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5-URINARY SYSTEM New One After Delet
5-URINARY SYSTEM New One After Delet
of urinary system
URINARY SYSTEM • Paired kidney located retroperitoneal on the posterior wall of the abdomen from T12 to L3
L3 إﻟﻰT12 ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺗرﻧﺔ ﺧﻠف اﻟﺻﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟدار اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺑطن ﻣن •
• The right kidney sits lower in the abdomen due to liver placement
Product urine • An adrenal gland sits on the top of each kidney.
• Ureters
• Long fibro muscular tubes that connect each kidney to the bladder
• Enter bladder at an ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔل اﻟﺑطن ﺑﺳﺑب وﺿﻊ اﻟﻛﺑد
Transports urine .ﺗوﺟد ﻏدة ﻛظرﯾﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل ﻛﻠﯾﺔ
towards bladder • oblique angle to
اﻟﺣﺎﻟب
• prevent flow back أﻧﺎﺑﯾب ﻋﺿﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﻔﯾﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ ﺗرﺑط ﻛل ﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ
Temporarily • It propel urine to أدﺧل اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ
store urine زاوﯾﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ل
• bladder through ﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ
• peristalsis ﯾدﻓﻊ اﻟﺑول إﻟﻰ
Conduct urine to ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ
exterior اﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿﺎت
Anatomy and Physiology of urinary bladder Anatomy and Physiology of urinary system
• Urinary bladder:
• Aldosterone hormone synthesized and released by adrenal cortex cause the kidney to reabsorb
• It is a smooth muscular sac that serves as reservoir for urine.
sodium
• It holds 300-500 cc. of urine depend on muscle tone of the bladder & integrity of nervous system innervating
the bladder. • Antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland cause the kidney to reabsorb water
• There is an internal & external sphincter between the bladder and urethra. • Glomerular filtration rate volume of plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules each
• The sympathetic system relaxes the bladder wall to permit filling and contract the inner sphincter to retain minutes normal rate is 120ml/min
urine.
• about 180 liter blood is filtered through the kidney and only 1% is excreted daily .
The parasympathetic system causes contraction of the bladder wall and relax internal sphincter to permit
escape of urine. • Nephron is the structural and function unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.
• Urethra: it is a hollow muscular tube, about 3.7cm long in female & 20 cm in male.
:• ﻣﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑوﻟﯾﺔ ﯾﺗﺳﺑب ھرﻣون اﻷﻟدوﺳﺗﯾرون اﻟذي ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻌﮫ وإطﻼﻗﮫ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻗﺷرة اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻛظرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺎدة اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﻛﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺻودﯾوم •
.إﻧﮫ ﻛﯾس ﻋﺿﻠﻲ أﻣﻠس ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ ﺧزان ﻟﻠﺑول •
اﻟﮭرﻣون اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﻹدرار اﻟﺑول اﻟذي ﺗﻔرزه اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻧﺧﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ﯾﺟﻌل اﻟﻛﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﯾد اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﻣﺎء •
. ﻣن اﻟﺑول ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗوة ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ وﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ اﻟذي ﯾﻌﺻب اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ. ﺳم ﻣﻛﻌب500-300 • ﯾﺣﻣل
.• ﺗوﺟد ﻣﺻرة داﺧﻠﯾﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ واﻹﺣﻠﯾل دﻗﯾﻘﺔ/ ﻣل120 ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗرﺷﯾﺢ اﻟﻛﺑﯾﺑﻲ ﺣﺟم اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻔﻠﺗرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺑﯾﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ ﻛل دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ •
.• ﯾرﯾﺢ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺳﻣﺑﺛﺎوي ﺟدار اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎح ﺑﻣلء وﺗﻘﻠﯾص اﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺻرة اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺗﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﺑول . ﻓﻘط ﯾوﻣﯾًﺎ٪1 ﻟﺗًرا ﻣن اﻟدم ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﻛﻠﻰ وﯾﺗم إﺧراج180 ﯾﺗم ﺗرﺷﯾﺢ ﺣواﻟﻲ •
.ﯾﺗﺳﺑب اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺳﻣﺑﺗﺎوي ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠص ﺟدار اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ وإرﺧﺎء اﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺻرة اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻣﺎح ﺑﺧروج اﻟﺑول • .اﻟﻧﯾﻔرون ھو اﻟوﺣدة اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ واﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺑول •
. ﺳم ﻋﻧد اﻟذﻛور20 ﺳم ﻋﻧد اﻹﻧﺎث و3.7 أﻧﺑوب ﻋﺿﻠﻲ ﻣﺟوف ﯾﺑﻠﻎ طوﻟﮫ ﺣواﻟﻲ:• اﻹﺣﻠﯾل
3
Functions of the kidney: Mechanisms of
• Excretion of the metabolic waste
product as urea.
Fluid Gain and Loss
• Regulation of acid base balance
of the blood. Loss
إﻓراز ﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ Gain
• Control water balance . .اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺛل اﻟﯾورﯾﺎ
• Maintain homeostasis ﺗﻧظﯾم اﻟﺗوازن اﻟﺣﻣﺿﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدي • Fluid intake 1500ml • “Sensible”
• Renin the primary stimuli for renin release include reduction .ﻣن اﻟد م Can be seen.
of renal perfusion pressure and hyponatremia. .اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ ﺗوازن اﻟﻣﺎء • Food intake 1000ml
• Regulation of red blood cell (RBC) production by production اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗوازن
Urine 1500ml
of erythropoietin hormone which stimulate formation of اﻟرﯾﻧﯾن ﺗﺷﻣل اﻟﻣﺣﻔزات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻹﻓراز اﻟرﯾﻧﯾن ﺧﻔض ﺿﻐط
• Oxidation of nutrients Insensible”
RBC in the bone marrow. .اﻟﺗروﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوي وﻧﻘص ﺻودﯾوم اﻟدم 300ml Not visible.
• Control water excretion in the tubules by anti diuretic ﻋن طرﯾق إﻧﺗﺎج ھرﻣونRBC) ) ﺗﻧظﯾم إﻧﺗﺎج ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء (10ml of H20 per 100 Kcal)
hormone (ADH). اﻹرﯾﺛروﺑوﯾﺗﯾن اﻟذي ﯾﺣﻔز ﺗﻛوﯾن ﻛرات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء ﻓﻲ ﻧﺧﺎع Skin (evaporation) 600ml
• It changes vitamin D from the inactive form to the active .اﻟﻌظﺎم Lungs 400ml
form. اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ إﻓراز اﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﮭرﻣون اﻟﻣﺿﺎد
• Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a constant ADH).) ﻹدرار اﻟﺑول
Feces 200ml
internal environment .ﯾﻐﯾر ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن د ﻣن اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺧﺎﻣل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻧﺷط
اﻻﺳﺗﺗﺑﺎب ھو ﻗدرة اﻟﺟﺳم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ داﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ
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Medical Terms related to urinary Normal mechanisms that maintain sterility of urine
system
• Nocturia: An excessive urination at night اﻟﺗﺑول اﻟﻣﻔرط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯾل:اﻟﺗﺑول اﻟﻠﯾﻠﻲ
• Proteinuria (albuminuria): an abnormal ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑول ﺑﺳﺑب:(اﻟﺑﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ )اﻟزﻻل a. Antibacterial effect of zinc in prostatic fluid اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻧﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ.أ
amount of protein in urine due to acute and أﻣراض اﻟﻛﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎدة واﻟﻣزﻣﻧﺔ ا ﻟ ﺒﺮ وﺳﺘ ﺎت
chronic renal diseases : ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺑول اﻟﻼإرادي ﺑﺳﺑب:ﺳﻠس اﻟﺑول b. Adequate urine volume ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ.ب
. إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺻرة اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ.أ
• Urinary incontinence: involuntary loss of اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﻤﺎخ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﺔ.ج
ﻣرض ﻋﺻﺑﻲ ﻣﻛﺗﺳب.ب c. Free-flow from kidneys through urinary meatus
urine caused by: . ﻋدم اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺑول ﺑﺎﻟرﻏم ﻣن رﻏﺑﺔ اﻟﻣرﯾض ﻓﻲ ذﻟك:اﺣﺗﺑﺎس اﻟﺑول إﻓﺮاغ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ.د
a. Injury of the external urinary sphincter. d. Complete bladder emptying ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ اﻟﺒﻮل اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ.ه
b. Acquired neurogenic disease e. Normal acidity of urine
• Urinary retention: inability to urinate despite
the patient’s urge to do so.
Infection of Urinary tract (UTI) Risk factors for urinary tract infection
Page From 4267-4271 • Use of diaphragm for birth control • اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻌﺎزل اﻷﻧﺛوي ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻧﺳل
• Personal hygiene practice • ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻧظﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ
• Voluntary urinary retention • اﺣﺗﺑﺎس اﻟﺑول اﻟطوﻋﻲ
Cystitis Inflammation of the mucosa of bladder due to infection Female • ﻣﺟرى اﻟﺑول اﻟﻘﺻﯾر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم
• Short straight urethra
اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻌدوى
Pyelonephritis UTI of renal parenchyma and renal pelvis • Enlarged prostatic gland • ﺗﺿﺧم ﻏدة اﻟﺑروﺳﺗﺎﺗﺎ
اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﺣوﯾﺿﺔ واﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ واﻟﺣوض اﻟﻛﻠوي • Incomplete bladder empty • ﻋدم اﻛﺗﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ
male • Instrumentation of urinary tract • أﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ
Uncomplicated UTI Infection involving structurally and functionally normal urinary tract (simple UTI)
(ﻋدوى ﺗﺷﻣل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ واﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ )اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ
اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻘد • ﺑول أﻗل ﺣﻣوﺿﺔ
Infection involving structurally and functionally abnormal urinary tract • Less acidic urine • ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌدل اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻣرض اﻟﺳﻛري ﯾزﯾد ﻣن ﻧﺳﺑﺔ
Complicated UTI
اﻟﻌدوى اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠل ھﯾﻛﻠﻲ ووظﯾﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ • High incidence of DM increase glucose in urine increase اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑول ﯾزﯾد ﻣن ﻧﻣو اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ
اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟك اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة bacterial growth • ﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣﻣوﺿﺔ اﻟﻣﮭﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻧﺳﺎء
Inflammation of the urethra due to infection older adult • Change in vaginal PH of women • اﻧﺧﻔﺎض إﻓراز اﻟﺑروﺳﺗﺎت ﻟدى اﻟرﺟﺎل
Urethritis
اﻟﺗﮭﺎب ﻣﺟرى اﻟﺑول ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻌدوى • Decrease prostatic secretion in men
اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻹﺣﻠﯾل
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مظهر من مظاهر التهابات ا*سالك البولية التهاب ا*ثانة غير ا*صحوب بمضاعفات التهاب ا*سالك البولية
Manifestation of urinary tract infection Urinary Tract Infection uncomplicated cystitis
• Dysuria Causes
عسر البول
• Urgency • E.coli most common in women
ستعجال.• ا
• Nocturia
cystitis • hematuria
• التبول الليلي Treatment
• بول دموي • Antibiotics for 3 to 7 days,antispasmodic,analgesic
• Pyuria
ثانة%التهاب ا • بيوريا
• Suprapubic discomfort • Heat application to perineum to decrease pain
• عدم الراحة فوق العانة
مسكن، مضاد للتشنج، أيام7 إلى3 دة6 مضادات حيوية
• Increase fluid intake
• يوضع الحرارة على منطقة العجان لتقليل ا>لم
• Symptoms of cystitis • زيادة تناول السوائل
• Flank pain(costovertebral angle pain) Prevention of infection : الوقاية من العدوى
acute • Vomiting ثانة%أعراض التهاب ا
1.. Cleanse the genital area from front to
Pyelonephritis • Diarrhea (• ألم الخاصرة )ألم الزاوية فوق العمود الفقري
back after voiding to prevent contaminating the
التهاب الحويضة • Fever, chills • القيء
• Malaise • إسهال urethra with bacteria from the anal area.
والكلية الحاد قشعريرة، • حمى نع تلوث مجرى البول بالبكتيريا من6 فراغ9مام إلى مرة أخرى بعد اBنطقة التناسلية من ا6 نظف ا..1
• الشعور بالضيق 22 منطقة الشرج
تحص بولي
a. Lithotripsy
تفتيت الحصى.أ
b. Ureteroscopy تنظير الحالب.ب
c. Stone dissolution ل الحجر4 انح.ج
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
1.Hypertensive retinal changes.
2.Proteinuria :زمة$عراض ا&ت+ا
. تغيرات الشبكية الناتجة عن ارتفاع ضغط الدم-1
3.Decrease urine out بيلة بروتينية-2
تقليل البول.3
• first shows evidence of hyperactivity and hypertrophy than dilatation and – Cystoscopy
atony التوسع والوهن
ّ يظهر أو?ً دليل على فرط النشاط والتضخم أكثر من
• Treatment
• Manifestations
• Acute (colicky flank pain, hematuria, pyuria, fever, nausea and vomiting,
– Stents or urine diversion
abdominal pain ع)ج او معاملة
ألم بطني، غثيان وقيء، حمى، بيلة دموية، بيلة دموية، حاد )ألم خاصرة مغص • Focuses on ensuring urinary drainage الدعامات أو تحويل البول-
• يركز على ضمان تصريف البول
• Chronic (intermittent dull flank pain, hematuria, pyuria, fever, palpable • Monitor Intake & Output خرجاتAدخول واA• مراقبة ا
mass)
كتلة محسوسة، حمى، بيلة قيحية، بيلة دموية، مزمن )ألم خفيف متقطع في الخاصرة نابيب حسب الطلب فقطN• سقي ا
• Irrigate tubes only as ordered
37 38