NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School
Lagao, General Santos City

General Physics 2

Quarter/Term: Midterm Date: 2020.11.02 – 2020.11.06

Week No.: 5 21st Century Skills:
Damean’s Beat: Presence and Participation  Critical Thinking
NDDU’s 4Cs:  Christian Leaders  Computing/ICT Literacy
 Competent Professionals  Communication
☐ Community-Oriented Citizens ☐ Creativity
☐ Culture-Sensitive Individuals ☐ Collaboration
Teacher/s: Jean V. Handog ☐ Cross Cultural Understanding
Mark Hero S. Cabusao ☐ Career and Learning Self Reliance
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Online Lesson:
Topic: Current, Resistivity and Resistance, Ohm’s Law
Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. Define electric current to discuss the meaning of resistance
2. Determine the following factors that can affect the number of resistances
3. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm’s law.

References/Materials:

Power point
Hand-outs

Silverio, A. (2017). Exploring life through science series: General Physics 1.Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Ferrer, R. & Ungson O. (2010). Science, Environment, Technology, and Society: Physics. Sibs
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Crisostomo, R. & Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics Modular Approach.
Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Arevalo, R. (2017). General Physics 1. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc. Makati City, Philippines. pp
Module No.: 1
I. Topic: Current, Resistivity and Resistance, Ohm’s Law
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
1. Apply the relationship charge = current x time to new situations or to solve related problems
2. Define electric current to discuss the meaning of resistance
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 3. Determine the following factors that can affect the number of resistances
4. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm’s law.
III. Introduction:

In a water hose, the rate of flow of the water through open end can be controlled by adjusting the
faucet or by putting constrictions on the water hose. This principle is useful in this module as you
analyze how electric current flows, with voltage and resistance as controlling factors.

CURRENT: FLOW OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES

Due to electric potential energy, electrons move from one point to another. Thus, electric potential
energy can be transferred to electrons through work done. This movement is possible because of the
electric field around the negative charges. The velocity of this motion as drift velocity.

Normally, electrons move to any direction. If this flow is regulated and made to move continuously in
one direction, then the flow becomes an electric current. As a result, the drift velocity of the moving
charges all point to a single direction along the conductor. Drift velocity and electric current are directly
proportional. This means that a higher drift velocity results in a higher amount of current, and vic e
versa.

Increased repulsion among the electrons that make up a current also causes higher current density
and drift velocity. On the other hand, there is lower current density and lower drift velocity if there is
no repulsion that will push the charges away from each other.

Mathematically, electric current is computed using this equation:

𝒒
𝑰=
𝒕

The symbol 𝐼 indicates the electric current, and 𝑞 is the amount of charges that pass through a
conductor for every unit of time, 𝑡. The unit of current is coulomb per second (𝐶/𝑠) or ampere (𝐴).

This mathematical expression essentially shows that the electric current is directly proportional to the
amount of charges that flows at a certain time. More charges flowing though a conductor generate a
higher number amount of current, whereas less charges result in a lower amount of current. This
relationship is further shown in the following examples.

 Compute the current produced by a +6.5 × 1018 𝐶 charge flowing in 15 𝑠.

Solution:
+𝟔. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖𝑪
𝑰= = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗𝑨
𝟏𝟓 𝒔.

The amount of current is approximately 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑨

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  A steady current of 0.6 𝐴 flows through a live wire. How much charge passes through the wire
in 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒?

Since charge is missing by deriving the formula of current, we can get the number of charges

Solution:
𝒒
𝑰= 𝒒 = 𝑰𝒕
𝒕

𝒒 = 𝑰𝒕 = (𝟎. 𝟔 𝑨 )(𝟔𝟎 𝒔) = 𝟑𝟔 𝑪

In 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒, a charge of 36 𝐶 will pass through the wire.

RESISTANCE and RESISTIVITY

An electrical conductor is any material that allows the free flow of electric current. A conductor
possesses characteristics that either enhance or limit the flow of current passing through it. The
limitation of flow is referred to as resistance. Resistance and electric current are inversely proportional.
So, a greater amount of resistance on a conductor results in a lower amount of current passing through
the conductor, whereas a lower resistance means less restrictions, allowing more current to flow
through the conductor.

Table1. Factors that can affect resistance and current flow

FACTORS EFFECT ON EFFECT ON
RESISTANCE CURRENT FLOW
Electrical Resistivity Increase Increase Decrease
Decrease Decrease Increase
Electrical Conductivity Higher Decrease Increase
Lower Increase Decrease
Temperature Higher Increase Decrease
Lower Decrease Increase
Length of Conductor Longer Increase Decrease
Shorter Decrease Increase
Cross-sectional Area Higher Decrease Increase
of Conductor Lower Increase Decrease

This table shows how changing the properties of the conductor affects the resistance that it offers.
One of the properties included in the table is electrical resistivity.

Electrical resistivity is an intrinsic property of the material that describes how it resist the electric
current flowing through it. Higher electrical resistivity means higher overall resistance of the material,
whereas lower resistivity indicates the material’s lower resistance. Consequently, current flow is
reduced by an increase in the electrical resistivity of the material, whereas a decrease in the resistivity
allows more current to flow through the material.

The counterpart of electrical resistivity is electrical conductivity. As summarized in the table below, an
increase in the electrical conductivity of the materials results in a lower resistance offered by the
material and a higher current flow through it. On the other hand, decreasing the electrical conductivity
of the material increase its resistance and lowers the flow of current through it.
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Another factor/property of the material that can affects the resistance and current flow is temperature.
If the conductor has a higher temperature, its resistance increases and the amount current that can
flow through it decreases. This happens because of the random movement of the molecules that can
affect the amount of current flow. On the other hand, if the conducting material has a lower
temperature, the resistance decreases, thus allowing more current to flow through it.

The length of the conductor is another factor that affects the resistance offered by a material. Longer
conductor provides more resistance to the flow of current, which means less current can flow through
it. Shorter conductors provide less resistance, thus allowing more current to flow.

The last factor considered in the table is the cross-sectional area (fatness) of the conductor. “Fat”
conductors allow more charges to pass through them, which means more current can flow. More
current flow means lower resistance offered by a conductor. “Thin” conductors, on the other hand,
have limited space for current to flow through them, making resistance higher.

Fig.1 the resistivity, length, and

cross-sectional area of a conductor
are related to the equivalent
resistance of the conductor

The resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area of a conductor can be related to an equivalent
resistance through the equation
𝜌𝐿
𝑅=
𝐴

In this equation, 𝜌 is the resistivity of the conductor, 𝐿 is its length, 𝐴 is its cross-sectional area, and 𝑅
is the equivalent resistance that is can provide. As a constant value, the unit of 𝜌 is ohm-meter (Ω −
𝑚). The unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).

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 Fig.3
Resistivities and
Temperature
Coefficients of
Resistivity of
Various
Materials (at
20°𝐶)

a) Compute the resistance of a conductor given a resistivity of 10.4 Ω − 𝑚, length of 4 𝑚, and

cross-sectional area of 7.85 × 103 𝑚 2

Solution:
𝜌𝐿 (10.4 Ω − 𝑚)(4 𝑚)
𝑅= = = 5,299.36 Ω
𝐴 7.85 × 103 𝑚 2

The resistance of the conductor is approximately 5,299.36 Ω.

b) A conductor has a diameter of 2.59 𝑚𝑚. How many meters of this material are needed to yield
a resistance of 1 Ω ? the resistivity of the conductor is 1.77 × 108 Ω − 𝑚.

Solution:
Since 𝐿 (length) is missing on the problem we can derive the formula of resistance to get the formula
of length.

𝜌𝐿 𝑅𝐴
𝑅= 𝐿=
𝐴 𝜌

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Convert 2.59 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 to 2.59 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟:
2.59 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 to 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠:

𝑑 2.59 × 10−3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑟= = = 1.295 × 10−3 m
2 2

𝑅𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑅(πr 2 ) (1 Ω)(π)(1.295 × 10−3 m)2

𝐿= = = = 297.66 𝑚
𝜌 𝜌 1.77 × 108 Ω − 𝑚

To obtain a resistance of 1 Ω, approximately 297.66 𝑚 of the conductor is needed.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)

Electromotive force or EMF is not a force. Instead, it is the potential energy given to a unit charge to
make it flow through a conductor or around a complete circuit. The EMF acts like a charge pump that
causes the charge flow through a circuit. As a measurable quantity, EMF is measured using the unit
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 (𝑉).

Electromotive force is what the voltage source provides to a circuit. It is the “push” given to the electric
charges for them to flow from the source to the components of the circuit. This “push” is provided by
the cell or the battery connected to the circuit and is defined beforehand. Without a battery, there
would be no EMF that will make the charges flow, and therefore no current.

Similar to EMF is the potential difference (PD) across a circuit. Potential difference is an actual
consideration of the potentials in the circuit. The existence of PD also identifies is an actual
consideration of the potentials in the circuit. The existence of PD also identifies the flow of charges
through the circuit. Without this difference, there will be no electric potential, thus making the flow of
charges through the conductor impossible. Both the EMF and PD are measured in terms of
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉).

OHM’S LAW

In 1872, Georg Simon Ohm discovered the relationship among voltage, current, and resistance. He
found out that electricity acts similarly to water in pipe. Through this observation, he was able to
summarize the relationship among EMF or 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉), electric current (𝐼), and resistance (𝑅)
through the Ohm’s Law. In equation form, Ohm’s Law is stated as follows:
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝐼= 𝑅=
𝑅 𝐼

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 Fig. 4 Georg Simon
Ohm (1789-1854)

a) Using Ohm’s Law, solve for the electric current of a conductor given a voltage of 25 𝑉 and
resistance of 10 Ω.

Solution:
𝑉 25 𝑉
𝐼= = = 2.5 𝐴
𝑅 10 Ω
The current is approximately 2.5 𝐴.

b) An electric water heater uses 15 𝐴 of current when plugged to a 220 − 𝑉 outlet. What is the
resistance provided by the appliance?

Solution:
𝑉 220 − 𝑉
𝑅= = = 14.67 Ω
𝐼 15 𝐴

As it operates, the electric water heater provides a resistance of approximately 14.67 Ω.

IV. Check your Understanding

1. The continuous flow in an electric circuit.
2. This is the average velocity attained by the charged particles in a material due to the influence
of an electric field.
3. The unit of current.
4. This is the material that allows the free flow of electric current.
5. It limits the flow of current.
6. The factors that can affect the resistance of a material.
7. The unit of resistance.
8. In the equation of resistance, 𝜌 is the __________________.
9. He discovered the relationship among voltage, current and resistance.
10. The unit used in Electromotive Force.

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 a conductor
conductor and Cross-sectional area of
Resistivity, temperature, length of a 10.
Resistivity 9. Volts (V) 4.
Electrical conductor / conductor 8. Georg Simon Ohm 3.
Ampere (A) 7. Resistivity of a material 2.
Drift velocity 6. Ohm (Ω) 1.
Electric current 5.

V. Enrichment

Your enrichment activity will be in a short test that will be posted in Moodle.

VI. References/Materials

Power point
Hand-outs

Silverio, A. (2017). Exploring life through science series: General Physics 1.Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Ferrer, R. & Ungson O. (2010). Science, Environment, Technology, and Society: Physics. Sibs
Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Crisostomo, R. & Padua, A. (2003). Practical and Explorational Physics Modular Approach.
Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines. pp

Arevalo, R. (2017). General Physics 1. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc. Makati City, Philippines. pp

☐ Plan Delivered
☐ Partially Delivered
Reason: _____________________________
_____________________________
Action Taken: _________________________
_________________________
☐ Not Delivered
Reason: ___________________________
___________________________
Action Taken: _______________________
_______________________

Approved by: __________________

Subject Coordinator

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 Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:
Name and Signature : HERO S. CABUSAO LLORIELLARD A. LARONA FELMAR L. MALOTO
Designation : Subject Matter Expert Subject Coordinator Assistant Principal
Date : 2021.02.04

2021.02.07 12:23:27 PM NDDU-IBED-F-081

2021.02.07 12:23:27 PM NDDU-IBED-F-081