Lec.

Dr./ Hyam Nazmy Badr Khalaf

Physics department - Faculty of science - Minia University
hayamnazme@mu.edu.eg
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Hall Effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIgnjttcc-c
 Hall Effect
When a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, a potential
difference is generated in a direction
perpendicular to both the current and
the magnetic field.
This phenomena is known as the
Hall effect.
It arises from the deflection of charge
carriers to one side of the conductor
as a result of the magnetic forces
they experience.
Hall Effect

◼The Hall effect gives information regarding

the sign of the charge carriers and their
density.

◼It can also be used to measure magnetic

fields.
 Hall Voltage

This shows an arrangement

for observing the Hall effect.
The Hall voltage is measured
between points a and c.
Hall Voltage

◼When the charge carriers are negative, they

experience an upward magnetic force, they are
deflected upward, an excess of positive charge is
left at the lower edge.
◼This accumulation of charge establishes an
electric field in the conductor.

◼It increases until the electric force balances

the magnetic force.

◼Ifthe charge carriers are positive, an excess

of negative charges accumulates on the lower
edge.
Hall Voltage
DVH = EH d = vd B d
◼
❑ d is the width of the conductor
❑ vd is the drift velocity
❑ If B and d are known, vd can be found
I B RH I B
DVH = =
nqt t
◼
❑ RH = 1 / nq is called the Hall coefficient.
❑ A properly calibrated conductor can be used to
measure the magnitude of an unknown magnetic
field.
Examples
◼ Hall effect can be used to measure

A. Magnetic field intensity

B. Electric field intensity
C. Carrier concentration
D. None of the above

C. Carrier concentration
◼ n Hall effect, the output voltage produced
across the crystal is due to

A. Drop across the crystal is due to the current

passed through it
B. Induced voltage by the applied magnetic field
C. Movement of charge carriers towards one end
D. All of the above

C. Movement of charge carriers towards one end

◼ A Hall-effect probe operates with a 120-mA current. When
the probe is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude
0.080 0 T, it produces a Hall voltage of 0.700 mV. (a) When it
is used to measure an unknown magnetic field, the Hall
voltage is 0.330 mV. What is the magnitude of the unknown
field? (b) The thickness of the probe in the direction of B is
2.00 mm. Find the density of the charge carriers, each of
which has charge of magnitude e.
Biot-Savart Law
◼Biot and Savart conducted experiments on the
force exerted by an electric current on a nearby
magnet.
◼They arrived at a mathematical expression that
gives the magnetic field at some point in space
due to a current.
◼The magnetic field described by the Biot-Savart
Law is the field due to a given current carrying
conductor.
❑ Do not confuse this field with any external field
applied to the conductor from some other source.
◼The vector dB is perpendicular to both ds and
to the unit vector r̂ directed from ds toward P.
◼The magnitude of dB is inversely proportional
to r2, where r is the distance from ds to P.
◼The magnitude of dB is proportional to the
current and to the magnitude ds of the length
element ds .
◼The magnitude of dB is proportional to sin q,
where q is the angle between the vectors
…..and
ds r̂.
◼The observations are summarized in the
mathematical equation called the Biot-Savart
law:
μo I ds  ˆr
dB =
4π r 2

◼The constant mo is called the permeability of

free space.
◼mo = 4p x 10-7 T. m / A
The Magnetic Field of Moving Point
Charges
◼ Point charge q moving with velocity v produces
a field B at point P

mo q v  rˆ
B=
4p r 2

μo= permeability of free space

μo= 4p x 10-7 T·m·A-1
Examples
◼ Q1: Which is the equation of the magnetic
field according to Biot-Savart’s law?

a) I dI sinθ/r2
b) (μ0/4π)I dI sinθ/r
c) (μ0/4π)I dI sinθ/r2
d) (μ0/4π)I dI sinθ

◼ c) (μ0/4π)I dI sinθ/r2
◼ Q2: If the strength of the magnetic field at a
point r near a long straight current-carrying
wire is B. The value of the field at a distance
r/2 will be
a) B/2

b) B/4

c) 2B

d) 4B

c) 2B
◼ B∝1/r​ B1/B2=r2/r1 B2=2B
◼ Q3: If the current I flows through the coil of
radius r then the field at the center of the
circular coil is
a) Inversely proportional to I2
b) Directly proportional to I
c) Directly proportional to r
d) Inversely proportional to r2

Answers: (b) Directly proportional to I

Ampère’s Law
◼ like Gauss’ law for electric field, uses symmetry
to calculate B field around a closed curve C

 B.
c
d l = moIc

N.B. This version assumes the currents are steady

Example
A long, straight wires carries a current of 5.00 A. At one
instant, a proton, 4 mm from the wire travels at 1500
m/s parallel to the wire and in the same direction as the
current. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force
acting on the proton due to the field caused by the
current carrying wire.

mo I
FB = qvBEX BIN =
2pr
(1.26 x10−6 )(5)
BIN = = 2.51 x 10- 4 T
2(3.14)(0.004)

FB = (1.6 x10−19 )(1500)( Bwire ) = 6.02 x 10- 20 N

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-UJtrYK4Mg
Ferromagnetism
◼ Some substances exhibit strong magnetic
effects called ferromagnetism.
◼ Some examples of ferromagnetic materials are:
❑ iron
❑ cobalt
❑ nickel
❑ gadolinium
❑ dysprosium
◼ They contain permanent atomic magnetic
moments that tend to align parallel to each other
even in a weak external magnetic field.
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Domains
◼All ferromagnetic materials are made up of
microscopic regions called domains.
❑ The domain is an area within which all magnetic
moments are aligned.
◼The boundaries between various domains
having different orientations are called domain
walls.
Domains, Unmagnetized Material

◼The magnetic
moments in the domains
are randomly aligned.

◼The net magnetic

moment is zero.
Domains, External Field Applied
◼A sample is placed in an
external magnetic field.

◼The size of the domains

with magnetic moments
aligned with the field grows.

◼The sample is
magnetized.
◼The material is placed in a
stronger field.
◼The domains not aligned
with the field become very
small.
◼When the external field is
removed, the material may
retain a net magnetization
in the direction of the
original field.
Curie Temperature
◼The Curie temperature is the critical
temperature above which a ferromagnetic
material loses its residual magnetism.
❑ The material will become paramagnetic.

◼Above the Curie temperature, the thermal

agitation is great enough to cause a random
orientation of the moments.
Table of Some Curie Temperatures
 Para magnetism
◼Paramagnetic substances have small but
positive magnetism.

◼Itresults from the presence of atoms that have

permanent magnetic moments.
❑ These moments interact weakly with each other.

◼When placed in an external magnetic field, its

atomic moments tend to line up with the field.
❑ The alignment process competes with thermal
motion which randomizes the moment orientations.
Diamagnetism
◼When an external magnetic field is applied to
a diamagnetic substance, a weak magnetic
moment is induced in the direction opposite the
applied field.

◼Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled

by a magnet.
❑ Weak, so only present when ferromagnetism or
Para magnetism do not exist
 Meissner Effect
◼Certain types of
superconductors also exhibit
perfect diamagnetism in the
superconducting state.
❑ This is called the Meissner
effect.
◼Ifa permanent magnet is
brought near a superconductor,
the two objects repel each other.
https://youtu.be/8a2IZZdIeXw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIjzJKnpahA
Links

◼ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtlJoXxlSFE&list=PLy
QSN7X0ro2314mKyUiOILaOC2hk6Pc3j

◼ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xFRtdN5IJA
Magnetism

Experiments

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Magnetism

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