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ﺎــﻧﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻧﺍﺭﻭ ﻒــﺗﺮﺑﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﺘﺑ ﻞﺟﺍﺮﻟﺍ " G.V. black "
ﺎــﻧﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻧﺍﺭﻭ ﻒــﺗﺮﺑﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﺘﺑ ﻞﺟﺍﺮﻟﺍ " G.V. black "
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول
ﶈـــﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜــــﻮﻣﺒــــﻮ
أول ﻣﻌﻠــﻮﻣﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﺰك ﺗﻌﺮﻓﮫﺎ ﻣﻦ ال ، Accessأﻳــﻪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﮫﺎ ف ال Access؟
1-Outline Form
Def : External reflection of Internal anatomy
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﺎ ﻣﺒﻌﻤﻠﺘﺶ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ده ﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﺑﺤﺒــﻮ ،،ﻻ اﻧﺎ ﻣﺠﺒــﻮر ﻋﻠﯿــﻪ ،،ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻜﻮم ب...
) shape , sizeذى ال oldﺑﯿﻜــﻮن ﺿﯿــﻖ ،،وال youngﺑﯿﻜــﻮن واﺳﻊ(..
وﻛﻤـــﺎن ﻣﺤﻜــﻮم ب ) root canals & Number of rootsﻛﻤـــﺎن ﺷﻮﻳﻪ ھﻨﺎﺧﺪِﺳﻨــﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﺮﺑــﻪ
اﺳﻤﮫــﺎ ، Lower 6ﻟــﻮ Canals ٣ھﺘﻜــﻮن ،، Triangleوﻟــﻮ Canals ٤ھﺘﻜــﻮن ( trapezoid
2-Convenience Form
أﺣﻔﻈﻠﻰ ﺟﻤــﻠﻪ واﺣﺪه ﺑﺲ " " straight line access cavity
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺘﻔﺘﺤﻠﯿﺶ ال accessﻛﺪھــﻮن ،،وﺗﻘﻮﻟﻰ اﻧﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﻒ ال Orificesﻃﯿﺐ ھﺘﻌﺮف ﺗﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻓﯿﮫﻢ؟
،،ﻃﯿﺐ ﺑﻼش ال Fileھﯿﻌﺮف ﻳﺨﺶ ﻓﯿﮫﻢ ؟!!!
اﻻﺟﺎﺑﻪ :ﻧــــــــﻮ ،،ﻻن ال Conv Formﻣﻌﻨﺎھــﺎ
،، STAIGHTﻟﯿـــﻪ ؟ ..ﻳﻌﻨﻰ straight access cavityﻟﻠـــــ ،،Orificeﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻞ Orificeداﺧــﻠﻪ
ﻣﺴﺘﺮﻳﺤﻪ
دا ﻣﺶ ﻛﺪا وﺑﺲ،،دا اﻧﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﺰك ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺤﺪ ال apical foramenداﺧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﻳﺤﻪ
اﻧﺎ ﻛﻤﺎن ﻋﺎﻳﺰ ال Instrumentﺗﻜــــﻮن Unstrainedﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻣﺘﺪﺧﻠﺶ وﺗﻌﻤﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ال Errorsدى
)،perforation , ledgeوﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﻤﺎن ﻣﻊ ال pressureﺗﻌﻤــﻞ ( Broken File
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﺎ ﻋــــﺎﻳﺰك ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻧﺖ اﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﯿﻄﺮ ع ال Instrumentﻣﺶ ھﻰ اﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﯿﻄــﺮه ﻋﻠﯿــﻚ (: (:
اﺧﯿـﺮا ،،اﻧﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﺰك ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻠﻰ ال Accessﺑﺪرﺟﻪ enoughﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﻌﻤﻠﮫﺎ .. Obturation
ﻻن :ال Fileﻣﻌﺪن ..ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻓﺮ وﺗﻘﺪر ﺗﺨﺶ ،،وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﻤﺎن ﺗﻜﻮن pre-curved
اﻧﻤــﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﻘﻰ ف ال ،،، Obturationودى اﻟﻠﻰ ﻛﻠــﻜﻮ ﺑﺘﻘﻌﻮا ﻓﯿﮫﺎ ف اﻣﺘﺤﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻰ ،،اﻧﺖ ﺷﻐﺎل
Mechanicalﺣــــﻠﻮ اوى ،،ﺑﺲ ﺣﻄﯿــﺖ ٢او ٣ﻛـــــﻮن ،،وﻣﻔﯿــﺶ ﺣﺎﺟﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺘﺨــﺶ ،،اوﻣﺎل
اﻟﺘﻨﻀﯿــﻒ اﻟﻠﻰ اﻧﺎ ﻋﻤــﻠﺘﻮ ﻛــﻠﻮ راح ﻓﯿــﻦ ؟
ﻻن ال Obturationﺣﺘـــﻪ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ ،،اﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﮫﺎ اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓــﻮق ﺿﯿﻘــﻪ ،،ھﺘﺨﺶ ﻟﺤﺪ ﺣﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﻪ
وﺗﻘﻒ
3-Removal of caries & defective restorations
ودى ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻛﺒﯿــﺮه ﺑﺘﯿﺠﻰ اﻟﺴﻨــﻪ ب cariesﻋﻨﯿــﻒ ،،ﻟﻜﻦ ط ــﻆ ،،اﻧﺎ اﻟﻤﮫﻢ ﻋﻨﺪى اﻋﻤﻞ access cavity to the rootوﺳﺎﻳﺐ
ﻛﻞ ال cariesوال undermind
اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﻪ ان ده ﻳﺎ دﻛﺎﺗﺮه ﻣﻠﯿﺎن ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ،،ﻳﻌﻨﻰ " ،، " source of infectionھﯿﺨﺶ ال canal
ﻏﯿﺮ ان ﻋﻨﺪك Ptﻋــﺎﻣﻞ Amalgamاﻧﺖ ﺑﻘﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺟﻮا ال ،، Amalgamوﻟﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﯿﮫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ،،ﻗـــﻮم أﻳﻪ ﺑﻘﻰ اﻟﺤﺸــﻮه
ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ،،وﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﮫﺎ ﺟﺰء ﺟﻮه ال ، canalوﺗﻘﻔﻠﮫﺎ ،ﺗﻌﺮف ﺗﻄﻠﻌﮫــﺎ اﺑﻘﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻨﻰ !! (:
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻳﺎدﻛﺎﺗﺮه ،،ﻻزم اﺷﯿــﻞ cariesاو defective restorationاو undermined enamelﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﺣﺎﺟﺘﯿﻦ ) source of leakage
+ of bacteriaو اﻧــﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﺴـــﺮ وﻳﻌﻤﻠﻰ Obstructionف ال canal
4-Toilet Of the cavity
واﺧﯿــﺮا ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎده ﻻزم اﺷﻄــﻒ ال ،، cavityاوﻋــﻮ ﻳﺎدﻛﺎﺗﺮه ﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ toilet of the cavityﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ال chip syringe
..ﻧــــــــــــــــــــــﻮ
اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻐﺴﻞ ال cavityازاى ؟ ..ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ irrigationب NaOCl
--ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﯿﻪ
--ﻋﺎﻳﺰك ﺗﻌﺮف ان ال access cavityﻋﺒــﺎره ﻋﻦ ٣ﺧﻄــﻮات ..
1-Gaining access ..
اﻧﺘــﻮ ﻣﺠﺎزا ﺑﺘﺴﻤــﻮھﺎ drop ,,ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻠﮫﺎ ﺑﺎى ؟ Instrumentﺑـــ Round burأو Round stone ,,اﻻﺗﻨﯿﻦ ﺻــﺢ
ال Net result ,,اﻧﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﺰ اﻋﻤﻠﮫﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﻪ " "End cuttingھـــــﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻼف ع ﻛﺪه ؟؟ ..ﻻ
2-Derofing
ودى ﺗﺎﻧﻰ ﺧﻄــــﻮه وﺑﺸﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﮫــﺎ الRoof
3-Flaring
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎﻋﻤﻠﺖ derofing ,,اﻧﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﺰ ال access cavityﻳﻜــﻮن flaredﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻗﺪر ادﺧــﻞ instrumentﻣﺴﺘﺮﻳﺤــﻪ ،،ﻓﺒﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺎﻟﺖ
ﺧﻄــﻮه وھﻰ الflaring
ﺧﻠﻠــﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻰ ،ورﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن اﻟﺠﺎى ھﻮ اﻟﻤﮫﻢ ،،ال ، derofingوال flaringﺑﻌﻤﻠﮫﻢ ﺑﺎى instrument؟؟
ﺑﻌﻤﻠﮫــﻢ ب stoneاو Endo Z burﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﻣﻌﻨﺪھﺎش Non cutting end ... cutting instrument...
ﻓﺎﻗﻌــﺪ ﺑﻘﻰ راﻳﺢ ﺟﺎى ع ال floorﻻ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ perfopationوﻻ ﺗﻌــﻮروا
× ﻟﻤــﺎ ﻳﺠﯿﻠﻚ ﺳﺆال Tاو .. ..... Fھﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ال Endo Z burف ال gaining access؟؟ ..اﻻﺟﺎﺑــﻪ Noooo
ﻟﯿــﻪ ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ھﻰ .. Non cutting end
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ال ganing accessﻻزم ﺗﻜﻮن ب ،، end cuttingاﻧﻤــﺎ ال derofingو ال ،، flaringاﻧﺖ ﺣــــﺮ ﻟــــﻮ ﻣﺴﯿﻄــﺮ وﻣﺶ ھﺘﻌــﻮر
،،اﺷﺘﻐﻞ ب stoneﻟﻜﻦ ﻟــﻮ ھﺘﻌــﻮر اﺷﺘﻐﻞ ب .. Endo Z
ﺍﶈــﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﺇﺯﺍﻯ ﻧﻌﻤــﻞ Gaining Access؟
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﺎﻧﻲ
ﶈـــﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜــــﻮﻣﺒــــﻮ
--
Upper cental ,Upper latral ..
1 root , 1 root canal.. Triangle ,With Incisal base,,cervical apex
--
.. Upper canine
ھﻨﺤﻄـــــﻮ ﻣﻌﺎھﻢ ،،، One root ,,One root canal ،،وﺑﯿﻜـــــــﻮن Oval
-ﺑﺎﻟﻤـــﺮه ﺑﻘﻰ ،،ﺑﺺ ﻳﺎﺳﯿﺪى ..
ﻛﻞ اﻻﺳﻨﺎن ال .. Anterior .. upper 1,2,3 .. lower 1,2,3
ﻋﻨﺪھــــــــــــــــﺎ Lingual sholder
اﻟﻠﻰ اﺣﻨــﺎ ﻛﻠــﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻨﺴــﻰ ﻧﺸﯿﻠــﻮا ف اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن ..
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺟﺮى اﻟﻌﺮف ﻳﺎﺳﯿﺪى اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ان اى ﺳﻨــــﻪ ف اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ ﻋﻨﺪھــﺎ ... Cingulaumوﻋﺎﻣﻞ ذى
اﻟﻜـــﺮش ﻛﺪھـــــﻮن smile emoticon
وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ھﯿﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﻣــﻠﻰ .. Convixtyﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺮش ﺻﻐﻨــﻦ ﻛﺪه ﺟﻮه اﻟﺴﻨــﻪ ..ﺗﻤـــــــﺎم
ﻟﻮ اﻧﺖ ﺑﻘﻰ ﻣﺸﯿﻠﺘــﻮش ﻛــﻮﻳﺲ ،،واﻧﺖ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ .. Access cavityﻛﻞ ال Areaدى اﻟﻠﻰ ھــﻰ ﻋﺒﺎره
pulp tissueﻣﺴﺘﺨــﺒﻰ واﻧﺖ ﻣﺶ ﺷﺎﻳﻔﮫﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ
ﻓﻠــﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﺘﻠﮫﺎش ﺑﻘﻰ proper removalﻛﺪھــﻮن ..ھﺘﻼﻗﻰ ال Instrumentﺑﺘﺎﻋﺘﻚ ﻏﺼﺐ ﻋﻨﮫــﺎ
داﺧﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﺣﻠﻰ Perforation
ﻧﻘــﻮل ﺗﺎﻧﻰ ..
اﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪك Cingulaumﻛــﺮش ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮه ،،وﻋﻨﺪك ﻗﺪاﻣـــﻮ ﻛﺮش ﻣﻦ ﺟــﻮه ،،اﻟﻜـــــــــــﺮش ده ﻻزم
ﺗﺸﯿﻠـــــﻮ
واﻻ اﻧﺖ ھﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺎﻳﺐ .. pulp tissueاﻧﺖ ﻣﺶ ﺷﺎﻳﻔﮫﺎ ..ﺑﺲ ھﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺒﯿﻪ .....ده ﻏﯿﺮ اﻧﻚ ﻣﺶ
ھﺘﻌﺮف ﺗﻌﻤﻞ proper controlع ال Instrument
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻻﺳﻨﺎن ﻋﻨﺪھــﺎ ... Lingual sholderوﺧﺼــــﻮﺻﺎ ال .. Upper Caninھﺘﻼﻗﯿـــــــــــﻪ
ﻣﺒﻘــﻠﻆ اوى smile emoticon
ﻳﺒﻘﻰ واﻧﺖ ﺷﻐﺎل ع ﺳﻨــﺎن .. Anterior
ﻻزم ﺗﻨﺰل ٤٥درﺟــﻪ ،،وﺗﺴﺤــﺐ palatallyﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﺗﺸﯿﻠــﻮ ﻛﻮﻳﺲ
ﻛﻤـــﺎن ﻣﻨﻨﺴــــﺎش ان ال accessﻓﻰ ال ...... Upper 3,4,5ﺑﯿﻜــﻮن Oval
اﻧﻤــﺎ ال accessﻓﻰ ال ..... lower 3,4,5ﺑﯿﻜـــﻮن Ovoid
--ال upper4ﺑﯿﺤــﺐ .. roots ٢وﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ داﻳﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒــﻪ... %٨٥ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ھﯿﻜﻮن ﺟﺪرﻳﻦ ،،ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺪه ھﯿﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪك ﻧﺴﺒـــﻪ
%١٥ھﺘﻜـــﻮن ﻛﺎم ؟؟One root .....
وال one rootده ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن one canalاو two canalsﻋﺎدى ﻣﻔﯿﮫﺎش ﺣﺎﺟﻪ . smile emoticon
وﺳــﻮاء roots٢او root١ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜــﻮن root canal Type 1,2,3
-
وھﺼــﺪﻣﻚ وھﻔﺤــﻤﻚ ..
وھﻘــﻮﻟﻚ ان ﻓﯿﻪ ﻧﺴﺒـــﻪ ﺿﺌﯿــﻠﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ %٦ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ..ROOTS ٣
ﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﯿﻠﻚ ف ال Tاو .. F
ﻳﻘــﻮﻟﻚ ال upper 4ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻜـــﻮن ...... roots ٣اااااااااااه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ..
وﺑﯿﺴﻤـــﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﻪ دى MOLARIZATION
وﺑﯿﻜــﻮﻧﻮ buccal٢و palatal ١
ال Lower anteriorsﻳــــﺎ دﻛﺎﺗﺮه اﺣﻨــﺎ ﻓﺎھﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﻂ اﻧﮫﻢ ﻣــﺆدﺑﯿﻦ ،،ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﮫﻢ
.. Singl root..Single root canalﻛــﻼ اﻟﺒﺘًـــــــــﻪ ،،ﻛﻼ اﻟﺒﺘًــــــــــــــــﻪ smile emoticon
ال .. Lower Anteriorsﺣــــﺎﺟﺘﯿﻦ ،،ﺗﻜﺘﺒـــﻠﻰ ان ..
) %٦٧ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ٦٠اﻟﻰ (%٧٠
.. Just One root ..One root canal..
وﻃﺒﻌــﺎ ﻃﺒﻌـــﺎ ھﺘﻜــﻮن . Type 1
ﺑــــــﺲ ﻋﻨﺪك ٣/١اﻟﻨﺴﺒــــــــﻪ اﻟﻠﻰ ھـــﻮ )ﻣﻦ ٣٠اﻟﻰ ... (%٤٠
ده ﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺒﺎره ﻋﻦ 2 canalsاﻟﻠﻰ ھﻰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن Type 2او .Type 3
ﺳـــﺆﺍﻝ ﻓﲎ ﺑﻘﻰ ،
ال 2 canalsدووول اﺳﻤــﮫﻢ أﻳـــــــــــﻪ ؟؟ ....
أﺣﻤﺪ وﻋﻠــﻰ .. smile emoticonاﺳﻤﮫﻢ Buccal ,Lingual
ﻋﻠﺸــﺎن ﻛﺪه اﻛﺘﺒـﻠﻰ ﺑﺨﻂ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ..
ALL THE TEETH ARE WIDER BUCCO-LINGUALLY THANE MESIO-
DISTALLY...exept : upper central + pulp champer of lower 6
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ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻏﻠﻂ ﻏﻠﻄـــﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﯿﻪ ؟؟ آآآآآآآآه ..
ﻏﻠﻄــﻪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﺷﻦ ..أﻧﺖ ﻣــﺎﺷﺎء اﷲ ﺷﻐﺎل وﺳﺮﺣــﺎن ..وﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻚ وﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺮوح ﻳﻤﯿﻦ
وﺷﻤــﺎل ..
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ Perforationھﻨــــﺎ ھــــﻮ ..ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ Disto Or Mesio Cervical
ﺑﺲ أﺷﮫـــﺮ Perforationﺑﻨﺴــﺎﻟﻜﻮ ﻓﯿــﻪ ھﻮ ده Libio-cervical ......
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ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻮ ﻧﻤﺴﻚ ال perforationاﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺤﺼﻞ ف ال Premolarsاو ال .. Molars
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ﻳﻌﻨﻰ أﻳﻪ ﺑﻘﻰ Over extended cavity
ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﺖ ﺑﮫــﺆﺗﮫـــﺎ .. smile emoticonوﺧﻠﺘﮫــــﺎ ) ﺣﻠـــــــــــــــﻪ ..( shape
اﻟﻠﻰ ھــﻮ ﺑﺺ ﻳﺎدﻛﺘــﻮر ﻋﻤﻠﺘﻠﻚ cavityان ﺷﺎﷲ ﺗﺤﻂ ﻓﯿــﻪ smile emoticon File ٥٠
اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠــﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ .. Over extented cavityاﻧﺖ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻞ Guge
ﺷــــﺎﻳﻒ اﻟﺴﻠﻤــﻪ اﻟﺤﻠــﻮه دى ،أﺣﻨــﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮫـــــــﺎ ... smile emoticon Guge
اﻧﻤـــــﺎ ال Ledgeده اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ ف ال Rootﻣﺶ ف ال Crown
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اﻧﻤـــﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ أﺟﻰ اﻋﻤﻞ Accessﺻﺢ ..
ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ان ﻋﻨﺪى .. premolarاﻟﻤﻔﺮوض ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﯿﺠﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ .. Access cavity
اﻟﻤﻔﺮوض ان اﻟﺪﻛﺘــﻮر ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻰ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﺴِﻨّــﻪ ..ﺑﯿﻌﺪى اﻟﺒـــﺮوب ..
ﻓﯿﻼﻗﻰ ال Orificeﻋﻨﺪ ال Line angleﺑﺘﺎع ال Cavity
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ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ھﺘﺎﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ف ﺣﺎﻟﻪ اﻧﻨــﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ Over extended cavityوﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻨــﺎ Gugeھﻨﻼﻗﻰ ال wallاھـــــــﻮه ،،
وﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺪه ﺳﻠﻤــــــــــــﻪ ،،وﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺪه ال smile emoticon Orifice
وﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮫـــﺎ .. gugeوﺑﯿﺘﻨﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﯿﮫــــﺎ ف اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن smile emoticon
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ھﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻐﻠﻂ ﻏﻠﻄـــﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﯿﻪ ؟؟ ااااااااه
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﯿـــﺶ ﻏﻠﻂ ﻳﺎﻣﻌﻠﻢ ،،ﺗﺮﻛﻦ ﻏﻠﻂ ،،ﻳﻌﻨﻰ رﻛﻨﺘﻚ ﻃﻠﻌﺖ وﺣﺸــﻪ اوى
ﺗﻘــﻮم ﻋﺎﻣﻞ إﻳـــﻪ ،،ﺗﻘـــــــــــــﻮم داﺧﻞ ﻛﺪھــــﻮه ،،ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺶ ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻚ ﺑﺘﺪور ع إﻳـــــــﻪ
ودى ﺑﻨﺴﻤﯿﮫـــﺎ Miss Direction
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ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌــﻪ ﺗﺎﻧﯿﻪ ،،ال .. upper 3,4,5ﺷﻜﻞ ال Accessﻓﯿﮫﻢ ﺑﯿﻜــﻮن Oval
أﻧﻤـــﺎ ال ... Lower 3,4,5ﺷﻜﻞ ال Accessﻓﯿﮫــﻢ ﺑﯿﻜــﻮن .. Ovoid
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ال .. Upper 4,5 + Lower 4,5
ھﻨﻘــﻮل ان ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ال Upper 4ﻛـــــــﺎم ؟؟ %٨٥ ..وﺑﯿﻜــﻮن . Roots ٢
أﻧﻤﺎ ال .. upper 5ﻧﺴﺒﺘــــﻮ ﻛﺎم ؟؟ %٧٥ ..وﺑﯿﻜــﻮن .. One root .. One canal
ﻃﯿﺐ ھﻨﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ،،ﻓﯿﺠــﺮ ٧
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ﺳــﺆال .. T or Fھــﻮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ال Upper 4ﻳﻜــﻮن roots ٣؟؟ .....آآآآآآآآآه )(T
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ﻃﯿﺐ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ال Upper 5ﻳﻜـــﻮن roots ٣؟؟ ....ﻷﻷﻷﻷﻷﻷ )(F
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ﻧﺮﺟﻊ ﺗﺎﻧﻰ وﻧﻘــﻮل ال Upper 6ﻛــﺎم Root؟؟ Roots٣ ..
ﺷﻜــﻠﮫﻢ أذاى ؟؟ اﺗﻨﯿــﻦ Buccalوواﺣﺪ Palatal
ﻃﯿﺐ ھـــﻮ ﻛﺎم canal؟؟ ..ﻳﺎ ٣ﻳﺎ .. ٤ﺧﻼص
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ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ال MB2ھﻰ ھﻰ ال Mesio-Palatal
ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫـــﺎ ﻗﺪ إﻳــــﻪ ف ال Upper 6؟؟
وده ﺳــﺆال ﻟﻠﺸــﻔﻮى ..ﻣﺒﯿﺠﯿـﺶ ف اﻟﻨﻈﺮى .. More than 90% ..
ﻃﯿﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫــﺎ ال Upper 7ﻗــﺪ أﻳــﻪ ؟؟ %٧٥
--ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﮫــﺎ إﻳــــــــﻪ ؟؟
ھﻲ ﻣـــﻮﺟﻮده ،،ﺑﺲ اﺣﻨــﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻌﺮﻓﺶ ﻧﺠﺒﮫـــﺎ ،،وﻟﻮ ﻟﻘﯿﻨﮫــﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻌﺮﻓﺶ ﻧﻨﻀﻔﮫــﺎ ،،ﻻﻧﮫﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً Calcified
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ﻃﯿﺐ ﻳﺎ دﻛﺘﻮر ف اﻻﻣﺘﺤـــﺎن ..ال .. MB2أﺷﺘﻐﺎﻟﮫـــﺎ وﻻ أﺳﯿﺒﮫـــــﺎ ..؟؟
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ال .. upper 7ﻗــﻮﻟﻨﺎ ان ھــﻮ ذى ال .. upper 6ﻛــــﺎم Canal؟؟
..ﺑﯿﻜــﻮن ٣أو .. ٤وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺰل .. canals ٢وﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ One Canal
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ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﺴــﻚ ال .. Lower
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ال .. Lower Central ,Latralﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ .. canals ٢ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫﻢ % ٤٠-٣٠
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ﻃﯿﺐ ال .. Lower canineﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ .. canals٢ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫﺎ .. %٦
ﺑﺲ ھـــﻮ Mainly One Canal
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ﻃﯿﺐ ال .. Lower 4,5ال Typs of canalsﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ أﻳﻪ ؟؟..
ﻗــﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﯿﮫــﺎ .. Type 1,2,3,4ﻃﯿﺐ Type 4أﺳــــﻢ اﻟﺪﻟﻊ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﮫــﺎ أﻳــــﻪ ؟؟
Apical Delta
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ﻃﯿﺐ ال .. Type 4اﻟﻠﻰ ھﻰ ال Apical deltaﺑﺘﻜــﻮن Most Commanﻓﯿــﻦ ؟؟
ﻓــ اﻟــ Lower 5
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ﻃﯿﺐ ال Dilacerationﺑﯿﻜــﻮن Most Commanﻓﯿﻦ ؟؟
ﻓــ اﻟــ Upper 5
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ﻃﯿﺐ أﺧــﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﻪ ال C-shape canalﺑﺘﻜــﻮن Most Commanﻓﯿــﻦ ؟؟
ﻓــ اﻟــ Lower 7
ﺷﻜــﺮا smile emoticon