Topic: CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES Notebook

2 Structural Element Types ofStructures

2 Boundary Conditions
3 Stay and Dewey ma aram ng
Oneofthefirststeps in accessing structures is to determine
whattype ofstructure that we are dealingwith
Let's look at some common elements and structuretypes
that we use today
o Structural element
structures
o Types
g
o Boundary Conditions

1 Structural Elements
Tension elements
Elements placed in a structure
to resist tension only
Veryefficient
Examples
o Cobbles
o Braces
o Truss tensionchords
Compression elements
Elementsplaced in a structure
toresist compression only
o Prone to buckling
Examples
o Arches
o Columns
o Truss compressionchords
Fecund element
Elements placed in a structure
to resist bending primary
oArguablythemostcommon
structural element
Examples i
o Bridge guides Floorsystems
8 o

Topic: CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES Notebook

Shearelements
Elements placed in a structure
to resistshear primary
o Argues theleast common
structural element
Examples
so
Shear walls
Resist lateral Jonas winds earthquake

2 Types of Structures
Trusses
Straight members connected
by hinged connections
Very giant i
o Lightweight
High stiffnesssmalldopemi
o
Used mainlyfor longspam
Expensive

Beams
Beams by themselves can be
considered as a structure
o Resist load throughdeveloping
bending moment and shoes
Common Joe budgestructures

Frames
Unlike trusses joints are I
rigidly connected
Structure develops shearsand
moments in additiontoaxial
forces
Main systemsJonbuildings
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Topic: CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES Notebook

3 Boundary Conditions
Supports attach the structure to the ground and are
the main components that help thestructure in equilibrium
Therefore identifying different typesofsupport are
critical to performing structural analysis
Temperature
changes
onehand
rollersupport
torelease
thermal
stress

Fixedbearingon onehand
Pinned supports
Restricts motion in the と a and 4 directions
y
Allow rotation

藩 Ttps

ii
aches
Roller support
Only restrict motion in the direction of the roller

い 一

の
0000
10000
is in sun

Fixed support
Restricts motion and rotation

た
M
所た
y
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There is also the potentialfor internalrelease in

a structure
Can release forces in a given area

鑾巒鸞
This connection is designto
transfershearforces but not
ET
moments
The most common type of release is aTinge
o Release moment at a given point

free
羽

Stability Static Determining

Equations of equilibrium for a 3Dsystem
張 0 0
T EE 0
EM 0 を
My 0 をMz 0
Indi For most of structures
0 0 EM 0
EE IT
These equations will be critical toperforming all
types ofstructural analysis
o For examples to determine support reactions

An t t t きた 0 三合 0 EM 0
参 参
TAy TBy
o In addition to determine the internalforces in
a structuralelement いい いい
三長 0 三合 0 EM 0 At参 が r
p
TAy
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When all the forces rn structure can be determinedJam

the equations ofequilibrium then thestructure is considered
statically determinate
o
If there are more unknown than equations the
structure is statically indeterminate
o
If there are less unknown than equations the
structure is unstable
For the majority of his semester we whereat
ourselves to structures that are staticallydeterminate
we will deal will statically interminate smokes
by some special techniques

Mathematically this is expressed asfollows

を二 t.ec 3
o を degree of indeterminacy external
If ie LO thestructure is unstable
ie O thestructureShould be staticallydeterminate
詩で0 thestructure shouldbe staticallyindeterminate
on total number of support reactions
e total number of equations of condition
in other words the total number of internalreleases
such as hinges
A non negative valuegiedoesn't
guarantee that a structure is
stable
Examples thesestructures have no internalhinges た 0
I た 2 0 3 1 Umtaba
参 参
T

T
T.ca参T たこ 3 0 3 0 Stable 8Statically
Determinate
5 0 3 2 Stable statically
Y T T 蔘 が
をこ
Indeterminate 2を y
 Topic: CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES Notebook

A non negative value of を doesnt guarantee that a

structure is stable
For a structure to be stable 3 conditionsmustbemet
o た 70
All thesupport reactions must not be concurrent
o All the support reactions must not be parallel

it 碞 参 参 参
八 八 人 の

T
For exampk consider the structures shown
While til for both ofthese structures they are not
restrained from movement Chinkwheels skateboards
Keep in mind that internal releases such as hinges
can also were to reduce degrees ofindeterminacy
o Each internal hinge increase た
by one
ie n ee 3
だ5 03 2 o o
た o
が o Indeterminate
2nddegree
た 5 1 3 l o o
た o o Indeterminate
が
はdegree
ie 5 2 3 O o
T o
た o iot o Determinate
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