz;ikahfpa fhuzkpd;ikahw; nrhw;fs; jk;Ks; ,iaahthk;.
3.njhifepiynkhopfs; Fwpj;J tptup.
njhifepiynkhopfs;
. Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa> ctkj; njhifNa>
tpidapd; njhifNa> gz;gpd; njhifNa>
ck;ikj; njhifNa> md;nkhopj; njhif> vd;W
mt; MW' vd;g>-njhifnkhop epiyNa'
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhfj; njhifr;nrhy; Mwhk;
Ntw;WikAUGk; ctkTUGk; ck;ikAk; tpidr;nrhy;yPWk;

gz;Gr;nrhy;yPWe; njhFjypw; njhifahapd ntd;ghUk;.
mt;tg;nghUz;Nky; ,uz;Lk; gyTkhfpa nrhw;fs; gpsTglhJ
xw;Wikg;glj; jk;Ks; ,iajypw; njhifahapd vd;ghUk; csH.
nra;jhd; nghUs;> ,Ue;jhd; khlj;J vd cUG njhf;F
tUtdtw;iwj; njhifahff; fUjtpy;iy.; Ntof;fUk;G>
Nfow;gd;wp vd;topj; njhf;ftpy;iy vdpDk; njhifnadf;
fUJtH>;> cUG Kjyhapd njhFjypw;nwhif vdpy; cUG njhfy;
vy;yhj; njhifapd; fz;Zk; ,y;iy.;> vdNt NrdhtiuaH
mt;tg; ngUhs;Nky; gpsTglhJ nrhd;dPHikgl;L tUtjidNa
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thH> cUG njhftUjYk;' (nrhy; - 104)
vdTk;>Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;' (nrhy; - 418)
vdTk;>ck;ik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;' vdTk;>ctiknjhf;f
ngaHtapdhDk;' vdTk; Xjyhy; mit Mz;Lj; njhf;fdntdg;
gLNkh vdpd; - mt;thwd;W>> mJntd; Ntw;Wik AaH jpizj;
njhiftapd;' (nrhy; 94) vd;Gop mJntDUG epd;W nfl;ljhapd;
epd;w fhyj;Jj; jpidtOthk;. @ mj;jpiztO mikTilj;njdpd;
tpupf;fpd;Wop ehd;fhKUG njhluhJ mJjd;idNa tpupg;gpDk;
mikTilj;J@ mjdhd; Kiwg;nghUNlhd;wh ek;gpkfd; vd
,uz;L nrhw; njhf;fd ntd;gNj MrpupaH fUj;njdy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;> tpidj;njhif> gz;Gj;njhif> md;nkhopj;njhif vd;gd
tw;wpd;fz; tpidAk; gz;Gk; md;nkhopAe; njhf;F epy;yhik
ahDk;> m/Nj fUj;jhjywpf. mjdhd; cUGk; ctikAk;
282
ck;ikAe; njhFjyhtJ jk; nghUs; xl;ba nrhy;yhw;Nwhd;wj;
jhk; Mz;Lg; Gyg;glhJ epw;wNy ahk;. vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH
Ntw;Wikj; njhifnad;gJ Ntw;Wikg; nghUisAila njhif

my;yJ Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; njhf;fnjhif vd;whDk; tpupAk;.
ctkj;njhif ck;ikj; njhif md;nkhopj;njhifnad;gdTk;
mt;thW tpupAk;. md;nkhopahtJ njhf;f nrhy;yy;yhj nkhop.
tpidj;njhif gz;Gj;njhif nad;gd> tpidapdJ njhif
gz;gpdJ njhifnad tpupAk;. tpidgz;ngd;wJ mtw;iw
AzHj;JQ; nrhy;iy. xU nrhy;yhw; njhifapd;ikapw; gpwpnjhU
nrhy;nyhL njhFjy; ngwg;gLk;.
mtw;Ws;>
Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa Ntw;Wik ,ay;.
>Ntw;Wikj; njhif mt;Ntw;Wik cUG njhlHnghUs;

czHj;jpahq;F czHj;Jk;@
rhj;jndhL te;jhd; vd;Dk; nghUl;fl; rhj;jd; te;jd; vdTk;

rhj;jw;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; vd;Dk; nghUl;fl; rhj;jd; nfhLj;jhd;
vdTk; cUG njhlHGg; nghUSzHj;Jk;; Mw;wy; ,y;yd njhfh>
mt;thw;wy; ciladNt njhFk;;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhf Ntw;Wikj;njhif mW

tifg;gLk;.
epyq;fle;jhd;> Fiof;fhJ
jha; %tH> nghw;Flk;
fUg;G Ntyp> fb#j;jpug;nghd;
tiu gha;jy; > fUt+Hf; fpof;F
rhj;jd; Gj;jfk;> nfhw;wDzHT
kd;wg;ngz;iz> khupahkh
,it KiwahNd epyj;ijf; fle;jhd; @ Fioia Aila fhJ@

jhnahL %tH@ nghd;dhdpad;w Flk; @ fUk;gpw;F Ntyp@
fb#j;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghd;@ tiuapdpd;Wk; gha;jy;@ fUt+upd; fpof;F@
rhj;jdJ Gj;jfk; @ nfhw;wd JzHT@ kd;wj;jpd;fzpw;Fk;
283
ngz;iz@ khupf;fZs jhkh vd;Dk; cUGnjhlHg; nghUis
,dpJ tpsf;Fk;.
ctkj; njhifNa ctk ,ay;
ctkj; njhif ctkTUG njhlHg; nghUs; Nghyg;

nghUSHj;Jk;.> vdNt Gypad;d rhj;jd;> kapyd;d khjH vd;Dk;
nghUl;fl; Gypr;rhj;jd;> kapd;khjH vd mg;nghUs; tpsf;Fk;
Mw;wy; ,y;yhjd njhfh@ Mw;wYilaNt njhFk;;.
:Gypg;gha;j;Js; @ kiotz;if @ JbeLT @ nghd;Nkdp vd;gd

Gypg;gha;j;Jsd;d gha;j;Js; @ kioad;d tz;if @ Jbad;d eLT
@ nghd;dd;d Nkdp vdj; jk; tpupg;nghUs; czHj;jpd.
Gypg;gha;j;Jis nahf;Fk; gha;j;Js; @ kioianahf;Fk; tz;if
vd tpupj;jypd; mitnay;yhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif nadg;gLk; @
mjdhd; ctkj; njhifnad xd;wpy;iynadpd; : mt;thwd;W>>
nrhy;YthHf;F mJ fUj;jhapd; Ntw;Wikj; njhifAkhk;. mf;
fUj;jhdd;wpg; Gypad;d gha;j;Js;> nghd;khD Nkdp vd
Ntw;WikNahL ,iagpy;yh ctkTUG njhlHg;nghUl;fz;
njhf;ftop ctkj; njhifahfNt mikAk;. Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Mfh.
ctkTUG xg;gpy; topahw; nghUs; nra;Ak; ,ilr;nrhy;yhfyhd;>

tpidAk; tpidf;Fwpg;Gk; gw;wp tUk;. (,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik)
mitgw;wp vd;Nghw; ngUtpJg; GWfepd;id' apd;dhJw;w twdpy;
$w;Nw (Gwk; - 255) vd;Gopg; Nghyntd;gJ Fwpg;G tpidnar;rkha;
epw;wyhDk;>Ek;k NdhUkw;wpida uhap - ndk;k Ndhuptl; gpwtyH
khNjh' (Gwk; - 210) vd;wtop md;Ndhnud;gJ ,ilr; nrhy;
Kjdpiyahfg; gpwe;j Fwpg;Gg; ngauhfyhDk;> vd;idg; Nghy
Ek;ikad;NdhH vk;ikad;Ndhnud ,uz;lhtJ tpupj;jhw; F
Vw;Gilik cz;nld;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpidapd; njhFjp fhyj;J ,aYk;.
tpidj; njhif fhyj;jpd;fz; epfOk;@
fhyj;jpaYk; vdg; nghJtifahw; $wpatjdhd; %d;W fhyKq;

nfhs;f.
njhFjp fhyj;jpaYnkdNt mt;tpid gpupe;J epd;w topj;

Njhd;whJ. njhf;ftopj; njhifahw;wyhw; fhye;Njhd;Wk;
284
tpidnad;wJ vdg;gLtJ : - tpidr; nrhw;Fk; tpidg;
ngaHf;Fk; Kjdpiyaha;> cz;> jpd;> nry;> nfhy;> vd tpid
khj;jpu KzHj;jp epw;git MFk; ,tw;iw tlE}yhH jhJntd;gH.
Mluq;F> nra;Fd;W @ GzHnghOJ @ mupths; @ nfhy; ahid @

nry;nryT vd tUk;. fhyk; czHj;jhJ tpidkhj;jpuk;
czHj;Jk; ngaH> epiyg;ngaH Kjyhfpa nganuhL njhf;Fopf;
fhyKzHj;Jk;.. fhyKzHj;Jfpd;Wopg; nganur;rg; nghUstha;
epd;WzHj;Jnkd;gJ
nra;AQ; nra;j ntd;Dq; fpstpapd; -
nka;nahUq; fpaYe; njhopnwhF nkhopAk;. (vO - 482)
vd;gjdhw; $wpdhH. njhifg; nghUshfpa jhk; gpupe;jtopg;

ngwg;glhikapd; MrpupaH ,tw;iwg; Gzupadpiyapil Azuj;
Njhd;wh' vd;whH. mjdhd; ,itjQ; nrhy;yhd; tpupf;fg;glhikapw;
gpuptpnyhl;lhk;.
nganur;rk; epd;W njhf;fnjd;w ciuahrpupaupd; fUj;jpid

vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH; : - mw;wd;W MrpupaH ,tw;iwg;
gpupj;Jg; GzHf;fg;glh @ toq;fpathNw nfhs;sg;gLnkd;wJ.
gpupj;jtopj; njhifg;nghUs; rpijjyhdd;Nw @ nfhd;w ahid vd
tpupe;j topAk; mg;nghUs; rpijtpd;Nwy; Gzupa dpiyapil
Azuj;Njhd;wh' vd;ww;nfhU fhuzkpy;iyahk; @ mjdhw;
nganur;rk; epd;W njhFjy; MrpupaH fUj;jd;ikapd;
ciuahrpupaHf;Fk; mJ fUj;jd;nwd;f vd tpsf;fk; nra;fpwhH>
my;yJ}ck;> MFngaH czHj;jpatop tpidj;njhifAsg;gl
,Unganuhl;Lk;' (nrhy; - 114) vd;whuhfyhDk; tpid epd;W
njhFjy; mtHf;Ff; fUj;jd;ikawpf.vd tpsf;fk; nra;fpwhH
NrdhtiuaH
tz;zj;jpd;> tbtpd;> mstpd;> Ritapd;> vd;W
md;d gpwTk; mjd; Fzk; Ejyp>
',d;dJ ,J' vd t&ck; ,aw;if
vd;d fpstpAk; gz;gpd; njhifNa.
tz;zk;> tbT> msT> Rit vd;gdTk; mit Nghy;td gpwTk;

Fzj;ij Fwpj;Jg; gpd; njhf;f topf; Fzr;nrhw;
FzKilajid AzHj;jyhd; ,d;d jpJntd xd;wid xd;W
285
tpNrbj;J ,U nrhy;Yk; xU nghUspd;Nky; tUk; ,ay;igAila
vy;yhj; njhifr; nrhy;Yk; gz;Gj;njhifahk;:
fUq;Fjpiu - tz;zk;
tl;lg;gyif - tbT.
neLq;Nfh - msT .
jPq;fUk; - Rit.
md;dgpwT nkd;wjdhd;.
Ez;Z}y;> guhiu> nky;ypiy> ey;yhil vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd

nfhs;f. mit> fupjhfpa Fjpiu> tl;l khfpa gyif vdg;
gz;Gr; nrhy;Yk; gz;Gilg; nghUNs Fwpj;jyhd;> ,U nrhy;Yk;
xU nghUstha; ,d;dJ ,Jntd xd;iwnahd;W nghJik
ePf;fpathW fz;Lnfhs;f. m/Njy;> fupjhfpa Fjpiu > tl;lkhfpa
gyif vd;gd mj;njhifapd; tpupahfypd; gz;Gj; njhif
gpupf;fg;glhJ vd;wJ vd;idnadpd; vd tpdh vOg;Gk;
NrdhtiuaH :- mw;wd;W> njhifg;nghUk; czHj;Jjw;Fg; gpwnrhw;
nfhzHe;J tpupj;jjy;yJ jd;nrhy;yhd; tpupahikapd; mit
tpupnadg;glh ntd;f. tlE}yhUk; gpupahj; njhifAk; gpw
nrhy;yhd; tpupf;fg;gLnkd;whH. fupanjd;Dk; gz;G nfhs; ngaH
fUq;Fjpiunadj; njhf;fnjd;whuhy; ciuahrpupanudpd;. mjidg;
nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif epiynkhop vd;wjw;F ciuj;jhq;
Fiuj;J kWf;f. gpwnrhw;nfhzHe;J tpupf;Fq;fhy; fupa Fjpiu.
fupjhfpa Fjpiu> fupaJ Fjpiu vd mj;njhifg;
nghUSzHj;Jtd vy;yhtw;whDk; tpupf;fg;gLk; vd tpsf;fk;
jUthH.
Kjdpiy vdg;gLtJ fupad;> nra;ad;> fUik> nrk;ik> vd;gd

tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Kjdpiyaha;r; nrhy;yha; epuk;ghJ fU
nrt;ntdg; gz;Gkhj;jpu KzHj;jp epw;gjhk;.
vd;d fpstpAk; vd;wjdhy;>
rhiug;ghk;G> Ntof;fUk;G> Nfow;gd;wp vdg; gz;G njhfhJ ngaH

njhf;fdTk; mj;njhifahjy; nfhs;f.
.,U ngaH> gy ngaH> mstpd; ngaNu>
vz;zpaw; ngaNu> epiwg; ngaHf; fpstp>
vz;zpd; nganuhL> mt; mW fpstpAk;
286
fz;zpa epiyj;Nj-ck;ikj; njhifNa.
,UngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l mWtifr; nrhy; jpuisAk;

jdf;Fr; rhHghff; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; ck;ikj;njhif@
cthg;gjpdhd;F- ,Ungauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
Gyptpw;nfz;il - gy ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
J}zpg;gjf;F - msTg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
Kg;gj;J %tH - vz;zpaw;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
njhbaiu - epiwg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
gjpide;J - vz;Zg;ngauhdha ck;ikj; njhif.
mit tpupAq;fhy;> cthTk; gjpdhd;Fk; vdTk;. GypAk; tpy;Yq;

nfz;ilAk; vdTk;> J}zpAk; gjf;Fk; vdTk;> Kg;gjpd;kUk;
%tUk; vdTk;> njhbAk; miuAk; vdTk;> gj;Jike;Jk; vdTk;
tpupAk;.
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjyhapd gynrhy;yhy;; njhFjy; rpW

ghd;ik @ mjdhd; ck;ikj;njhif ,U nrhy;yhDk; gy
nrhy;yhDk;> xg;gj;njhFnkd;gJ mwptpj;jw;F ,UngaH
gynganud;whH. fw;Ridf; Ftisapjo;> ngUe;Njhl; Ngij vdg;
gpw njhifAk; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; gy nrhy;yhd; tUkh vdpd; :-
fy;nyd;gJk; Ridnad;gJk; fw;Rid vdj; njhf;F xU
nrhy;yha;g; gpd; ,jnod;gNjhL njhf;Ff; fw;Ridf;
Ftisapjnod xd;whapw;W. ngUe;Njhnsd;De; njhif xU
nrhy;yha;g; Ngijnad;gjNdhL njhf;Fg; ngUe;Njhl; Ngijnad
xd;whapw;W . mit ,t;thw;whdy;yJ njhfhikapd; ,U
nrhw;whifNaahk;. Gyptpw; nfz;il vd;wtop %d;W ngaUe;
njhFnkd;dhJ Kjw; nganuhopj;Jk; ,Wjpg; nganuhopj;Jk;
Vidapuz;Le; jk;Ks; njhf;F xU nrhy;yha;g; gpd;
kw;iwajNdhL njhFnkdpd; : - Kd;nwhF kpuz;lw;Fk; XupiaG
NtWghbd;ikahDk; . ,U njhifg;gLj;jy;
gynra;ifj;jhjyhDk; mit %d;W ngaUk; xUq;F
njhf;fdntdNt gLk; vd;gJ. ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;.
mstpd; ngaH Kjyhapd> ,Ungauhay;yJ njhfhntd

tiuaWj;jw;F ,UngaH gy;nganud mlq;Ftdtw;iwg;
ngaHj;Jf; $wpdhH. fyNd J}zpg; gjf;F> njhbNa f/riu>
E}w;Wehw;gj;Jehd;F vd;Gopj; J}zpg;gjf;F f/riu> ehw;gj;Jehd;F
vd;gd xU nrhw;Nghy msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg; ngaUk;> vz;Zg;
287
ngaUkha; toq;fg;gl;L tUjypd; fyKe; J}zpg;gjf;Fk; njhbAk;
f/riuAk;> E}Wk; ehw;gj;Jehd;Fk; vd ,U nkhop epd;W
njhf;fntd;wNy nghUj;jKilikawpf.
gz;G njhf t&ck; fpstpahDk;>
ck;ik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;>
Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;>
<w;W epd;W ,aYk;-md;nkhopj;njhifNa.
gz;Gr;nrhw;nwhFQ; nrhy;ypDk;> ck;ik njhf;f ngaHf;fz;Zk;

Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHf;fz;Zk; @ ,Wjpr;nrhw;fs; epd;W elf;Fk;
md;nkhopj;njhif@
gz;Gj;njhifglTk; ck;ikj; njhifglTk; Ntw;Wikj;

njhifglTk; mr;nrhy; njhf;fgpd; mj;njhif md;nkhopj;
njhifahfhikapd; njhFtjd; Kd; mtw;wpw;F epiyf;fskhfpa
nrhw;gw;wp tUnkd;gJ tpsf;fpa njhiftapdhDk;
vd;dhJ>gz;Gnjhf t&cq; fpatp ahD> Kk;ik
njhf;fngaHtapdhDk;> Ntw;Wik njhf;f ngaHtapdhDk;'
vd;whH.
nts;shil-mfutPW vd;gd gz;Gj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j

md;nkhopj; njhif @
jfuQhoy; - ck;ikj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;

njhif.
nghw;nwhb - Ntw;Wikj; njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwe;j

md;nkhopj;njhif
mit nts;shilALj;jhs;> mfukhfpa <w;iwAila nrhy;

vdTk;> jfuKQhoYkhfpa rhe;J g+rpdhs; vdTk;> nghw;nwhb
njhl;lhs; vdTk; tpupAk;.
gz;Gj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwj;jy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mfypd;

Kiwapw; $whJ mjid Kd;dH $wpdhH.Ntw;Wikj; njhif
epiyf;fsj;Jg; gpwj;jypd; ck;ikj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jg;
gpwj;jy; rpWghd;ik ahapDk; > xU gaNdhf;fp mjid mjd;Kd;
itj;jhH. mjd; gad; ahnjdpd;:-rpWghd;ik ctkj;njhif
epiyf;fsj;Jk; tpidj;njhif epiyf;fsj;Jk; md;nkhopj;njhif
gpwf;Fnkd;g JzHj;Jjnyd;f . mit gtstha;> jpupjhb
288
vdtUk;. mitjhk; gtsk;NghYk; thiaAilahs; jpupe;j
jhbiaAilahd; vd tpupAk;.
4.vr;rq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
vr;rq;fs:;
gpupepiy tpidNa> ngaNu> xopapir>
vjpHkiw> ck;ik> vdNt> nrhy;Ny>
Fwpg;Ng> ,irNa> MaPH-Ie;Jk;
newpg;glj; Njhd;Wk; vQ;R nghUl; fpstp.
gpupepiy Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l gj;Jk; vQ;RnghUl;

fpstpahk;.
mtw;Ws; filepiy %d;Wk; mjhtJ nrhy;nyr;rk;> Fwpg;ngr;rk;>

,irnar;rk; Mfpa %d;Wk; jhNk Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhAk;
mikAk;.Vidad jkf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;ypidf; nfhz;L
epd;W jhk; vQ;RnghUl;fpstpaha; epw;Fk;.
nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; ngaH tpidahd; Kbjypd;>

MFngauhy; ngaH tpidnad;whH.
MaPiue;Jk; vQ;RnghUl;fpstp vd;whNuDk; vQ;R nghUl;fpstp

gj;Jtifg;gLnkd;gJ fUj;jhff;nfhs;f.
vr;rkhtd xUrhH @ ngaUk; tpidAk; ,ilr;nrhy;Ykhjypd;>

ngaupad; Kjyhapdtw;Wl; gj;Jk; xUq;FzHj;Jjw; Nfyhik
awpf vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
mtw;Ws;>
gpupepiy vr;rk; gpupepiy Kbgpd
Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l vr;rq;fSs; > gpupepiy nar;rk;

Vfhug;gpupepiyAk; Xfhug;gpupepiyAk; vd ,Utifg;gLk; .
mt;tpUtifg; gpupepiynar;rKk; gpupf;fg;gl;l nghUisAzHj;JQ;
nrhy;NyhL KbAk;:
jhNd nfhz;lhd; - Vfhug; gpupepiy vr;rk;
jhNdh nfhz;lhd; - Xfhug; gpupepiy vr;rk;
289
m/Njy;> jhnddg;gl;lhdd;Nw Mz;Lg; gpupf;fg; gl;lhd>; gpwH
nfhz;bynud;gJ mtidAzHj;JQ; nrhy;yd;ikahd;> mit
gpupepiy nfhz;L Kbe;jpythy; vdpd;:- mw;wd;W@ jhnddg;gl;lhd;
gpwupw; gpupf;fg;gl;ltopg;> gpwFk; mtdpw; gpupf;fg;gl;likahd;> mit
gpupepiy nfhz;ldNtahFk;.
gpupepiyNahL KbjyhtJ mtNd nfhz;lhd; vd;wtop mtNd

vd;gJ nfhz;lhnddg; gpupf;fg;gl;l nghUis tpidnadf;
nfhz;L Kbjy; vd;whuhH ciuahrpupaH. mtNd nfhz;lhd;
vd;Gop mtd; vd;Dk; vOtha;Ntw;Wik nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk;
gadpiy nfhz;lJ@ Vfhuk; gpupTzHj;jpw;W. Mz;L vr;rKk;
vr;rj;ij Kbf;FQ; nrhy;Ykpd;ikahd; mtHf;fJ fUj;jd; nwd;f
vd kWj;Jiug;ghH NrdhtiuaH>
tpid vQ;R fpstpf;F tpidAk; Fwpg;Gk;
epidaj; Njhd;wpa KbG MFk;Nk@
Mtapd; Fwpg;Ng Mf;fnkhL tUNk.
tpidnar;rj;jpw;Fj; njupepiy tpidAk; Fwpg;G tpidAk; Kbghk;@

Mz;ilf; Fwpg;Gtpid Mf;f tpidNahL tUk;.
cOJ te;jhd;@ - njupepiy tpidnar;rk;
kUe;Jz;L ey;y dhapdhd; - Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;
cOJ tUjy;@ cOJ te;jtd; vd tpidnar;rk;

tpidg;ngaNuhL Kbjy; epidaj; Njhd;wpa vd;wjdhw; nfhs;f.
tpidnar;rj;jpw;F KbG tpidapaYl; $wg;gl;likahd;

,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lh ntdpd;@- ,jw;F tpil Mz;Nl $wpdhk;.
Ntq;ifAq; fhe;jS ehwp ahk;gd; kyupDe; jhd;wz;zpaNs@'

(FWe; - 84)
tpy;yf tpuypw; nghUe;jpathW ey;yfQ; Nrup ndhUkUq; fpdNk'

(FWe; - 370)
fw;Wty;yd; ngw;Wilad;
tpidf;Fwpg;G Mf;fkpd;wp te;jd vdpd; Mf;fnkhL tUnkd;wJ

ngUk;ghd;ik Fwpj;jjhfypw; rpWghd;ik Mf;fkpd;wpAk; tUk;..
ngaH vQ;R fpstp nganuhL KbNk
290
nganur;rk; nganuhL KbAk;@
cz;ZQ;rhj;jd;@
cz;lrhj;jd;
mt;tW nghUl;FNkh ud;d Tupika' (nrhy; - 234) vd;wjdhw;

nganur;rk; nghUs;gLKiwik $wpdhH.
xopapir vr;rk; xopapir Kbgpd.
kd;id xopapirAk;> jpy;iy xopapirAk;> Xfhu xopapirAk;

Mfpa xopapir vr;rk; %d;Wk; xopapirahd; KbAk;@
$upaNjhH thz;kd;'
tUfjpy; yk;kntQ;Nrup Nru' (mfk; - 276)
nfhsNyh nfhz;lhd;
vd;Dk; xopapirnar;rk;> KiwahNd> jpl;gk; ,d;W. te;jhy;

,d;dJ nra;ty;> nfhz;La;ag; NghkhW mwpe;jpyd; vd;Dk;
xopapirahd; Kbe;jthW fhz;f.
.vjpHkiw vr;rk; vjpHkiw Kbgpd.
khWnfhs; vr;rk; vdg;gl;l Vfhu vjpH kiwAk;> Xfhu

vjpHkiwAk;> ck;ik vjpHkiwAkhfpa vjpHkiwnar;rk; %d;Wk;
vjpHkiwahd; KbAk;.
ahNd nfhs;Ntd;>
ahNdh fs;td;>
tuYKupad;
vd;Dk; vjpHkiwnar;rk;> KiwahNd> nfhs;Nsd;> fs;Nsd;

thuhikAk; cupad; vd;Dk; vjpHkiwahd; Kbe;jJ.
ck;ik vr;rk; ,U tPw;whDk;
jd;tpid xd;wpa KbG MFk;Nk.
vQ;RnghUl;fpstpAk; mt; vQ;RnghUl;fpstpahd; KbtJkhfpa

ck;iknar;rk; NtWghL ,uz;ld; fz;Zk;> jd;tpidNahL
nghUe;jpa Kbitg; ngWk;.
291
vQ;RnghUl; fpstp nrQ;nrh yhapd;'(nrhy; - 284) vd;wjdhd;
ck;ikAilj;jhAk; ck;ikapd;wpAk; tUk; vQ;R nghUl;fpstp
ck;iknar;rj;jpw;F Kbghjy; va;jpw;W. vy;yhntr;rj;jpw;Fk; vQ;R
nghUl;fpstpNa Kbghfypd;. ,dp ck;iknahL njhlHe;j
nrhy;ypuz;lw;Fk; tpidnahd;Nw Mfy; Ntz;Lnkd va;jhjJ
va;Jtpj;jthW mike;jJ.
rhj;jDk; te;jhd;> nfhw;wDk; te;jhd; - ,uz;Lk; xUtpid

nfhz;like;jJ.
rhj;jhDk; te;jhd;> nfhw;wDk; cz;lhd; -tpid NtWgl;l top

ck;ik vr;rKk; vQ;RnghUl; fpstpAk; ,iaahky; Nghapw;W.
igk;Gjy; Ntq;ifA nkhs;spzH tpupe;jd
neLntz; bq;fS %Hnfhz; ld;Nw' (mfk; - 2)
vd tpid NtWgl;LopAk;; jk;Ks; ,iae;jdthy; vdpd;:- ,zH

tpupjYk; CH NfhlYk; ,uz;Lk; kzQ;nra; fhyk; ,J
vd;WzHj;jyhfpa xUnghUs; Fwpj;J epd;wikahd;> mit xU
tpidg;ghw;gLk; vd;gJ mwpa tUk;.. vQ;R nghUl;fpstp
nrQ;nrhyhatopj; jd;tpid Nfhly; <z;llq;fhikahd;> mJ
jd;dpdKbj;jnyd;gjdhw; ngwg;gLk;.
ck;iknar;rk; ,UtPw;whDk; vd;wjdhy;> ck;ik vr;rj;jpw;F

Kbghfpa vQ;RnghUl;fpstp ck;iknahLtupd; vr;rkhnkd;gjhk;.
m/J vr;rkhq;fhy;> Kd;dpd;wJ> vQ;RnghUl; fpstpahnkd;gJ.
vjpHkiwAk;ik vjpHkiw vr;rkhalq;Fjypd;><z;Lk;ik

vr;rnkd;wJ vr;rTk;ikNaahk;.
jd;Nky; nrQ;nrhy; t&ck; fhiy>
epfOk; fhynkhL thuhf; fhyKk;>
,we;j fhynkhL thuhf; fhyKk;>
kaq;Fjy; tiuahH Kiwepiyahd.
ck;ik vr;rj;jpd;Kd; vQ;RnghUl;fpstp ck;ikaw;w nrhy;yha;

tUq;fhy; epfo;fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyKk; ,we;j fhyj;NjhL
vjpHfhyKk; kaq;Fjy; tiuahH@
Kiwepiyahd vd;wjdhd;> $wpa Kiwahdy;yJ vjpHfhyk;

Kd;dpw;g Vidf;fhyk; gpd; te;J kaq;Fjypy;iy vd;gjhk;.
292
$Oz;zhepd;whd; NrhWKz;gd; - epfo;fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyk;
kaq;fp epd;wJ
$Oz;lhd; NrhWKz;gd; - ,we;j fhyj;NjhL vjpHfhyk; kaq;fp

epd;wJ
,tw;NwhL ,J kaq;Fjy; tiuahH vdNt> ,we;j fhyj;NjhL

epfo;fhyKk; epfo;fhyj;NjhL ,we;jfhyKk; te;J kaq;Fjy;
tiuag;gLk;
jd;Nkw; nrQ;nrhy; t&cq;fhiy vd;wjdhd;> ck;ikaLj;j

nrhy; tUq;fhy;> NtWghbd;wp ,uz;L nrhy;Yk; xUfhyj; jhd;
tUnkd;gjhk;.
jd;tpid> fhyk;NtWgLjYk; NtWglhikAk; cilikahd;>

,d;Dop ,d;dthw;whd; my;yJ fhyk; NtWglhnjd
tiuaWj;jthW.
'vd' vd; vr;rk; tpidnahL KbNk
vdntd;Dnkr;rk; tpidnfhz;L KbAk;@ vd vd;Dk; vr;rk;

tpid> Fwpg;G> gz;G> vz;> ngaH vd;Dk; MW ngaNuhL
tUk;.tpidnar;rj;jkpd; tha;ghLfSs; xd;wha nra;njd
vd;gjpNdhLk; NrHe;J tUk;.Mifahy; vd vd;Dk; vr;rk; VO
tifg;gLk;.,tw;Ws; vz;> ngaH vd;gjpNdhL tUk; vd vd;Dk;
vr;rk; tpid nfhs;shJ> nra;njd vd‟;Dk; tha;ghl;by; tUK;
vd vd;Dk; vr;rk;tpidNahL Kbjy; tpidapaypy; $wg;gl;lJ>
vdNt tpid> Fwpg;G> ,ir> gz;g vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fNshL
tUk; vd vd;Dk; vr;rk; tpidNahL Kbjiy <z;L
njhy;fhg;gpaH Rl;bdhH>
nfhs;nsdf; nfhLj;jhd;@ - tpid
Jz;nzzj; Jbj;jJ@ - Fwpg;G
xy;nyd nthypj;jJ@ - ,ir
fhnudf; fWj;jJ - gz;G
.'vQ;rpa %d;Wk; Nky; te;J Kbf;Fk;
vQ;R nghUl; fpstp ,y vd nkhopg.
293
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; nrhy;yg;gl;ld gj;jDs; KbT nrhy;yhj %d;W
vr;rq;fSk; jk NKy; te;J Kbf;Fk; nrhw;fis viladty;y.
mit KiWNa xope;J epd;w nrhy;nyr;rk;> Fwpg;ngr;rk;>;
,irnar;rk; vd;gd MFk;.
mitjhk;>
jk;jk; Fwpg;gpd; vr;rk; nrg;Gk;.
mt;ntr;r%d;Wk; nrhy;thH Fwpg;ghd; vQ;rp epd;w

nghUisAzHj;Jk;@
Fwpg;ngr;rk;;:
nrhw;gL nghUNs md;wp nrhy;Ygtd; fwpj;j nghUSk; vQ;rp

epw;gJ Fwpg;ngr;rk; MFk;.,t; vr;rk; jhNd vr;rkha; epw;gjd;wp
jdf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;iyg; ngwhjJ.
grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;wh UiliaNah td;d
epwj;ijNah gPukyH'
,isjhf Kzkuq; nfhy;f fisAeH
ifnfhy;Yq; fho;j;j tplj;J' (Fws; 879)
vd;wtop KiwahNd grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;whiu ahKilNak; vdTk;>

jPahiuf; fhyj;jhw; fisf vdTk; te;j njhlHnkhop vr;rkha;
epd;w Fwpg;Gg;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jyhy; Fwpg;ngr;rkhapd.
,irnar;rk;:
njhlHnkhop vQ;rp epw;gJ ,irnar;rk; vd;gjhFk;. ;.,t; vr;rk;

jhNd vr;rkha; epw;gjd;wp jdf;nfhU Kbf;Fk; nrhy;iyg;
ngwhjJ
mfu Kjy ntOj;njy;yh khjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw AyF' (Fws;-1)
mspj;jQ;r nyd;wtH ePg;gpw; nwspj;jnrhw;
NwwpahHf; Fz;Nlh jtW' (Fws;-1154)
294
vd;wtop KiwahNd mJNghy vdTk;> ePj;jhHf;Nf jtW vdTk;
tUtd vQ;rpa ,irg;nghUSzHj;jyhy; ,irnar;rk; Mapd.
nrhy; nyr;rj;jpw;F cjhuzk; Kd;dHf;fhl;LJk;. nrhy;ysk; ty;y
njQ;Rj ypd;Nw' (nrhy;> 441) vd;gjdhd; m/njhU nrhy;yhjy;
ngwg; gLjypd; ,J njhlHr; nrhy;yhnkd;gJ nrhy;nyd;DQ;
nrhy; vQ;RtJ nrhy;nyr;rnkd;ghH ,t;tpU tifAk;
,irnar;rnkd mlf;Fg.
epiyaYq; Fwpg;gpw; Nwhd;wYk;' (nrhy;-157) vdr; nrhw;nghUl;

ghFghLzHj;jpdhH. Fwpg;gpw; Njhd;Wk; nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
vr;rkhjYilikahd; vr;rnkd;whH@ mjdhd; Mz;L mlq;fhJ.
,dp tpirj;jJ xypj;jJ vd;gd jQ;nrhy;nydg;glhJ@ gbDk;
tpz;nzd tPq;fpw;W> Jz;nzdj; Jsq;fpdhd; vdTk;> xy;
grg;gpj;Jr; nrd;whiu ahKilNak; vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd
Fwpg;gpw;Nwhd;wyh alq;Fjypd;> tpz;nzd tpirj;jJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;ngr;rnkd;Wk;> mJNghy vd;De; njhlf;fj;jd
tpfhutifahy; njhf;F epd;wikahd;> xy;nyd xypj;jJ vd;gJ
,irnar;rk;vd;Wk;. ,it jj;jQ; nrhy;yhd; Kbjyy;yJ gpw
nrhy;yhd; Kbahikapd; ,tw;iw Nky;te; J Kbf;Fk; vQ;R
nghUl;fpstpapy vd;whnud;Wk;> ciuj;jhuhy; ciuahrpupaH
vdpd;:- vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH mw;wd;W@ njupGNtW vd
tPo;e;jJ vdTk; gpw nrhy;yhDk; Kbjypd; vQ;RnghUl; fpstpapy
ntd;wy; nghUe;jhjhk;. jQ;nrh yy;yhjd vQ;RnghUl; fpstpah
khfypd; vd tpsf;fk; jUthH NrdhtiuaH.
nrhy;nyr;rk;:
nrhy; vd; vr;rk;> Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;>
nrhy; msT my;yJ vQ;Rjy; ,d;Nw.
nrhy;nyr;rk;> xUnrhw;F Kd;Dk; gpd;DQ; nrhy;khj;jpuk;

vQ;Rtjy;yJ> njhluha; vQ;Rjypy;iy
caHjpiznad;kdhH' (nrhy;-1) - MrpupaH vd;Dk;; nrhy;

Kd;dhy; vQ;rp epd;wJ>>
kUe;njdpd; kUe;Nj itg;ngdpd; itg;Ng (FWe;-71) -

vkf;nfd;Dk; nrhy; gpd;Dk;> vQ;rp epd;wJ.
5.mitay; fpstp – Rl;bAiuf;f.
mitay; fpstp kiwj;jdH fpsj;jy;.
295
mitf;fz; ciuf;fg;glhj nrhy;iy ciuf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
#oy; Vw;gl;lhy; mr; nrhy;iy kiwj;J gpw nrhy;yhy; $wy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mitf;fz; toq;fg;gLQ; nrhy;iy mitnad;whH.
Md;Kd; t&c kPfhu gfuk;'- gP
fz;foP, tUJk;>
fhd;Nk dPHnga;J tUJk;
fUKf ke;jp– ngz;Fwp
nrk;gpNdw;iw – Mz;Fwp
Gypyd;wp we;j ePuy; yPuj;J> - %j;jpuk;
<fhugfunkd;gJNghyf; fz; fOTjd; Kjyhapd mitay;

fpstpahy; $whJ cs;sthNw $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.vdpDk; mitay;
fpstpg; nghUz;ikia AzHj;jypd;> xw;Wik eaj;jhd; mitay;
fpstpiag; gpwpNjhuhw;whw; $wpa tha;ghlhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;@
,it jFjpAk; tof;Fk;> (nrhy;-14) vd;Gopj; jFjpahalq;Fnkdpd;

vd tpdh vOg;Gk; NrdhtiuaH nrj;jhiuj; JQ;rpdh nud;wy;
Kjyhapdtd;Nw jFjpahtd@ Mz;Lr; nrj;jhnud;gJ
,yf;fzkhfypd; mjdhDk; toq;fg;gLk; jfT@ Nehf;fpr;
nrhy;Yq;fhy;; JQ;rpdh nud;WQ; nrhy;yg;gLk;@ <z;L mitay;
fpstpahw; fpsj;jy; tOthjypd; kiwj;j tha;ghl;lhNd
fpsf;fg;gLk;@ mjdhd; Mz;L mlq;fh vd;gJ vd tpsf;fk;
jUthH.
kiwf;Fk; fhiy kuP,aJ xuhmy;!
mitay; fpstpia kiwj;Jr; nrhy;Yq;fhy;. Nkw;nwhl;L

toq;fg;gl;L tUtd kiwf;fg;glhJ
Mg;gp > Midapyz;lk; vd kuP, te;jd kiwf;fg;glhJ te;jJ.
gfy;fhd; nwOjUk; gy;fjpHg; gupjp (ngUk;ghz; - 2) vd;Gopf;

fhd;nwd;gJ > jd; nghUz;Nky; epy;yhJ mzp Fwpj;Jg; gpwpnjhU
nghUz;Nky; epw;wypd; kuP,a nrhy;yha; kiwf;fg; glhikapd; >
mjd; nghUz;Nky; epd;wtop kiwf;fg;gLjYk; mwpf.
296
6.,ug;Giur; nrhw;fisj; jUf.
'<> jh> nfhL' vdf; fpsf;Fk; %d;Wk;
,utpd; fpstp MF ,ld; cila.
<> jh > nfhL vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; %d;Wk; xUtd; xd;iw

,uj;jw;fz; tUQ;nrhy;yhk;@
mit gpwnghUz;Nky; tUjYKilikahd;> ,utpd; fpstp ahfpl

Dila' vd;whH.
toq;fy;> cjty;> tPry; Kjyhapd gpwTk; csthf ,tw;iwNa

tpje;Njhjpajw;Ff; fhuzk;; mit nfhilg; nghUstha;
tUtjy;yJ ,itNghy ,uj;jw; Fwpg;G ntspg;gLf;Fk; ,utpd;
fpstpaha;g; gapd;W thuhik MFk;. NkYk; ,d;dhHf;F ,d;d
nrhy; cupj;njd;W tiuaWj;jYk; tOtikj;jYkhfpa Muha;r;rp
Mz;bd;ikahDk; ,tw;iwNa tpje;Njhjpajw;fhd fhuzk; MFk;.
<nad;fpstp' (nrhy; - 445) vd;Dk; #j;jpuk; Kjyha ehd;Fk;

mikAk; @ ,r;#j;jpuk; Ntz;lh vdpd; ,it ,utpd;
fpstpahjYk; %d;nwd;Dk; tiuaiwAk; mtw;whw;
ngwg;glhikapd; Ntz;Lnkd;gJ.
Kd;dpiyr; nrhy;yha; tUtopay;yJ gpw ,lq;fspy; ,d;d nrhy;

,d;dhHf;F cupj;njd;Dk; tiuaiw ,y;nyd;gJ czHj;Jjw;F
<jh nfhL vd Kd;dpiy tha;ghLgw;wp XjpdhH.
mtw;Ws;>
< vd; fpstp ,ope;Njhd; $w;Nw.
< vd;fpstp ,uf;fg;gLNthdpd; ,ope;j ,utyd; $w;whk;.
NrhW < - ,uf;fg;gLNthdpd; ,ope;j ,utyd; $w;W
'jh' vd; fpstp xg;Nghd; $w;Nw.
297
jhntd;fpstp mtNdhL xg;Nghd; $w;whk;
Mil jh - mtNdhL xg;Nghd; $w;W
'nfhL vd; fpstp caHe;Njhd; $w;Nw.
nfhL vd;fpstp mtdpDk; caHe;jtd; $w;whk;@
rhe;JnfhL - nfhL vd;fpstp mtdpDk; caHe;jtd; $w;W
nfhL vd; fpstp glHf;ifMapDk;>
jd;idg; gpwd;Nghy; $Wk; Fwpg;gpd;
jd;dplj;J ,aYk; vd;kdhH GytH.
nfhLntd;DQ; nrhy;> Kjdpiy tifahw; glHf;ifahapDk;.

jd;idg; gpwndhUtd; Nghyf; $Wq; fUj;J tifahy;>
jd;dplj;Jr; nry;Yk;@
jk;gpf;Ff; nfhL – jd;idNa glHf;ifapy; $WtJ.
jd;ikf;Fk; Kd;dpiyf;Fk; cupa jhntd;gjdhdhf nghJthfpa

< vd;gjdhdhftd;Nw nrhy;yw;ghyJ@ caHe;jhd; mq;qde; jhd;
Vw;ghdhfr; nrhy;yhJ> nfhLntdg; glHf;if tha;ghl;lhw;
nrhy;Yk;@ Mz;L jd;idNa gpwd;Nghyf; Fwpj;jhdhfypw;
jd;dplj;Nj ahnkd ,ltO mikj;jthW vd;ghH NrdhtiuaH.
caHe;jhd; jk; xUtidf; fhl;b ,tw;Ff; nfhL vd;Dk; vd;whu;

ciuahrpupaHvd vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NrdhtiuaH: Mz;Lg; glHf;ifr;
nrhw;glHf;ifr; nrhy;NyhL ,iajyhd; tOtpd;ikapd; mikf;fy;
Ntz;lhthk; mjdhd; mJ NghypAiunad;f vd kWf;fpd;whH.
298
- khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - I
-
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; - fhiuf;Fb – 3
KJfiyj;jkpo; - ,yf;fzk; - njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; - Nrdhtiuak;
gFjp – m
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpiljUf.
1.caHjpiz vdg;gLtd ahit?
2.%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUG ahJ?
3.fUkr;rhHG vd;why; vd;d?
4.kd;dhg;nghUSk; md;d ,aw;Nw – tpsf;Ff.
5.nfhd; vd;Dk; nrhy; vt;ntg;nghUs;fspy; gapd;W tUk;?
6.,aw;ngaH vd;gjidr; Rl;Lf.
7.vy;yhk; vd;Dk; caHjpizg;nghUs; tUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
8.tpidnar;rk; vd;why; vd;d?
9.mk;k vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vg;nghUspy; tUk;?
10.gz;iz vd;Dk; cuipr;nrhy; gapd;W tUk; jd;ikiar; Rl;Lf.
gFjp – M
11. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.
11(m) ,aw;ifdg;nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
( my;yJ )
(M ) Ntw;Wikapd; tiffisr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
12(m ) cUG kaf;fk; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ )
299
(M) ngaHr;nrhy; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
13(m ) tpidKw;W vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
( my;yJ )
(M) tpidnar;r tha;ghLfis vOJf.
14(m) ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tiffs; ahit?
(my;yJ )
(M ) cupr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ijr; Fwpg;gpLf.
15 (m ) mitay; fpstp Fwpj;njOJf.
(my;yJ )
(M) nra;As; tpfhuq;fisj; jUf.
gFjp - ,
111. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil jUf.
16.tO> tOtikjp Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f
17.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J tpupj;njOJf.
18.caHjpizg;ngahfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
19.tpidr;nrhy;ypd; tiffs; Fwpj;J tpupj;Jiuf;f.
20. njhiffspd; tiffis tpsf;fp tiuf.
300
- khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - II
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; - fhiuf;Fb – 3
KJfiyj;jkpo; - ,yf;fzk; - njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; - Nrdhtiuak;
gFjp – m
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpiljUf.
1.tz;zr;rpidr;nrhy; - Rl;Lf.
2.kd;dhg;nghUs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3.vOtha; Ntw;Wik vd;why; vd;d?
4.nfilnajpH fpstp kaq;Fkhw;iw Fwpj;Jiuf;f.
5.jhd;> jhk; vd;Dk; ngahfs; vt;thW tUk;?
6.nra;njd; vr;rj;J ,we;jfhyk; vt;thW kaq;fp tUk;?
7.jpy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vt;ntg;nghUs;fspy; tUk;?
8.tWik vd;Dk; nghUspy; tUk; cupr;nrhy; ahJ?
9.ePl;ly; tpfhuk; Fwpj;njOJf.
10.,irepiw Fwpj;j vLj;Jiuf;f.
gFjp – M
11. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.
11 (m) jpiz> ghy; tOtikjp – tpsf;Ff.
(M ) tof;fpdhfpa caHnrhw; fpstp Fwpj;njOJf.
12(m) Kjy; Ntw;Wikia tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ )
(M ) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;fisr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
13 (m ) Ntw;WikcUGfs; tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
(my;yJ )
(M) xUtH> ePapH> eP vt;thW tUk;?
301
14(m) tpidnar;r tha;ghLfis tpsf;fp vOJf.
(my;yJ )
(M) mirepiyfis tpsf;Ff.
15 (m ) gz;G gw;wp tUk; cupr;nrhw;fs; ahit?
( my;yJ )
(M) nkhopkhw;Wg;nghUs;Nfhs; Fwpj;J vOJf
gFjp - ,
111. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;F fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil jUf.
16.fpstpahf;fr; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f
17.Mwhk; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
18.tpuTg;ngaHfis tptup.
19.vz;zpilr; nrhw;fis tptup
20. gj;Jtif vr;rq;fis tpsf;fp tiuf.
302
vk;.V. (jkpo;) 14 MM
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
vk;.V. (jkpo;) Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
319 21 fhiuf;Fb - 630003
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; mofg;njhiyepiyf;

gh gy;fiyf; fy;tp f,af;
ofk;ffk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk; kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
319 21
njhiyepiyf;fy;gp.fhk;
tp ,af;ffk;
Kjy; gUtk; vk;.V. (jkpo;)
njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; gUtk;
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; 319 102 12 ,uzÊlhkÊ
319 21 21
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
tpahghu jfty; njhlu;ghly;

Njrpaj; ju epu;zaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;
njhy;
vk;.V.f hg;)gpak; - nrhy;y
,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
vk;.V. (jkpo;)
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
319 21
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk; (jkpo;

,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
319 21
gp.fhk;

PG - M.A. - Tamil - 319 21 - Ilakkanam 2 Tholkappiyam - Solladhigaaram - Senavarayam - 599

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PG - M.A. - Tamil - 319 21 - Ilakkanam 2 Tholkappiyam - Solladhigaaram - Senavarayam - 599

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vk;.V.

319 21 fhiuf;Fb - 630003

njhy;fhg;gpak; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; mofg;njhiyepiyf;

gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)

njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk; (jkpo;

caHjpiz vd;kdhH kf;fl; Rl;Nl@

m/wpiz vd;kdhH> mtH my gpwNt

MapU jpizapd; ,irf;Fkd nrhy;Ny.

M^c mwp nrhy;> kf^c mwp nrhy;>

gy;NyhH mwpAk; nrhy;nyhL rptzp>

mk; Kg; ghw;nrhy; caHjpizat;Nt

caHjpizapd;fz; mikAk; nrhw;fs; %tifg; ghFFghl;bd; fz;

xd;W mwp nrhy;Ny> gy mwp nrhy;> vd;W

MapU ghw; nrhy; m/wpizat;Nt ( 3 )

m/wpiz vd;gJ xd;wwp nrhy;> gytwp nrhy; vd;gjha; mikAk;.

m/wpizAs;Sk; Mz;ngz; gpupg;G cz;L>Fuq;fpdj;Js;

ngz;ik Rl;ba caHjpiz kUq;fpd;

Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaH epiyf; fpstpAk;>

nja;tk; Rl;ba ngaH epiyf; fpstpAk;>

,t; vd mwpAk; me;jk; jkf;F ,yNt@

caHjpiz kUq;fpd; ghy; gpupe;J ,irf;Fk;.

,Ujpizaplj;J ghy;ghFghL czHj;jp epw;Fk; vOj;Jfis

Ngb te;jhs;> NglH te;jhH> NgbaH te;jhH

Njtp te;jhs;> Njtd; te;jhH> NjtpaH te;jhH

d/fhd; xw;Nw M^c mwp nrhy;

ngaH tpidfspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; d xw;W Mz;ghiyf; Fwpj;J

cz;lhd;> cz;ghd;> cz;zh epd;whd; - njupepiy tpid

fupad;> Fwpad; - Fwpg;G tpid

kd;dd;> nropad; - ngaHr;nrhy;

s/fhd; xw;Nw kf^ mwp nrhy;

ngaH tpidfspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; s xw;W ngz;ghiyf; Fwpj;J

cz;lhs;;> cz;ghs;> cz;zh epd;whs; - njupepiy tpid

kfs;> mupats; - ngaHr;nrhy;

u/fhd; xw;Wk;> gfu ,WjpAk;>

khiuf; fpstp csg;gl> %d;Wk;

Neuj; Njhd;Wk; gyH mwp nrhy;Ny

u/fhd; xw;Wk; gfu ,WjpAk;.khH vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; vDk;

cz;ldH> cz;gH> cz;zh epd;wdH njupepiy tpid

kd;dH> nropaH - ngaHr;nrhy;

cz;g> nry;g> fhz;g – tpidapy; gfu <W epd;wJ

cz;khH> nfhz;khH – khH tpFjp

xd;W mwp fpstp j> w> l> CHe;j

Fd;wpaYfuj;J ,Wjp MFk;

xd;wd;ghy; j> l> w vd;Dk; xw;Wf;fisr; NrHe;J tUk; <Wfisg;

cz;lJ> cz;zh epd;wJ

nrhy;ypw;W> $wpw;W - tpid

Fz;Lf;fl;L – FWe;jhl;L – tpidf; Fwpg;G

,J> MW> ,uz;L – ngaH

m> M> t> vd t&ck; ,Wjp

mg; ghy; %d;Nw gy mwp nrhy;Ny.

cz;ld> cz;zh epd;wd> cz;gd – tpid

fupad> Fwpad – tpidf; Fwpg;G

cz;zh> thuh> Xlh – vjpHkiw

cz;Ft> jpd;Ft- tfu <W

,U jpiz kUq;fpd; Ik; ghy; mwpa

<w;wpd; epd;W ,irf;Fk; gjpNdhH vOj;Jk;

Njhw;wk;jhNk tpidnahL tUNk

njhy;fhg;gpauhy; tFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;ngw;w gjpNdhU vOj;JfSk;

tpidapd; Njhd;Wk; ghy; mwp fpstpAk;>

ngaupd; Njhd;Wk; ghy; mwp fpstpAk;>

kaq;fy; $lh@ jk; kugpdNt .

tpidapd;fz; Njhd;Wk; ghywp fpstpAk; ngaupd;fz; Njhd;Wk;

Mz;ik jpupe;j ngaH epiyf; fpstp