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Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Bahir Dar University

Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering

Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Prepared By:- Mequanint D.

Year 2014 E.C.

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Fundamentals of Energy Balance: The First Law of Thermodynamics

The total energy of a system has three components
 Kinetic energy: Energy due to the translational motion of the system as a whole
relative to some frame of reference or to rotation of the system about some axis

 Potential energy: Energy due to the position of the system in a potential field
(such as a gravitational or electromagnetic field)

 Internal energy: All energy possessed by a system other than kinetic and
potential energy, such as energy due to the motion of molecules relative to the
center of mass of the system, to the rotational and vibrational motion and the
electromagnetic interactions of the molecules, and to the motion and interactions
of the atomic and subatomic constituents of the molecules
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Energy Balance for a Closed System

 Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat and
work. Application of energy balance of a system is
 To determine amount of energy flows into/out of process unit
 To calculate net energy requirement for the process
 To assess ways of reducing energy requirements to improve process
profitability and efficiency

 Energy Balance
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.
• .

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Energy Balances On Open Systems At Steady State

 Material crosses the system boundary as the process occurs
 Work must be done on system to push input fluid streams at pressure Pin into system
 Work is done on surroundings to push output fluid streams at pressure Pout out of system

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Energy Balances On Open Systems At Steady State

Net rate of work done by the system is

 Flow Work and Shaft Work

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Faculty of Chemical & Food Engineering
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Energy Balances On Open Systems At Steady State

• The general balance equation for an open continuous system under steady state
in the absence of generation/consumption term is

• Under steady state, the accumulation term is set to zero

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Enthalpy
• Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) of fluid volume added to the
system plus the flow work (PV) performed on the system in order to push the
fluid in/out of the system

• First law of thermodynamics for an open system under steady state

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Assignment Energy Balance with Reactions

1. Energy Balance for Heat of Reaction

A. Heats of Formation and Heat of Combustion
B. Extent of Reaction
C. Reactions in Closed Processes
2. Energy Balance for Reactive Processes
A. Heat of Reaction Method
B. Heat of Formation or Element Balance Method
3. Energy Balance on Combustion Processes

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