Professional Documents
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Prepared by:
EDWARD B. PESCUELA
Instructor
“Most people use statistics like a drunk man uses a lamppost; more for support than
illumination”
― Andrew Lang
Format
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Signature over Printed Name
Normal Distributions
A normal distribution
Point of
inflection
− +
Distribution #3:
Normal with a mean of 80
and a standard deviation of 5
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Example 1 IQ Scores
Problem
Let the variable X represent IQ scores of 12-year-olds. Suppose that the distribution of X is normal with a mean of
100 and a standard deviation of 16—that is, X is
N(100, 16). Jessica is a 12-year-old and has an IQ score of 132.We would like to determine the proportion of 12-
year olds that have IQ scores less than Jessica’s score of 132.
IQ Scores have a
normal distribution
with mean 100 and ()
standard deviation 16
DEFINITION:
X−
If X is N( , ) , the standardized normal variable Z= is N (0 ,1).
The z-score or standard score for an observed value tells us how many standard deviations the observed value is
from the mean – that is, it tells us how far the observed value is from the mean in standard-deviation units. It is
computed as follows:
X−
Z= = number of standard deviations that
X differs from the mean
If Z > 0, then the value of X is above (greater than) its mean.
Problem
Recall the distribution of IQ scores for 12-year-olds—normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 16.
(b) Suppose Jessica has an older brother, Mike, who is 20 years old and has an IQ score of 144. It wouldn’t
make sense to directly compare Mike’s score of 144 to Jessica’s score of 132. The two scores come from
different distributions due to the age difference. Assume that the distribution of IQ scores for 20-year-olds
is normal with a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 20. Compute Mike’s standardized score.
(c) Relative to their respective age group, who had the higher IQ score—Jessica or Mike?
144 − 120
Mike's standard score = = +12
. .
20
Thus, relative to their respective age groups, Jessica has a higher IQ score than Mike
Example 3
Finding Proportions for the Standard Normal Distribution
Problem
Finding proportions under a normal distribution involves standardization and then finding the corresponding
proportion (area) under the standard normal distribution. Let’s first work on finding areas under a standard normal
N(0, 1) distribution.
(a) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the left of z = 1.22. Sketch a picture of the
corresponding area and use either Table 3 page 825 or your TI-84 to find the area.
Solution
Using TI:
(b) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the right of z = 1.22.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Let's Do It! 2 6.2More Standard Normal Areas
(a) Find the area under the standard normal distribution between z = 0 and z = 1.22. Sketch the area and use
Table E or your calculator to find the area
( )
0 Z
(b) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the left of z = -2.55. Sketch the area and use Table
E or your calculator to find the area.
( )
0 Z
(c) Find the area under the standard normal distribution between z = -1.22 and z = 1.22. Sketch the area
and use Table E or your calculator to find the area.
( )
0 Z
(a) What proportion of the 12-year-olds has IQ scores below 84? Sketch it.
()
(b) What proportion of the 12-year-olds has IQ scores 84 or more? Sketch it.
()
()
Problem
Recall the N (100,16) model for IQ score of 12-year-olds. What IQ score must a 12-year-old have to place in
the top 1% of the distribution of IQ scores?
(a) Draw a picture to show what IQ score you are trying to find.
()
100 ? IQ Score
function called invNorm under the DIST menu. You must first specify the desired are to the left, then the
mean and the standard deviation for the normal distribution. The steps for finding the 99th percentile of
To use Table
3 in reverse
manner,
Step1:
standardize the score X.
Step 2: find the Z score on the margins that will corresponds to the area 0.99.
Finally equate step 1 to the value of the Z in step 2 and solve for X.
x− x − 100
z= = = 2.33
16 .
x = 100 + (2.33) 16 = 137 .28
A 12-year-old must have an IQ score of at least 137.28 to place in the top 1%.
The finishing times for 11–12-year-old male swimmers performing the 50-yard freestyle are normally distributed
with a mean of 35 seconds and a standard deviation of 2 seconds.
(b) In what amount of time must a swimmer finish to be in the “top” fastest 2% of the distribution of
finishing times?
According to a study, men in the US devote an average of 16hrs per week to house work. Assume that
the number of hours men devote to house work is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3.5.
a. Suppose that the lower 10% of men on the distribution devote fewer than x hours per week. Find
the value of x.
b. Suppose the upper 5% of men on the distribution devote more than x hrs per week. Find the
value of x.
If one-person household spends an average of $40 per month on medications and doctor visits, find the
maximum and minimum dollar amounts spent per month for the middle 50% of one-person household.
Assume that the standard deviation is $5 and that the amount spent is normally distributed.
Evaluation
Answer the following problems below.
Assessing Normality
Many times in statistics it is necessary to see if a set of data values is approximately normally
distributed. There are special techniques that can be used. One technique is to draw a histogram
for the data and see if it is approximately bell-shaped. (Note: It does not have to be exactly
symmetric to be bell-shaped.)
The numbers of branches of the 50 top libraries are shown.
Reference
Bluman, Allan G. Elementary Statistics: a step-by-step approach / Allan Bluman. - 8th ed.