BLUE

TRUENESS, HONESTY
INNOCENCE
PINK
DESPAIR
BLACK

DEPRESSION
GRET

2.15. LANDSCAPING.

cVEN THE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS PLAY A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE BUILT FORM AND MOODS
OF THE CHILDREN.

2.16. MATERIAL USED.

FLOORS NON SLIPPERY

WALLS& RO0FS -DESIRABLE FOR THERMAL CONDITIONS.

3.COLOUR ANALYSIS

3.1.COLOUR THEORY

COLOURS-SYMBOLISM
RED AGGRESSIVE, ANGER
WHITE TRANQUILLITY ,PEACE
GREEN COOL, HARMONY

BLUE- TRUENESS, HONESTY

PINK- INNOCENCE
BLACK DESPAIR
GREY DEPRESSION
THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE MOST COMMON HUMAN RESPONSES
TO DIFFERENT COLORS AND COLOR.

LIGHT coOL SPACES ARE GENERALLY PERCEIVED AS EXPANSIVE; DARK, WARM

SACES AS DIMINISHING.
A STRONG, WARM COLOR ON AN END WALL WILL SHORTEN THE APPARENT LENGTH
OF A ROOM BY DRAWING THAT WALL FORWARD. COoLER COLORS WILL CAUSE THE
PLANE TO RECEDE, THEREBY EXPANDING OUR PERCEPTION OF THE ROOM .
DARK CEILINGS WILL LOWER THE APPARENT HEIGHT OF A ROOM. LIGHT CEILINGS
WILL RAISE THE APPARENT HEIGHT OFA ROOM. HOWEVER, A COMBINATIONS OF A
DARK FLOOR AND CEILINGS CAN GREATLY REDUCE THE APPARENT HEIGHT AND MAY
SEEM OPPRESSIVE.
STRONG VALUED CEILINGS AND FLOORS MAY HELP TO UNIFY A SPACE.
A BRIGHTLY COLORED WALL WILL APPEAR LARGER THAN IT ACTUAL.

4/
 BLACK IS A
POWERFUL ACCENT COLOR. IT IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WI AND
sUGGESTS- WEIGHT DIGNITY, FORMALITY. AND SOLEMNITY.
NEUTRAL COLORS TEND TO CONVEY, IN MILDER FORM,IMPRESSIONS OF HUES
THAT THEY CONTAIN ,NEUTRAL GRAYS MAKE BACKGROUND 1 TO LIE
COLORS EASY

WITH BUT ARE

SUBJECT TO DULINESS, AND
sOMETIMES APPEAR MONOTONO
WHITES AND NEAR WHITESSUGGESTCLARITY,OPENNESS,AND BRIGHTNESS. RE
GENERALLY SAFE COLORS AND CAN BE AREAS TO
AHIGHLY SATISFACTORY ERFEC
OFFSET WITH SMALL AREAS OF
CHROMSTIC cOLORS.TO0 MUCH WHITE CAN PRODO
GLARE.
REDS ARE ASSOCIATE WITH TENSION ANDDANGER. THEY MAY ADD LIFE AND CHEER T
BLENDS OF BLUES AND GREENS;BUT THEY GENERATE UNPLEASANT TENSIONS WHEN
USED WITH STRONG GREENS.
ORANGES SHARE QUALITIES OF REDS,THEY MAY BE USED TO STIMULATE OR MODIFY

OTHERWISE NEUTRAL OR COOL COLOR SCHEMES.YELLOws ARE THE MILDEST

THE WARM COLORS AND ARE OFTEN
O
ASSOCIATED WITH CHEERFULNESS,
GREEN ARE THE COOL COLORS CLOSED TO THE WARM ON THE COLOR WHEEL. THEY

ARE OFTEN PERCEIVED AS PEACEFUL.

BULES ARE THE COOLEST OF THE COOL COLORS, SUGGESTIONS REST, REPOSE,
CALMNESS, AND DIGNITY, IF OVERUSED THEY MAY BE PERCEIVED AS DEPRESSING
AND GLOOMY, INTENSE BLUE IN SMALL AREAS CAN BE A HELPFUL ACCENT IN
WARM AND WARMNEUTRAL COLOR SCHEME
VIOLETS BETWEEN COOL WARMCOLORS.THEY ARE OFTEN PERCEIVED AS
ARIISII
SUGGESTIVE, AND SENSITIVE BUT MAY BEPERCIEVED AS AMBIGIOUS OR TOO STRONG.

3.2.DEVELOPING A COLOR SCHEME

DURING THE ANALYSIS PHASE THE DESIGNER EXAMINES THE FACTORS WHICH WILL IMPACT
THE COLOR CHOICES INA SPACE.

PROPOSED USE OFTHE SPACE.SIZEOF THE SPACE.

DIRECTIONAL ORITENTATION OF THE SPACE
AGES AND TYPESOF PEOPLES OCCUPYING THE SPACE
TIME OF DAY THE SPACE WILL BE USED AND THE ACTIVITIES TO OcCUR AT THOSE

TIMES
EXISTING cOLOR SURROUNDING THE SPACE.
DURING SCHEMATIC DESIGN,THE DESIGNER DEVELOPS A COLOR PALETTE BASED ON THE
KESULTS OF THE ABOVE ANALYSIS PHASE AND THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES.

Determine the technical color scheme.

Determine actual colors and their tints and shades.

Evaluate thescheme for appropriateness.

Evalute the colors and their compatibility.
Evalute the colors in relation to natural and atificiallight
.

if necessary
Modify the color selections
48
3.3.COLOR MEANIN

RED

DANGEN
COLOR OF HIRE AND BLOOD, SO ENERGY, WAR,
IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH
oED IS THE
cTRENGTH, POWER, DETERMINATION AS WELL AS PASSION, DESIRE, AND LOVE

VERY EMOONALLY INTENSE COLOR. IT ENHANCES HUMANMETABOLISM , INCREASE

RED IS A
AND RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE. IT HAS VERY HIGH VISIBILITY, WHICH SWHY
RESPIRATION RATE, REDD
STOPLIGHTS, AND FIRE EQUIPMENT ARE USUALLY PAINTER RED. INHEARLDRY,
STOP SIGNS,
INDICATED COURAGE .IT IS A COLOR FOUND IN MANY NATIONAL FLAGS.
USED TO
RED BRINGS TEXT AND IMAGES TO THE FOREGROUND. USE IT AS AN ACCENT COLOR TO SIIMO

QUICK DECISION; IT IA PREFECT CoLOR FOR,BUY NOWEORCLICK HERE

PEOPLE TO MAKE DANGER
BUTTONS N
BANNERS AND WEBSITES. RED IS WIDELY USED TO INDICATE
INTERNET (HIG
WI
yOLTAGE SIGNS, TRAFFIC LIGHTS LIGHTS). THIS COLOUR IS ALSO COMMONLY ASSOCIATE
ITEMS RELATED
ENERGY, SO YOU CAN USEIT WHEN PROMOTING ENERGY DRINKS, GAMES, CARS,
PASSION,
AND HIGH PHYSiCAL ACTIVITY. LIGHT RED REPRESENTS JOY, SEXUALITY,
TO SPORTS FEMININE
AND LOVE. PINK SIGNIFIES ROMANCE, LOVE, FRIENDSHIP. IT DENOTES
SENSITIVITY,
QUALITIES AND PASSIVENESS

LEADERSHIP, COURAGE,
DARK RED IS ASSOCIATED WITH VIGOR, wILLPOWER,RAGE, ANGER,
LONGING, MALICE, AND WARTH
BROW SUGGESTS STABILITY AND DENOTES M,ASCULINE QUALITIES

REDDISH-BROWN IS ASSOCIATED WITH HARVEST AND FALL.

ORANGE
THE HAPPINESS OF YELOOW. ITIS ASSOCIATED WITH
ORANGE COMBINES THE ENERGY OF RED AND
ORANGE REPRESENTS ENTHUSIASM, FASCINATION, HAPPINESS,
JOY, SUNSHINE, AND THE TROPICS,
STIMULATION.
CREATIVITY, DETE RMINATIONATTRACTION, SUCCESs, ENCOURAGEMENT, AND

GREEN

AND
GREEN IS THE COLOR OF NATURE. IT SYMBOLIZES GROWTH, HARMONY, FRESHNESS,
CORRESPONDENCE WITH SAFTETY. DARK GREEN IS
FERTILITY. GREEN HAS STRONG EMOTIONAL
ALSOCOMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH MONEY. GREEN HAS GREAT HEALING POWER. IT IS THE MOST
STABILITY AND
RESTFUL OLOR FOR THE HUMAN EYE, IT CAN IMPROVE VISION.GREEN SUGGEST
FOR EXAMPLE, A,GREENHORND
ENDURANCE. SOMETIMES GREEN DENOTESLACK OF EXPERIENCE;
SANOVICE. IN HERALDRY,GREEN INDICATES GROWTH AND HOPE. GREEN, AS OPPOSED To RED,
DIRECTLY RELATED
PRODUCTS.GREEN IS
MEANS SAFETY WHEN ADVERTISING DRUGS AND MEDICAL GREEN IS
DARKER
TO NATURE, SO YOU CAN USE IT TO PROMOTE ,GREEND PRODUCTS. DULL, AND
WALL STREET.
LOMMONLY ASSOCIATEDWITH MONEY, THE FINANCIAL WORLD, BANKING,

19
 DARK GREEN ISASSOCIATED
WITH
CAN INDICARE SICKNESS, AMBITION, GREED, AND JEALOUSLY
AQUA ASSOCIATED WITHCoWARDICE,DISCORD, AND JEALOUSLY
IS BYELLOW -GREEN
OLIVE GREEN IS THE EMOTIONAL
TRADITIONAL COLOR OF PEACE

BLUE

BLUE S THE COLOR OF THE SKY

AND
STABILITY. SYMBOLZES, LOYALITN, SEA.IT IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPTH AND
IT
CONFIDENCE, INTELLIGENCE, FAITH, TRUTH, AND
HEAVEN. BLUE IS SIRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH
BULE IS USED TO
SYMBOLIZED TRANSQUILITY AND CALMNESS. IN

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

PIETY AND
SINCERITY. YOU CAN USE BLUE TO PROMOTE
HERALDK
RELATED TO
CLEANING LIQUIDS, VODKA ), AIR AND CLEANLINESS ( WATER PURIFICATION FILTERS,
SKY
WATER AND SEA (AIRLINES, AlRPORTS, AIR
CONDITIONERS),
(SEA , VOYAGES, MINERALWATER) AS OPPOSED TO EMOTIONAL WARM
COLORS LIKE RED, ORANGE,
AND
INTELLECT. USE BLUE TO YELLOW; BLUE IS LINKED TO
CONSCIOUSNESS AND
SUGGEST PRECISION wHEN
BLUE IS A MASCULINE COLOR, ACCORDING TO PROMOTING HIGHTECH
STUDIES,
PRODUC
IT IS HIGHLY ACCEPTED AMONG
MALES. DARK BLUE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPTH,
EXPERTISE, AND STABILITY,
PREFERRED COLOR FOR COORPORATE AMERICA. AVOID
USING BLUE WHEN PROMOTING FOOD
IT IS A

AND COOKING, BECAUSE BLUE SUPPRESSES

APPETITE. WHEN USED TOGETHER WITHWARM
cOLORS LIKE YELLOW OR RED, BLIUE
CAN CREATE HIGH-
IMPACT, VIBRANT DESIGNS, FOR
EXAMPLES, BLUE-YELLoW OR RED IS A PERFECT
COLOR SCHEME FOR A SUPER HERO.
BLUE ISASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH, HEALING,
UNDERSTANDING, AND SOFTNESS. ARK BLUE
LIGH
REPRESENTS KNOWLEDGE, POWER, INTEGRITY, AND
SERIOUSNESS

PURPLE

PURPLE COMBINES THE STABILITY OF BLUE AND THE ENERGY OF RED .

PURPLE IS
ASSOCIATED WITH ROYALTY. ITSYMBOLIQES POWER,
NOBILITY ,INDEPENDENCE, CREATIVITY,
MYSTERY, AND MAGIC. ACCORDING TO SURVEYS, ALMOST 75 PERCENT OF-ADOLESCENT
CHILDREN PREFER PURPLE CONSIDER IT TO BE ARTIFICIAL. LGHT PURPLE IS A GOOD CHOICE
FOR A FEMININE DESIGN. YOU CAN USE BRIGHT PURPLE WHEN PROMOTING CHILDRENDS
PRODUCTS. LIGHT PURPLE EVOKERS GLOOMS AND SAD FEELINGS. IT CAN CAUSE
FRUSTRATION]
WHITE

WHITE IS ASsOCIATED WITH LIGHT, GOODNESS, INNOCENCE, PURITY, AND VIRGINITY. IT IS

CONSIDERED TO BETHE CoLOR OF PERFECTION. WHITE MEANS SAFETY, PURITY, AND
LEANLINESS AS OPPOSED TO BLACK, WHICH USUALLY HAS A POSITIVE CONNOTATION.
WHITE CAN REPRESENTS A SUCCESSFUL BEGINNING, IN HERALDRY, WHITE DEPICTS FAITH
AND PURITY. IN ADVERTISING, WHITE IS ASSOCIATED WITH COOLNESS AND CLEANLINESS
BECAUSE ITRS THE COLOR OF SNOW. YOU CAN USE WHITE TO SUGGEST SIMPLICITY IN
HiGH-TECH PRODUCTS. WHITE IS AN APPROPRIATE COLOR FOR CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS;

50
 WITH
ARE USUALLY IMAGINED WEARING WHITE CLOTHES. WHITE IS ASSO
HEN
TALS, DOCTORS, AND STERILITY,SO YoU CAN USE WHITE TO SuGGEST SAFE W
LOW
OMOTING MEDICAL PRODUCS. WHITE IS OFTEN-ASSOCIATED WITH LOW WEIGH
AND DAIRY ODUCTS,
FATFOOD,
BLACK

BLACKIS
I ASSOCIATED WITH POWER, ELEGANCE, FORMALITY, DEATH, EVIL, AND MYS1E
ACK IS A MYSTERIOUS COLOR ASSOCIATE WITH FEAR AND THE UNKNOWN (BLACKHOLES
BLACK
USUALLY HAS A NEGATIVE CONNOTATION ( BLACKLIST, BLACK HUMOR, BLACK DEATHDJ
ACK DENOTES STRENGTH AND AAUTHORITY; ITIS CONSIDERED TO BE A VERY FORMAL
1S
ELEGANT, AND PRESTIGIOUs COLOR(BLACK TIE, BLACK MERCEDES). IN HERALDRY, BLACK
A
SYMBOL OF GRIEF. BLACK GIVES THE FEELING OF PERSPECTIVE AND DEPTH, BUT
THE
SLACK BACKGROUND DIMINISHES READABILITY. A BLACK SuIT, OR DRESS CAN MARE
vOULOOK THINNER. WHEN DESIGNING FOR AGALERY OF ART OR PHOTOGRAPHY, YOU
GRAY BACKGROUND TO MAKE THE OTHER CoLORS STAND OUT. BLACK
USE A BLACK OR
VEV
cONTRASTS WELL WITH cOMBINED WITH RED OR ORANGE -OTHER
BRIGHT COLORS
POWERFUL COLORS- BLACK GIVES A VERY AGGRESSIVE COLOR SCHEME.

CATEGORY, ISSUES AND FINDINGS RELATED TO COLOUR

TABLE 10-cOLOUR ANALYSIS

CATEGORY FINDINGS SOURCE

KED
CONCERNED WITH THE BASE OF THE SPINE AND TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1989
MOTOR SKILLS. RAISES BLO0D PRESSURE MORTON, 1998

INCREASES RESPIRATION HEART BEATS ENGELBRECHI,2003

FASTER HEIGHTENED SENSE OF SMELL

BOYATZIS&VARGHESE, 1993
ASSOCIATED WITH EXCITEMENT AND
HAPPINESS POSITIVE REACTION-GIRLS MORE TERWOGT&HOEKSMA 2001
POSITIVE THAN BOYS. HIGH PREFERENCE FOR KARP&KARP,2001
7-YEAROLDS ASSOCIATED wITH ANGER,PAIN,

HAPPINESS, AND LOVE IN 4TH GRADE

STUDENTS.

cOLOR FOR 7AND 11YEAR-OLDS TERWOGI&HOEKSMA 2001

BLUE FAVORITE
cORRELATES TO EYE, EARS, AND NOSE-SEEING, |TORRICE&LOGRIPPO, 1989
HEARING,SMELLING SIGHT AND HEARING
IMPAIRED CHILDREN FAVOR PREFER BLUE TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1989
CALMING EFFECT ON HEART RATE AND ENGELBRECHI,2003
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER BODY
TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1989
TEMPERATURE REDUCED APPETITE MORTON, 1998 WALKER, 1991

POSITIVE REACTION-GIRLS MORE

MORTON,1998

51
 POSITVETHAN BOYS ASSocIATEDWITH BOYATZIS&VARGHESE.1993
SADNESS IN
4TH GRADESTUDENTS KARP&KARP 2001
RESPONDS TO CHEST,
YELLOW
HEART, LUNGS TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1989
CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA AND OTHER
PROBLEMSREACT FAVORABLY TO TERWOGI,7HOEKSMA,2001
YELLOW. HIGH PREFERENCE FOR 7-YEARSOLDS KARP&KARP Z001
ASSOCIATED WITH HONESTY IN 4TH GRADE
STUDEBTS. MOST LUMINOUS AND MORTON,1998
ALL COLORS. LARGEQUANTITIES VISIBLE OF
MAY IRRIATE
THE EYE.

RELATES TO THE THROAT AND VOCAL

GREEN TORRICE2LOGRIPPO,1929
CORDS. AFFECTS DEVELOPING SPEECH
THE MOST
SKILLIS
WITH UFE
RESTFUL FOR THEEYE. ASSOCIATED
IN 4TH GRADE
FEMALES.

ORANGE
CORRESPONDS TO CIRCULATION AND TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1929
NERVOUS SYSTEMS.

VIOLET CORRESPONDS TO THE TOP OF THE HEAD TORRICE&LOGRIPPO,1989

AND CEREBRAL ACTIVITY.SUPPORTS NON-
VERBAL
ACTIVITY. SYMBOLZES HIGH LEVELS
OF WISDOM AND AUTHORITY.IN CHILDREN A
MIND DEEP IN THOUGHT,
cONCERNED,OR
AFRAID
PINK POSITIVE REACTION-FEMALES MORE BOYATZIS & VARGHESE,1993
POSITIVE THAN MALES TRANqUILIZING MORTON,1998
EFFECT. REDUCES AGGRESSION IN PRISONERS

BROWN NEGATIVE EMOTIONS-MALES MORE POSITIVE BOYATZIS &VARGHESE, 1993

THAN FEMALES. ASSOCIATES wITH SCHOOL KARP&KARP,2001
AND FEAR IN 4TH GRADE MALES.

BLACK NEGATIVE EMOTIONS-MALES MORE POSITIVE BOYATZIS &VARGHESE,1993

THAN FEMALES.
ASSOCIATED wITH SCHOOL
AND FEAR IN 4TH GRADE
MALES.

KARP&KARP,2001

GRAY NEGATIVE EMOTIONS-MALES POSITIVE THAN BOYATZIS &VARGHESE,1993

52
 FEMALES.

cOOL COLORS RECEDE PREFERRED BY ACTIVE CHILDREN NIELSON& TAYLOR,2007

TORRICE& LOGRIPPO, 1989

RECOMMENDED FOR SECONDARY
CLASSROOMS. ENGELBRECHT, 2003

RM COLORSADVANGE PREFERRED BY PASSIVE CHILDREN NIELSON & ToYLON ,2007

TORRICE & LOGRIPPO,1989
PREFERRED BY
PRESCHOOL AND
ELEMENTARY STUDENTS ENGELBRECHI, 2003

ySIOLOGICAL COLOR DECRIMINATION DISTARTED ALONG BARASCHEWSK ET AL,2006

BLUE- YELLOW SYSTEM WITH ADHD
DIFFERENECS

PHYSIOLOGICAL RELIEVES EYE FATIGUE CHANGES IN BLOOD ENGELBRECHT,2005

REACTIONS PRESSURE AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT EYES
AND SKIN DETECT COLOR RAYS BRIGHT
,WARM COLORS STIMULATE AUTOMATIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM SOFT. coOL cOLORS
RETARD AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MOOD SUBJECTS UNABLE TO SCREEN MORTON,1998

ENVIRONMENTSL STIMULI WERE MORE ANGRY
IN AN OFFICE PAINTED RED.

ATTENTION IMPROVEMENT WITH COLOURED PAPER. USE IMHOF,2004 ZENTALL &

OF COLOUR IMPROVES ATTENTION. WORKERS DWYER,1989 ENGELBRECHT

IN OFFICES wITH SATURATED COLOURS ,2003 MORTON,1998

REPORTED MORE VIGOR-BLUE AND GREEN
HIGHEST SCORES. EASILY DISTRACTED SUBJECTS
ScORED LOWER IN PROOFREADING IN A RED
OFFICE. SUBJECTS NOT EASILY DISTRACTED
SCORED LOVWER IN A BLUE OFFICE.

PRODUCTIVITY IMROVED ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE WHITE ENGELBRETCH,2003

AND OFF WHITE ENVIRONMENTS LESS MORTON,1998
EFFICIENT.