Learn AutoCAD Fundamentals for Mechanical Engineering Design

MODULE: Computer Aided Design (CAD)
CODE: DDA 3023
FACILITATOR / LECTURER:
1) Name: Mr. Mohd Azwir bin Azlan
e-mail: azwir@uthm.edu.my
Tel: 07-4537727
Room: C16-101-02
3) Name: Mr. Mohammad Kamil bin Abdullah

e-mail: mkamil@uthm.edu.my
Tel: 07-4537716
Room: C16-101-02
A. AIMS
The main goal of this course is to provide the student skill and competence
in design technique by using CAD software to solve 2D and 3D drawing.
B. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, student will be able to use and appreciate the
knowledge and skill had learned to:
1. Prepare 2D and 3D drawing on Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

for a single and multi part.
2. Demonstrate the ability to produce drawing to scale with proper
dimensioning.
3. Demonstrate the ability to employ CAD systems to produce
professional drawing with the legal standards of the
Engineering Drawing Practice.
4. Communicate and work effectively in group through given
assignments and presentations.
5. Pursue the opportunities of continuing education within the
emerging fields of computer aided design and graphics.
A-1 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
C. LEARNING CONTENTS
This module consist seven units:
Unit 1: Introduction to AutoCAD.
Unit 2: Geometry and Editing Command.
Unit 3: Plotting CAD Drawing
Unit 4: Dimensioning
Unit 5: Orthographic Drawing
Unit 6: Introduction to 3D Modeling
Unit 7: Solid Modeling
D. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

i. Delivery
Learner-centred approach will be used in the sessions in which
lecturers will be facilitating the learning processes. Lectures,
discussion, presentation, project and independent learning will also
be applied.
ii. Assessment
Test 1 (Theory & Practical) : 20%
Test 2 (Theory & Practical) : 20%
Lab-Work / Assignment : 20%
Project : 40%
iii. Assessment schedule
Assessment Due % Assessment criteria

Test 1 W4 – W5 20 Knowledge
Test 2 W9 – W10 20 Knowledge
Lab-Work /
Attendance, Participation,
Individual W2 – W10 20
Knowledge, Report
Assignment
Knowledge, Product,
Teamwork, Project
Project W10 – W14 40 Report, Presentation
(Technical & Soft Skills)
Total 100

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E. REFERENCES
1. Khairul Anuar Hanafiah (2006), Lukisan Kejuruteraan Berbantu
Komputer – Edisi Kedua, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,
Malaysia.
2. Jamaluddin Mohd Taib, Khairul Anuar Hanafiah dan Mohd Fadzli Daud
(2006), Rekabentuk Berbantu Komputer – Asas Pemodelan, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
3. Mohd Fadzli Daud and Khairul Anuar Habafiah (2000), Panduan Asas
Lukisan Kejuruteraan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
4. AutoCAD 2006, user guide.
5. John Wilson and Alan J. Kalameja (2003), Autocad 2002: 3D
Modelling, A Visual Approach, Autodesk.
6. James M. Kirkpatric (2003), The Autocad Book: Darwing, Modeling and
Application Using Autocad 2002, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey.

DDA 3023
TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT TITLE PAGE

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Learning Outcomes 1-1
1.3 Learning Contents 1-1
1.3.1 Introduction 1-1
1.3.2 AutoCAD Software 1-2
1.3.2.1 Create an AutoCAD Software 1-2
1.3.2.2 Save File 1-2
1.3.2.3 File Folder 1-3
1.3.2.4 Open File 1-4
1.3.2.5 Rename 1-4
1.3.3 AutoCAD Interface 1-4
1.3.3.1 Overall Screen View 1-4
1.3.3.2 Basic Screen View 1-5
1.3.3.3 Customized Screen View 1-7
1.3.4 Object Properties 1-8
1.3.4.1 Layer Toolbar 1-8
1.3.4.2 Creating New Layer 1-8
1.4 Activities / Exercise 1-11
1.4.1 Activity I 1-11
1.4.2 Activity II 1-11
1.4.3 Activity III 1-11
1.4.4 Activity IV 1-11
1.5 References 1-11
UNIT 2 GEOMETRY AND EDITING

2.3.1 Drawing Object 2-1
2.3.1.1 Line 2-2
2.3.1.2 Construction Line 2-4
2.3.1.3 Polyline 2-5
2.3.1.4 Polygon 2-6
2.3.1.5 Rectangle 2-8
2.3.1.6 Circle 2-9
2.3.1.7 Arc 2-11
2.3.1.8 Ellipse 2-14
2.3.2 Modifying Object 2-15
2.3.2.1 Erase 2-15
2.3.2.2 Copy 2-16
2.3.2.3 Mirror 2-17
2.3.2.4 Offet 2-17
2.3.2.5 Array 2-18
2.3.2.6 Move 2-22
2.3.2.7 Rotate 2-23
2.3.2.8 Scale 2-24
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2.3.2.9 Stretch 2-25
2.3.2.10 Trim 2-25
2.3.2.11 Extend 2-26
2.3.2.12 Chamfer 2-27
2.3.2.13 Fillet 2-28
2.3.2.14 Explode 2-29
2.3.3 Coordinate System 2-30
2.3.3.1 Cartesian Co-ordinates 2-30
2.3.3.2 Polar Co-ordinates 2-31
2.3.3.3 Absolute & Relative Co-ordinates 2-32
2.3.3.4 Example of Drawing Using Various 2-32
Type of Coordinate System
2.3.4 Object Snap Mode 2-33
2.3.4.1 Endpoint 2-34
2.3.4.2 Midpoint 2-35
2.3.4.3 Intersection 2-35
2.3.4.4 Center 2-35
2.3.4.5 Quadrant 2-35
2.3.4.6 Tangent 2-36
2.3.4.7 Perpendicular 2-36
2.3.4.8 Nearest 2-36
2.5 References 2-38
UNIT 3 PLOTTING CAD DRAWING

3.3.1 Drawing Format 3-1
3.3.1.1 Limits 3-1
3.3.1.2 Snap 3-2
3.3.1.3 Grid 3-3
3.3.1.4 Units 3-4
3.3.1.5 Scale 3-5
3.3.2 Title Block 3-6
3.3.2.1 Text Inserting 3-6
3.3.3 View Port 3-8
3.3.3.1 Editing on View Port 3-11
3.3.4 Plotting 3-12
3.5 References 3-13
UNIT 4 DIMENSIONING
4.3.1 Types of Dimensioning 4-1
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4.3.1.1 Linear Dimensioning 4-1
4.3.1.2 Circle and Arc Dimensioning 4-2
4.3.1.3 Angle Dimensioning 4-2
4.3.2 Dimensioning Guidelines 4-2
4.3.3 Dimensioning in AutoCAD 4-5
4.3.3.1 Dimensioning Toolbar 4-5
4.3.3.2 Standardizing Dimension 4-6
4.3.4 Tolerances 4-9
4.4.4 Activity IV 4-11
4.5 References 4-11
UNIT 5 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

5.3.1 Projection Principle 5-1
5.3.2 Standard Symbol of Projection 5-4
5.3.3 Construction of an Orthographic Drawing 5-6
5.5 References 5-12
UNIT 6 INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING

6.3.1 3D Coordinate System 6-2
6.3.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates 6-3
6.3.1.2 Spherical Coordinates 6-3
6.3.1.3 Cylindrical Coordinates 6-4
6.3.2 3D View 6-5
6.3.3 World and User Coordinate System 6-6
6.3.4 CAD History 6-11
6.4 References 6-12
UNIT 7 SOLID MODELING

7.3.1 Solid Modeling 7-1
7.3.2 Primitive Object 7-2
7.3.2.1 Box 7-3
7.3.2.2 Sphere 7-4
7.3.2.3 Cylinder 7-5
7.3.2.4 Cone 7-6
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7.3.2.5 Wedge 7-7
7.3.2.6 Torus 7-8
7.3.3 Boundary Representation Method 7-9
7.3.3.1 Create an Extrude Solid 7-11
7.3.3.2 Create a Revolved Solid 7-12
7.3.4 Solid Editing 7-13
7.3.4.1 Boolean Operation 7-13
¾ Union 7-14
¾ Subtract 7-14
¾ Intersect 7-15
7.3.4.2 Solid Editing 7-15
¾ Shell 7-15
¾ Slicing 3D Object 7-16
¾ Sectioning 3D Object 7-17
¾ Interference 7-17
¾ Chamfering Solid Object 7-18
¾ Filleting Solid Object 7-19
7.3.5 3D Operation 7-19
¾ 3D Array 7-19
¾ Mirror 3D 7-21
¾ Rotate 3D 7-22
¾ Align Object 7-23
7.3.6 Modeling Variable Control 7-24
7.3.6.1 Viewres 7-24
7.3.6.2 Facetres 7-24
7.3.6.3 Dispsilh 7-25
7.3.7 Generating an Orthographic Drawing from 7-25
a 3D Object
7.5 References 7-36

DDA 3023
UNIT 1 – Introduction to AutoCAD
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This Module discusses operation and interface of AutoCAD software.
1.2 LEARNINGS OUTCOMES

Upon successful completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Create, open and save AutoCAD file.
Identify and customize the principal of the AutoCAD user interface.
Create a new layer.
1.3 LEARNING CONTENTS
1.3.1 Introduction
AutoCAD is one of leading CAD software that has been used by industries
in design processes. This chapter will give you few steps on how to start
using the software. Figure 1 shows department in a company structure
which CAD plays an important role.
Figure 1.0: General Company Structure

1-1 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
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1.3.2 AutoCAD Software
1.3.2.1 Create an AutoCAD File

An AutoCAD file can be created by simply running the AutoCAD software.
To run AutoCAD software, double click the AutoCAD symbol on your
desktop (Figure1.1).The software will automatically create AutoCAD file
with the name of Drawing1.dwg as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.1: AutoCAD Icon on Desktop
Figure 1.2: Overall Default Screen View
1.3.2.2 Save File

An AutoCAD file can be save under the different name according to user
convenient by using command Save or Save As as shown in Figure 1.3.
For the purpose of this module, the file will be saved with the name
Practice1.dwg (Refer to Figure 1.4). Before completing the process
please refer to Section 1.3.2.3.

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Figure 1.3: File Pull Down Menu
New Folder
Figure 1.4: Save As Window
1.3.2.3 File Folder

Creating a file folder is necessary in CAD as users will be generating files
that related to a project. All this files must be place in folder to soften the
data searching process. File Folder can be created by clicking the new
folder command icon on the Save Drawing As window as shown in Figure

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1.4. For the purpose of this module the folder will be named as the user
name.
1.3.2.4 Open File

Existing AutoCAD file can be open through Open command from the File
pull-down menu as shown in Figure 1.3.
1.3.2.5 Rename
Existing AutoCAD file can also be rename according to user convenient.
Renaming of a file can be done by a right-click on the mouse and choose
the rename command as shown in Figure 1.5.
Rename Command
Figure 1.5: Rename Command from Pull-Down Menu
1.3.3 AutoCAD Interface
1.3.3.1 Overall Screen View

Figure 1.6 shows default screen view of an AutoCAD file. This default
screen view can be later customized according to user convenient.

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Figure 1.6: AutoCAD Interface
1.3.3.2 Basic Screen View

For the purpose of this module, the basic screen view will be standardized
as shown in Figure 1.6; the color of the background of the drawing area
can be change through steps:
a) click on Tools pull-down menu (Figure 1.7)
b) choose option (Figure 1.7)
c) choose colors (Figure 1.8)
d) choose model tab (Figure 1.9)
e) click on colors and choose white (Figure 1.9)
f) click apply & close (Figure 1.9)

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Figure 1.7: Tools Pull Down Menu
Figure 1.8: Options Window

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Figure 1.9: Color Option Window
1.3.3.3 Customized Screen View

For the purpose of this module we will customized our screen view as
shown in Figure 1.6, where we added more toolbar to our screen view.
Toolbar that have been added are zoom toolbar, object snap toolbar, and
object properties toolbar. All these toolbar can be added by right click on
the existing toolbar and choose the desirable category (Figure 1.10).
Figure 1.10: Selection of Toolbar

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1.3.4 Object Properties
In drawing using AutoCAD, object such as a line or a circle has properties.

This properties need to be set by the user. Properties such as Colour,
Linetype and Layer are common to all objects. For the purpose of this
module we will learn basic component in Layer Toolbar.
1.3.4.1 Layer Toolbar

Figure 1.11 shows the location of Layer Toolbar in AutoCAD. This toolbar
consist of layer properties manager, filter applied, colors, line types and
line weight.
Layer Properties Filter Applied Line Colors Line Types Line Weight
Manager
Figure 1.11: Layer Toolbar
1.3.4.2 Creating New Layer

To create a new layer, click on layer properties and a dialog box as shown
in Figure 1.12 will appear. On the dialog box click on New Layer icon a
new layer called "Layer1" is automatically created in the layer list below
layer Object. As you can see from the illustration, the layer name is
automatically highlighted for you so that you can give the layer a more
meaningful name. When you have entered an appropriate name, press the
key to complete the operation. You have now created a new layer and
given it a name.
Figure 1.12: Layer Properties Manager Window

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Figure 1.13: Layer Properties Manager Window
The properties of the new or existing layer can be change by clicking on

the associate properties in the Layer Properties Manager. To change
linetype, you click on the linetype column associated to the layer and
choose the line type from the given option as shown in Figure 1.14. To
change colors, you can click on the color box associated to the layer and
choose colors from the given option as shown in Figure 1.15 and the same
thing can also be done for lineweight (Figure 1.16).
Figure 1.14: Select Linetype Window

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Figure 1.15: Select Color Window
Figure 1.16: Lineweight Window
1 - 10 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

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1.4 ACTIVITIES / EXERCISE

1.4.1 Activity I
Open a new AutoCAD file and customize the interface by activating
Dimension Toolbar, Object Snap Toolbar, Layers Toolbar, Properties
Toolbar. Save file as student’s Metric No and closed the file. Rename file
in Activity I as dd-mm-yy
1.4.2 Activity II
Open file in Activity I and change the background of the drawing area as
describe in Section 1.3.3.2.
1.4.3 Activity III

Create a new folder and named it as student’s Metric No and move file in
Activity II into the folder.
1.4.4 Activity IV
Open file in Activity II and create a new layer under the name of
Dimension. Set the line weight as 0.3 mm and the line color as blue. Save
file as dd-mm-yy-01.
1.5 REFERENCES
1 Khairul Anuar Hanafiah (2006), Lukisan Kejuruteraan Berbantu

Malaysia.
2 Mohd Fadzli Daud and Khairul Anuar Habafiah (2000), Panduan Asas
3 AutoCAD 2006, user guide.

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UNIT 2 – Geometry and Editing
UNIT 2
GEOMETRY AND EDITING
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Geometry refers to a shape of an object. It can be a point, line, circle,
ellipse or a combination of these. This chapter will introduce and use the
draw and modify command, coordinate system and object snap mode that
available in AutoCAD which will be used in creating a geometrical drawing.

Apply the Draw Command; line, construction line, polyline, polygon,
rectangle, arc, circle and ellipse.
Apply the Modify Command; erase, copy, mirror, offset, array, move,
rotate, scale, trim, extend, chamfer, fillet and explode.
Construct drawings using coordinate system.
Apply Object Snap Mode with other Draw Command in sketching
2.3.1 Drawing Object

The Draw commands can be used to create new objects such as lines and
circles. Most AutoCAD drawings are composed purely and simply from
these basic components. A good understanding of the Draw commands is
fundamental to the efficient use of AutoCAD
The sections below cover the most frequently used Draw

commands such as Line, Polygon, Square, Arc, Circle and ellipse. In
common with most AutoCAD commands, the Draw commands can be
started several numbers of ways. Command names or short-cuts can be
entered at the keyboard, commands from the Draw pull-down menu, and
command from the Draw toolbar. Don't worry too much about this; just use
whatever method feels easiest or most convenient at the time. Figure 2.1
below, shows a draw toolbar used as a short cut to call the draw
command.

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Figure 2.1 Draw Toolbar
2.3.1.1 Line
Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line
command, a line can be drawn between any two points picked within the
drawing area. Lines are usually the first objects you will want to draw when
starting a new drawing because they can be used as "construction lines"
upon which the rest of your drawing will be based.
The Line Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Line
Keyboard LINE short-cut L
Line Length Cross Hair
Rubber
P2
Band Line
P1
With the Line command you can draw a simple line from one point to
another. When you pick the first point and move the cross-hairs to the
location of the second point you will see a rubber band line which shows
you where the line will be drawn when the second point is picked. Line
objects have two ends (the first point and the last point). You can continue
picking points and AutoCAD will draw a straight line between each picked
point and the previous point. Each line segment drawn is a separate object
and can be moved or erased as required. To end this command, just hit
the key on the keyboard.

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Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Specify first point: (pick P1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick P2)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end)
You can also draw lines by using something called direct distance entry or
by entering the co-ordinates of their end points at the command prompt
rather than picking their position from the screen.
Direct Distance Entry

A method to specify a second point by first moving the cursor to indicate
direction and then entering a distance.
Command Sequence
Command: LINE

Specify next point or [Undo]: (Put value after decide the direction)
Coordinate Entry
A method to specify next point by using coordinate system. (refer section
2.3 coordinate system)
Command Sequence
Command: LINE

Specify next point or [Undo]: (Put value and press “,” or “<”. Then
put another value)

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2.3.1.2 Construction Line

The Construction Line command creates a line of infinite length which
passes through two picked points. Construction lines are very useful for
creating construction frameworks within which to design. Construction lines
are not normally used as objects in finished drawings, it is usually, to draw
all your construction lines on a separate layer which will be turned off or
frozen prior to printing.
The Construction Line Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Construction Line
Keyboard XLINE short-cut XL
Command Sequence
Command: XLINE
Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: (pick a point)

Specify through point: (pick a second point)
Specify through point: (to end)
There are a number of options with this command. For example, the "Hor"
and "Ver" options can be used to draw construction lines that are truly
horizontal or vertical. In both cases, only a single pick point is required
because the direction of the line is predetermined.
Command Sequence
Command: XLINE
Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: H
Through point: (pick a point to position the line)

Through point: (to end or pick a point for another horizontal line)

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2.3.1.3 Polyline
Polylines differ from lines in that they are more complex objects. A single
polyline can be composed of a number of straight-line or arc segments.
Polylines can also be given line widths to make them appear solid. The
illustration below shows two examples of polyline to give you an idea of the
flexibility of this type of line.
The Polyline Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Polyline
Keyboard PLINE short-cut PL
In practice the Polyline command works in the same way as the Line
command allowing you to pick as many points as you like except that the
resulting object may be composed of a number of segments which form a
single object. Again, just hit to end. As with the Line command, you also
have the option to automatically close a polyline end to end. To do this,
type C to use the close option instead of hitting .
Command Sequence P2 • • P3
Command: PLINE
Specify start point: (pick P1)

Current line-width is 0.0000 P1 • • P4
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:
W
Specify starting width: 1
Specify ending width: 1

(pick P2)

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Specify next point or

[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: W

Specify next point or
[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: A
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/
Second pt/Undo/Width]: (pick P3)
Second pt/Undo/Width]: W

Second pt/Undo/Width]: L
(pick P4)
(to end)
It is worth while taking some time to familiarise yourself with the Polyline
command as it is an extremely useful command to know. Try
experimenting with other options to get better understanding and
knowledge of this Polyline. The Undo option is particularly useful. This
allows you to unpick polyline vertices, one at a time so that you can easily
correct mistakes.
2.3.1.4 Polygon
The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3
sides up to 1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user,
the number of sides, a pick point for the centre of the polygon, inscribed or
circumscribed polygon and a pick point with the orientation of the polygon
or value for the radius of this imaginary circle.

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The Polygon Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Polygon
Keyboard POLYGON short-cut POL
Command Sequence
Command: POLYGON
Enter number of sides <4>: 5
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: (pick P1)

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about
circle] <I>: (to accept the inscribed default or type C for
circumscribed)
Specify radius of circle: (pick P2 or enter exact radius)
In the illustration above, the polygon on the left is inscribed (inside the
circle) and the one in the right is circumscribed (outside the circle).
Polygon command also allows you to define the polygon by entering the
length of a side using the Edge option. Illustration below shows a polygon
defined by the length of an edge.

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Command Sequence
Command: POLYGON
Enter number of sides <4>: 5
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: E
Specify first endpoint of edge: (pick P1)

Specify second endpoint of edge: (pick P2 or enter length required)
2.3.1.5 Rectangle
The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle. The position and
size of the rectangle are defined by picking two corners.
The Rectangle Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Rectangle
Keyboard RECTANGLE short-cuts REC, RECTANG
Command Sequence
Command: REC
Specify first corner point or
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2)
The Rectangle command also has a number of options. The Chamfer and
Fillet options will make all the corner will chamfered or fillet with specify
dimension. Notice that, instead of picking a second point to draw the
rectangle, you have the option of entering dimensions. Say you wanted to
draw a rectangle 40 drawing units long and 20 drawing units wide. The
command sequence would look like this:
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Command Sequence
Command: RECTANG
Specify first corner point or
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: D
Specify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 40
Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 20
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick a point to fix the

orientation)
2.3.1.6 Circle
Circle command is probably one of the most frequently used and also one
of the simplest. However, in common with the other commands in this
section there are a number of options that can help you construct just the
circle you need. The Circle command for example, offers 6 ways to create
a circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either
pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle
radius at the keyboard.
The Circle Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Circle Center, Radius
Keyboard CIRCLE short-cut C

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Command Sequence
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: (pick P1)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>: (pick P2 or
enter the exact radius)
As you can see from the Draw>Circle pull down menu above, there are six
options to create a circle. “Center, radius” and “Center, Diameter” are circle
command which is commonly use where user need to decide the center
point of the circle and followed by the radius or diameter needed. “2P”
option will create a circle by using two points on the circumference to form
a diameter, while “3P” will use any three points on the circumference.
Meanwhile “Ttr” which stands for Tangent Tangent Radius will create a
circle with a specified radius tangent to two objects and “Tan, Tan, Tan”
will create a circle based on tangent from 3 point of a object. Obviously the
last two option can be used if there are more than one object which you
can use as tangents to the circle.

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P3
•
• P1 P2 •
• •
•
P1
•
P2
P2
P1 • P1 • •
P2 •
P3 •
2.3.1.7 Arc
The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are
numerous ways to define an arc, the default method uses three pick
points, a start point, a second point and an end point. Using this method,
the drawn arc will start at the first pick point, pass through the second point
and end at the third point.
The Arc Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Arc 3 Points
Keyboard ARC short-cut A

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Command Sequence
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick P1)

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick P2)
Specify end point of arc: (pick P3)
Arc command offers 10 different methods for drawing an arc. All of the Arc
command options are available from the pull-down menu as shown in
below figure.

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P1
•
P2 P3 P3
• • •
P2 •
P1 •
3 Points Start, Center, End
P2
P1 •
•
put value
P1
• put value
P2
•
Start, Center, Angle Start, Center, Length
P2 •
direction
P2
put value •
• P1
P1 •
Start, End, Angle Start, End, Direction
P1
•
P2
•
P1•
put value
P3
•
•P2
Start, End, Radius Center, Start, End
P2 •
• P1
P2
put value •
P1
• put value
Center, Start, Angle Center, Start, Length

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2.3.1.8 Ellipse
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length
and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is
the minor axis. The Ellipse command gives you a number of different
creation options. The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis
and then a third point to define the eccentricity of the ellipse.
distance
distance
midpoint of
first axis major axis
endpoints of first axis minor axis
The Ellipse Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Ellipse Axis, End
Keyboard ELLIPSE short-cut EL
P3
•
P1 axis P2
• •
Command Sequence
Command: ELLIPSE
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: (pick P1)

Specify other endpoint of axis: (pick P2 or put a specific distance)
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: (pick P3 or put a
specific distance)
The other option is to pick the mid points of an axis and then define the
two radius of the ellipse axis.
P3
•
P1 P2
• •
midpoint

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2.3.2 Modifying Object

AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles
etc. Most likely you will need to Modify these basic drawing objects such
as Move, Copy, Rotate and Mirror in some way in order to create the
image you need. This section will show you how to use the Modify
commands. Figure below, shows a modify toolbar used as a short cut to
call the modify command.
As is usual with AutoCAD, the Modify tools can be accessed in one of

three ways, from the keyboard, from the pull-down menu and from the
toolbar. All of the Modify tools are available from the Modify pull-down and
the Modify toolbar.
2.3.2.1 Erase
The Erase command use to remove (deletes) unused any selected
object(s) from the drawing.
The Erase Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Erase
Keyboard ERASE short-cut E
Command Sequence
Command: ERASE
Select objects: (pick an object to erase)
Select objects: (press enter to end the selection and erase the object)
There are also some option can be choose after activated the erase
command:
o Enter “L” (Last) to erase the last object drawn.
o Enter “p” (Previous) to erase the last selection set.
o Enter “all” to erase all objects from the drawing.

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2.3.2.2 Copy
The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any
drawing object which you have previously created at a specified distance
and direction from the originals. Copy is a very useful and time-saving
command because you can create very complex drawing elements and
then simply copy them as many times as you like.
The Copy Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Copy
Keyboard COPY short-cut CP
P3
•
P2
•
P1
•
Before Copy During After
Command Sequence
Command: COPY
Select objects: (pick object to copy, P1)

Select objects: (to end selection)
Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (pick P2)
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: (pick P3)
Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: (to end or pick another

point for multiple copies)
Notice that the “P2” and “P3” is only two points which are simply used to
indicate the distance and direction of the copied object from the original
object. It do not have to be picked on or near the object.

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2.3.2.3 Mirror
The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing
by picking them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line
using two points. Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects
because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of
drawing the entire object
The Mirror Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Mirror
Keyboard MIRROR short-cut MI
P3
•
• P2
Before Mirror After Mirror
Command Sequence
Command: MIRROR
Select objects: All (to select entire drawing)

Specify first point of mirror line: (pick P2)
Specify second point of mirror line: (pick P3)
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (for No to keep the original
object)
2.3.2.4 Offset
Offset command creates a new object whose shape parallel to or
concentric with a selected object. The new object is drawn at a user
defined distance from the original and in a direction chosen by the user.
Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc,
depending on which side you specify for the offset.
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The Offset Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Offset
Keyboard OFFSET short-cut O
P1• P2
•
Polyline Polyline with offset
Command Sequence
Command: OFFSET
Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <1.0000>: 10 (specify

distance)
Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: (select object, P1)
Specify point on side to offset or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>: (pick
direction, P2)
Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: (to end or select another
object to offset)
2.3.2.5 Array
The Array command create copies of selected objects in a rectangular
matrix (columns and rows) or a polar (circular) pattern. For rectangular
arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly
spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.
distance
between row
distance
Before between column After Before After
Rectangular Array Polar Array

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The Array Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Array
Keyboard ARRAY short-cut AR
To create a rectangular array

Command Sequence
Command: ARRAY
(Array dialog box will automatically appear on the screen as shown in
figure below)
1 2
4 4
1. In the Array dialog box, select Rectangular Array.

2. Click Select Objects. (The Array dialog box closes. You are prompted
for object selection.)
3. Select the objects to be arrayed and press ENTER.
4. In the Rows and Columns boxes, enter the number of rows and
columns in the array.
5. Specify the horizontal and vertical spacing (offsets) between objects by
using one of the following methods:

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o In the Row Offset and Column Offset boxes, enter the distance
between rows and between columns. Adding a plus sign (+) or a
minus sign (-) determines direction.
o Click the Pick Both Offsets button to use the pointing device to
specify the diagonal corners of a cell in the array. The cell
determines the vertical and horizontal spacing of the rows and
columns.
o Click the Pick Row Offset or Pick Column Offset button to use the
pointing device to specify the horizontal and vertical spacing.
(The example box displays the result.)
6. To change the rotation angle of the array, enter the new angle next to
Angle of Array.
7. Click on the Preview button. (The dialogue box disappears and the
specified array is temporarily drawn so that we can preview it)
8. There are now offered 3 choices. If the array isn't quite right, click the
Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you are happy with
the array, click the Accept button, the array will be permanently drawn
and the command is ended.
To create a polar array

The polar array works in a similar way to the rectangular array. The main
difference is that rather than specifying the number and offset for rows and
columns, you must specify a center point and the total number of objects in
the array (including the original object).
Command Sequence
Command: ARRAY
(Array dialog box will automatically appear on the screen)

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1 2
8 9
1. In the Array dialog box, select Polar Array.

2. Click Select Objects. (The Array dialog box closes and you are
prompted for object selection.)
3. Select the objects to be arrayed and press ENTER.
4. Next to Center Point, do one of the following:
o Enter an X value and a Y value for the center point of the polar
array.
o Click the Pick Center Point button. The Array dialog box closes and
you are prompted for object selection. Use the pointing device to
specify the center point of the polar array.
5. In the Method box, select one of the following methods:
o Total Number of Items & Angle to Fill
o Total Number of Items & Angle Between Items
o Angle to Fill & Angle Between Items
6. Enter the number of items (including the original object), if available.
7. Use one of the following methods:
o Enter the angle to fill and angle between items, if available. Angle
to Fill specifies the distance to fill around the circumference of the
array. Angle between Items specifies the distance between each
item.

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o Click the Pick Angle to Fill button and the Pick Angle Between
Items button. Use the pointing device to specify the angle to fill and
the angle between items.
(The example box displays the result.)
8. Make sure that the Rotate items as copied checkbox is checked.
9. Click on the Preview button to preview the result. If the array isn't quite
right, click the Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you
are happy with the array, click the Accept button, the array will be
permanently drawn and the command is ended.
The illustration above shows the results of a polar array using an original
rectangle (red) copied eight times about a centre point C, through an angle
of 360 degrees (full circle). The only difference between the array on the
left and the one on the right is that the Rotate items as copied checkbox
was not checked in the right hand example.
2.3.2.6 Move
The Move command is use to simply moved objects from one location to
another at a specified distance and direction from the originals.
The Move Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Move
Keyboard MOVE short-cut M

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P1
•
P2
•
P3
•
Before move During move After move
Command Sequence
Command: MOVE
Select objects: (pick all red object to move, P1)

Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (pick P2)
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: (pick P3)
Note that as with the Copy command, the two pick points, P2 and P3 are
used only to indicate the distance and direction of movement.
2.3.2.7 Rotate
The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a
specified base point selected by the user.
The Rotate Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Rotate
Keyboard ROTATE short-cut RO
P3
•
• P2
P1•
Before rotate During rotate After rotate

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Command Sequence
Command: ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise
ANGBASE=0
Select objects: (pick object to rotate, P1)
Specify base point: (pick base point, P2)
Specify rotation angle or [Copy/Reference]: (pick second point,

P3 or enter angle)
2.3.2.8 Scale
The Scale command can be used to change the size of an object. Scaling
can be completed by picking a base point and a second point (not always
easy because it can sometimes be difficult to precisely control the scaling)
or by entering a scale factor at the keyboard. For example, 2.0 scale factor
will double up the size of the objects, and 0.5 scale factor will reduce the
size into half.
The Scale Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Scale
Keyboard SCALE short-cut SC
P3
•
P2
•
• P1
Before scale During scale After scale
Command Sequence
Command: SCALE
Select objects: (pick objects to be scaled, P1)

Specify base point: (pick base point, P2)
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: (pick second point, P3 or
enter scale factor)
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2.3.2.9 Stretch
The Stretch command can be used to move one or more vertices of an
object whilst leaving the rest of the object unchanged. In the example
below, a rectangle has been stretched by moving one vertex to create an
irregular shape.
The Stretch Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Stretch
Keyboard STRETCH short-cut S
P3 P4
••
P2
•
•P1
Before stretch During stretch After stretch
Command Sequence
Command: STRETCH
Select objects: (pick first point of crossing window, P1 [from right to left])
Specify opposite corner: (pick second point of window, P2)
Specify base point or displacement: (pick base point, P3)
Specify second point of displacement: (pick second point, P4)
Note that the two pick points, P3 and P4 are used only to indicate the
distance and direction of stretch.
2.3.2.10 Trim
The Trim command can be used to trim a part of an object to meet the
edges of other objects so that it will end precisely at boundary edges
defined by other objects. In order to trim an object you must draw a second
object which forms the "cutting edge". Cutting edges can be lines, xlines,
polylines, circles, arcs or ellipses.
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The Trim Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Trim
Keyboard TRIM short-cut TR
P2
•
P3
•
P1
•
Before trim During trim After trim
Command Sequence
Command: TRIM
Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None
Select cutting edges ...
Select objects <select all>: (select the cutting edge, P1)
Select objects: (to end cutting edge selection)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or
[Project/Edge/Undo]: (pick the part of the polygon which you want to
trim, P2)
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]: (pick the part of the square, P3)
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]: (to end)
2.3.2.11 Extend
This command shorten or lengthen a line, polyline or arc to meet the edges
of other objects (known as the boundary edge).
Boundary selected Object to extend Result

selected

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The Extend Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Extend
Keyboard EXTEND short-cut EX
P2
• • P1
P3
•
Before extend After extend
Command Sequence
Command: EXTEND
Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None
Select boundary edges ...
Select objects: (select the boundary edge, P1)
Select objects: (to end boundary edge selection)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]:
(pick the object which you want to be extended, P2)
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]:
(pick another object which you want to be extended, P3)
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: (to end)
2.3.2.12 Chamfer
The Chamfer command enables you to create a chamfer (connects two
objects with an angled line) between any two non-parallel lines as shown
in the illustration below.
Chamfer object

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The Chamfer Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Chamfer
Keyboard CHAMFER short-cut CHA
Dist 1 Dist 2
P1 P2
• Dist 2
•
Dist 1
• P2
• P1
Before chamfer After chamfer – option 1 After chamfer – option 2
Command: CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 10.0000, Dist2 = 10.0000
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/
mEthod/Multiple]: D (to set distances)
Specify first chamfer distance <10.0000>: 20 (enter required distance)
Specify second chamfer distance <20.0000>: 10 (enter required distance)

Select first line or
[Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: (pick P1)
Select second line or shift-select to apply corner: (pick P2)
(The chamfer is made and the command ends.)
Notice from the command sequence that there are a number of options
which can be used to control the way the Chamfer command behaves. The
Polyline option can be used to chamfer all vertexes of a polyline
simultaneously. The Distance option allows you to specify the two chamfer
distances. Angle allows the angle between the first line and the chamfer to
be specified.
2.3.2.13 Fillet
A fillet connects two intersecting lines or adjacent polyline segments with
an arc that is tangent to the objects and has a specified radius. User first
need to use the command to set the required radius and then a second
time to select the two lines.

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The Fillet Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Fillet
Keyboard FILLET short-cut F
P2
•
• P1
Before fillet After fillet
Command Sequence
Command: FILLET
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.0000
Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: R
Specify fillet radius <20.0000>: 20

Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: (pick P1)
Select second object or shift-select to apply corner: (pick P2)
2.3.2.14 Explode
The Explode command is used to "explode" single objects back to their
single element parts. In other words, the command is used to return
blocks, polylines etc. (which may be composed of a number of component
objects) back to their individual component parts. The change has no
visible effect.
The Explode Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Explode
Keyboard EXPLODE

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2.3.3 Coordinate System

A good understanding of how co-ordinates work in AutoCAD is absolutely
crucial if you are to make the best use of the program. In the bottom left
hand corner of the AutoCAD drawing window you will see a symbol like the
one shown below. This is called the UCS (User Co-ordinate System) icon
and it is there to remind you which is the X axis and which is the Y axis.
The UCS Icon
Co-ordinates fall into two types, namely Cartesian and Polar. A basic
understanding of these co-ordinate types will help you to use AutoCAD to
construct drawings more easily. They can be either Absolute or Relative.
Knowing just when and where to use the various types and flavours of co-
ordinate is the key to efficient drawing with AutoCAD.
2.3.3.1 Cartesian Co-ordinates

The Cartesian co-ordinate system is the standard co-ordinate system. The
position of a point can be described by its distance from two axes, X and
Y. This results in a simple point description using two numbers separated
by a comma e.g. 20,30 as shown in below figure. In the example, the first
value (20) is known as the X co-ordinate because it's value is measured
along the X axis. The second value is known as the Y co-ordinate because
it's value is measured along the Y axis.
Y axis
(20, 30)
30 •
0,0 20
X axis

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The co-ordinate value of the origin point is always 0,0. AutoCAD allows
you to use co-ordinates to draw objects rather than using pick points. For
example you could draw a line like this:
Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Y axis
From point: 0,0
(20,30) (55,30)
To point: 20,30 30 • •
To point: 55,30
(65,0)
To point: 65,0 0,0• 20 55 65
•
X axis
To point: (to end)
2.3.3.2 Polar Co-ordinates

Polar co-ordinates use one radial distance and one angle to describe the
position of a point rather than the two distances in the Cartesian system.
The radial distance and angle measurements are made relative to an
origin. This results in a point description which looks like this 15<50 where
the first figure is the radial distance and the second is the angle. To use
polar coordinates, enter a radial distance and an angle separated by an
angle bracket (<).
Y axis
(15<50)
•
15
50o
0<0
X axis
By default, angles increase in the counter clockwise direction as shown in

the right figure above and decrease in the clockwise direction. To specify a
clockwise direction, enter a negative value for the angle. For example,
entering 10<315 locates the same point as entering 10<-45. It is not
recommended to use this absolute polar coordinate in drawing because
the distance is always refer to the origin point 0,0. User can easily lost or
confused with this coordinate. However in some cases, using a relative
polar coordinate is very helpful and easier.

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2.3.3.3 Absolute & Relative Co-ordinates

Both Cartesian and polar coordinates come in two flavours, absolute and
relative. The only different is, absolute coordinate is always refer to origin
point 0,0, whilst relative coordinates relate to the current pick point.
Absolute coordinates are typed exactly as in the examples previous. To
specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign.
Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative
coordinates when you know the location of a point in relation to the
previous point. For example, entering @3,4 specifies a point 3 units along
the X axis and 4 units along the Y axis from the last point specified.
2.3.3.4 Example of Drawing using various type of Coordinate System
1 (2,7)
6 P6
P8
2
29o
P9 P7 135o 5
(3,4) P5
P4
(8,4)
P3
3
P1 P2
(0,0) (4,0)
Coordinate System
Absolute Relative Absolute Relative
Cartesian Cartesian Polar Polar
Command : LINE
From point : (P1) 0,0 @0,0 0<0 @0<0
To point : (P2) 4,0 @4,0 4<0 @4<0
To point : (P3) 4,3 @0,3 @3<90
To point : (P4) 3,4 @-1,1 @1.41<135
To point : (P5) 8,4 @5,0 @5<0
To point : (P6) 11.54,7.54 @3.54,3.54 @5<45
To point : (P7) 5.77,5.88 @-5.77,-1.65 @6<196
To point : (P8) 2,7 @-3.77,1.12 @3.93<163.45
To point : (P9) 1,5 @-1,-2 @2.24<243.43
To point : (P1) 0,0 @-1,-5 0<0 @5.10<258.69

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2.3.4 Object Snap Mode

The Object Snaps or Osnaps (short name) are used together with other
commands to help user draw accurately. Object snaps allow user to snap
onto a specific object location precisely when pick a point. For example, by
using Osnaps, user can easily pick the exact end point of a line or the
exact center of a circle. Therefore Osnaps in AutoCAD are so important
that you cannot draw accurately without them.
There are three basic methods of accessing the Osnaps:

• The Osnaps are available from Object Snap toolbar. If this toolbar is
not already displayed, you can display it by right click the mouse button
at empty space on the menubar to bring up the cursor menu. When the
cursor menu appears, click “ACAD” option and then simply check the
"Object Snap" item in the toolbars list.
Right click here
Object snaps toolbar
• You can also access the Osnaps from the cursor menu. Hold the Shift key
down on the keyboard and right-click the mouse at the screen to bring up
the cursor menu. The menu appears at the current cursor position.

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Right click
here
• Finally, you can also access the Osnaps from the keyboard by typing
their shortened name.
There are 15 options of Object snaps which all of it are useful in certain
situations. Users will probably find themselves using about half of them on
a regular basis and another half in special circumstances. Not all the object
snaps tool will be discuss here. Only the regular basis and important
command will be discuss in next section. However, it's a good idea to get
know as much of it so that you can plan you’re drawing properly and use
the provided tool optimally.
2.3.4.1 Endpoint
The Endpoint Osnap used to snaps the end points of lines, arcs and to
polyline vertices. This is one of the most useful and commonly used
Osnaps.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Endpoint
Keyboard END (when picking)

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2.3.4.2 Midpoint
The Midpoint Osnap used to snaps the mid points of lines, arcs and to the
mid point of polyline segments.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Midpoint
Keyboard MID (when picking)
2.3.4.3 Intersection
The Intersection Osnap used to snaps the physical intersection of any two
drawing objects (i.e. where lines, arcs or circles etc. cross each other) and
to Polyline vertices.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Intersection
Keyboard INT (when picking)
2.3.4.4 Center
The Center Osnap used to snaps the centre of a circle, arc or polyline arc
segment. The cursor must pass over the circumference of the circle or the
arc so that the centre can be found.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Center
Keyboard CEN (when picking)
2.3.4.5 Quadrant
The Quadrant Osnap used to snaps one of the four circle quadrant points
located at north, south, east and west which are 90, 270, 0 and 180
degrees respectively.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Quadrant
Keyboard QUA or QUAD (when picking)

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2.3.4.6 Tangent
The Tangent Osnap used to snaps a tangent point on a circle.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Tangent
Keyboard TAN (when picking)
2.3.4.7 Perpendicular
The Perpendicular Osnap used to snaps a point which forms a
perpendicular (90 degree) with the selected object.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Perpendicular
Keyboard PER or PERP (when picking)
2.3.4.8 Nearest
The Nearest Osnap used to snaps the nearest point on a drawing object.
This Osnap is useful if you want to make sure that a pick point lies on a
drawing object but you don't necessarily mind exactly where it is located.
Toolbar Object Snap

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Nearest
Keyboard NEA or NEAR (when picking)

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1. 2.
3.
4.

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5.
Ellipse
Major axis 161
Minor axis 33
2.5 REFERENCES

Malaysia.

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UNIT 3 – Plotting CAD Drawing
UNIT 3
PLOTTING CAD DRAWING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Plotting a CAD drawing on a paper is essential in order to share
information with the others. This chapter will describe on the item that
need to be considered in plotting a CAD drawing.

Apply Limits, Grid, Snap, Units and Scale command
Create a title block
Transferred drawn object from the model space to paper space
through Viewport command
Produce a printed version of their drawing
3.3.1 Drawing Format

3.3.1.1 Limits
Limits is a properties that specify the size of the drawing area. It is
important that the user sets the limits of our drawing before hand so that
the generated drawing will be within the desired range. Limits usually refer
to the paper size that one would like the drawing to be printed on; A4, A3
and others. To set limits of a drawing type limits in the command space
(Figure 3.1) and then specify the lower left coordinate (Figure 3.2) and
than specify the upper right corner coordinate (Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.1: Input of limits Command into the Command Space

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Figure 3.2: Specification of Lower Left Conner Coordinate
Figure 3.3: Specification of Upper Right Conner Coordinate
3.3.1.2 Snap
Snap is a command that enable user to move the aperture exactly
according to the setting distance, horizontally and vertically. This option
can be activate by clicking the Snap command as shown in Figure 3.4. By
activating this command users will be guided as the aperture will only
move from one point to another according to the setting distance. To set
this distance, right click on the Snap command and choose setting (Figure
3.5). A Drafting Setting Window will appear as shown in Figure 3.6. The
distance of Snap command can be set accordingly by the user (refer to
Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.4: Snap and Grid Command

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3.3.1.3 Grid
Grid is a point visible on the drawing area as shown in Figure 3.7. The
main function of the grid is to provide reference for the user on the
distance of one point to the other. This option can be activated by clicking
on Grid command as shown in Figure 3.4. To set the distance of the y-axis
and x-axis of the Grid, right click on the Grid command and choose setting
(Figure 3.5). A Drafting Setting Window will appear as shown in Figure 3.6.
The distance of Snap command can be set accordingly by the user (refer
to Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.5: Activating Drafting Setting Window
Figure 3.6: Drafting Setting Window

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Grid Point
Figure 3.7: View of Grid Point on Drawing Area
3.3.1.4 Units
Units is an option for the users to determine the units that going to be used
in the drawing. This option can be set by typing Units in the command line
as shown in Figure 3.8. A Drawing Units Window will then appear as
shown in Figure 3.9. This option enables us to choose the desired units
and desired precision of measurement applied in our drawing.
Figure 3.8: Activating Units Option

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Figure 3.9: Drawing Units Window
3.3.1.5 Scale
In AutoCAD, we have two type of drawing space. The first one known as
Model Space and the second one is Paper Space (Figure 3.10). Model
Space is used usually used as a working space where all the drawing
activities take place. While Paper Space usually used to produce the final
printing version of the drawing, including the title block and others.
Model Space
Paper Space
Figure 3.10: Model Space and Paper Space
To scale down an object, type scale in the command area (Figure 3.11),
then specify your base point and then chose appropriate scale so that the
object will fit into your title block.
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Figure 3.11: Activating Scale Command
3.3.2 Title Block

Title block act like a frame to a drawing. The different is that title block
consist of information needed by the viewer such as:
a) Organization Name (e.g: UTHM),
b) Drawing Title/Name (e.g: engine block),
c) Drawing Number (e.g: 001/ass/03),
d) Date (e.g: 15 July 2008 ),
e) Drawn By (e.g: Amar Shah),
f) Checked By (e.g: M. Azwir),
g) Approved By (e.g: Ir M. Norani),
h) Revision No (e.g: 007-case/02),
i) Scale (e.g: 1:50) and
j) Unit (e.g: mm).
Figure 3.12 shows an example of common title block used by the

academic institution.
3.3.2.1 Text Inserting

To insert text, click Multiline Text command as shown in Figure 3.13. Then
specify the area where the text will be allocated (Figure 3.14). A Text
Formatting Window will then appear as shown in Figure 3.15. Text format
including the font type, font size and text align on this window (Figure 3.15)
Common setting for font type will be Times New Roman, while font size
and text align will be depend on user requirement.

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Figure 3.12: Common Title Block for Academic Purpose
Figure 3.13: Multiline Text Command
First Point
Figure 3.14(a): Specify the First Point

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Second Point
Figure 3.14(b): Specify the Second Point
Font Type Font Size

Align Option OK Button
Figure 3.15: Text Formatting Window
3.3.3 View Port

After a drawing have been drawn in the model space, we have to transfer
it to the paper space to print. To do this we should first activate our paper
space which consists of our title block (Figure 3.16). View Port command
than can be used to do the transfer process as shown in Figure 3.17. For
the beginning choose 1 View Port option (Figure 3.17). After that we will
require to specify the first corner point and the second corner point as
shown in Figure 3.18. The picture from the model space will be instantly
appearing on the paper space afterward (Figure 3.19).
Activating Paper Space
Figure 3.16: Paper Space Layout

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Figure 3.17: Activating View Port Command
First Corner Point
Second Corner Point
Figure 3.18: Specifying the View Port Area

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Figure 3.19: Object on Model Space Transferred to Paper Space
Thick Line
Represent the View
Port Border
Figure 3.20: Activation of View Port Area

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3.3.3.1 Editing On View Port

As been shown in Figure 3.19, the transferred object will not necessarily in
the desired size. To resize the object we first have to activate the view port
area. This can be done by double click on the view port area and a thick
line represent the view port border will appear (Figure 3.20). We then can
use Zoom Window command as shown in Figure 3.21. Then choose the
desired window as shown in Figure 3.22 and the object will be adjusted to
fit in the view port area.
Zoom Window Command
Figure 3.21: Activating Zoom Window Command
Zoom Window
Selection
Figure 3.22: Selection of Desired Zoom Window
To further change the size of the object we can use the Zoom Realtime
command as shown in Figure 3.23. By holding the right button and moving
of the mouse we can adjust the size of the object.
Zoom Realtime Command
Figure 3.23: Activating Zoom Realtime Command

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3.3.4 Plotting
To plot the finish drawing, go to Plot command as shown in Figure 3.24. A
Plot-Layout 1 Window will then appear. We will first have to set our printer
or plotter setting as shown in Figure 3.25. After completed the setting
parameters click OK button to start the plotting work.
Figure 3.24: Activating Plot Command
Figure 3.25: Plot-Layout 1 Window

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3.4.1 Activity I
Produce a title block in the paper space as shown in Figure 3.12 complete
with all the required information and save under the name of Title Block.
3.4.2 Activity II
Reproduce object as shown in Section 2.4.3 in the model space of the
same file as Activity I and transferred to paper space. Save the file as a
new file.
3.4.3 Activity III

Plot the generated drawing from Activity II.
3.5 REFERENCES

Malaysia.

DDA 3023
UNIT 4 – Dimensioning
UNIT 4
DIMENSIONING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Dimensioning is important in materializing a technical drawing into a
product. There are several types of dimensioning including linear
dimensioning, circle and arc dimensioning, and angle dimensioning. This
chapter will describe on dimensioning technique for technical drawing and
other guidelines in dimensioning. We will also see how dimensioning can
be done in AutoCAD software.
.

Apply basic guidelines in drawing dimensioning
Produce a dimensioned drawing using AutoCAD
4.3.1 Type of Dimensioning

Basically there are three types of dimensioning; linear, circle and arc, and
angle. To choose the right style, one should consider the easiest and most
complete way for the reader to determine the size and the shape of the
object.
4.3.1.1 Linear Dimensioning

Linear dimension is used to show length of a linear line. Figure 4.1 shows
several style of linear dimension.
Figure 4.1: Several Types of Linear Dimensioning

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4.3.1.2 Circle and Arc Dimensioning

Circle and arc dimension is used to show diameter or radius of a circle or
arc. Dimension of a circle or arc must be constructed together with the
centre-line of the circle or arc. Figure 4.2 shows several style of circle and
arc dimension.
Figure 4.2: Several Types of Circle and Arc Dimensioning
4.3.1.3 Angle Dimensioning

Angle dimensioning is used to show inclination of a line with a reference to
other line. Figure 4.3 shows some example on angle dimensioning.
Figure 4.3: Several Types of Angle Dimensioning
4.3.2 Dimensioning Guidelines

Dimensioning of a technical drawing must be done according to the
existing standard such as BS308, ANSI and ISO. Figure 4.4 shows an
example of a drawing with dimension.

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Figure 4.5: Example of a Drawing with Dimension
There are several guidelines that must be followed in dimensioning as

shown in Figure 4.5. Description of the figure is given below:
a) arrow size of 3 mm (i)
b) texts height of 3 mm (ii)
c) projection line exceeding 1.5 mm from arrow (iii)
d) gap between object and projection line at 1.5 mm (iv)
e) distance between dimension and object line at 15 mm (v)
f) distance between dimensions at 10 mm.(vi)
Figure 4.5: Guidelines for Dimensioning

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Given below are list of error used to be made in dimensioning (Figure 4.6):
a) distance between projection and object line is too far (i)
b) crossing between projection and dimension line (ii)
c) break on projection line through the object line (iii)
d) dimension text size exceeding or below 3 mm (iv)
e) arrow size exceeding or below 3 mm (v)
f) dimension without projection line (vi)
g) crossing of two dimension line (vii)
h) no gap between the projection and object line (viii)
i) no projection line for the other side (ix)
j) gap between the dimension and object is too small (x)
k) inappropriate weighting of the dimension line (xi)
l) no gap between the centre line and the projection line (xii)
Figure 4.7 shows the corrected version of the same object dimension as
Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6: Typical Error Made in Dimensioning

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Figure 4.7: Corrected Version of Figure 4.6.
4.3.3 Dimensioning in AutoCAD

As AutoCAD is computer software, dimensioning process should be
expected to be easier and more accurate. A build in command for
dimensioning make it even easier for the AutoCAD user. This section will
describe more on dimensioning technique and style in AutoCAD.
4.3.3.1 Dimension Toolbar

Just like what we have done in section 1.2.3, we will now add in dimension
toolbar to our screen view. This toolbar can be added by right click on the
existing toolbar and choose the dimension category (Figure 4.8). The
toolbar contain of dimensioning icon that will be used later on in the next
section.

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Figure 4.8: Enabling Dimension Toolbar
Inclined Dimensioning Diameter Dimensioning Centre Mark
Angular
Linear Radius Dimensioning
Arch Length Dimensioning
Dimensioning Dimensioning Style
Figure 4.9: Dimension Toolbar
4.3.3.2 Standardizing Dimension

As been discussed in section 4.3.2, we can standardize our dimension
according to the existing standard by clicking on the Dimension Style on
the Dimension Toolbar (Figure 4.9). A new window of Dimension Style
Manager will appear as shown in Figure 4.10.
We will now set a new dimensioning style named ISO (Figure 4.10). After
renaming the New Style Name, click on Continue command (Figure 4.10)
and New Dimension Style Window will appear (Figure 4.11). Parameters
of dimension and extension line can now be set as been discussed on
Section 4.2. Setting of other parameters is shown in Figure 4.12–4.14.

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Creating
New Style
Name of
New Style
Continue
Command
Figure 4.10: Dimension Style Manager Window
Parameters
Set At 3 mm
Set At 5 mm
Set At 1.5 mm
Set At 3 mm
Figure 4.11: New Dimension Style Manager Window

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Set At 3 mm
Set At 3 mm
Figure 4.12: Setting of Symbols and Arrows
Set At 3 mm
Set At 1 mm
Figure 4.13: Setting of Text

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Set At 0.0
Figure 4.14: Setting of Primary Units
4.3.4 Tolerances
As dimensioning is one of the most important component in providing the
actual size of a product, tolerance also play an important role in providing
the permitted error in manufacturing of a product. Tolerance defines as the
total amount by which a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The
tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits
allowed during the manufacturing process. Figure 4.15 shows example of
dimensioning with tolerance.
To produce a dimension with tolerance, one must setup the parameter as

we have done in section 4.3.2. Figure 4.17 shows the setting of tolerance
parameter. Tolerance is important so that the production of a product is
conducted within a given limits. Producing parts within the given range will
enable the assembly process to be carried out easily. Usually, the overall
tolerance of a product will be given in the Title Block (Figure 4.16)

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Figure 4.15: Example of Dimensioning with Tolerance.
Set At Deviation
Set At 0.000
Set At 0.7
Figure 4.15: Setting of Tolerances for critical part

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4.4 ACTIVITIES/EXERCISE
4.4.1 Activity I
Draw Object from Section 2.6.1 in the Model Space and Transferred it to
the Paper Space Complete with the Title Block. Add Dimension to your
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.2 Activity II
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.3 Activity III

Drawing and Plot.
4.4.4 Activity IV
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.5 Activity V
Drawing and Plot.
4.5 REFERENCES

Malaysia.

DDA 3023
UNIT 5 – Orthographic Drawing
UNIT 5
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Orthographic drawing is a method used to represent a 3D object as a 2D
technical drawing in various views. This chapter will discuss on the
principle of an orthographic drawing and construction of an orthographic
drawing from a 3D object or 3D drawing.

Differentiate between the first and third angle projection of orthographic
projection
Draw symbol for first and third angle projection according to the
standard
Generate an orthographic drawing from a given 3D object
5.3.1 Projection Principle

The main purpose of orthographic drawing is to present details of an object
in two or more projection plane which is perpendicular to each other.
Figure 5.1 shows example of an orthographic drawing of a 3D object.
Three common projection planes in orthographic drawing are front view,
side view and plan view. In orthographic drawing, all these views
combined in unique ways known as first angle projection and third angle
projection (Figure 5.2).
For the first angle projection (Figure 5.3), the plan view is a top view drawn
on the bottom plane, the front view is a front view drawn on the back plane
and the side view is a right side view drawn on the left plane. Location of
all these plain can be given as break up of a square box.

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Figure 5.1: Orthographic Drawing
Figure 5.2(a): First Angle Projection
Figure 5.2(b): Third Angle Projection

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Meanwhile, for the third angle projection (Figure 5.4), the plan view is a top
view drawn on the top plane, the front view is a front view drawn on the
front plane and the side view is a right side view drawn on the right plane.
Bottom View
Rear View Right View Front View Left View
First Angle Projection
Top/Plan View
Figure 5.3: Example of First Angle Projection
Top/Plan View
Left View Front View Right View Rear View
Third Angle Projection
Bottom View
Figure 5.4: Example of Third Angle Projection

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5.3.2 Standard Symbol of Projection

Both of these projections have a standard symbol to represent the type of
projection applied in an orthographic drawing. Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6
show the symbol of first angle projection and third angle projection
together with their dimension.
Figure 5.5: Symbol of First Angle Projection
Figure 5.6: Symbol of Third Angle Projection
Figure 5.7 shows the common location of the projection symbols in an

orthographic drawing. Example of other orthographic drawing can be seen
in Figure 5.8–5.12.
Figure 5.7: Common Location for the Projection Symbol

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Figure 5.8: Example of Orthographic Drawing

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5.3.3 Construction of an Orthographic Drawing

To begin orthographic drawing activities we must first create a new layer
which will be Construction Layer (blue). To create this new layer please
refers to Section 1.3.4.2. This layer will be use as our guide during the
construction of an orthographic drawing. To proceed with the construction
of an orthographic drawing, we will refer to Figure 5.13 as our 3D object.

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Figure 5.13: 3D Object
Given below are steps to construct an orthographic drawing:
1) Draw the front view of the given object as shown in Figure 5.14.
2) Using Construction Layer, construct a boundary for the other
view base on the front view (Figure 5.15).
3) We can now draw projection line for the top view as shown in
Figure 5.16.
4) Draw the top view base on the datum set by the projection line
as shown in Figure 5.17.
5) Base on the top and front view, construct projection line for the
side view (Figure 5.18)
6) Draw the side view base on projection line as shown in Figure
5.19.
7) To have an overall view of the orthographic drawing, we can
hide the construction layer as shown in Figure 5.20. Figure 5.21
shows the view of the orthographic drawing.

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Figure 5.14: Front View of the 3D Object
Figure 5.15: Boundary for Different View
Figure 5.16: Projection Line to Top View

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:
Figure 5.17: Top View of the 3D Object
Figure 5.18: Projection Line for Side View

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Figure 5.19: Side View of the 3D Object
Figure 5.20: Turning OFF Construction Layer

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Figure 5.21: View of Orthographic Drawing
5.4 ACTIVITIES/EXERCISE
5.4.1 Activity I
Produce an orthographic drawing for the given 3D object as below.
Figure 5.22: 3D Object for Activity I

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5.4.2 Activity II
Produce an orthographic drawing for the given 3D object as below.
Figure 5.23: 3D Object for Activity II
5.5 REFERENCES
Malaysia.

DDA 3023
UNIT 6 – Introduction to 3D Modeling
UNIT 6
INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING
6.1 INTRODUCTION
3D modeling is important in presenting the real shape of a product or
object. 3D modeling is an extension of an orthographic drawing where the
product is presented in 3D view. Using 3D takes time to master, creates
additional work, and slows down the computer. Why bother using it? Here
are some key reasons why we need bother with 3D:
• It’s the wave of the future.

As CAD pursues greater realism and production efficiency, 3D is
becoming important for more tasks in more professions. Drafters
and designers who want to keep up with how CAD is likely to be
used in the future should become familiar with 3D now.
• Sometimes it’s nice.
Drawing in 3D is useful for several tasks, including creating shaded
renderings to help sell a design to a client, and fit-and-finish testing
to find potential problems before a design is put into construction or
manufacturing.
• Sometimes it’s needed.
Drawing in 3D is required for a small but growing number of tasks.
Many mechanical designs are done in 3D or converted into 3D at
some point in the design process. 3D perspective views make
drawings easier to understand. And the shaded renderings used for
both designing and selling are becoming a practical necessity in
some fields.
• Sometimes it’s faster.
The fastest way to create a single view of something usually is to
draw that view in 2D. If you need multiple views, it may be faster to
create a 3D model and then slice and render it as needed for the
views you want to create.
Therefore this chapter will introduce 3D modeling and its application in

AutoCAD. It’s cover the 3D Coordinate System, Viewing 3D Model, World
and User Coordinate System and Introduction to Wire Frame, Surface and
Solid Modeling.
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Use the 3D coordinate system to develop a 3D model
Employ with world coordinate system (WCS) and user coordinate
system (UCS) in constructing a 3D drawing
Regonize the different of 3D modeling technique by using wire frame,
surface and solid modeling
6.3.1 3D Coordinate System

There is not much different the 3D coordinates compare to the 2D
coordinate which has been discuss previously in chapter 2. The different is
only in 3D coordinates are measured with the help of three axes: X, Y, and
Z. The axes meet at a point in the shape of a tripod as shown in Fig. 6.1.
This point is called the origin point, which is the 0,0,0 location of all
coordinates. All distances can be measured using this point as a
reference.
Fig. 6.1 The origin point
From this origin, three imaginary planes can be form intersect at the origin:
XY plane, XZ plane and YZ plane as shown in figure 6.2. The XY plane is
the horizontal plane and the XZ and YZ are the two vertical planes. When
you need to draw something horizontal, such as the plan of a building, you
draw it in the XY plane using X and Y coordinates. This generates a plan
view. When you need to draw something vertical, such as an elevation of a
building, you draw it using the XZ or YZ planes.
ZX Plane
YZ Plane
XY Plane
Figure 6.2: Three imaginary planes intersect at the origin

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The 3D coordinates can be entered using the following formats:
Cartesian coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
6.3.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates

Cartesian coordinates are based on a rectangular system of
measurement. In Chapter 2, we discussed how Cartesian coordinates
are used in 2D drawings. The same principle is applied to enter 3D
coordinates with the exception that you need to enter an additional Z
coordinate. Positive Z-coordinate values are used when you need to
measure distances above the XY plane; negative values are used for
the distances below the XY plane.
Coordinate values are entered separated by commas (X,Y,Z). The

coordinates can be measured from the origin point (absolute
coordinates) or from the last reference location of the cursor (relative
coordinates).
Figure 6.3: Cartesian Coordinate; ( x , y , z )
6.3.1.2 Spherical Coordinates

Spherical coordinates are based on the longitude and latitude system of
measurement. Consider the origin point of the coordinate system at the
center of the earth or a transparent globe. Then consider a horizontal
plane (XY plane) passing through the center of the globe. To locate a point

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in 3D, first locate a point in the XY plane by specifying a radius and an

angle (polar coordinates). To specify the height, enter an angle up or down
from the XY plane (latitude). However spherical coordinates are not very
efficient for drawing purposes. They are commonly used to view a model
from different angles.
θ
r
Figure 6.4: Spherical Coordinate; ( r , θ , φ )
6.3.1.3 Cylindrical Coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates are commonly used to draw cylindrical shapes.
They are based on a cylindrical system of measurement. Consider a
cylinder placed vertically and the origin point at the center of the cylinder.
Cylindrical coordinates are quite similar to spherical coordinates, the
difference being that the Z-coordinate is specified by height and not angle.
To locate a point with the cylindrical coordinates, first you need to locate it
in the XY plane just like polar coordinates. Then indicate an exact height at
that point.
Figure 6.5: Spherical Coordinate; ( r, θ , z )

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6.3.2 3D View
Before you can work with a 3D model, you must first need to change the
AutoCAD background environment become a 3D view. There are four
isometric icons at a view toolbar use to change the background
environment become a 3D view. The icons are:
Figure 6.6: View Toolbar
SW Isometric
SE Isometric
NE Isometric
NW Isometric
Although there are four options that you can choose, it is recommended
that you select SW Isometric before starting your 3D modeling sketch.

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6.3.3 World and User Coordinate System

AutoCAD started life as a two-dimensional drafting program. It was not
designed for 3D. Almost all the AutoCAD drawing and edit commands can
only work in 2D. When Autodesk, the makers of AutoCAD incorporated 3D
into the program they needed some method for doing so without
completely rewriting the software. The method they decided upon has
become known as UCS, User Co-ordinate Systems. The correct use of
UCSs with AutoCAD is the key to producing good 3D models and they can
also help with 2D work.
When you work in 3D, there is both a fixed coordinate system and
a movable one. The fixed coordinate system called the world coordinate
system (WCS) and a movable system called the user coordinate system
(UCS). The UCS is useful for entering coordinates, defining drawing
planes, and setting views.
When you first start up AutoCAD you are presented with a plan
view of the drawing area. In the bottom left hand corner of the drawing
area as shown in figure 6.7 is an icon, known as the UCS icon. The icon
shows two specific bits of information. First, the icon contains a figure X
and an arrow which points from left to right
along the bottom of the screen. Second, the
icon contains a figure Y and an arrow head
which points from bottom to top along the
left hand side of the screen. These first two
parts of the icon indicate the position and Figure 6.7: WCS Icon
direction of the X and Y axes.
As your cursor moves over the screen area you can see the
change in X and Y co-ordinates by watching the co-ordinate status area as
shown in figure 6.8 at the bottom left of the screen (X,Y,Z). X and Y co-
ordinates increase in the direction indicated by the UCS icon. By
implication the Z axis points straight out of the screen towards us. If you
have just opened a new drawing the Z co-ordinate will appear as "0.0000"
in the status bar and will not change as you move the cursor because you
are only moving in the XY Plane.

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As mentioned above, almost all drawing with AutoCAD happens in 2D XY

plane. Using only the World Co-ordinate System this would be impossible
if you wanted to draw a circle on one of the vertical faces as discussed in
section 6.3.1. because circles (like many other AutoCAD entities) can only
be drawn in the XY plane. AutoCAD gets round this problem by allowing
you to move the XY plane into a different position. For example, to draw a
circle on the vertical plane, you would need to change the UCS icon XY
plane in such a way that it look like as shown in figure 6.9 below. To rotate
the XY plane the user must create a new co-ordinate system, in other
words, you must define a User Co-ordinate System.
Circle is drawn by using WCS Circle is drawn by using UCS

view from SW isometric view from SW isometric
Figure 6.9: Drawing a circle in vertical plane
As you can see from the two illustrations above, the UCS icon shifts its
position to indicate the orientation of the current User Co-ordinate System.
Define a UCS
AutoCAD provides a number of ways to define a User Co-ordinate System.
All of these options are available to you when you use the UCS command.
It is recommended you to use the UCS toolbar as shown in figure 6.10.
This toolbar help you to define a new UCS become easier. However, not
all of the icons from the UCS toolbar are discussed here. Only the
important icon that will always use which has been numbered was
discussed here.
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4
1 2 3
Figure 6.10: UCS Toolbar
1 World
Use to restore the WCS
2 Origin
Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin of the current UCS,
leaving the direction of its X, Y, and Z axes unchanged.
Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: Specify a point
Specify a new origin point relative to the origin of the current UCS.
Click new point

•
before after
3 3 Point
Specifies the new UCS origin and the direction of its positive X and
Y axes. The Z axis follows by applying the right-hand rule. You can
use this option to specify any possible coordinate system.
Specify new origin point <0,0,0>: Specify a point (1)

Specify point on positive portion of X-axis <current>:
Specify a point (2)
Specify point on positive-Y portion of the UCS XY plane
<current>: Specify a point (3)

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1
•
2
• •3
The first point specifies the origin of the new UCS. The second
point defines the positive X axis. The third point defines the positive
Y axis. The third point can be anywhere on the positive Y portion of
the new UCS XY plane.
4 X, Y, Z
Rotates the current UCS about a specified axis.
Specify rotation angle about n axis <0>: Specify an angle
In the prompt, n is X, Y, or Z. Enter a positive or negative angle to

rotate the UCS. The right-hand rule determines the positive
direction of rotation around the axis.
You can define any UCS by specifying an origin and one or more
rotations around the X, Y, or Z axis.
World Coordinate System Rotation about Rotation about Rotation about

X axis = 90o Y axis = 90o Z axis = 90o

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Apply the Right-Hand Rule

Use the right-hand rule to determine the positive axis direction of the Z
axis when you know the direction of the X and Y axes in a 3D coordinate
system. Place the back of your right hand near the screen and point your
thumb in the direction of the positive X axis. Extend your index and middle
fingers as illustrated, pointing your index finger in the direction of the
positive Y axis. Your middle finger indicates the direction of the positive Z
axis. By rotating your hand, you see how the X, Y, and Z axes rotate as
you change the UCS.
You can also use the right-hand rule for determining the positive direction
of rotation about an axis in 3D space. Point your right thumb in the positive
direction of the axis and curl your fingers. Your fingers indicate the positive
rotation direction about the axis.
Figure 6.11: Right Hand Rule
Figure 6.12: ‘Right-hand thumb rule’ - Identify the direction of rotation in 3D

space.

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6.3.4 CAD History
Initial stage – CAD is used to prepare only 2D drawing (Orthographic &

Isometric)
Then, it develops to a 3D wireframe drawing. It is created by specifying
each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous
smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent
vertices using straight lines or curves. Disadvantage – confusing
Figure 6.12: Sample rendering of a wireframe cube,

icosahedron, and approximate sphere.
For visualization of the underlying design structure of a 3D model,

surface modeling is introduced.
o Advantages – more realistic view
o Disadvantages - powerful computer needed
- cannot do engineering analysis because no
mass created
Then Solid Modeling is develops to create an engineering drawing and
also to produce advanced engineering analysis (FEA).
o Disadvantages – any mistake can cause modeling work had
to be redo.
Recently, new advance modeling is develops based on parametric
modeling and features based modeling to make modeling work
become easier.
Introduction to Wire Frame, Surface and Solid Modeling

Three types of 3D modeling are supported in AutoCAD: wireframe, surface,
and solid. Each type has its own creation and editing techniques.
wireframe surface solid

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A wireframe model is a skeletal description of a 3D object. There are no

surfaces in a wireframe model; it consists only of points, lines, and curves
that describe the edges of the object. You can create wireframe models by
positioning 2D (planar) objects anywhere in 3D space. Some 3D wireframe
objects are also provided, such as 3D polylines (that can only have a
CONTINUOUS linetype) and splines. Because each object that makes up
a wireframe model must be independently drawn and positioned, this type
of modeling can be the most time-consuming.
Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in

that it defines not only the edges of a 3D object, but also its surfaces. The
surface modeler defines faceted surfaces using a polygonal mesh.
Solid modeling is the easiest type of 3D modeling to use. With the

solid modeler, you can make 3D objects by creating basic 3D shapes:
boxes, cones, cylinders, spheres, wedges, and donuts. You can then
combine these shapes to create more complex solids by joining or
subtracting them or finding their intersecting (overlapping) volume. You
can also create solids by sweeping a 2D object along a path or revolving it
about an axis. With Autodesk Mechanical Desktop, you can also define
solids parametrically and maintain associatively between 3D models and
the 2D views that you generate from them.
6.4 REFERENCES

Malaysia.

DDA 3023
UNIT 7 – Solid Modeling
UNIT 7
SOLID MODELING
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid modeling is the most recent method in generating a 3D drawing. It is
the easiest among other two methods; wireframe and surface. This
chapter will lead you on generating a 3D drawing using solid modeling
method. It discuss Commands in Solid Modeling ; box , cone , cylinder ,
sphere , extrude , revolve , ‘torus’ , ‘slice’ , ‘section’ , ‘setup profile’,
Editing solid object ; intersection , subtract , union , fillet , chamfer , ‘3D
array’, ‘3D mirror’ , ‘3D rotate’ and Modeling variable control ; ’Viewres’ ,
‘Facetres’ and ’Dispsilh’. command.

Create a primitive object (box, cylinder, cone, sphere)
Create a new part by boundary representation (extrude, revolve)
Modify 3D modeling by using Boolean Operation (union, subtract,
intersection)
Perform others 3D operation such as fillet, chamfer, mirror 3D, rotate
3D, and array 3D.
Use modeling variable control to customize the 3D visualization.
7.3.1 Solid Modeling

A simple part can be made up of one element but a complex part is
made of individual constituent elements as shown in figure 7.1. These
elements are called features.
Figure 7.1: Concept of featured based modeling

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There are two methods to create a solid modeling feature.

o Constructive solid geometry (using primitive object)
o Boundary representation (extrude & revolve)
Constructive solid geometry method (termed CSG or C-rep for short)
and known as the set theoretical or Boolean method) which achieved
early prominence in CAD.
Boundary representation method (Sometimes called B-rep for short or
termed the graph-based method) which dominates in today’s
application.
7.3.2 Primitive Object

A primitive object is a ‘building block' that you can use to work with in 3D.
Rather than extruding or revolving an object, AutoCAD has some basic 3D
shape commands at your disposal. From these basic primitives, you can
start building your 3D models. In many cases, you get the same result
from drawing circles and rectangles and then extruding them, but doing it
one command is generally faster. Using these with Boolean operations can
be a very effective way of drawing in 3D. There are 6 six different shapes
that you can choose from the Solids toolbar:
Figure 7.2: Solids toolbar
SHAPE COMMAND ICON DESCRIPTION

BOX Creates a solid box after you
BOX
provide 2 opposite corners.
SPHERE Creates a solid sphere from a
SPHERE
center point and radius.
CYLINDER Creates a straight cylinder from a
CYLINDER
center point, radius and height.
CONE Creates a tapered cone from a
CONE
center point, radius and height.
WEDGE Creates a triangular wedge from 2
WEDGE
opposite points.
Creates a torus (donut shape)
TORUS TORUS based on center point, radius and
tube radius.

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You can use primitives to either begin building a model, or it can even be a
finished object on its own. Many of these commands are similar to 2D
commands, except with an extra co-ordinate in the Z axis.
7.3.2.1 Box
Think of a box as an extruded rectangle. It has width, height and depth. It
is created by establishing a starting corner and then establishing a second
corner by either picking or giving relative co-ordinates.
The Box Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Box
Keyboard BOX
Command Sequence
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: 2,3,4
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5,7,10
This draws a box that is 5 units in the X-axis wide, 7 units in the Y-axis
high and has a depth of 10 units in the positive Z-axis with one corner
located at 2,3,4. Here is another way of drawing that same box:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: 2,3,4
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5,7
Specify height: 10

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Using this method, you establish the first corner as before, but only enter
the X and Y co-ordinates of the opposite corner. AutoCAD will then prompt
for the height. Another way of drawing a box is to establish where the
center of the box will be:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: C
Center of box <0,0,0>: <ENTER> or <PICK A POINT>
This draws a box that is 4x6x8 based about the center of 0,0,0.
If you want to draw a perfect cube, you can use this option:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: (pick point)
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: C
Length: 4
This draws a cube with all sides equal to 4 units based of off a picked point.
The last way of drawing a cube allows you to enter the Length, Width and
Height as separate distances, and not based on co-ordinate points.
Command: Box
Center/<Corner of box> <0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Cube/Length/<other corner>: L
Length: 5 (X AXIS)
Width: 4 (Y AXIS)
Height: 6 (Z AXIS)
7.3.2.2 Sphere
A Sphere is a globe-like shape. It is very similar to drawing a circle in that
you pick a center point and then input either the radius (default) or
diameter. Both methods draw the same sphere in the following examples:

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The Sphere Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Sphere
Keyboard Sphere
Command Sequence
Command: Sphere
Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: 5,10
Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: 6
Command: Sphere
Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: 5,10
Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]:D
Specify Diameter: 12
Both of the above methods will give you the same result.
7.3.2.3 Cylinder
A cylinder is just like an extruded circle. Creating one is very similar to
creating a circle, except that you are giving depth to it.
These two examples would draw the same cylinder:

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The Cylinder Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Cylinder
Keyboard Cylinder
Command Sequence
Command: Cylinder
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Diameter/<Radius>: 6
Center of other end/<Height>: 4
Command: Cylinder
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D
Diameter: 12
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: 4
7.3.2.4 Cone
Drawing a cone is the same as drawing a cylinder, except that the
resulting object tapers smoothly from the bottom to a point at the top.

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The Cone Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Cone
Keyboard Cone
Command Sequence
Command: Cone
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 4
Specify height of cone or [Apex]: 8
Command: CONE
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick a Point>
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: D
Specify diameter for base of cone: 8
Apex/<Height>: 8
7.3.2.5 Wedge
One of the trickier primitives to draw is the wedge. You have to be careful
which co-ordinates you input to make the wedge lie in the position you
want. If it doesn't turn out just as you hoped for, you can always rotate it.
Here is an example of drawing a wedge:

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The Wedge Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Wedge
Keyboard Wedge
Command Sequence
Command: Wedge
Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: <Pick>
Once the first corner is established, you can either enter points, or pick a
spot. AutoCAD will draw the shape like it would draw a cube except it is
slice in half along the length starting at the point above the first corner.
There are other options to drawing wedges and see the box examples for
these.
7.3.2.6 Torus
A torus is a donut-like shape or something resembling an inner tube. When
drawing one you have to enter the center point, a radius to the center of
the tube and the radius of the tube itself.
The Torus Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Torus
Keyboard Torus

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Command Sequence
Command: Torus
Specify center of torus <0,0,0>: <Pick>
Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 3
Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]:.25
7.3.3 Boundary representation method

Boundary are two-dimensional enclosed areas you create from objects
that form closed loops. Loops can be combinations of lines, polylines,
circles, arcs, ellipses, elliptical arcs, and splines. The objects that make up
the loops must either be closed or form closed areas by sharing endpoints
with other objects.
You can create boundary out of multiple loops and out of open curves
whose endpoints are connected and form loops. You cannot form
boundary from open objects that intersect to form a closed area: for
example, intersecting arcs or self-intersecting curves.
From the boundary, 3D solid modeling can be create by using extrude and
revolve command. Extrude and Revolve command will create a 3D
model by extruding a boundary in 2D object (also known as profile) along a
path or revolving a profile about an axis.
To create a boundary polyline

1. Click Draw menu Boundary.
2. In the Boundary Creation dialog box, in the Object Type list, select
Polyline.
3. Under Boundary Set, do one of the following:

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o To create a boundary set from all objects visible in the current

viewport, select Current Viewport. Avoid this option for large,
complex drawings.
o To specify which objects to include in the boundary set, click
New. Select the objects that you want to use to create the
boundary. Using this option automatically selects the Existing
Set option.
4. Click Pick Points.
5. Specify points within each area that you want to form a boundary
polyline. This area must be totally enclosed; that is, there can be
no gaps between enclosing objects. You can select more than one
area. Click Island Detection if you want internal closed areas to be
included in the boundary set.
6. Press ENTER to create the boundary polyline and end the
command. The command creates a polyline in the shape of the
boundary. Because this polyline overlaps the objects used to
create it, it may not be visible. However, you can move, copy, or
modify it just as you can any other polyline.
Choosing the Best Profile

Choose the “best” profile. This profile, when extrude, will generate more of
the model than any other. Look at these models as examples.

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7.3.3.1 Create an Extruded Solid

With EXTRUDE, you can create solids by extruding selected objects. You
can extrude closed objects such as polylines, polygons, rectangles, circles,
ellipses, closed splines, donuts, and regions. You cannot extrude 3D
objects, objects contained within a block, polylines that have crossing or
intersecting segments, or polylines that are not closed. You can extrude an
object along a path, or you can specify a height value and a tapered angle.
Profile
Extruded object Extruded and

tapered object
The Extrude Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Extrude
Keyboard Extrude short-cut ext
Command Sequence
Command: Extrude
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: <select a profile>
Select objects: <press enter to end selection>
Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: <put value to extrude
profile up to require height or press “P” to extrude path.
Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: <enter if don’t
want the model to tapered.

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7.3.3.2 Create a Revolved Solid

With REVOLVE, you can create a solid by revolving a closed object about
the X or Y axis of the current UCS, using a specified angle. You can also
revolve the object about a line, polyline, or two specified points.
The Revolve Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Revolve
Keyboard Revolve short-cut rev
Command Sequence
Command: Revolve
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: <select a profile>
Select objects: <press enter to end selection>
Specify start point for axis of revolution or define axis by
[Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)]: <select a rotational axis>
Specify angle of revolution <360>: <enter to accept 360o
rotation or put preferable value>

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7.3.4 Solid Editing

Once you have created a solid in this manner, you can create more
complex shapes by combining solids. You can join solids, subtract solids
from each other, or find the common volume (overlapping portion) of solids.
Solids can be further modified by filleting, chamfering, or changing the
color of their edges. Faces on solids are easily manipulated because they
don’t require you to draw any new geometry or perform Boolean
operations on the solid. This topic discussed some of solid editing
command that usually used in editing the 3D model.
Boolean Shell
operation
Slice Section Interference
Chamfer Fillet
7.3.4.1 Boolean Operation

Working in 3D objects, usually you may need to combine multiple parts /
features into one, or remove sections from a solid. AutoCAD has some
commands that make this easy for you. These are the Boolean operations
which work only on solids:
UNION – combines two or more solids into a single object

SUBTRACT – removes the volume of one solid from another
INTERSECT - finds the interference area of solids objects and
retains that volume.
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Initial object union subtract intersect
¾ Union
The Union Command
Toolbar Solids Editing
Pull-down Modify Solids Editing Union
Keyboard Union short-cut uni
Command Sequence
Command: Union
Select objects: <pick first object to union>
Select objects: <pick second object to union>
Select objects: <select other object or enter to finish>
¾ Subtract
The Subtract Command
Pull-down Modify Solids Editing Subtract
Keyboard Subtract
Command Sequence
Command: Subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from ..

Select objects: <select objects you want to maintain and press enter
when finish>
Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: <select object you want to deduct. Objects in the
second selection set are subtracted from objects in
the first selection set. Then press enter to finish>

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¾ Intersect
The Intersect Command
Pull-down Modify Solids Editing Intersect
Keyboard Intersect
Command Sequence
Command: Intersect
Select objects: <pick first object>
Select objects: <pick others object and press enter to finish>
7.3.4.2 Solid Editing
¾ Shell
You can create a shell (a hollow, thin wall with a specified thickness) from
your 3D solid object. New faces are created by offsetting existing ones
inside or outside their original positions. Continuously tangent faces are
treated as single faces when offsetting.
The Shell Command
Pull-down Modify Solids Editing Shell
To create a 3D solid shell

1. Click Modify menu Solids Editing Shell.
2. Select the 3D solid object.
3. Select a face to be excluded from shelling (1).
4. Select additional faces to be excluded or press ENTER.
5. Specify the shell offset valve.
A positive offset value creates a shell in the positive face direction;
a negative value creates a shell in the negative face direction.
6. Press ENTER to complete the command.

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Face selected Shell offset = 1 Shell offset = -1
¾ Slicing 3D Object
You can create a new solid by cutting the existing solid and removing a
specified side. You can retain one or both halves of the sliced solids. The
sliced solids retain the layer and color properties of the original solids. The
default method of slicing a solid is to specify three points that define the
cutting plane and then select which side to retain. You can also define the
cutting plane by using another object, the current view, the Z axis, or the
XY, YZ, or ZX plane.
The Slice Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Slice
Keyboard Slice
To slice a solid
1. Click Draw menu Solids Slice.
2. Select the objects to slice.
3. Specify three points to define the cutting plane.
The first point defines the origin (0,0,0) of the cutting plane. The
second point defines the positive X axis, and the third point defines
the positive Y axis.
4. Specify which side to retain, or enter b to retain both sides.
1
•
3
•
2•

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¾ Sectioning 3D Object
You can create a cross section through a 3D solid. The result can be a
two-dimensional object representing the shape of the section. The default
method is specifying three points to define the plane. Other methods
define the cross-sectional plane by another object, the current view, the Z
axis, or the XY, YZ, or ZX plane. The cross-sectional plane is placed on
the current layer.
The Section Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Section
Keyboard Section
To create a cross section of a solid

1. Click draw menu Solids Section.
2. Select the objects to cross-section.
3. Specify three points to define the cross-sectional plane.
The first point defines the origin (0,0,0) of the cutting plane. The
second point defines the X axis, and the third point defines the Y
axis.
¾ Interference
Interference highlights 3D solids that overlap. It performs the same
operation as Intersect, but Interference keeps the original two objects.

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The Interference Command
Toolbar Solids
Pull-down Draw Solids Interfere
Keyboard Interfere
¾ Chamfering Solid Object

Chamfer command can be used either for 2D sketch and 3D model. For
chamfering solid object, you can bevel the edges along adjoining faces of
selected 3D solids.
The Chamfer Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Chamfer
Keyboard Chamfer
To chamfer a solid object

1. Click Modify menu Chamfer.
2. Select the edge of the base surface to chamfer (1).
One of two surfaces adjacent to the selected edge is highlighted.
3. To select a different surface, enter n (Next), or press ENTER to use
the current surface.
4. Specify the base surface distance.
The base surface distance is measured from the selected edge to a
point on the base surface. The other surface distance is measured
from the selected edge to a point on the adjacent surface.
5. Specify the adjacent surface distance.
Loop selects all edges around the base surface and Select Edge
selects individual edges.
6. Specify the edges to chamfer (2).
Base surface
distance
1 2

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¾ Filleting Solid Object

Fillet command also can be used either for 2D sketch and 3D model. For
filleting solid object, you can add rounds and fillets to selected 3D solids.
The default method is specifying the fillet radius and then selecting the
edges to fillet. Other methods specify individual measurements for each
filleted edge and fillet a tangential series of edges.
The Fillet Command
Toolbar Modify
Pull-down Modify Fillet
Keyboard Fillet
To fillet a solid object

1. Click Modify menu Fillet.
2. Select the edge of the solid to fillet (1).
3. Specify the fillet radius.
4. Select additional edges or press ENTER to fillet.
7.3.5 3D Operation
¾ 3D Array
Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern in 3D. In
addition to specifying the number of columns (X direction) and rows (Y
direction), you also specify the number of levels (Z direction).

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The 3D Array Command
Pull-down Modify 3D Operation 3D Array
Keyboard 3DArray
3D rectangular array
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns
and the distance between each.
To create a 3D rectangular array of objects

1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation 3D Array.
2. Select the object to array (1).
3. Specify Rectangular.
4. Enter the number of rows. (Y direction)
5. Enter the number of columns. (X direction)
6. Enter the number of levels. (Z direction)
7. Specify the distance between rows.
8. Specify the distance between columns.
9. Specify the distance between levels.
3D polar array
For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and
whether the copies are rotated.
To create a 3D polar array of objects

1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation 3D Array.
2. Select the object to array (1).
3. Specify Polar.
4. Enter the number of items to array.

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5. Specify the angle that the arrayed objects are to fill.

6. Press ENTER to rotate the objects as they are arrayed, or enter
n to retain their orientation.
7. Specify the start point and endpoint of the axis about which the
objects are to be rotated (2 and 3).
¾ Mirror 3D
Mirroring creates a mirror image of objects. It is useful for creating
symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half the object and then
mirror it instead of drawing the entire object. The mirroring plane can be
one of the following:
• The plane of a planar object
• A plane parallel to the XY, YZ, or XZ plane of the current UCS that
passes through a specified point
• A plane defined by three specified points (2, 3, and 4)
The Mirror 3D Command
Pull-down Modify 3D Operation Mirror 3D
Keyboard Mirror3D
To mirror objects in 3D
1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation Mirror 3D.
2. Select the object to mirror.
3. Specify option to define a mirroring plane.
4. Press ENTER to retain the original objects, or enter y to delete
them.
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¾ Rotate 3D
With ROTATE3D, you can specify the axis of rotation using either two
points; an object; the X, Y, or Z axis; or the Z direction of the current view.
The Rotate 3D Command
Pull-down Modify 3D Operation Rotate 3D
Keyboard Rotate3D
To rotate a 3D object around an axis

1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation Rotate 3D.
2. Select the object to rotate (1).
3. Specify the start point and endpoint of the axis about which the
objects are to be rotated (2 and 3).
The positive axis direction is from the start point to the end point,
and the rotation follows the right-hand rule.
4. Specify the angle of rotation.

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¾ Align Object
You can move, rotate, or tilt an object so that it aligns with another object.
In the following example, align the pieces of piping using a window
selection box to select the object to be aligned. Use the Endpoint object
snap to align the pieces precisely.
The Align Command
Pull-down Modify 3D Operation Align
Keyboard Align
To align two objects

1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation Align.
2. Select the objects you want to align.
3. Specify the first source point and then the first destination point.
If you press ENTER now, the objects are moved from the source
point to the destination point.
4. Specify the second source point, and then the second destination
point.
5. Specify the third source point, or press ENTER to continue.
6. Specify whether you want to scale objects to the alignment points.
The objects are aligned (moved and rotated into position), and then
scaled. The first destination point is the base point of the scale, the
distance between the first and second source points is the
reference length, and the distance between the first and second
destination points is the new reference length.

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7.3.6 Modeling Variable Control
7.3.6.1 Viewres
VIEWRES controls the appearance of circles, arcs, ellipses, and splines
using short vectors. The greater the number of vectors, the smoother the
appearance of the circle or arc. For example, if you create a very small
circle and then zoom in, it might appear to be a polygon. Using VIEWRES
to increase the zoom percentage and regenerate the drawing updates and
smooths the circle's appearance. Decreasing the zoom percentage has the
opposite effect.
Note Increasing the zoom percentage in VIEWRES may increase the

time it takes to regenerate the drawing.
To raise the render resolution value

1. At the Command prompt, enter viewres.
2. Ignore the prompt about fast zooms if you only want to make circles
and arcs in the drawing look better for your rendering.
3. At the Circle Zoom Percent prompt, enter a high number (up to
20,000).
7.3.6.2 Facetres
FACETRES controls the smoothness of shaded and rendered curved
solids. It is linked to the value set by VIEWRES: The default value of
FACETRES is 0.5. The range of possible values is 0.01 to 10. When you
raise and lower the value of VIEWRES, objects controlled by both
VIEWRES and FACETRES are affected. When you raise and lower the
value of FACETRES, only solid objects are affected.

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7.3.6.3 Dispsilh
Controls display of silhouette curves of solid objects in Wireframe mode
when plotting. Also controls whether mesh is drawn or suppressed when a
solid object is hidden.
0 – off
1 – on
Dispsilh = 1 Dispsilh = 0
7.3.7 Generating an Orthographic Drawing from a 3D Object

As we have discussed on producing a 3D object, this section will be
discussing on generating an orthographic drawing from a 3D object.
Before we can proceed we first have to make sure that we already have
the Title Block on our Paper Space. After that we also have to make sure
that our 3D object is on a new layer named object. To create the new layer
please do refer to section 1.3.4.2. Taking the 3D object as shown in Figure
7.3, we can now start to generate our orthographic drawing as steps given
below:
a) At the paper layout, transfer 3D object from the Model Space to Paper
Space using view port command as shown in figure 7.4.
b) Specify first and second corner for the viewport as shown in Figure 7.5.
c) Four viewport will be generated on the Paper Space as shown in
Figure 7.6.
d) Activate one of the viewport (Figure 7.7) and change the view to the
required view by using the view command (Figure 7.8). This step is
repeated for other viewport until we have all the orthographic view as
shown in Figure 7.9

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e) Activate one of the viewport area and type solprof command at the
command area (Figure 7.10). This command will ask you three
question, whether you want to Display hidden profile lines on separate
layer?, Project profile lines onto a plane? and Delete tangential
edges?. Type “yes” or just press enter for answering all these question.
f) By using this command two new layers will be created as shown in
Figure 7.11. The H represents the hidden line and the V represents
visible line of the orthographic.
g) Step (e) then repeated for the other three views. After all the four view
have been through solprof command, numbers of new layer will be
created as shown in Figure 7.12
h) We can now switch OFF our Object Layer as shown in Figure 7.13 and
change the properties of all new generated layers with the capital PH
and PV. Change the linetype from continuous to hidden line for all
layers start with PH. Change also the line thickness to 0.30 mm for all
these layers. For all PV layers, change the line thickness to 0.50 mm
This can be done as shown in Figure 7.14.
i) The orthographic drawing now is ready as shown in Figure 7.15.
Figure 7.3: 3D Object

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Figure 7.4: Inserting Viewport to the Paper Space
First Corner
Second Corner
Figure 7.5: Specifying First and Second Corner for the Viewport

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Figure 7.6: Four Viewport Area
Thick Line Represent

Activation of Viewport
Figure 7.7: Activating a Viewport Area

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Top View Rear View

Front View
Bottom View Right View
Left View
Figure 7.9: View of Orthographic Projection of the 3D Object
Figure 7.10: Activating solprof Command

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Figure 7.11: Generated New Layer from solprof Command
Figure 7.12: Generated New Layers from solprof Command for All Viewport
Figure 7.13: Turning OFF the Object Layer

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Figure 7.14: Changing the Line Type for Hidden Layer

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Exercise 1
Create this part using the information and dimensions provided.
Exercise 2
A = 60 B = 64 C = 140 D = 19

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Exercise 3
Use the following graphics to create the part. Holes are concentric to circular
edges created by fillets and rounds.

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Exercise 4
Create this part using the dimension provided.
The design for this part is as follow:

1. The part is symmetrical.
2. Front holes on centerline.
3. All fillets and round are R 3mm unless noted.
4. Center holes in Front and Right share a common
centerpoint.
Dimension in mm:
SECTION A-A

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Exercise 5
If A = 100 and all dimension in mm. All holes through all, unless otherwise
specified. What is the overall volume of the part in mm3? (755,765.04 mm3)
Exercise 6
A = 63mm, B = 50mm, C = 100mm. All holes through all. What is the overall
volume of the part in mm3? (143,857.58 mm3)

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7.5 REFERENCES

Malaysia.
4 SolidWorks Essentials - SolidWorks 2007 Training Manual,
Massachusetts, USA.

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CODE: DDA 3023

3) Name: Mr. Mohammad Kamil bin Abdullah

1. Prepare 2D and 3D drawing on Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

A-1 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

D. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

iii. Assessment schedule

Assessment Due % Assessment criteria

A-2 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

A-3 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

UNIT TITLE PAGE

UNIT 2 GEOMETRY AND EDITING

UNIT 3 PLOTTING CAD DRAWING

UNIT 5 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

UNIT 6 INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING

UNIT 7 SOLID MODELING

A-7 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

1.2 LEARNINGS OUTCOMES

1.3 LEARNING CONTENTS

Figure 1.0: General Company Structure

1.3.2 AutoCAD Software

1.3.2.1 Create an AutoCAD File

Figure 1.1: AutoCAD Icon on Desktop

Figure 1.2: Overall Default Screen View

1.3.2.2 Save File

1-2 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.3: File Pull Down Menu

Figure 1.4: Save As Window

1.3.2.3 File Folder

1-3 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

1.3.2.4 Open File

Figure 1.5: Rename Command from Pull-Down Menu

1.3.3 AutoCAD Interface

1.3.3.1 Overall Screen View

1-4 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.6: AutoCAD Interface

1.3.3.2 Basic Screen View

1-5 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.7: Tools Pull Down Menu

Figure 1.8: Options Window

1-6 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.9: Color Option Window

1.3.3.3 Customized Screen View

Figure 1.10: Selection of Toolbar

1-7 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

1.3.4 Object Properties

In drawing using AutoCAD, object such as a line or a circle has properties.

1.3.4.1 Layer Toolbar

1.3.4.2 Creating New Layer

Figure 1.12: Layer Properties Manager Window

1-8 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.13: Layer Properties Manager Window

The properties of the new or existing layer can be change by clicking on

Figure 1.14: Select Linetype Window

1-9 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 1.15: Select Color Window

Figure 1.16: Lineweight Window

1 - 10 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

1.4 ACTIVITIES / EXERCISE

1.4.3 Activity III

1 Khairul Anuar Hanafiah (2006), Lukisan Kejuruteraan Berbantu

1 - 11 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

2.2 LEARNINGS OUTCOMES