Types of Listening
- are visual displays of key content
• Appreciative Listening: for pleasure and
enjoyment
• Emphatic Listening: for emotional
support and understanding
• Comprehensive Listening: to get
information
• Analytical Listening: to evaluate and
make judgement
Explicit Information: directly stated
Implicit Information: indirectly stated
between the lines
Intensive Pronouns - appear right near the
subject of the sentence used for emphasis
of the subject
a. Icarus himself used wings to fly.
b. The students themselves were scared.
c. I myself prepared dinner.
Reflexive Pronouns - used as direct ovject,
indirect object, and object of the preposition.
The perfomer is the receiver.
• Direct Object - “who? what?”
• Indirect Object - “for whom?”
• Object of the Preposition - comes after a
preposition (for, and, nor, by, but, yet, so, in,
or, at, to)
D.O: The dog scratched itself.
I.O: The queen bought herself a dog.
O.P: She did it for herself.
Graphic Organizers
information designed to benefit learners
who have difficulty organizing information
(Fisher and Schumaker, 1995).
- are useful tools in presenting and
organizing information.
- are meant to help students visualize how
ideas are organized within a text or
surrounding a concept. Line Graph - illustrate trends of data over a
period of time.
Bar Graph - can be used to present any
type of data, used to compare numeric
value.
Pictograph - pictorial representation of a
Concept Map - is a general organizer that
shows the central idea with its
corresponding characteristics. Concept
selected data.
maps can take many different shapes and
are excellent for brainstorming, activating
prior knowledge or generating synonyms.
Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart - is a
chart that shows series of shape or events
in the order in which they take place. Any
concept that has distinct order can be
Pie Chart -
displayed in this type of organizer.
simplest and most efficient tool to compare
parts of a whole.
 Example:
An academe is like a school where we learn
new knowledge.

Compare / Contrast / Venn Diagram - is Formal and Informal Definitions Words and Expressions that Affirm or
used to identify the similarities and Negate
differences between two or more concepts. Definitions - attempt to explain or clarify a
term. • Expressions that Affirm
An affirmation, also called an affirmative
Types of Definition: or positive statement, expresses the truth
or validity of an idea.
1) Formal Definition - a definition that
follows a format structured in a logical and really truly affirmatively
concise pattern, often the dictionary certainly undoubtedly all right
meaning of a word. absolutely yes convincingly
positively exactly surely
• It has three parts: definitely precisely doubtlessly
Cause-and-Effect Diagram - highlights the
direct relationship different events or a. Term - the word defined. • Expressions that Negate
concepts. b. Class - the group or concept where the A negation, also called a negative
term belongs. statement, are words that convey
c. Characteristic - the description that contradiction or opposition. They are use to
make it unique. express denial or falsity of an idea.

Example: no without nobody

An academe is a place of instruction where nor against yet
a community of teachers and learners are no longer scarcely neither
transmitting knowledge of various subjects. never not at all rarely
not nothing invalidly
Plot Diagram / Organizer - is used to show 2) Informal Definition - a definition that
the series of events that happened in the uses known words or examples to explain Elements of a Short Story
story. an unknown term. These definitions may be • Exposition - is the beginning of the plot
synonyms or antonyms introduced by or, in where the reader learns the characters and
other words, or like. the setting of the story.
• Rising Action - where the protagonist
faces challenges and must overcome
obstacles to achieve their goal.
• Climax -  the highest point of interest in a
story.
• Falling Action - when the main problem of
the story resolves.
• Resolution - the conclusion of a story’s
plot.