CHAPTER 14 Mixtures and Solutions

Section 1 Types of Mixtures 7. Summarize What causes Brownian motion?

pages 476–479
Section Review 1
page 479
1. Explain Use the properties of seawater to describe
the characteristics of mixtures.
Answers will vary but might include that seawater
is a heterogeneous mixture with dirt and mud
particles, and it is a homogeneous mixture with
dissolved substances.
Collisions of particles of the dispersion medium
with the dispersed particles results in Brownian
motion.
8. Compare and Contrast Make a table that
compares the properties of solutions, suspensions, and
colloids.
Student tables will vary, but should include
particle size, if the particles settle out, and if the
particles display the Tyndall effect. A sample table
follows.

2. Distinguish between suspensions and colloids. Suspensions, Colloids, and Solutions

Suspension particles are larger than colloidal Particles Tyndall
Particle size
particles. Suspension particles settle out of the settle? effect?
mixture, whereas colloidal particles do not.
Suspensions Large (wide Yes Yes
3. Identify the various types of solutions. Describe the variation)
characteristics of each type of solution.
Colloids 1 nm–1000 nm No Yes
All solutions are homogeneous mixtures containing
Solutions Atomic scale No No
two or more substances. Solutions may be liquid,
(atoms, ions,
solid, or gas. Solution types are identified in
and molecules)
Table 2.
4. Explain Use the Tyndall effect to explain why it is
more difficult to drive through fog using high beams Section 2 Solution Concentration
than using low beams. pages 480–488
High beams are aimed farther down the road than
low beams. Because the fog scatters light, there is Practice Problems
less light from the high beams to illuminate the pages 481–488
road than from the low beams. Also, because the 9. What is the percent by mass of NaHCO 3 in a solution
high beams are aimed more directly into the fog, containing 20.0 g NaHCO3 dissolved in 600.0 mL
more of their light is reflected back toward the H2O?
driver, making it more difficult to see.
5. Describe different types of colloids.
See Table 1 for descriptions of colloid types.
6. Explain Why do dispersed colloid particles stay
10. You have 1500.0 g of a bleach solution. The percent
dispersed? by mass of the solute sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl,
The particles do not settle out because they have is 3.62%. How many grams of NaOCl are in
polar or charged layers surrounding them. These the solution?
layers repel each other and prevent the particles
from settling or separating.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 277 Solutions Manual

Chapter 14 (continued)
11. In question 10, how many grams of solvent are in the 18. What is the molarity of a bleach solution containing
solution? 9.5 g of NaOCl per liter of bleach?
1500.0 g  54.3 g  1445.7 g solvent
12. Challenge The percent by mass of calcium chloride
in a solution is found to be 2.65%. If 50.0 grams of
calcium chloride is used, what is the mass of the
solution?

19. Challenge How much calcium hydroxide

(Ca(OH)2), in grams, is needed to produce
1.5 L of a 0.25M solution?

13. What is the percent by volume of ethanol in a solution

that contains 35 mL of ethanol dissolved in 155 mL of
water?

14. What is the percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol in 20. How many grams of CaCl2 would be dissolved in 1.0
a solution that contains 24 mL of isopropyl alcohol in L of a 0.10M solution of CaCl2?
1.1 L of water?

15. Challenge If 18 mL of methanol are used to make

an aqueous solution that is 15% methanol by volume,
how many milliliters of solution are produced?
21. How many grams of CaCl2 should be dissolved in
500.0 mL of water to make a 0.20M solution of
CaCl2?

16. What is the molarity of an aqueous solution

containing 40.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 1.5 L of
solution?

22. How many grams of NaOH are in 250 mL of a 3.0M

NaOH solution?

17. Calculate the molarity of 1.60 L of a solution

containing 1.55 g of dissolved KBr.
23. Challenge What volume of ethanol (C2H5OH) is in
100.0 mL of 0.15M solution? The density of ethanol
is 0.7893 g/mL.
24. What volume of a 3.00M KI stock solution would you
use to make 0.300 L of a 1.25M KI solution?
(3.00M)V1  (1.25M)(0.300 L)
25. How many milliliters of a 5.0M H2SO4 stock solution
would you need to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.25M
H2SO4?
(5.0M)V1  (0.25M)(100.0 mL)
26. Challenge If 0.50 L of 5.00M stock solution of HCl
is diluted to make 2.0 L of solution, how much HCl,
in grams was in the solution?
mol HCl  5.00M  0.50 L  2.5 mol HCl
mass of HCl  91 g
27. What is the molality of a solution containing
10.0 g Na2SO4 dissolved in 1000.0 g of water?
28. Challenge How much (Ba(OH)2), in grams, is
needed to make a 1.00m aqueous solution?
29. What is the mole fraction of NaOH in an aqueous
solution that contains 22.8% NaOH by mass?
Assume 100.0 g sample.
Then, mass NaOH  22.8 g
mass H2O  100.0 g  (mass NaOH)  77.2 g
The mole fraction of NaOH is 0.118.
30. Challenge If the mole fraction of sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) in an aqueous solution is 0.125, what is the
percent by mass of H2SO4?
0.125  mole fraction of H2SO4
1  0.125  0.875 mole fraction of water
Assume a sample of the solution totals 100.0 moles.
By definition there would be 87.5 moles of water
and 12.5 moles of sulfuric acid in the sample.
Section Review 2
page 488
31. Compare and contrast five quantitative ways to
describe the composition of solutions.
molarity, molality, and mole fraction are based on
moles of solute per some other quantity; percent
by volume and molarity are defined on a per
volume of solution basis; molality and mole
fraction are based on a per
Chapter 14 (continued)
quantity of solvent basis; percent by mass and
percent by volume are the only ratios involving
percentages
32. Explain the similarities and differences between a
1M solution of NaOH and a 1m solution of NaOH.
Both solutions contain NaOH (solute) dissolved in
water (solvent). The 1 m solution contains 1 mole 37. A gas has a solubility of 0.66 g/L at 10.0 atm of
of NaOH per kilogram of water; the 1M solution pressure. What is the pressure on a 1.0-L sample that
contains 1 mole of NaOH per liter of solution. contains 1.5 g of gas?
33. Calculate A can of chicken broth contains 450 mg
of sodium chloride in 240.0 g of broth. What is the
percent by mass of sodium chloride in the broth?

38. Challenge The solubility of a gas at 7.0 atm of

34. Solve How much ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), in
grams, is needed to produce 2.5 L of a 0.5M aqueous
solution?
pressure is 0.52 g/L. How many grams of the gas
would be dissolved per 1 L if the pressure increased
40.0 percent?

35. Outline the laboratory procedure for preparing a

specific volume of a dilute solution from a Section Review 3
concentrated stock solution. page 497
Calculate the volume of stock solution needed and 39. Describe factors that affect the formation of
add it to a volumetric flask. Add water up to the solutions.
flask’s calibration line.
Surface area, temperature, and pressure affect the
formation of solutions.
Section 3 Factors Affecting 40. Define solubility.
Solvation Solubility refers to the maximum amount of solute
pages 489–497 that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
particular temperature and pressure.
Practice Problems 41. Describe how intermolecular forces affect
page 497 solvation?
36. If 0.55 g of a gas dissolves in 1.0 L of water at 20.0
The attractive forces between solute and solvent
kPa of pressure, how much will dissolve at 110.0 kPa
particles overcome the forces holding the solute
of pressure?
particles together, thus pulling the solute particles
apart.
42. Explain on a particle basis why the vapor pressure of
a solution is lower than a pure solvent.
Tf  0.0C  1.16C  1.16°C
When a solvent contains a solute, fewer solvent
particles occupy the surface. Fewer particles 46. What are the boiling point and freezing point of a
escape into the gaseous state. 0.40m solution of sucrose in ethanol?
43. Sumarize If a seed crystal is added to a
supersaturated solution, how would you characterize
the resulting solution? Tb  78.5C  0.49°C  79.0C
After the excess solute particles crystallize out of
solution, the solution is saturated.
Tf  2114.1C  0.80C  114.9°C
44. Make and Use Graphs Use the information in
Table 4 to graph the solubilities of aluminum sulfate, 47. Challenge A 0.045m solution (consisting of a
lithium sulfate, and potassium chloride at 0°C, 20°C, nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute) is experimentally
60°C, and 100°C. Which substance’s solubility is found to have a freezing point depression of 0.080ºC.
most affected by increasing temperature? What is the freezing point depression constant (Kf)?
Which is most likely to be the solvent—water,
ethanol, or chloroform?

It is most likely water because the calculated value

is closest to 1.86C/m.

Section Review 4
page 504
48. Explain the nature of colligative properties.
Aluminum sulfate shows the greatest change in Colligative properties depend on the number of
solubility over the temperature range. solute particles in a solution.
49. Describe four colligative properties of solutions.
Section 4 Colligative Properties vapor pressure lowering: the decrease in vapor
pressure with increasing solute particles in
of Solutions solution; boiling point elevation: the increase in
pages 498–504
boiling point with increasing solute particles in
solution; freezing point depression: the decrease in
Practice Problems freezing point with increasing solute particles in
page 503 solution; osmotic pressure: the change in osmotic
45. What are the boiling point and freezing point of a pressure with increasing solute particles in
0.625m aqueous solution of any nonvolatile, solution
nonelectrolyte solute?

Tb  100C  0.320°C  100.320C

50. Explain why a solution has a higher boiling point
than the pure solvent.
Solute particles in solution decrease the vapor
pressure above the solution. Because a solution
boils when its vapor pressure equals the external
pressure, this decrease in vapor results in the need
for a higher temperature in order for the solution
to boil.
51. Solve An aqueous solution of calcium chloride
(CaCl2) boils at 101.3ºC. How many kilograms of
calcium chloride were dissolved in 1000 grams of the
solvent?
52. Calculate the boiling point elevation of a solution
containing 50.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in
500.0 g of water. Calculate the freezing point
depression for the same solution.
53. Investigate A lab technician determines the boiling
point elevation of an aqueous solution of a
nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte to be 1.12°C. What is the
solution’s molality?
1.12°C  0.512°C/m  m
m  2.19m
Chapter 14 Assessment
pages 508–511
Section 1
Mastering Concepts
54. Explain what is meant by the statement “not all
mixtures are solutions.”
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that are
uniform in composition with a single phase.
Mixtures can also be heterogeneous, where the
substances that make them up remain distinct.
55. What is the difference between solute and solvent?
A solute is the substance being dissolved.
The solvent is the substance in which the
solute dissolves.
56. What is a suspension and how does it differ from a
colloid?
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that
settles out if left undisturbed. The particles
dispersed in a colloid are much smaller than those
in a suspension and do not settle out.
57. How can the Tyndall effect be used to distinguish
between a colloid and a solution? Why?
A beam of light is visible in a colloid but not in a
solution. Dispersed colloid particles are large
enough to scatter light (Tyndall effect).
58. Name a colloid formed from a gas dispersed in a
liquid.
Student answers may include whipped cream or
beaten egg whites.
59. Salad dressing What type of heterogeneous
mixture is shown in Figure 24? What characteristic is
most useful in classifying the mixture?
The mixture is a suspension. Left undisturbed, the
mixture components settle out.
60. What causes Brownian motion observed in liquid
colloids?
The random particle movements in liquid colloids
result from collisions between particles in the
mixture.
61. Aerosol sprays are categorized as colloids. Identify
the phases of an aerosol spray.
The most abundant mixture component is in the
gas phase. The dispersed particles are in the liquid
phase.
Mastering Problems
67. According to lab procedure, you stir 25.0 g of MgCl2
into 550 mL of water. What is the percent by mass of
MgCl2 in the solution?
68. How many grams of LiCl are in 275 g of a 15%
aqueous solution of LiCl?

Section 2
69. You need to make a large quantity of a 5% solution of
Mastering Concepts
HCl but have only 25 mL HCl. What volume of 5%
62. What is the difference between percent by mass and solution can be made from this volume of HCl?
percent by volume?
Percent by mass is a comparison between the mass
of solute and the total mass of the solution. Percent
by volume is a comparison between the volume of
the solute and the total volume of the solution. 70. Calculate the percentage by volume of a solution
63. What is the difference between molarity and molality? created by adding 75 mL of acetic acid to 725 mL of
water.
Molarity is solution concentration expressed as the
moles of solute per volume of solution. Molality
expresses concentration as moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent. Molality does not depend
upon the temperature of the solution.
64. What factors must be considered when creating a
dilute solution from a stock solution? 71. Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains
15.7 g of CaCO3 dissolved in 275 mL of solution.
The molarity and volume of both stock solution
and dilute solution are required in the formula
M1V1  M2V2.
65. How do 0.5M and 2.0M aqueous solutions of NaCl
differ?
The 2M solution contains more moles of NaCl per
volume of water than the 0.5M solution.
66. Under what conditions might a chemist describe a
solution in terms of molality? Why?
Under conditions of changing temperature. 72. What is the volume of a 3.00M solution made with
Because molality is based on mass, it does not 122 g of LiF?
change with temperature.
Chapter 14 (continued)
73. How many moles of BaS would be used to make
1.5103 mL of a 10.0M solution?

74. How many grams of CaCl2 are needed to make 2.0 L

of a 3.5M solution?
76. How much 5.0M nitric acid (HNO3), in
milliliters, is needed to make 225 mL of
1.0M HNO3?

volume of HNO3  45 mL
77. Experiment In the lab, you dilute 55 mL of a 4.0M
solution to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate the
75. Stock solutions of HCl with various molarities molarity of the new solution.
are frequently prepared. Complete Table 7 by
calculating the volume of concentrated, or 12M,
hydrochloric acid that should be used to make 1.0
L of HCl solution with each molarity listed. 78. How many milliliters of 3.0M phosphoric acid
Molarity of HCl Volume of 12M HCl stock (H3PO4) can be made from 95 mL of a 5.0M H3PO4
desired solution needed (mL) solution?
0.50 42 mL
1.0 83 mL
1.5 130 mL 79. If you dilute 20.0 mL of a 3.5M solution to make
2.0 170 mL 100.0 mL of solution, what is the molarity of the
dilute solution?
5.0 420 mL

80. What is the molality of a solution containing 75.3

grams of KCl dissolved in 95.0 grams of water?
81. How many grams of Na2CO3 must be dissolved into 84. What is the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution
155 grams of water to create a solution with a containing the percentage of sulfuric acid and water
molality of 8.20 mol/kg? shown in Figure 25?

82. What is the molality of a solution containing 30.0 g of

naphthalene (C10H8) dissolved in 500.0 g of toluene?

85. Calculate the mole fraction of MgCl2 in a

solution created by dissolving 132.1 g MgCl2 into
83. What are the molality and mole fraction of solute in a 175 mL of water.
35.5 percent by mass aqueous solution of formic acid
(HCOOH)?

Section 3
Mastering Concepts
86. Describe the process of solvation.
A solute introduced into a solvent is surrounded by
solvent particles. Due to the attraction between
solute and solvent particles, solute particles are
pulled apart and surrounded by solvent particles.
Once separated, solute particles disperse into
solution.
87. What are three ways to increase the rate of solvation? 92. The solubility of a gas at 37.0 kPa is 1.80 g/L. At
increase the temperature of the solvent, increase what pressure will the solubility reach 9.00 g/L?
the surface area of the solute, agitation
88. Explain the difference between saturated and
unsaturated solutions.
A saturated solution contains the maximum
amount of solute under a given set of conditions. 93. Use Henry’s Law to complete the Table 8.
An unsaturated solution contains less than the
maximum amount.
Solubility and Pressure
Mastering Problems Solubility (g/L) Pressure (kPa)
89. At a pressure of 1.5 atm, the solubility of a gas is 0.54
g/L. Calculate the solubility when the pressure is 2.9 25
doubled.
3.7 32
4.5 39

90. At 4.5 atm of pressure, the solubility of a gas is 9.5

g/L. How many grams of gas will dissolve in 1L if the
pressure is reduced by 3.5 atm?

91. Using Figure 26, compare the solubility of potassium
bromide (KBr) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at
80°Celsius.
94. Soft Drinks The partial pressure of CO2 inside a
bottle of soft drink is 4.0 atm at 25°C. The solubility
of CO2 is 0.12 mol/L. When the bottle is opened, the
partial pressure drops to 3.0  104 atm. What is the
solubility of CO2 in the open drink? Express your
answer in grams per liter.

Section 4
Mastering Concepts
95. Define the term colligative property.
A physical property of a solution that is affected by
the number of solute particles but not their nature.
96. Use the terms dilute and concentrated to compare the 100. In the lab, you dissolve 179 grams of MgCl2 into
solution on both sides of a membrane. 1.00 liter of water. Use Table 6 to find the freezing
If there is a concentration gradient, the solution is point of the solution.
more dilute on one side of the membrane and more
concentrated on the other side of the membrane.
97. Identify each variable in the following formula.

Tb represents the difference between the boiling

points of a solution and the pure solvent; Kb is the
molal boiling point elevation constant; m
represents the solution molality.
98. Define the term osmotic pressure, and explain why it
is considered a colligative property.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by water
molecules that move into solution through osmosis.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property because
it depends on the number of solute particles
dissolved in solution. 101. Cooking A cook prepares a solution for boiling by
adding 12.5 grams of NaCl to a pot holding 0.750
liters of water. At what temperature should the
Mastering Problems solution in the pot boil? Use Table 5 for the
99. Calculate the freezing point of a solution of necessary constant.
12.1 grams of naphthalene (C10H8) dissolved into
0.175 kg of benzene (C6H6). Refer to
Table 6 for the necessary constant.
102. The boiling point of ethanol (C2H5OH ) changes
from 78.5°C to 85.2°C when an amount of
naphthalene (C10H8) is added to 1.00 kg of ethanol.
How much naphthalene, in grams, is required to
cause this change? Refer to Table 5 for needed data.
diatomic hydrogen is nonpolar.
105. Household Paint Some types of paint are colloids
composed of pigment particles dispersed in oil.
Based on what you know about colloids, recommend
an appropriate location for storing cans of leftover
household paint. Justify your recommendation.
When a colloid is exposed to heat, suspended
particles can settle out. Paint should be stored in
a cool location where it cannot freeze, and away
from direct sunlight and objects like water
heaters or furnaces that generate heat.
106. Which solute has the greatest effect on the boiling
point of 1.00 kg of water: 50.0 grams of strontium
chloride (SrCl2 or 150.0 grams of glucose
(C6H12O6)? Justify your answer.

103. Ice Cream A rock salt (NaCl), ice, and water

mixture is used to cool milk and cream to make
homemade ice cream. How many grams of rock salt
must be added to water to lower the freezing point
by 10.0°C?

Mixed Review
104. Apply your knowledge of polarity and solubility to
predict whether solvation is possible in each 107. Study Table 4. Analyze solubility and temperature
situation shown in Table 9. Explain your answers. data to determine the general trend followed by the
gases (NH3, CO2, O2) in the chart. Compare this
MgCl2(s) in H2O(l): Yes. NH3(l) in C6H6(l): No.
trend to the trend followed by most of the solids in
H2(g) in H2O(l): No. I2(l) in Br2(l): Yes.
the chart.
Predictions are based on the general rule “like
dissolves like.” A polar solvent like water will
dissolve a polar solute like magnesium chloride,
and a nonpolar solvent like liquid bromine will
dissolve a nonpolar solute like liquid iodine.
Ammonia is a polar molecule, while benzene is
nonpolar. Water is a polar molecule while
 Identify the solids listed that do not follow the 110. How many grams of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO 3)2)
general trend followed by most of the solids in the would you need to prepare 3.00 L of a 0.500M
chart. solution?
For the gases, solubility decreases as temperature
increases. For most solids, solubility increases as
temperature increases. Ca(OH)2 and Li2SO4 do
not follow the general trend for solids.
108. An air sample yields the percent composition shown
in Figure 27. Calculate the mole fraction of each gas
present in the sample. 111. What would be the molality of the solution
described in the previous problem? The density of
the Ca(NO3)2 solution is 1.08 kg/L.

Think Critically
112. Develop a plan for making 1000 mL of a 5% by
volume solution of sulfuric acid in water. Your plan
should describe the amounts of solute and solvent
necessary, as well as the steps involved in making
the solution.

50 mL sulfuric acid needed. Subtract the volume

of sulfuric acid from the total solution volume to
determine a volume of 950 mL H2O needed.
109. If you prepared a saturated aqueous solution of Dissolve 50 mL sulfuric acid in somewhat less than
potassium chloride at 25°C and then heated it to 950 mL H2O. Add water until the volume of the
50°C, would you describe the solution as solution is 1000 mL.
unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated? Explain.
unsaturated; the solubility of KCl in water
increases with temperature. A solution at 50°C
holds more solute than one at 25°C.
113. Compare and infer Study the phase diagram in
Figure 21. Compare the dotted lines surrounding
Tf and Tb and describe the differences you
observe. How might these lines be positioned
differently for solutions of electrolytes and
nonelectrolytes? Why?
The freezing point of the solution is below the
normal freezing point of water, while the boiling
point of the solution is above the normal boiling
point of water. Tf and Tb would be larger for
electrolytes than nonelectrolytes. Electrolytes
dissociate in water, resulting in a larger number
of particles in solution.
114. Extrapolate The solubility of argon in water at
various pressures is shown in Figure 28. Extrapolate
the data to 15 atm. Use Henry’s law to verify the
solubility determined by your extrapolation.
115. Infer Dehydration occurs when more fluid is lost
from the body than is taken in. Scuba divers are
advised to hydrate their bodies before diving. Use
your knowledge of the relationship between pressure
and gas solubility to explain the importance of
hydration prior to a dive.
As pressure increases with water depth during a
dive, gas concentration in the blood increases. If
blood (solvent) volume is low, the gas (solute)
concentration will be higher than normal levels at
specific depths. A well-hydrated diver has a
greater amount of solvent in which gases can be
dissolved.
116. Graph Table 10 shows solubility data that was
collected in an experiment. Plot a graph of the
molarity of KI versus temperature. What is the
solubility of KI at 55°C?
Molarity equals 8.67M, 9.76M, 10.6M, 11.6M, and
12.4M at 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C,
respectively. The solubility of KI at 55°C is about
10.4M.
117. Design an Experiment You are given a sample of
a solid solute and three aqueous solutions containing
that solute. How would you determine which
solution is saturated, unsaturated, and
supersaturated?
Add a pinch of solute to each container. If the
solution is supersaturated, crystallization will
occur; saturated, no solute will dissolve;
unsaturated, solute will dissolve.
118. Compare Which of the following solutions has the
highest concentration? Rank the solutions from the
greatest to the smallest boiling point elevation.
Explain your answer.
a. 0.10 mol NaBr in 100.0 mL solution
b. 2.1 mol KOH in 1.00 L solution
c. 1.2 mol KMnO4 in 3.00 L solution
The molarities are 1.0M NaBr, 2.1M KOH, and
0.40M KMnO4. Because the KOH solution
contributes the greatest concentration of particles
to solution, it has the greatest boiling point
elevation; KMnO4 has the lowest concentration of
particles and the smallest boiling point elevation.
Boiling point elevation depends only upon
concentration.
Challenge
Measurements of Solubility of a Gas
Measurement Solubility
1 0.225
2 0.45
3 0.9
4 1.8
5 3.6
119. Interpret the solubility data in Table 11 using the
concept of Henry’s Law.
In Henry’s law, solubility is directly proportional
to pressure. In this example, each measurement
indicates a doubling of the solubility value. This
indicates that the pressure is also doubling
between measurements. An additional
observation might include that from
Measurement 1 to Measurement 5, the solubility
has increased by a factor of 16. Therefore, the
pressure would do the same.
120. You have a solution containing 135.2 grams of
dissolved KBr in 2.3 liters of water. What volume of
this solution, in mL, would you use to make 1.5
 liters of a 0.10M KBr? What is the boiling point of 122. Identify which of the following molecules is polar.
this new solution?
a. SiH4
Step1: Calculate molarity of original solution
nonpolar
b. NO2
polar
c. SiO2
polar
Step 2: Dilute the solution – Calculate required
volume d. HBr
polar
123. Name the following compounds.
a. NaBr
sodium bromide
Step 3: Calculate boiling point of new solution b. Pb(CH3COO)2
lead(II) acetate
c. (NH4)2CO3
ammonium carbonate
124. A 12.0-g sample of an element contains
5.94  1022 atoms. What is the unknown element?

Cumulative Review
121. The radius of an argon atom is 94 pm. Assuming the The atomic mass is 122 amu. The element is
atom is spherical, what is the volume of an argon antimony.
atom in nm3? V  4/3r3.
125. Pure bismuth can be produced by the reaction of
bismuth oxide with carbon at high
temperatures.

2Bi2O3 + 3C  4Bi + 3CO2

How many moles of Bi2O3 reacted to produce 12.6
mol of CO2?
Chapter 14 (continued)
Additional Assessment
Writing in Chemistry
126. Homogenized Milk The first homogenized milk
was sold in the United States around 1919. Today,
almost all milk sold in this country is homogenized,
in the form of a colloidal emulsion. Research the
homogenization process. Write a brief article
describing the process. The article may include a
flowchart or diagram of the process, as well as a
discussion of the reputed benefits and/or drawbacks
associated with drinking homogenized milk.
Student answers will vary. Students should note
that raw milk contains fat dispersed throughout.
If left to stand, the fat separates out, leaving a
cream layer and a skim milk layer. The process
of homogenization breaks the fat globules into
smaller sizes and reduces their tendency to form
a cream layer.
128. At what latitude are average dissolved oxygen
values the lowest?
Values are lowest near the equator.
129. Describe the general trend defined by the data.
Relate the trend to the relationship between gas
solubility and temperature.
In general, dissolved oxygen in surface ocean
waters increases as latitude increases towards
both north and south. Surface water
temperatures are greatest near the equator.
Surface water temperature decreases toward the
poles. As temperature decreases, gas solubility
generally increases.
Standardized Test Practice

Document-Based Questions

1. What is the volume of bromine (Br2) in 7.000 L of

Solution 1?
127. Are dissolved oxygen values most closely related to a. 55.63 mL
latitude or longitude? Why do you think this is true? b. 8.808 mL
Dissolved oxygen values are most closely related c. 18.03 mL
to latitude. Surface land and water temperatures d. 27.18 mL
are more closely correlated to latitude than Volume of Br2  (7.000 L) 3 (0.002575) 
longitude.
0.01803 L  18.03 mL
2. How many grams of Br2 are in 55.00 g of Solution 4?
a. 3.560 g
b. 0.084 98 g
c. 1.151 g
d. 0.2628 g
Mass of Br2  (55.00 g) 3 (0.004779) 
0.2628 g
3. Which one is an intensive physical property?
6. What is the empirical formula for this substance?
a. volume
a. CH2O
b. length
b. C8HO
c. hardness
c. C10H18O
d. mass
d. C7H12O
4. What is the product of this synthesis reaction? Cl 2(g) Assume a 100.0 g sample.
 2NO(g) ?
Determine the number of moles.
a. NCl2
b. 2NOCl
c. N2O2
d. 2ClO
5. If 1 mole of each of the solutes listed below is
dissolved in 1 L of water, which solute will have the
greatest effect on the vapor pressure of its respective
solution?
a. KBr Calculate the simplest ratio of moles.
b. C6H12O6
c. MgCl2
d. CaSO4
MgCl2 will produce the greatest number of
particles in solution: 1 mol Mg2, 2 mol Cl
The empirical formula is C10H18O.
7. What is the correct chemical formula for the ionic
compound formed by the calcium ion (Ca2+) and the
acetate ion (C2H3O2)?
a. CaC2H3O2
b. CaC4H6O3
c. (Ca)2C2H3O2
d. Ca(C2H3O2)2
Use the reaction below to answer Questions 8 and 9. 11. How many moles of KClO3 can be dissolved in 100 g
Fe3O4(S) + 4H2(g)  3Fe(S) + 4H2O(l) of water at 60°C?
8. If 16 moles of H2 are used, how many moles of Fe 21 grams
will be produced? 12. Which can hold more solute at 20C: 2 solution of
a. 6 NaCl or KCl? How does this compare to their
b. 3 solubilities at 80C?
c. 12
d. 9 At 20°C, the NaCl solution can hold more solute.
At 80°C, the solubilities are reversed and KCl is
more soluble than NaCl.
13. How many moles of KClO3 would be required to
make 1 L of a saturated solution of KClO3 at 75°C?
9. If 7 moles of Fe3O4 are mixed with 30 moles of H2,
what will be true?
a. There will be no reactants left.
b. 2 moles of hydrogen gas will be left over
c. 30 moles of water will be produced
d. 7 moles of Fe will be produced Use the information below to answer Questions 14 and 15.
The electron configuration for silicon is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2.
14. Explain how this configuration demonstrates the
aufbau principle.
The aufbau principle dictates that electrons must
10. What is the molar mass of Fe3O4? fill the lowest available energy levels before filling
any higher energy levels.
a. 231.56 g/mol
b. 71.85 g/mol 15. Draw the orbital diagram for silicon. Explain how
c. 287.40 g/mol Hund’s rule and the Pauli exclusion principle are used
d. 215.56 g/mol in constructing the orbital diagram.
Hund’s rule mandates that the last two electrons will
be placed in separate p-orbitals. The Pauli exclusion
principal determines that shared electrons in any
given orbital must have opposite spins, as shown by
up and down arrows.
        
Use the graph below to answer Questions 11 to 13.
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
16. What volume of a 0.125M NiCl2 solution contains 19. Which bond has the greatest polarity?
3.25 g NiCl2?
a. C–H
a. 406 mL b. Si – O
b. 32.5 mL c. Mg – Cl
c. 38.5 mL d. Al – N
d. 26.0 mL e. H – Cl
e. 201 mL C-H: 2.55 – 2.20  0.35
Si-O: 3.44 – 1.90  1.54
Mg-Cl: 3.16 – 1.31  1.85
Al-N: 3.04 – 1.61  1.43
17. Which is NOT a colligative property? H-Cl: 3.16 – 2.20  0.96
a. boiling point elevation Mg-Cl has the greatest polarity.
b. freezing point depression
c. vapor pressure lowering
d. osmotic pressure
e. solubility

Use the data table below to answer Questions 18 and 19.

Electronegativities of Selected Elements

H
2.20
Li Be B C N O F
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.93
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16

18. What is the electronegativity difference in the

compound Li2O?
a. 1.48
b. 2.46
c. 3.4
d. 4.42
e. 5.19
3.44 – 0.98  2.46