Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FACILITATOR / LECTURER:
1) Name: Mr. Mohd Azwir bin Azlan
e-mail: azwir@uthm.edu.my
Tel: 07-4537727
Room: C16-101-02
A. AIMS
The main goal of this course is to provide the student skill and competence
in design technique by using CAD software to solve 2D and 3D drawing.
B. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, student will be able to use and appreciate the
knowledge and skill had learned to:
ii. Assessment
Test 1 (Theory & Practical) : 20%
Test 2 (Theory & Practical) : 20%
Lab-Work / Assignment : 20%
Project : 40%
UNIT 4 DIMENSIONING
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Learning Outcomes 4-1
4.3 Learning Contents 4-1
4.3.1 Types of Dimensioning 4-1
A-5 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
4.3.1.1 Linear Dimensioning 4-1
4.3.1.2 Circle and Arc Dimensioning 4-2
4.3.1.3 Angle Dimensioning 4-2
4.3.2 Dimensioning Guidelines 4-2
4.3.3 Dimensioning in AutoCAD 4-5
4.3.3.1 Dimensioning Toolbar 4-5
4.3.3.2 Standardizing Dimension 4-6
4.3.4 Tolerances 4-9
4.4 Activities / Exercise 4-11
4.4.1 Activity I 4-11
4.4.2 Activity II 4-11
4.4.3 Activity III 4-11
4.4.4 Activity IV 4-11
4.5 References 4-11
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This Module discusses operation and interface of AutoCAD software.
1.3.1 Introduction
AutoCAD is one of leading CAD software that has been used by industries
in design processes. This chapter will give you few steps on how to start
using the software. Figure 1 shows department in a company structure
which CAD plays an important role.
New Folder
1.4. For the purpose of this module the folder will be named as the user
name.
1.3.2.5 Rename
Existing AutoCAD file can also be rename according to user convenient.
Renaming of a file can be done by a right-click on the mouse and choose
the rename command as shown in Figure 1.5.
Rename Command
Layer Properties Filter Applied Line Colors Line Types Line Weight
Manager
Figure 1.11: Layer Toolbar
1.4.2 Activity II
Open file in Activity I and change the background of the drawing area as
describe in Section 1.3.3.2.
1.4.4 Activity IV
Open file in Activity II and create a new layer under the name of
Dimension. Set the line weight as 0.3 mm and the line color as blue. Save
file as dd-mm-yy-01.
1.5 REFERENCES
UNIT 2
GEOMETRY AND EDITING
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Geometry refers to a shape of an object. It can be a point, line, circle,
ellipse or a combination of these. This chapter will introduce and use the
draw and modify command, coordinate system and object snap mode that
available in AutoCAD which will be used in creating a geometrical drawing.
2.3.1.1 Line
Lines are probably the most simple of AutoCAD objects. Using the Line
command, a line can be drawn between any two points picked within the
drawing area. Lines are usually the first objects you will want to draw when
starting a new drawing because they can be used as "construction lines"
upon which the rest of your drawing will be based.
Toolbar Draw
Rubber
P2
Band Line
P1
With the Line command you can draw a simple line from one point to
another. When you pick the first point and move the cross-hairs to the
location of the second point you will see a rubber band line which shows
you where the line will be drawn when the second point is picked. Line
objects have two ends (the first point and the last point). You can continue
picking points and AutoCAD will draw a straight line between each picked
point and the previous point. Each line segment drawn is a separate object
and can be moved or erased as required. To end this command, just hit
the key on the keyboard.
Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Specify first point: (pick P1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick P2)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end)
You can also draw lines by using something called direct distance entry or
by entering the co-ordinates of their end points at the command prompt
rather than picking their position from the screen.
Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Coordinate Entry
A method to specify next point by using coordinate system. (refer section
2.3 coordinate system)
Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Toolbar Draw
Command Sequence
Command: XLINE
There are a number of options with this command. For example, the "Hor"
and "Ver" options can be used to draw construction lines that are truly
horizontal or vertical. In both cases, only a single pick point is required
because the direction of the line is predetermined.
Command Sequence
Command: XLINE
Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: H
2.3.1.3 Polyline
Polylines differ from lines in that they are more complex objects. A single
polyline can be composed of a number of straight-line or arc segments.
Polylines can also be given line widths to make them appear solid. The
illustration below shows two examples of polyline to give you an idea of the
flexibility of this type of line.
Toolbar Draw
In practice the Polyline command works in the same way as the Line
command allowing you to pick as many points as you like except that the
resulting object may be composed of a number of segments which form a
single object. Again, just hit to end. As with the Line command, you also
have the option to automatically close a polyline end to end. To do this,
type C to use the close option instead of hitting .
Command Sequence P2 • • P3
Command: PLINE
It is worth while taking some time to familiarise yourself with the Polyline
command as it is an extremely useful command to know. Try
experimenting with other options to get better understanding and
knowledge of this Polyline. The Undo option is particularly useful. This
allows you to unpick polyline vertices, one at a time so that you can easily
correct mistakes.
2.3.1.4 Polygon
The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3
sides up to 1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user,
the number of sides, a pick point for the centre of the polygon, inscribed or
circumscribed polygon and a pick point with the orientation of the polygon
or value for the radius of this imaginary circle.
Toolbar Draw
Command Sequence
Command: POLYGON
In the illustration above, the polygon on the left is inscribed (inside the
circle) and the one in the right is circumscribed (outside the circle).
Polygon command also allows you to define the polygon by entering the
length of a side using the Edge option. Illustration below shows a polygon
defined by the length of an edge.
Command Sequence
Command: POLYGON
2.3.1.5 Rectangle
The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle. The position and
size of the rectangle are defined by picking two corners.
Toolbar Draw
Command Sequence
Command: REC
Specify first corner point or
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)
Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2)
The Rectangle command also has a number of options. The Chamfer and
Fillet options will make all the corner will chamfered or fillet with specify
dimension. Notice that, instead of picking a second point to draw the
rectangle, you have the option of entering dimensions. Say you wanted to
draw a rectangle 40 drawing units long and 20 drawing units wide. The
command sequence would look like this:
2-8 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 2 – Geometry and Editing
Command Sequence
Command: RECTANG
Specify first corner point or
[Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)
2.3.1.6 Circle
Circle command is probably one of the most frequently used and also one
of the simplest. However, in common with the other commands in this
section there are a number of options that can help you construct just the
circle you need. The Circle command for example, offers 6 ways to create
a circle. The default method is to pick the centre point and then to either
pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle
radius at the keyboard.
Toolbar Draw
Command Sequence
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: (pick P1)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>: (pick P2 or
enter the exact radius)
As you can see from the Draw>Circle pull down menu above, there are six
options to create a circle. “Center, radius” and “Center, Diameter” are circle
command which is commonly use where user need to decide the center
point of the circle and followed by the radius or diameter needed. “2P”
option will create a circle by using two points on the circumference to form
a diameter, while “3P” will use any three points on the circumference.
Meanwhile “Ttr” which stands for Tangent Tangent Radius will create a
circle with a specified radius tangent to two objects and “Tan, Tan, Tan”
will create a circle based on tangent from 3 point of a object. Obviously the
last two option can be used if there are more than one object which you
can use as tangents to the circle.
P3
•
• P1 P2 •
• •
•
P1
•
P2
P2
P1 • P1 • •
P2 •
P3 •
2.3.1.7 Arc
The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle. There are
numerous ways to define an arc, the default method uses three pick
points, a start point, a second point and an end point. Using this method,
the drawn arc will start at the first pick point, pass through the second point
and end at the third point.
Toolbar Draw
Command Sequence
Command: ARC
Arc command offers 10 different methods for drawing an arc. All of the Arc
command options are available from the pull-down menu as shown in
below figure.
P1
•
P2 P3 P3
• • •
P2 •
P1 •
3 Points Start, Center, End
P2
P1 •
•
put value
P1
• put value
P2
•
Start, Center, Angle Start, Center, Length
P2 •
direction
P2
put value •
• P1
P1 •
P1
•
P2
•
P1•
put value
P3
•
•P2
P2 •
• P1
P2
put value •
P1
• put value
2.3.1.8 Ellipse
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length
and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is
the minor axis. The Ellipse command gives you a number of different
creation options. The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis
and then a third point to define the eccentricity of the ellipse.
distance
distance
midpoint of
first axis major axis
Toolbar Draw
P3
•
P1 axis P2
• •
Command Sequence
Command: ELLIPSE
The other option is to pick the mid points of an axis and then define the
two radius of the ellipse axis.
P3
•
P1 P2
• •
midpoint
2.3.2.1 Erase
The Erase command use to remove (deletes) unused any selected
object(s) from the drawing.
Toolbar Modify
Command Sequence
Command: ERASE
Select objects: (pick an object to erase)
Select objects: (press enter to end the selection and erase the object)
There are also some option can be choose after activated the erase
command:
o Enter “L” (Last) to erase the last object drawn.
o Enter “p” (Previous) to erase the last selection set.
o Enter “all” to erase all objects from the drawing.
2.3.2.2 Copy
The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any
drawing object which you have previously created at a specified distance
and direction from the originals. Copy is a very useful and time-saving
command because you can create very complex drawing elements and
then simply copy them as many times as you like.
Toolbar Modify
P3
•
P2
•
P1
•
Command Sequence
Command: COPY
Notice that the “P2” and “P3” is only two points which are simply used to
indicate the distance and direction of the copied object from the original
object. It do not have to be picked on or near the object.
2.3.2.3 Mirror
The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing
by picking them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line
using two points. Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects
because you can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of
drawing the entire object
Toolbar Modify
P3
•
• P2
Command Sequence
Command: MIRROR
2.3.2.4 Offset
Offset command creates a new object whose shape parallel to or
concentric with a selected object. The new object is drawn at a user
defined distance from the original and in a direction chosen by the user.
Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc,
depending on which side you specify for the offset.
2 - 17 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 2 – Geometry and Editing
Toolbar Modify
P1• P2
•
Command Sequence
Command: OFFSET
2.3.2.5 Array
The Array command create copies of selected objects in a rectangular
matrix (columns and rows) or a polar (circular) pattern. For rectangular
arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated. To create many regularly
spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.
distance
between row
distance
Before between column After Before After
Toolbar Modify
1 2
4 4
o In the Row Offset and Column Offset boxes, enter the distance
between rows and between columns. Adding a plus sign (+) or a
minus sign (-) determines direction.
o Click the Pick Both Offsets button to use the pointing device to
specify the diagonal corners of a cell in the array. The cell
determines the vertical and horizontal spacing of the rows and
columns.
o Click the Pick Row Offset or Pick Column Offset button to use the
pointing device to specify the horizontal and vertical spacing.
(The example box displays the result.)
6. To change the rotation angle of the array, enter the new angle next to
Angle of Array.
7. Click on the Preview button. (The dialogue box disappears and the
specified array is temporarily drawn so that we can preview it)
8. There are now offered 3 choices. If the array isn't quite right, click the
Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you are happy with
the array, click the Accept button, the array will be permanently drawn
and the command is ended.
Command Sequence
Command: ARRAY
(Array dialog box will automatically appear on the screen)
1 2
8 9
o Click the Pick Angle to Fill button and the Pick Angle Between
Items button. Use the pointing device to specify the angle to fill and
the angle between items.
(The example box displays the result.)
8. Make sure that the Rotate items as copied checkbox is checked.
9. Click on the Preview button to preview the result. If the array isn't quite
right, click the Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you
are happy with the array, click the Accept button, the array will be
permanently drawn and the command is ended.
The illustration above shows the results of a polar array using an original
rectangle (red) copied eight times about a centre point C, through an angle
of 360 degrees (full circle). The only difference between the array on the
left and the one on the right is that the Rotate items as copied checkbox
was not checked in the right hand example.
2.3.2.6 Move
The Move command is use to simply moved objects from one location to
another at a specified distance and direction from the originals.
Toolbar Modify
P1
•
P2
•
P3
•
Command Sequence
Command: MOVE
Note that as with the Copy command, the two pick points, P2 and P3 are
used only to indicate the distance and direction of movement.
2.3.2.7 Rotate
The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a
specified base point selected by the user.
Toolbar Modify
P3
•
• P2
P1•
Command Sequence
Command: ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise
ANGBASE=0
Select objects: (pick object to rotate, P1)
Select objects: (to end selection)
Specify base point: (pick base point, P2)
2.3.2.8 Scale
The Scale command can be used to change the size of an object. Scaling
can be completed by picking a base point and a second point (not always
easy because it can sometimes be difficult to precisely control the scaling)
or by entering a scale factor at the keyboard. For example, 2.0 scale factor
will double up the size of the objects, and 0.5 scale factor will reduce the
size into half.
Toolbar Modify
P3
•
P2
•
• P1
Command Sequence
Command: SCALE
2.3.2.9 Stretch
The Stretch command can be used to move one or more vertices of an
object whilst leaving the rest of the object unchanged. In the example
below, a rectangle has been stretched by moving one vertex to create an
irregular shape.
Toolbar Modify
P3 P4
••
P2
•
•P1
Before stretch During stretch After stretch
Command Sequence
Command: STRETCH
Select objects: (pick first point of crossing window, P1 [from right to left])
Specify opposite corner: (pick second point of window, P2)
Select objects: (to end selection)
Specify base point or displacement: (pick base point, P3)
Specify second point of displacement: (pick second point, P4)
Note that the two pick points, P3 and P4 are used only to indicate the
distance and direction of stretch.
2.3.2.10 Trim
The Trim command can be used to trim a part of an object to meet the
edges of other objects so that it will end precisely at boundary edges
defined by other objects. In order to trim an object you must draw a second
object which forms the "cutting edge". Cutting edges can be lines, xlines,
polylines, circles, arcs or ellipses.
2 - 25 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 2 – Geometry and Editing
Toolbar Modify
P2
•
P3
•
P1
•
Command Sequence
Command: TRIM
Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None
Select cutting edges ...
Select objects <select all>: (select the cutting edge, P1)
Select objects: (to end cutting edge selection)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or
[Project/Edge/Undo]: (pick the part of the polygon which you want to
trim, P2)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]: (pick the part of the square, P3)
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]: (to end)
2.3.2.11 Extend
This command shorten or lengthen a line, polyline or arc to meet the edges
of other objects (known as the boundary edge).
Toolbar Modify
P2
• • P1
P3
•
Command Sequence
Command: EXTEND
Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None
Select boundary edges ...
Select objects: (select the boundary edge, P1)
Select objects: (to end boundary edge selection)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]:
(pick the object which you want to be extended, P2)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]:
(pick another object which you want to be extended, P3)
Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or
[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: (to end)
2.3.2.12 Chamfer
The Chamfer command enables you to create a chamfer (connects two
objects with an angled line) between any two non-parallel lines as shown
in the illustration below.
Chamfer object
Toolbar Modify
Dist 1 Dist 2
P1 P2
• Dist 2
•
Dist 1
• P2
• P1
Command: CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 10.0000, Dist2 = 10.0000
Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/
mEthod/Multiple]: D (to set distances)
Notice from the command sequence that there are a number of options
which can be used to control the way the Chamfer command behaves. The
Polyline option can be used to chamfer all vertexes of a polyline
simultaneously. The Distance option allows you to specify the two chamfer
distances. Angle allows the angle between the first line and the chamfer to
be specified.
2.3.2.13 Fillet
A fillet connects two intersecting lines or adjacent polyline segments with
an arc that is tangent to the objects and has a specified radius. User first
need to use the command to set the required radius and then a second
time to select the two lines.
Toolbar Modify
P2
•
• P1
Command Sequence
Command: FILLET
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.0000
Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: R
2.3.2.14 Explode
The Explode command is used to "explode" single objects back to their
single element parts. In other words, the command is used to return
blocks, polylines etc. (which may be composed of a number of component
objects) back to their individual component parts. The change has no
visible effect.
Toolbar Modify
Keyboard EXPLODE
Co-ordinates fall into two types, namely Cartesian and Polar. A basic
understanding of these co-ordinate types will help you to use AutoCAD to
construct drawings more easily. They can be either Absolute or Relative.
Knowing just when and where to use the various types and flavours of co-
ordinate is the key to efficient drawing with AutoCAD.
(20, 30)
30 •
0,0 20
X axis
The co-ordinate value of the origin point is always 0,0. AutoCAD allows
you to use co-ordinates to draw objects rather than using pick points. For
example you could draw a line like this:
Command Sequence
Command: LINE
Y axis
From point: 0,0
(20,30) (55,30)
To point: 20,30 30 • •
To point: 55,30
(65,0)
To point: 65,0 0,0• 20 55 65
•
X axis
To point: (to end)
(15<50)
•
15
50o
0<0
X axis
1 (2,7)
6 P6
P8
2
29o
P9 P7 135o 5
(3,4) P5
P4
(8,4)
P3
3
P1 P2
(0,0) (4,0)
Coordinate System
Absolute Relative Absolute Relative
Cartesian Cartesian Polar Polar
Command : LINE
From point : (P1) 0,0 @0,0 0<0 @0<0
To point : (P2) 4,0 @4,0 4<0 @4<0
To point : (P3) 4,3 @0,3 @3<90
To point : (P4) 3,4 @-1,1 @1.41<135
To point : (P5) 8,4 @5,0 @5<0
To point : (P6) 11.54,7.54 @3.54,3.54 @5<45
To point : (P7) 5.77,5.88 @-5.77,-1.65 @6<196
To point : (P8) 2,7 @-3.77,1.12 @3.93<163.45
To point : (P9) 1,5 @-1,-2 @2.24<243.43
To point : (P1) 0,0 @-1,-5 0<0 @5.10<258.69
• You can also access the Osnaps from the cursor menu. Hold the Shift key
down on the keyboard and right-click the mouse at the screen to bring up
the cursor menu. The menu appears at the current cursor position.
Right click
here
• Finally, you can also access the Osnaps from the keyboard by typing
their shortened name.
There are 15 options of Object snaps which all of it are useful in certain
situations. Users will probably find themselves using about half of them on
a regular basis and another half in special circumstances. Not all the object
snaps tool will be discuss here. Only the regular basis and important
command will be discuss in next section. However, it's a good idea to get
know as much of it so that you can plan you’re drawing properly and use
the provided tool optimally.
2.3.4.1 Endpoint
The Endpoint Osnap used to snaps the end points of lines, arcs and to
polyline vertices. This is one of the most useful and commonly used
Osnaps.
2.3.4.2 Midpoint
The Midpoint Osnap used to snaps the mid points of lines, arcs and to the
mid point of polyline segments.
2.3.4.3 Intersection
The Intersection Osnap used to snaps the physical intersection of any two
drawing objects (i.e. where lines, arcs or circles etc. cross each other) and
to Polyline vertices.
2.3.4.4 Center
The Center Osnap used to snaps the centre of a circle, arc or polyline arc
segment. The cursor must pass over the circumference of the circle or the
arc so that the centre can be found.
2.3.4.5 Quadrant
The Quadrant Osnap used to snaps one of the four circle quadrant points
located at north, south, east and west which are 90, 270, 0 and 180
degrees respectively.
2.3.4.6 Tangent
The Tangent Osnap used to snaps a tangent point on a circle.
2.3.4.7 Perpendicular
The Perpendicular Osnap used to snaps a point which forms a
perpendicular (90 degree) with the selected object.
2.3.4.8 Nearest
The Nearest Osnap used to snaps the nearest point on a drawing object.
This Osnap is useful if you want to make sure that a pick point lies on a
drawing object but you don't necessarily mind exactly where it is located.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
Ellipse
Major axis 161
Minor axis 33
2.5 REFERENCES
UNIT 3
PLOTTING CAD DRAWING
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Plotting a CAD drawing on a paper is essential in order to share
information with the others. This chapter will describe on the item that
need to be considered in plotting a CAD drawing.
3.3.1.2 Snap
Snap is a command that enable user to move the aperture exactly
according to the setting distance, horizontally and vertically. This option
can be activate by clicking the Snap command as shown in Figure 3.4. By
activating this command users will be guided as the aperture will only
move from one point to another according to the setting distance. To set
this distance, right click on the Snap command and choose setting (Figure
3.5). A Drafting Setting Window will appear as shown in Figure 3.6. The
distance of Snap command can be set accordingly by the user (refer to
Figure 3.6).
3.3.1.3 Grid
Grid is a point visible on the drawing area as shown in Figure 3.7. The
main function of the grid is to provide reference for the user on the
distance of one point to the other. This option can be activated by clicking
on Grid command as shown in Figure 3.4. To set the distance of the y-axis
and x-axis of the Grid, right click on the Grid command and choose setting
(Figure 3.5). A Drafting Setting Window will appear as shown in Figure 3.6.
The distance of Snap command can be set accordingly by the user (refer
to Figure 3.6).
Grid Point
3.3.1.4 Units
Units is an option for the users to determine the units that going to be used
in the drawing. This option can be set by typing Units in the command line
as shown in Figure 3.8. A Drawing Units Window will then appear as
shown in Figure 3.9. This option enables us to choose the desired units
and desired precision of measurement applied in our drawing.
3.3.1.5 Scale
In AutoCAD, we have two type of drawing space. The first one known as
Model Space and the second one is Paper Space (Figure 3.10). Model
Space is used usually used as a working space where all the drawing
activities take place. While Paper Space usually used to produce the final
printing version of the drawing, including the title block and others.
Model Space
Paper Space
To scale down an object, type scale in the command area (Figure 3.11),
then specify your base point and then chose appropriate scale so that the
object will fit into your title block.
3-5 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 3 – Plotting CAD Drawing
First Point
Second Point
Thick Line
Represent the View
Port Border
Zoom Window
Selection
To further change the size of the object we can use the Zoom Realtime
command as shown in Figure 3.23. By holding the right button and moving
of the mouse we can adjust the size of the object.
3.3.4 Plotting
To plot the finish drawing, go to Plot command as shown in Figure 3.24. A
Plot-Layout 1 Window will then appear. We will first have to set our printer
or plotter setting as shown in Figure 3.25. After completed the setting
parameters click OK button to start the plotting work.
3.4.1 Activity I
Produce a title block in the paper space as shown in Figure 3.12 complete
with all the required information and save under the name of Title Block.
3.4.2 Activity II
Reproduce object as shown in Section 2.4.3 in the model space of the
same file as Activity I and transferred to paper space. Save the file as a
new file.
3.5 REFERENCES
UNIT 4
DIMENSIONING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Dimensioning is important in materializing a technical drawing into a
product. There are several types of dimensioning including linear
dimensioning, circle and arc dimensioning, and angle dimensioning. This
chapter will describe on dimensioning technique for technical drawing and
other guidelines in dimensioning. We will also see how dimensioning can
be done in AutoCAD software.
.
Given below are list of error used to be made in dimensioning (Figure 4.6):
a) distance between projection and object line is too far (i)
b) crossing between projection and dimension line (ii)
c) break on projection line through the object line (iii)
d) dimension text size exceeding or below 3 mm (iv)
e) arrow size exceeding or below 3 mm (v)
f) dimension without projection line (vi)
g) crossing of two dimension line (vii)
h) no gap between the projection and object line (viii)
i) no projection line for the other side (ix)
j) gap between the dimension and object is too small (x)
k) inappropriate weighting of the dimension line (xi)
l) no gap between the centre line and the projection line (xii)
Figure 4.7 shows the corrected version of the same object dimension as
Figure 4.6.
Angular
Linear Radius Dimensioning
Arch Length Dimensioning
Dimensioning Dimensioning Style
We will now set a new dimensioning style named ISO (Figure 4.10). After
renaming the New Style Name, click on Continue command (Figure 4.10)
and New Dimension Style Window will appear (Figure 4.11). Parameters
of dimension and extension line can now be set as been discussed on
Section 4.2. Setting of other parameters is shown in Figure 4.12–4.14.
Creating
New Style
Name of
New Style
Continue
Command
Parameters
Set At 3 mm
Set At 5 mm
Set At 1.5 mm
Set At 3 mm
Set At 3 mm
Set At 3 mm
Set At 3 mm
Set At 1 mm
Set At 0.0
4.3.4 Tolerances
As dimensioning is one of the most important component in providing the
actual size of a product, tolerance also play an important role in providing
the permitted error in manufacturing of a product. Tolerance defines as the
total amount by which a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The
tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits
allowed during the manufacturing process. Figure 4.15 shows example of
dimensioning with tolerance.
Set At Deviation
Set At 0.000
Set At 0.7
4.4 ACTIVITIES/EXERCISE
4.4.1 Activity I
Draw Object from Section 2.6.1 in the Model Space and Transferred it to
the Paper Space Complete with the Title Block. Add Dimension to your
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.2 Activity II
Draw Object from Section 2.6.2 in the Model Space and Transferred it to
the Paper Space Complete with the Title Block. Add Dimension to your
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.4 Activity IV
Draw Object from Section 2.6.4 in the Model Space and Transferred it to
the Paper Space Complete with the Title Block. Add Dimension to your
Drawing and Plot.
4.4.5 Activity V
Draw Object from Section 2.6.5 in the Model Space and Transferred it to
the Paper Space Complete with the Title Block. Add Dimension to your
Drawing and Plot.
4.5 REFERENCES
UNIT 5
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Orthographic drawing is a method used to represent a 3D object as a 2D
technical drawing in various views. This chapter will discuss on the
principle of an orthographic drawing and construction of an orthographic
drawing from a 3D object or 3D drawing.
For the first angle projection (Figure 5.3), the plan view is a top view drawn
on the bottom plane, the front view is a front view drawn on the back plane
and the side view is a right side view drawn on the left plane. Location of
all these plain can be given as break up of a square box.
Meanwhile, for the third angle projection (Figure 5.4), the plan view is a top
view drawn on the top plane, the front view is a front view drawn on the
front plane and the side view is a right side view drawn on the right plane.
Bottom View
Top/Plan View
Top/Plan View
Bottom View
1) Draw the front view of the given object as shown in Figure 5.14.
2) Using Construction Layer, construct a boundary for the other
view base on the front view (Figure 5.15).
3) We can now draw projection line for the top view as shown in
Figure 5.16.
4) Draw the top view base on the datum set by the projection line
as shown in Figure 5.17.
5) Base on the top and front view, construct projection line for the
side view (Figure 5.18)
6) Draw the side view base on projection line as shown in Figure
5.19.
7) To have an overall view of the orthographic drawing, we can
hide the construction layer as shown in Figure 5.20. Figure 5.21
shows the view of the orthographic drawing.
:
Figure 5.17: Top View of the 3D Object
5.4 ACTIVITIES/EXERCISE
5.4.1 Activity I
Produce an orthographic drawing for the given 3D object as below.
5.4.2 Activity II
Produce an orthographic drawing for the given 3D object as below.
5.5 REFERENCES
1 Khairul Anuar Hanafiah (2006), Lukisan Kejuruteraan Berbantu
Komputer – Edisi Kedua, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,
Malaysia.
2 Mohd Fadzli Daud and Khairul Anuar Habafiah (2000), Panduan Asas
Lukisan Kejuruteraan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
3 AutoCAD 2006, user guide.
UNIT 6
INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING
6.1 INTRODUCTION
3D modeling is important in presenting the real shape of a product or
object. 3D modeling is an extension of an orthographic drawing where the
product is presented in 3D view. Using 3D takes time to master, creates
additional work, and slows down the computer. Why bother using it? Here
are some key reasons why we need bother with 3D:
From this origin, three imaginary planes can be form intersect at the origin:
XY plane, XZ plane and YZ plane as shown in figure 6.2. The XY plane is
the horizontal plane and the XZ and YZ are the two vertical planes. When
you need to draw something horizontal, such as the plan of a building, you
draw it in the XY plane using X and Y coordinates. This generates a plan
view. When you need to draw something vertical, such as an elevation of a
building, you draw it using the XZ or YZ planes.
ZX Plane
YZ Plane
XY Plane
Cartesian coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
θ
r
To locate a point with the cylindrical coordinates, first you need to locate it
in the XY plane just like polar coordinates. Then indicate an exact height at
that point.
6.3.2 3D View
Before you can work with a 3D model, you must first need to change the
AutoCAD background environment become a 3D view. There are four
isometric icons at a view toolbar use to change the background
environment become a 3D view. The icons are:
SW Isometric
SE Isometric
NE Isometric
NW Isometric
Although there are four options that you can choose, it is recommended
that you select SW Isometric before starting your 3D modeling sketch.
When you work in 3D, there is both a fixed coordinate system and
a movable one. The fixed coordinate system called the world coordinate
system (WCS) and a movable system called the user coordinate system
(UCS). The UCS is useful for entering coordinates, defining drawing
planes, and setting views.
When you first start up AutoCAD you are presented with a plan
view of the drawing area. In the bottom left hand corner of the drawing
area as shown in figure 6.7 is an icon, known as the UCS icon. The icon
shows two specific bits of information. First, the icon contains a figure X
and an arrow which points from left to right
along the bottom of the screen. Second, the
icon contains a figure Y and an arrow head
which points from bottom to top along the
left hand side of the screen. These first two
parts of the icon indicate the position and Figure 6.7: WCS Icon
direction of the X and Y axes.
As your cursor moves over the screen area you can see the
change in X and Y co-ordinates by watching the co-ordinate status area as
shown in figure 6.8 at the bottom left of the screen (X,Y,Z). X and Y co-
ordinates increase in the direction indicated by the UCS icon. By
implication the Z axis points straight out of the screen towards us. If you
have just opened a new drawing the Z co-ordinate will appear as "0.0000"
in the status bar and will not change as you move the cursor because you
are only moving in the XY Plane.
As you can see from the two illustrations above, the UCS icon shifts its
position to indicate the orientation of the current User Co-ordinate System.
Define a UCS
AutoCAD provides a number of ways to define a User Co-ordinate System.
All of these options are available to you when you use the UCS command.
It is recommended you to use the UCS toolbar as shown in figure 6.10.
This toolbar help you to define a new UCS become easier. However, not
all of the icons from the UCS toolbar are discussed here. Only the
important icon that will always use which has been numbered was
discussed here.
6-7 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 6 – Introduction to 3D Modeling
4
1 2 3
1 World
Use to restore the WCS
2 Origin
Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin of the current UCS,
leaving the direction of its X, Y, and Z axes unchanged.
Specify a new origin point relative to the origin of the current UCS.
before after
3 3 Point
Specifies the new UCS origin and the direction of its positive X and
Y axes. The Z axis follows by applying the right-hand rule. You can
use this option to specify any possible coordinate system.
1
•
2
• •3
The first point specifies the origin of the new UCS. The second
point defines the positive X axis. The third point defines the positive
Y axis. The third point can be anywhere on the positive Y portion of
the new UCS XY plane.
4 X, Y, Z
Rotates the current UCS about a specified axis.
You can define any UCS by specifying an origin and one or more
rotations around the X, Y, or Z axis.
You can also use the right-hand rule for determining the positive direction
of rotation about an axis in 3D space. Point your right thumb in the positive
direction of the axis and curl your fingers. Your fingers indicate the positive
rotation direction about the axis.
6.4 REFERENCES
UNIT 7
SOLID MODELING
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid modeling is the most recent method in generating a 3D drawing. It is
the easiest among other two methods; wireframe and surface. This
chapter will lead you on generating a 3D drawing using solid modeling
method. It discuss Commands in Solid Modeling ; box , cone , cylinder ,
sphere , extrude , revolve , ‘torus’ , ‘slice’ , ‘section’ , ‘setup profile’,
Editing solid object ; intersection , subtract , union , fillet , chamfer , ‘3D
array’, ‘3D mirror’ , ‘3D rotate’ and Modeling variable control ; ’Viewres’ ,
‘Facetres’ and ’Dispsilh’. command.
You can use primitives to either begin building a model, or it can even be a
finished object on its own. Many of these commands are similar to 2D
commands, except with an extra co-ordinate in the Z axis.
7.3.2.1 Box
Think of a box as an extruded rectangle. It has width, height and depth. It
is created by establishing a starting corner and then establishing a second
corner by either picking or giving relative co-ordinates.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard BOX
Command Sequence
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: 2,3,4
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5,7,10
This draws a box that is 5 units in the X-axis wide, 7 units in the Y-axis
high and has a depth of 10 units in the positive Z-axis with one corner
located at 2,3,4. Here is another way of drawing that same box:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: 2,3,4
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5,7
Specify height: 10
Using this method, you establish the first corner as before, but only enter
the X and Y co-ordinates of the opposite corner. AutoCAD will then prompt
for the height. Another way of drawing a box is to establish where the
center of the box will be:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter] <0,0,0>: C
Center of box <0,0,0>: <ENTER> or <PICK A POINT>
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @2,3,4
This draws a box that is 4x6x8 based about the center of 0,0,0.
If you want to draw a perfect cube, you can use this option:
Command: Box
Specify corner of box or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: (pick point)
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: C
Length: 4
This draws a cube with all sides equal to 4 units based of off a picked point.
The last way of drawing a cube allows you to enter the Length, Width and
Height as separate distances, and not based on co-ordinate points.
Command: Box
Center/<Corner of box> <0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Cube/Length/<other corner>: L
Length: 5 (X AXIS)
Width: 4 (Y AXIS)
Height: 6 (Z AXIS)
7.3.2.2 Sphere
A Sphere is a globe-like shape. It is very similar to drawing a circle in that
you pick a center point and then input either the radius (default) or
diameter. Both methods draw the same sphere in the following examples:
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Sphere
Command Sequence
Command: Sphere
Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: 5,10
Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: 6
Command: Sphere
Specify center of sphere <0,0,0>: 5,10
Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]:D
Specify Diameter: 12
Both of the above methods will give you the same result.
7.3.2.3 Cylinder
A cylinder is just like an extruded circle. Creating one is very similar to
creating a circle, except that you are giving depth to it.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Cylinder
Command Sequence
Command: Cylinder
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Diameter/<Radius>: 6
Center of other end/<Height>: 4
Command: Cylinder
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D
Diameter: 12
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: 4
7.3.2.4 Cone
Drawing a cone is the same as drawing a cylinder, except that the
resulting object tapers smoothly from the bottom to a point at the top.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Cone
Command Sequence
Command: Cone
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick A Point>
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 4
Specify height of cone or [Apex]: 8
Command: CONE
Specify center point for base of cone or [Elliptical]
<0,0,0>: <Enter> or <Pick a Point>
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: D
Specify diameter for base of cone: 8
Apex/<Height>: 8
7.3.2.5 Wedge
One of the trickier primitives to draw is the wedge. You have to be careful
which co-ordinates you input to make the wedge lie in the position you
want. If it doesn't turn out just as you hoped for, you can always rotate it.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Wedge
Command Sequence
Command: Wedge
Specify first corner of wedge or [CEnter]<0,0,0>: <Pick>
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5,2,4
Once the first corner is established, you can either enter points, or pick a
spot. AutoCAD will draw the shape like it would draw a cube except it is
slice in half along the length starting at the point above the first corner.
There are other options to drawing wedges and see the box examples for
these.
7.3.2.6 Torus
A torus is a donut-like shape or something resembling an inner tube. When
drawing one you have to enter the center point, a radius to the center of
the tube and the radius of the tube itself.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Torus
Command Sequence
Command: Torus
Specify center of torus <0,0,0>: <Pick>
Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 3
Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]:.25
You can create boundary out of multiple loops and out of open curves
whose endpoints are connected and form loops. You cannot form
boundary from open objects that intersect to form a closed area: for
example, intersecting arcs or self-intersecting curves.
From the boundary, 3D solid modeling can be create by using extrude and
revolve command. Extrude and Revolve command will create a 3D
model by extruding a boundary in 2D object (also known as profile) along a
path or revolving a profile about an axis.
Profile
Toolbar Solids
Command Sequence
Command: Extrude
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: <select a profile>
Select objects: <press enter to end selection>
Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: <put value to extrude
profile up to require height or press “P” to extrude path.
Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: <enter if don’t
want the model to tapered.
Toolbar Solids
Command Sequence
Command: Revolve
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: <select a profile>
Select objects: <press enter to end selection>
Specify start point for axis of revolution or define axis by
[Object/X (axis)/Y (axis)]: <select a rotational axis>
Specify angle of revolution <360>: <enter to accept 360o
rotation or put preferable value>
Boolean Shell
operation
Chamfer Fillet
¾ Union
The Union Command
Command Sequence
Command: Union
Select objects: <pick first object to union>
Select objects: <pick second object to union>
Select objects: <select other object or enter to finish>
¾ Subtract
The Subtract Command
Keyboard Subtract
Command Sequence
¾ Intersect
The Intersect Command
Keyboard Intersect
Command Sequence
Command: Intersect
Select objects: <pick first object>
Select objects: <pick others object and press enter to finish>
¾ Shell
You can create a shell (a hollow, thin wall with a specified thickness) from
your 3D solid object. New faces are created by offsetting existing ones
inside or outside their original positions. Continuously tangent faces are
treated as single faces when offsetting.
¾ Slicing 3D Object
You can create a new solid by cutting the existing solid and removing a
specified side. You can retain one or both halves of the sliced solids. The
sliced solids retain the layer and color properties of the original solids. The
default method of slicing a solid is to specify three points that define the
cutting plane and then select which side to retain. You can also define the
cutting plane by using another object, the current view, the Z axis, or the
XY, YZ, or ZX plane.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Slice
To slice a solid
1. Click Draw menu Solids Slice.
2. Select the objects to slice.
3. Specify three points to define the cutting plane.
The first point defines the origin (0,0,0) of the cutting plane. The
second point defines the positive X axis, and the third point defines
the positive Y axis.
4. Specify which side to retain, or enter b to retain both sides.
1
•
3
•
2•
¾ Sectioning 3D Object
You can create a cross section through a 3D solid. The result can be a
two-dimensional object representing the shape of the section. The default
method is specifying three points to define the plane. Other methods
define the cross-sectional plane by another object, the current view, the Z
axis, or the XY, YZ, or ZX plane. The cross-sectional plane is placed on
the current layer.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Section
¾ Interference
Interference highlights 3D solids that overlap. It performs the same
operation as Intersect, but Interference keeps the original two objects.
Toolbar Solids
Keyboard Interfere
Toolbar Modify
Keyboard Chamfer
Base surface
distance
1 2
Toolbar Modify
Keyboard Fillet
7.3.5 3D Operation
¾ 3D Array
Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern in 3D. In
addition to specifying the number of columns (X direction) and rows (Y
direction), you also specify the number of levels (Z direction).
Keyboard 3DArray
3D rectangular array
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns
and the distance between each.
3D polar array
For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and
whether the copies are rotated.
¾ Mirror 3D
Mirroring creates a mirror image of objects. It is useful for creating
symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half the object and then
mirror it instead of drawing the entire object. The mirroring plane can be
one of the following:
• The plane of a planar object
• A plane parallel to the XY, YZ, or XZ plane of the current UCS that
passes through a specified point
• A plane defined by three specified points (2, 3, and 4)
Keyboard Mirror3D
To mirror objects in 3D
1. Click Modify menu 3D Operation Mirror 3D.
2. Select the object to mirror.
3. Specify option to define a mirroring plane.
4. Press ENTER to retain the original objects, or enter y to delete
them.
7 - 21 Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
DDA 3023
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
UNIT 7 – Solid Modeling
¾ Rotate 3D
With ROTATE3D, you can specify the axis of rotation using either two
points; an object; the X, Y, or Z axis; or the Z direction of the current view.
Keyboard Rotate3D
¾ Align Object
You can move, rotate, or tilt an object so that it aligns with another object.
In the following example, align the pieces of piping using a window
selection box to select the object to be aligned. Use the Endpoint object
snap to align the pieces precisely.
Keyboard Align
7.3.6.1 Viewres
VIEWRES controls the appearance of circles, arcs, ellipses, and splines
using short vectors. The greater the number of vectors, the smoother the
appearance of the circle or arc. For example, if you create a very small
circle and then zoom in, it might appear to be a polygon. Using VIEWRES
to increase the zoom percentage and regenerate the drawing updates and
smooths the circle's appearance. Decreasing the zoom percentage has the
opposite effect.
7.3.6.2 Facetres
FACETRES controls the smoothness of shaded and rendered curved
solids. It is linked to the value set by VIEWRES: The default value of
FACETRES is 0.5. The range of possible values is 0.01 to 10. When you
raise and lower the value of VIEWRES, objects controlled by both
VIEWRES and FACETRES are affected. When you raise and lower the
value of FACETRES, only solid objects are affected.
7.3.6.3 Dispsilh
Controls display of silhouette curves of solid objects in Wireframe mode
when plotting. Also controls whether mesh is drawn or suppressed when a
solid object is hidden.
0 – off
1 – on
Dispsilh = 1 Dispsilh = 0
a) At the paper layout, transfer 3D object from the Model Space to Paper
Space using view port command as shown in figure 7.4.
b) Specify first and second corner for the viewport as shown in Figure 7.5.
c) Four viewport will be generated on the Paper Space as shown in
Figure 7.6.
d) Activate one of the viewport (Figure 7.7) and change the view to the
required view by using the view command (Figure 7.8). This step is
repeated for other viewport until we have all the orthographic view as
shown in Figure 7.9
e) Activate one of the viewport area and type solprof command at the
command area (Figure 7.10). This command will ask you three
question, whether you want to Display hidden profile lines on separate
layer?, Project profile lines onto a plane? and Delete tangential
edges?. Type “yes” or just press enter for answering all these question.
f) By using this command two new layers will be created as shown in
Figure 7.11. The H represents the hidden line and the V represents
visible line of the orthographic.
g) Step (e) then repeated for the other three views. After all the four view
have been through solprof command, numbers of new layer will be
created as shown in Figure 7.12
h) We can now switch OFF our Object Layer as shown in Figure 7.13 and
change the properties of all new generated layers with the capital PH
and PV. Change the linetype from continuous to hidden line for all
layers start with PH. Change also the line thickness to 0.30 mm for all
these layers. For all PV layers, change the line thickness to 0.50 mm
This can be done as shown in Figure 7.14.
i) The orthographic drawing now is ready as shown in Figure 7.15.
First Corner
Second Corner
Figure 7.5: Specifying First and Second Corner for the Viewport
Figure 7.12: Generated New Layers from solprof Command for All Viewport
Exercise 1
Create this part using the information and dimensions provided.
Exercise 2
A = 60 B = 64 C = 140 D = 19
Exercise 3
Use the following graphics to create the part. Holes are concentric to circular
edges created by fillets and rounds.
Exercise 4
Dimension in mm:
SECTION A-A
Exercise 5
If A = 100 and all dimension in mm. All holes through all, unless otherwise
specified. What is the overall volume of the part in mm3? (755,765.04 mm3)
Exercise 6
A = 63mm, B = 50mm, C = 100mm. All holes through all. What is the overall
volume of the part in mm3? (143,857.58 mm3)
7.5 REFERENCES