PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

NAME : S.GOPINATH
CLASS : 12
SECTION :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have bestowed their blessings and heart pledged
support upon me. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to all who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project.
Primarily I express my deep sense of gratitude to the
luminary, The Correspondent, Shri M.V.M. VEL MOHAN, The
Principal, , The Vice-Principal,
And Headmaster, for providing the best
of facilities and environment to bring out innovation and
spirit of inquiry through this venture.
I am deeply indebted to my Teacher
Without whose constructive feedback, this project would not
have been successful. The valuable advice and suggestions
for correction, modification and improvement would
enhance the quality of this task.
I would also like to thank my parents, friends and all the
members who contributed to this project was vital for the
success of the project.

I am grateful for their constant support and help.

 VELAMMAL EDUCATIONAL TRUST

VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

MEL AYANAMBAKKAM

Name : Batch no :
Class : Regd.no :

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide report of project of work done by
in PHYSICS LABORATORY during the year202 -202

Teacher-In-Charge

Submitted for the practical examination in

at held on

Principal Internal Examiner External Examiner

Table of Contents

 Ampere’s Swimming Rule

 Magnetic Field
 Motion of a Charged Particle in
a Magnetic Field
 Biot-Savart Law
 Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Swimming Rule

According to this rule, if a swimmer

is imagined to swim along the
conductor in the direction of the
current, facing the needle, then the
north pole of the needle is deflected
to the left.
 Magnetic Field
A stationary charge generates an electric field in
its environment, and a moving charge generates a
field in its environment that imposes a force on the
moving charge. This field is referred to as the
magnetic field, which is a vector quantity
symbolised by the letter B. The nature of the
magnetic field surrounding a conductor depends
on the geometry of the conductor.
Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field

When a charged particle q is thrown in a

magnetic field B with a velocity v the
force acting on the particle is F =
qvB.sinθ, where θ is the angle
between the velocity and the magnetic
field. Since the magnetic force on a
charged particle is perpendicular to its
velocity, it does no work on it. As a
result, the magnetic force has no effect
on the particle’s kinetic energy or
speed.
Case 1: θ = 00 0r 1800

The path followed is a straight line.

As the angle between v and B is zero or 180°,
a charged particle thrown parallel or
antiparallel to a magnetic field will not
experience any magnetic force. As a result, it
will continue to travel in a straight line at a
constant speed.

Case 2: θ = 900
The path followed is circular.
A charged particle’s path is a circle when
projected perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field. The magnetic Lorentz force works as a
centripetal force, causing the charged particle
to move at a constant speed in a circular path
of radius R.
F = qvB = mv2/R
⇒ R = mv/qB
Angular velocity (ω) = v/R = qB/m
Time period of revolution, T = 2π/ω = 2πm/qB
Frequency of revolution = 1/T = qB/2πm
 Biot-Savart Law

Consider the conductor’s infinitesimal

element ds. The magnetic field dB
produced by this element must be
measured at a location P, that is, at a
distance r away from it. Let r be the
position vector and θ be the angle
between them. The direction of ds is the
same as the current direction.

The magnitude of the magnetic field dB is

directly proportional to the current I and
the element length ds, and it is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
r, according to the Biot-Savart law. The
direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the direction of the plane
containing ds and r.
.
Here, μ0 is the permeability of free space.
 Ampere’s Circuital Law

According to Ampere’s circuital equation,

the line integral of a steady magnetic field
across a closed loop is equal to μ0 times
the total current (Ie) travelling through the
surface bounded by the loop.
 Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid

A solenoid is a cylindrical coil made of several

turns of wire. The wire is coated with an
insulating material so that even if the turns
touch each other, they are electrically
insulated.
Generally, the length of the solenoid is much
greater than the radius of the transverse
section of the solenoid. When the turns of the
solenoid are closely spaced, each turn can be
considered as a circular coil, and the net
magnetic field at any point is the vector sum
of the fields due to all the turns.
If the turns are closely wound, and the
length is much greater than the radius,
then the solenoid is treated as an ideal
solenoid. For such a solenoid, the field
outside is weaker than that inside the
solenoid. Further, the field inside is
uniform over a considerable volume and is
along the axis of the solenoid.

If a solenoid has ‘n’ rounds of wire in a

unit length, then the current is given by
I = nai
Therefore, μ0(nai) = B x a
⇒ B = μ0(nai)/a
B = μ0(ni)
 Magnetic Force

When a charge is at rest, it is observed to

experience almost no force. The charge q,
on the other hand, is deflected towards
the wire if it is given a velocity v in the
direction of the current. As a result, we
can conclude that a moving charged
particle is acted upon by a magnetic field.
Lorentz Force is the result of the
interaction of electric and magnetic forces
on a point charge.

At a given time, t, consider a point charge

q travelling with velocity v and positioned
at position vector r. If there is an electric
field E and a magnetic field B at that
location, the force on the electric charge q
is equal to
 The Force between Two Parallel
Current-Carrying Wires

Currents i1 and i2 are carried in the same

direction by two parallel wires. Each
conductor creates a magnetic field at the
other wire’s position. The other conductor is
acted upon by this magnetic field. When
current travels in the same direction across
the conductors, they attract each other.
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

In a uniform radial magnetic field, a

galvanometer consists of a coil with many
turns free to rotate around a fixed axis.
The coil is wound around a cylindrical soft
iron core, allowing the field to remain
radial in all coil positions.
When the current flows through the coil, a torque acts on it. A
torque is defined as force multiplied by the perpendicular
distance between the forces.
τ=Fxb
When the current flows through the coil, a torque acts on it. A
torque is defined as force multiplied by the perpendicular
distance between the forces.
τ=Fxb

The torque acting on the coil’s single-loop ABCD.

τ = Bilb (Where l x b is the coil’s area A)
As a result, the torque acting on the n turns coil is given by
τ = niAB
The coil rotates as a result of the magnetic torque, and the
phosphor bronze strip twists. The spring S linked to the coil, in
turn, provides a counter torque or restoring torque kθ, resulting
in a constant angular deflection.
Under equilibrium condition, kθ = niAB
Where k is the spring’s torsional constant, which is the restoring
torque per unit twist. A pointer linked to the spring indicates the
deflection on the scale.
θ = (nAB/k)i
The quantity nAB / k is a constant for a given galvanometer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.brainkart.com/article/
Force-on-parallel-current-carrying-
conductors_39874/

 https://byjus.com/jee/moving-
charges-and-magnetism/#amperes-
circuital-law

 http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/wirfor.html

 http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/
magfor.html