Chap 8P Electromagnetic Waves Arvind 2023

Chap 8: Electromagnetic Waves
One Shot Video
Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

ArvindSir One Shot
औरों से अलग
1. All Topics Covered
2. Zero to Hero
3. Pure Teaching, No Faltu Talks

For Presentations & Notes
Arvind Academy
Telegram Channel
Link given in description

Arvind Academy
App
Class 12, 11 & NEET
Download Now

Introduction( Displacement Current)
Maxwell (1831-1879), argued that—an electric field changing with time
produces a magnetic field.
Maxwell noticed that Ampere's circuital law is inconsistent namely,

makes non-unique predictions for the magnetic field in situations
where electric current changes with time. He showed that consistency
requires an additional source of magnetic field, this is called
displacement current.
This made the laws of electricity and magnetism symmetrical.

Maxwell's Displacement Current
Inconsistency of Ampere's circuital law. According to
Ampere's circuital law, the line integral of the
magnetic field 𝐵 along any closed loop C is proportional to
the current 𝐼 passing through the closed loop, i.e.,
න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐶
In 1864, Maxwell showed that the equation is logically

inconsistent.

Now the current 𝐼 flows across the area bounded by loop
𝐶1 because connecting wire passes through it. Hence from
Ampere's law, we have
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐶1

But the area bounded by 𝐶2 lies in the region between
the capacitor plates, so no current flows across it.
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 0
𝐶2
Imagine tire loops 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 to be infinitesimally close to
each other, as shown in Fig. Then we must have
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙
𝐶1 𝐶2
This result is inconsistent with the equations .
So a need for modifying Ampere's law was felt by

Maxwell.

Displacement Current
Displacement current is that current which comes into
existence, in addition to the conduction current, whenever
the electric field and hence the electric flux changes with
time.
To maintain the dimensional consistency, the displacement

current is given the form :
𝑑𝜙𝐸
𝐼𝑑 = 𝜀0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝐸
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝜀0
𝑑𝑡

Consistency of modified Ampere's law.
For loop 𝐶1 there is no electric flux (𝜙𝐸 = 0). Therefore, from
equation we have
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐶1
For loop 𝐶2 , conduction current 𝐼 = 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑑 ≠ 0, because a
time-varying electric field exists in the region between the
capacitor plates. Hence
𝑑𝜙𝐸
𝐼𝑑 = 𝜀0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙𝐸
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝜀0
𝑑𝑡
Consequences of displacement current.
The concept of displacement current has made the laws of
electricity and magnetism symmetrical.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the

magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change
magnetic flux. But the emf between two points is the work
done in taking a unit charge from one point to another against
the electrostatic forces.
This implies the existence of an electric field in the region. So

Faraday's law simply states that a time varying magnetic field
gives rise to an electric field.

Consequences of displacement current.
By symmetry, a time varying electric field should give rise to a
magnetic field. This is an importance consequence of
displacement current which is a source of magnetic field.
Another very important consequence of the symmetry of

electricity and magnetism is the existence of electromagnetic
waves, so important for modern communication.

Important properties of displacement current.
1. Displacement current comes into play in a region or space where the
electric field or electric flux changing with time.
2. Displacement current does not exist when there is a steady condition

in a region or where the electric field is not changing with time.
3. Displacement current does not flow through the conducting wires

like conduction current, i.e., displacement current in conducting wire is
zero.

Important properties of displacement current.
4. The magnitude of displacement current in a region or space is equal
to 𝜀0 times the rate of change electric flux in that region or space, i.e.,
𝑑𝜙𝐸
𝐼𝑑 = 𝜀0
𝑑𝑡
5 The displacement current in combination with conduction current

satisfies the property of continuity.
6. The displacement current produces magnetic field in a region, like

conduction current flowing in wires produces in and around the wires.

Q. A parallel plate capacitor has circular plates, each of radius 5.0 cm
It is being charged so that electric field in the gap between its plates
rises steadily at the rate of 1012 𝑉𝑚−1 𝑠 −1 What is the displacement
current ?

Q. The voltage between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor of
capacitance 1.0 𝜇𝐹 is changing at the rate of 5𝑉𝑠 −1 . What is the
displacement current in the capacitor ?

Electromagnetic Waves
 According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction: “A time-varying magnetic field is a source
of changing electric field”.
 On the basis of his theoretical studies, Maxwell

argued that “A time-varying electric field is a source
of changing magnetic field”.

Electromagnetic Waves
An EM Wave is a wave radiated by an

accelerated charge and which propagates
through space as coupled electric and
magnetic fields, oscillating perpendicular to
each other and to the direction of propagation
of the wave.
Source of Electromagnetic Waves
accelerated charge

Mathematical Representation of Electromagnetic Waves
As the electric and magnetic fields in an

e.m. wave are always perpendicular to
each other and also perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation, so e.m.
waves are transverse in nature.
Energy density of em wave
Energy density (Energy per unit Volume)

2
1 2
1 𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑢𝐵 =
2 2 𝜇0
1 2
𝐵02
𝑢 = 𝑢𝐸 + 𝑢𝐵 = 𝜀0 𝐸0 +
4 𝜇0
Intensity of em Waves
Intensity
The energy crossing per unit area per unit
time perpendicular to the propagation of the
wave
1
𝐼 = 𝜀0 𝐸02 𝑐 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝑐
2
1 𝐵02 2
𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼= 𝑐= c
2 𝜇0 𝜇0

Momentum of em Waves
Momentum
Electromagnetic waves transport linear
momentum as they travel through space:
𝑈
𝑝=
𝑐
𝑈=Total Energy
Q. Illustrate by giving suitable examples, how you can show that
electromagnetic waves carry both energy and momentum. (AI 2019)

Q. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum? (AI 2017)

Q. In which directions do the electric and magnetic field vectors
oscillate in an electromagnetic wave propagating along the x-axis?
(AI 2017)

Q. How are electromagnetic waves produced?

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
1. The E.M. waves are produced by accelerated charges & do not
require any material medium for their propagation.
2. The directions of oscillations of 𝐸 and 𝐵 fields are perpendicular to

each other as well as perpendicular to each other as well as
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave . So the
electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
3. The oscillations of 𝐸 and 𝐵 fields are in same phase.

4. All electromagnetic waves travel in free space with the same speed,
1
𝑐 = 𝜇 𝜀 ≃ 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
0 0
In a material medium, the electromagnetic waves travel with the speed ,
1 1 𝑐
v = 𝜇𝜀 = 𝜇 𝜀 = 𝑛 where 𝑛 is the refractive index of the medium.
𝑟 𝑟
𝐸0 1
5. The amplitude ratio of the electric and magnetic field is =𝑐=
𝐵0 𝜇0 𝜀0
6. The electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space and this
energy is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. The average
energy density of an e.m. wave is
2
1 𝐵0
𝑢 = 𝑢𝐸 + 𝑢𝐵 = 𝜀0 𝐸02 +
4 𝜇0
7. Electromagnetic waves transport linear momentum as they travel
𝑈
through space: 𝑝 = 𝑐 .
8. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic

fields.
9. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition. They show

the properties of reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and
polarization.
10. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is responsible for its

optical effects, because 𝐸0 ≫ 𝐵0 .

Electromagnetic Spectrum
The orderly distribution of the EM waves in
accordance with their wavelengths or frequency
into distinct groups having widely differing
properties is called electromagnetic spectrum.

Electromagnetic
Spectrum


Wavelength of Visible Range

Radio Waves
Radio waves: These are the e.m. waves of longest wavelength and
minimum frequency.
Uses of radio waves:

In radio and television communication systems. In radio astronomy.
Wavelength 600 m to 0.1 m

range
Frequency range 500 kHz to 1000 MHz
Source Accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires or
oscillating circuits.
Discovered by Marconi in 1895
Properties Reflection, diffraction
Microwave
Microwave: They are the e.m. waves having wavelengths next smaller to
radio waves.
Uses of microwaves:
In radar systems for aircraft navigation, In microwave ovens.
Wavelength 0.3 m to 10−3 m

range
Frequency range 109 Hz to 1012 MHz
Source Oscillating currents in special vacuum tubes like klystrons,
magnetrons and Gunn diodes.
Discovered by Marconi in 1895
Properties Reflection, diffraction, refraction and polarization
Infrared Waves
•Infrared waves: These radiations lie close to the low-frequency or long-wavelength of
the visible spectrum. Infrared waves produced heating effect, so they are also known as
heat waves or thermal radiation.
Uses:
In remote control of a TV or VCR.
In the treatment of muscular complaints.
In reading the secret writings on the ancient walls.
In knowing the molecular structure.
Wavelength range 5 × 10−3 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 10−6 𝑚
Frequency range 1011 Hz to 5× 1014 Hz
Source Hot bodies and molecules
Discovered by William Herschel in 1800
Properties Heating effect, Reflection, diffraction, refraction, propagation through
fog Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel
Visible Light
•Visible light: It is a very small part of the e.m. spectrum toward which the
human retina is sensitive. The visible light emitted or reflected from bodies
around us gives information about the world.
Uses:
It provides us the information of the world around us.
It can cause chemical reactions.
Wavelength 8 × 10−7 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 4 × 10−7 𝑚

range
Frequency range 4 × 1014 Hz to 7 × 1014 Hz
Source Radiated by excited atoms in ionized gas and incandescent
bodies
Properties Reflection, diffraction, refraction, sensation
Click to watch this ofAcademy
Video Arvind light YouTube channel
Ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet light: This region of the e.m. spectrum has wavelengths just shorter
than visible light and can be detected just beyond the violet end of the solar
spectrum
Uses:
In food preservation.
In the study of molecular structure
Wavelength range 3.5 × 10−7 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1.5 × 10−7 𝑚

Frequency range 1016 Hz to 1017 Hz
Source High voltage gas discharge tubes, arcs of iron & mercury, the sun
Discovered by Ritter in 1800
Properties Effect on photographic plate, fluorescence, ionisation, highly
energetic, tanning of the human skin
X-Rays
X-rays: These e.m. waves have wavelengths just shorter than ultraviolet light. As
X-rays can pass through many forms of matter, so they have many useful medical
and industrial applications.
Uses:
In medical diagnosis because X-rays can pass through flesh but not through bones.
In the study of crystals structure because X-rays can be reflected and diffracted by
crystals.
In radiotherapy to cure untraceable skin diseases and malignant growths.
Wavelength range 100 Å to 0.1 Å

Frequency range 1018 𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 1020 𝐻𝑧
Source Sudden deceleration of fast moving electrons by a metal target.
Discovered by Rontgen in 1895
Properties Effect on photographic plate, ionization of gases, photoelectric effect,
fluorescence, more energetic than UV rays.
Gamma rays
Gamma rays: These are e.m. radiations of highest frequency range and lowest
wavelength range. These are most penetrating e.m. waves.
Uses:
In radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors.
To study the structure of atomic nuclei
To initiate some nuclear reactions.
Wavelength range 10−14 m to 10−10 m

Frequency range 108 𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 1022 𝐻𝑧
Source Radioactive nuclei and nuclear reactions. Co – 60 is a pure 𝛾 𝑟𝑎𝑦
source
Discovered by Henry Becqurel in 1896
Properties Effect on photographic plate, fluorescence, ionisation, diffraction,
high penetrating power Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel
Uses of Electromagnetic waves
1. 𝜸-rays are highly penetrating, they can penetrate thick iron blocks. Due to high
energy, they are used to initiate some nuclear reactions. 𝛾 -rays are produced in
nuclear reactions. In medicine, they are used to destroy cancer cells.
2. X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in bones, tuberculosis

of lungs, presence of stone in gallbladder and kidney. They are used in
engineering to check flaws in bridges. In physics X-rays are used to study crystal
structure.
3. Ultraviolet rays provide vitamin D. These are harmful for skin and eyes. They are
used to sterilize drinking water and surgical instruments. They are used to detect
invisible writing, forged documents, finger prints in forensic lab and to preserve
food items.
Uses of Electromagnetic waves
4. Infrared rays are produced by hot bodies and molecules. These waves are used for
long distance photography and for therapeutic purposes.
5. Radiowaves are used for broadcasting programs to distant places. According to

frequency range, they are divided into following groups
(1) Medium frequency band or medium waves 0-3 to 3 MHz

(2) Short waves or short frequency band 3 MHz — 30 MHz
(3) Very high frequency (VHF) band 30 MHz to 300 MHz
(4) Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band 300 MHz to 3000 MHz
6. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons

and gunn diodes. Their frequency range is 3 GHz to 300 GHz. They are used in RADAR
systems for aircraft navigation and microwave used in homes
Name Frequency range (Hz) Wavelength range Main properties and uses
Radio waves 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟖 >0.1 m Different wavelengths find

specialized uses in radio
communication
Microwaves 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 0.1 m to 1mm (a) Radar communication

(b) Analysis of fine details of
molecular and atomic structure
(C) Since 𝝀 = 𝟑 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎, 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 for
demonstration of all wave
properties on macroscopic
scale.
Infrared 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒐 1mm to (a) Useful for elucidating
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 700nm molecular structure.
(b) Less scattered than
visible light by
atmospheric particles
useful for haze
photography.
Visible light 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒕𝒐 700 nm to (a) Detected by

𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 400 nm stimulating nerve
endings of human retina.
(b) Can cause chemical
reaction

Ultraviole 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕 400 nm to (a) Absorbed by glass
t 1nm (b)Can cause many chemical reactions,
e.g., the tanning of the human skin.
(c) Ionize atoms in atmosphere,
resulting in the ionosphere.
X-rays 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 1 nm to (a) Penetrate matter (e.g., radiography)

𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐧𝐦 (b) Ionize gases
(c) Cause fluorescence
(d) Cause photoelectric emission from
metals.
(e) Reflected and diffracted by crystals
enabling ionic lattice spacing and 𝑵𝑨 (or
wavelength) to be measured.
Gamma 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 < 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒏𝒎 Similar to X- rays.
rays

Q. (a) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the descending
order of their wavelengths: (Delhi 2013C)
(i) Microwaves
(ii) Infra-red rays
(iii) Ultra-violet-radiation
(iv) Gamma rays
(b) Write one use each of any two of them.

Q. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is
(a) suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.

(b) adjacent to the low frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(c) produced in nuclear reactions.
(d) produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons

Q. Find the wavelength of the electro magnetic waves of frequency
5 x 1019 Hz. Give its two applications.

Q. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the order of their
increasing wavelength :
(a) y-rays (b) Microwaves
(c) X-rays (d) Radio waves
How are infra-red waves produced ? What role does infra-red

radiation play in (i) maintaining the Earth's warmth and (ii) physical
therapy ?

Q. A welder wears special glasses to protect his eyes mostly from the
harmful effect of (2020)
(a) Very intense visible light

(b) Infrared radiation
(c) Ultraviolet rays
(d) microwaves

Q. Electromagnetic waves used as a diagnostic tool in medicine are (2020)
(a) X-rays
(b) Ultraviolet rays
(c) Infrared radiation
(d) Ultrasonic waves

ArvindSir One Shot
औरों से अलग
1. All Topics Covered
2. Zero to Hero
3. Pure Teaching, No Faltu Talks

For Presentations & Notes
Arvind Academy
Telegram Channel

Arvind Academy
App
Class 12, 11 & NEET
Download Now

Chap 8P Electromagnetic Waves Arvind 2023

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chap 8P Electromagnetic Waves Arvind 2023

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chap 8: Electromagnetic Waves

One Shot Video

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Maxwell noticed that Ampere's circuital law is inconsistent namely,

This made the laws of electricity and magnetism symmetrical.

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

In 1864, Maxwell showed that the equation is logically

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

So a need for modifying Ampere's law was felt by

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

To maintain the dimensional consistency, the displacement

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the

This implies the existence of an electric field in the region. So

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Another very important consequence of the symmetry of

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

2. Displacement current does not exist when there is a steady condition

3. Displacement current does not flow through the conducting wires

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

5 The displacement current in combination with conduction current

6. The displacement current produces magnetic field in a region, like

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

 On the basis of his theoretical studies, Maxwell

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

An EM Wave is a wave radiated by an

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

As the electric and magnetic fields in an

Energy density (Energy per unit Volume)

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

2. The directions of oscillations of 𝐸 and 𝐵 fields are perpendicular to

3. The oscillations of 𝐸 and 𝐵 fields are in same phase.

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

8. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic

9. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition. They show

10. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is responsible for its

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Click to watch this Video Arvind Academy YouTube channel

Uses of radio waves:

Wavelength 600 m to 0.1 m

Wavelength 0.3 m to 10−3 m

Wavelength 8 × 10−7 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 4 × 10−7 𝑚

Wavelength range 3.5 × 10−7 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1.5 × 10−7 𝑚

Wavelength range 100 Å to 0.1 Å

Wavelength range 10−14 m to 10−10 m

2. X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in bones, tuberculosis

5. Radiowaves are used for broadcasting programs to distant places. According to

(1) Medium frequency band or medium waves 0-3 to 3 MHz

6. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons

Radio waves 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟖 >0.1 m Different wavelengths find

Microwaves 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 0.1 m to 1mm (a) Radar communication