Quarter 2

NOTES

MOTION In One Dimension

Linear Kinematics
Most Essential Learning Competency

Describe motion using

diagrams and graphs.
MECHANICS
- The study of motion of objects
- Main Types: Classical Mechanics – motion of macroscopic objects
Quantum Mechanics – motion of objects that are atomic or subatomic in size
Classical Mechanics:
1. Kinematics – describe the motion of an object without being concerned to
the forces involved in terms of position, velocity, an acceleration. It deals
plainly on motion itself without regard to its cause.
2. Statics – focuses on the way in which forces combine with each other as to
produce equilibrium. It is useful in designing buildings, bridges….
3. Dynamics – explains or predicts the effect of forces on the motion of the
objects. It is the study of forces affecting moving objects (unbalanced force
causes motion). It works with work, power, and energy. Example of its
application is moving a load by using pulleys.
 What Is MotIon?
v
B is at
rest.

A B
B is moving
with a velocity C
v to the right.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qh--3X6E5w

Motion is the change in object’s position with respect to a reference point.

 Frame of reference
--system of objects that are not moving in relation to the observer or system
of objects that are moving with the observer.
v
B is at
rest.

A B
B is moving
with a velocity C
v to the right.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qh--3X6E5w
Position
“where the object is at any particular time”

left right

The dog is 10 meters to the right of the tree.

Position
- location of the object with respect to a chosen reference point
that is considered to be the origin of a coordinate system.

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
meters

The dog is 10 meters to the right.

KINEMATICS
- describing motion using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and
equations.

Words or Terms:
scalars
vectors
distance
displacement
speed
velocity
acceleration
 Distance ( d ) – the length of path traveled by the object
ex. 10 meters, 100 kilometers
Displacement ( 𝑑Ԧ ) – the difference between the initial position and
final position
ex. 10 meters, East; 100 kilometers, 30° North of East
start d1 = 10m, East

dT = 5m, South d2 = 5m, South

d1 = 10m, East
dT = 0 start
end end
d3 = 10m, West
d2 = 5m, South
d4 = 5m, North

d3 = 10m, West
Speed ( 𝑣 ) – describes how slow or fast is the moving object
ex. 10 m/s; 100 km/h
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed ( 𝑣 ) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Velocity ( 𝑣Ԧ ) – rate of change of position with respect to a frame of

reference
= speed + direction
ex. 10 m/s, East; 100 km/h, 30° North of East

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Velocity ( 𝑣Ԧ ) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Acceleration ( 𝑎Ԧ ) is the rate of change in velocity.
ex. 5 m/s2 5 m/s/s -5 m/s2

Acceleration ( 𝑎Ԧ ) = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
Acceleration ( 𝑎Ԧ )

When does acceleration occur?

….when the magnitude of velocity changes (eg. slowing down or speeding

up in a straight path)

….when the direction of velocity changes (eg. objects moving in a uniform

circular motion)

….when both the magnitude and direction of velocity changes

 The car is moving to the right.

The spaces between positions are equal at equal time interval.

No
Motion Diagrams:
- pictures
- dot diagram right
Yes ward
The space between positions increases at equal time interval.

No
The spaces between positions are equal at equal time interval.

right
The space between positions increases at equal time interval.
Yes
ward

Left
The space between positions decreases at equal time interval. Yes ward
Dot Diagram Describe the motion of an object.
Oil Drop Diagram
Constant speed; acceleration is zero
Speeding up; acceleration is rightward

Slowing down; acceleration is leftward

Ticker Tape Diagram

Constant speed; acceleration is zero

Slowing down; acceleration is leftward

Speeding up; acceleration is rightward

 Ticker Timer
Frequency = 50 Hertz = 50 ticks per sec

Time per tick = 0.02 sec

t = 0.02 sec

https://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Mechanics/Motion/text/Ticker_timer_and_speed/index.html
Initial speed

Final speed
• Total distance (40 cm)
• Total time of travel (25 ticks x 0.02 s
= 0.5 sec)
• Initial speed (8cm/0.1 s = 80 cm/s)
• Final speed (8cm/0.1 s = 80 cm/s)
80𝑐𝑚Τ𝑠 − 80𝑐𝑚Τ𝑠
• Acceleration ( 0.5𝑠 −0.1𝑠 = 0 )

Information:
• time per tick = 0.02 sec
• 5 ticks per strip

0.1𝑠 0.2𝑠 0.3𝑠 0.4𝑠 0.5𝑠

• Total distance (30 cm)
• Total time of travel (0.5 s)
• Initial speed (20 cm/s)
• Final speed (100 cm/s)
• Acceleration (200 cm/s/s) • Total distance (15cm)
• Total time of travel (0.5 s)
• Initial speed (50cm/s)
• Final speed (10cm/s)
• Acceleration (-100cm/s/s)
• The distance between the dots is equal.
• All lengths of tape in the chart are equal.
• The object is moving with constant velocity.
•The distance between the dots increases uniformly.
•The length of the tape in the chart increases uniformly.
•The velocity of the object increases uniformly. The object
is moving at a constant acceleration. Velocity and
acceleration have the same direction.
•The distance between the dots decreases uniformly.
•The length of the strips of tape in the chart decreases uniformly.
•The velocity of the object decreases uniformly. The object is
moving at a constant acceleration. Velocity and acceleration have
opposite directions.
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

Displacement – time graph

Slope of the graph is equal to the velocity of the object.
displacement
Time (s)
(m)
0 20 d
1 20
2 20
3 20
t
4 20
5 20
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
Displacement – time graph

Slope of the graph is equal to the velocity of the object.

dispalcement
Time (s)
(m)
0 0
d
1 4
2 8
3 12
4 16 t

5 20
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

Displacement – time graph

Slope of the graph is equal to the velocity of the object.
displacement
Time (s)
(m)
0 20 d

1 16
2 12
3 8
t
4 4
5 0
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
Slope of the graph is equal to the velocity of the object.
Displacement – time graph y −y
m = x2 − x1
2 1

d d d Constant velocity in the - direction

Constant velocity in the +direction
at rest
20m 20m 0 − 20m
m=
5s − 0
20m 20m − 0 m = −4𝑚/𝑠
m=
5s − 0
m=0 m = 4𝑚/𝑠

0 0 0
t 5s t 5s t

- +
0 20m
 (1) (2) m2

d d
• Velocity m1 • Velocity
m2 increases decreases
• Object moves • Object moves
away from the away from the
reference point reference point
m1
t t
Acceleration is not zero.
Acceleration is constant. • Velocity
m1
increases
d d • Object
m1 approaches
(3) (4)
the reference
• Velocity decreases
point
• Object approaches
the reference point m2 m2

t t
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
Velocity – time graph
Slope of the graph is equal to the acceleration of the object.
Time (s) Velocity
(m/s)
0 20 v

1 20
2 20
3 20 t
4 20
5 20
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
Velocity – time graph
Slope of the graph is equal to the acceleration of the object.
Time (s) Velocity
(m/s)
0 0 v

1 4
2 8
3 12
t
4 16
5 20
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

Velocity – time graph

Slope of the graph is equal to the acceleration of the object.
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s)
0 20
v
1 16
2 12
3 8
4 4 t

5 0
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
• The slope of the graph is the acceleration. y −y
m = x2 − x1
Velocity – time graph: • The area under the curve is the distance 2 1

covered by the object.

v v v
20m/s 20m/s
m1 = m2
20m/s 0 − 20m/s
20m/s − 0 m=
m1 = m2 = 0 m= 5s − 0
5s − 0
m = −4m/s2
m = 4m/s2 - m1 = - m2

t 5s t 5s t
• Velocity is changing at a • Velocity is changing at a
• Velocity is constant. constant rate. It increases constant rate. It decreases
• Acceleration is zero. at a constant rate. It is at a constant rate. It is
positive. positive.
• Acceleration is constant. It • Acceleration is constant. It
is positive. is negative.
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION
• The slope of the graph is the acceleration.
Velocity – time graph: • The area under the curve is the displacement
covered by the object.

v v v

d = vt
d = ½ vt d = ½ vt

t t t

• Area = (length)(width) • Area = ½ (base)(height) • Area = ½ (base)(height)

• Area = (velocity)(time) • Area = ½ (velocity)(time) • Area = ½ (velocity)(time)
• d = vt • d = ½ vt • d = ½ vt
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

• The area under the curve is the

Velocity – time graph:
displacement covered by the object.

v v v
1 1
20m/s 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 20m/s 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2 2
20m/s 1 1
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡
2 2
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 1 1
𝑑 = (20 𝑚Τ𝑠)(5𝑠) 𝑑 = (20 𝑚Τ𝑠)(5𝑠)
𝑑 = (20 𝑚Τ𝑠 )(5𝑠) 2 2
𝑑 = 100𝑚 𝑑 = 50𝑚 𝑑 = 50𝑚

5s t 5s t 5s t
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

Acceleration – time graph

a
• Area under the curve is the
change in velocity.
• Area = (length)(width)
• Area = (acceleration)(time)
∆v = at • ∆v = at

t
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

• Area = (length)(width) • Area = ½ (base)(height)

• Area = (velocity)(time) • Area = ½ (velocity)(time)
• d = vt • d = ½ vt
Practice: • d = (20 m/s)(3s) • d = ½ (20 m/s)(1s)
• d = 60 m • d = 10 m

v (m/s) • Area = ½ (base)(height)

• Area = ½ (velocity)(time)
• d = ½ vt
• d = ½ (10m/s)(3s)
A B • d = 15 m
20

60 m D
10
10 m C
15 m

t (s)
3 4 7
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

d (m)

A B
20

10
C
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
(s)
-10
D E

C
D to E From 3s to 6s A to B

-20 m -10 m 0m 10 m 20 m
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

v (m/s)

A B
20

10
C
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
(s)
-10
D E
 Slope = acceleration (a)
y −y
v (m/s) (20m/s)(3s) = 60m m = x2 − x1
½ (20m/s)(2s) = 20m 2 1

0 − 20𝑚/𝑠
m= = -10m/s2
5𝑠 −3𝑠
A B ½ (-10m/s)(1s) = -5m (-10m/s)(1s) = -10m
20 a = -10m/s2

10
C
0 constant velocity in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t the positive direction
(s)
-10 decreasing velocity
D E at a constant rate in
the positive direction
increasing velocity at
t=5s t=2s a constant rate in the
negative direction
Constant velocity in
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 d (m) the negative direction
Summary

position-time
graph

velocity-time Area
p slope graph
under the
curve

acceleration-time
graph
ASSESSMENT:

Which shows that …

1. object is at rest? (3,4,6)

2. object moves at constant speed? (2, 5)
3. object moves at constant speed in the negative
direction? (5)
4. object moves at constant speed in the positive
direction? (2)
5. object speeds up in the positive direction? (none)
6. object accelerates in the negative direction? (none)
7. object accelerates in the positive direction? (none)
ASSESSMENT:

Which shows that …

1. object is at rest? (F)

2. object moves at constant speed? (C, D)
3. object moves at constant speed in the negative
direction? (D)
4. object moves at constant speed in the positive
direction? (C)
5. object speeds up in the positive direction? (E)
6. object accelerates in the negative direction? (A)
7. object accelerates in the positive direction? (E)