CHAPTER 7 GASEOUS EXCHANGE AND ITS CONTROL

Part A: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mainly B. sugar converted into starch
A. in solution C. water entering guard cells by osmosis
B. as carbonic acid D. guard cells undergo photosynthesis
C. as hydrogen carbonates ions
D. as carbaminohaemoglobin 6. Which of the following plants have stomata that are
closed during daytime?
2. The chloride shift in the blood is the movement of A. pineapple B. maize
A. chloride ions into the alveolar space C. tomato D. pinus
B. chloride ions into the tissue cells to maintain
electrical neutrality 7. The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
C. chloride ions out of erythrocyte to balance the curve is produced by changes in
hydrogen carbonate ions into the cell A. the partial pressure of oxygen
D. chloride ions into the erythrocyte to maintain B. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide
electrical neutrality C. temperature
D. pH
3. A decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
the blood would cause 8. Carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells
A. a generation of excitatory impulses by the respiratory A. removes oxygen from the erythrocyte
center in the medulla to intercostal muscles and B. carries carbon dioxide in the erythrocyte
diaphragm C. catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid
B. a decrease in breathing rate D. increase the pH of the blood
C. a stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in
aortic and carotid bodies 9. When chemoreceptors detect a slight decrease in pH, this
D. an increase in thoracic volume means that______ concentrations have increased, and the
breathing rate must________
4. Minute pores known as _____ dot the surface of the A. carbon dioxide, increase
epidermis of leaves and stems; each pore is bordered by B. carbon dioxide, decrease
two _____. C. oxygen, increase
A. stomata; guard cells D. oxygen, decrease
B. stomata; fibers
C. sieve tube elements; companion cells 10. When you hold your breath, which of the following blood
D. cuticle; guard cells gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
A. rising of O2
5. Which of the following does not results in stomatal B. falling of O2
opening? C. rising of CO2
A. low water potential in guard cells D. falling of CO2

Part B: Structured Questions

1) The FIGURE 1 below shows the Bohr shift occurs in fetal haemoglobin (P and Q) and for maternal haemoglobin (R and S).

FIGURE 1
a) Define Bohr shift. State the effect of Bohr shift on the oxygen dissociation curve. [3 marks]

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b) Compare the oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and maternal haemoglobin. Explain. [2 marks]

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c) What happens to the oxygen dissociation curves when the pH is lowered? Explain. [2 marks]

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d) Give TWO reasons why an expectant mother is advised to give up the smoking. [2 marks]

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e) Sketch the curve for fetal myoglobin at pH 7.6. Label the curve as X. [1 mark]

2) FIGURE 2 A shows the difference in Oxygen (O2) content and blood temperature during rest (37˚C) and exercise
(42˚C), while FIGURE 2 B shows the structure of stomata.

FIGURE 2 A FIGURE 2 B
a) State what happen at X and Y on FIGURE 2A. [2 marks]

X: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Y: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Calculate the percentage of oxygen unloaded to the tissue during exercise. [2 marks]

c) Explain why higher blood temperature shifts the curves to the right. [2 marks]

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d) FIGURE 2 B shows the closing and opening of stomata. State TWO unique features of the guard cells that enables it
to regulate the event. [2 marks]
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e) i. Name the hypothesis related to the closing and opening of stomata. [1 mark]
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 ii. Based on the hypothesis in e) i, explain the closing of stomata. [2 marks]

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3) The FIGURE 3 below shows a summary of a chemical reaction which occurs in a mammalian during the transportation
of carbon dioxide by red blood cells (RBC).

FIGURE 3

a) State the substances labeled R, S and T in the above diagram. [3 marks]

R: __________________________________________ S: ________________________________________

T: __________________________________________

b) Name the part of haemoglobin molecule that binds to carbon dioxide. [1 mark]

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c) Explain what happens at stage I, II and IV in the above diagram. [3 marks]

I: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

II: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

IV: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

d) What happens to HCO3- after process IV? [1 mark]

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e) Suggest the reason for movement of T in the diagram. [1 mark]

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f) State the importance of process III. [1 mark]

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Part C: Essay Questions

1) With the aid of diagram, describe the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin [10 marks]

2) Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood [10 marks]