Turabian Tutor

A Quick Reference Guide

for

Writing Research Papers

using
Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7 th and 8 th editions)

by Jerry N. Barlow, Sandy Vandercook, and Eddie Campbell

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

June 5, 2013
Preface

“Turabian Tutor” is provided as our ministry to students. This guide has developed from
our teaching of the course Research and Writing and is designed to facilitate the writing of
research papers according to seminary style requirements. The guide is intended to be only an aid
and is limited in scope to the rules usually needed by students using Kate L. Turabian’s A
Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th or 8th editions). Students
should note that the sample research paper title page is specific to current style specifications of
the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. Students are reminded also that their instructors
may modify the style parameters for a particular course writing assignment. In such cases,
students should follow the writing requirements given in the course syllabus.

The format of “Turabian Tutor” is simple. The guide consists of sample research paper
pages of key sections, i.e., a title page, a contents page, four pages of text, and bibliography
pages. Interspersed with the sample pages are pages which display selected rules from Turabian
corresponding to each type of page and a sample “picture” of the page for convenient reference.
Students are advised to consult Turabian during any formal writing assignment and to use
“Turabian Tutor” as a quick reference and as a help in proofing their papers. Please note that the
pages of this guide are not numbered, since doing so could cause confusion with the correct style
to be followed in number the research paper pages. For a similar reason, no page listing the
contents of this guide is provided.

We thank all of our students from Research and Writing because their needs and requests
led to the first attempts to formulate this writing aid. We especially thank Jason Allen, who
allowed us to use (or edit for use) portions of his research paper in the sample pages.

Writing a research paper is demanding. We hope “Turabian Tutor” will make the
endeavor easier and enjoyable.

Jerry N. Barlow, Sandy Vandercook, and Eddie Campbell

TITLE PAGE SAMPLE

Form of Title of the Paper:

|A A=E
AN SW ER IN G C O N D ITIO N ALISM AN D AN N IHILATIO N ISM
%Use all capital letters
%Note: if title is more than
forty-eight spaces, divide it
into a double-spaced inverted
|
A Paper
B B=D
pyramid. Make lines
Submitted to M rs. Sandy V andercook
compatible in length.
of the

For remainder of title page: N ew O rleans Baptist Theological Seminary

%Use headline style for

capitalization (first letter
except prepositions, articles). |C May vary
Capitalize prepositions only if In Partial Fulfillment

they begin the first line of a of the R equirements for the C ourse
section.
Senior Seminar: LSC M 4300

in Leavell C ollege
Spacing/Margins:
%Top margin (A)=bottom
margin (E). One inch is
recommended.
D
Jason S. Allen
|
%Each line is centered,
A.A., Anyw here C ollege, 2005
leaving at least a margin of
one inch on each side. M arch 15, 2007

%Spacing between title and

“A Paper” (B)=spacing E |
between “in Leavell College”
and “Jason Allen”(D)
%Center spacing may vary; however, keeping B, C, and D all equal is the best option.

Please Note:
%If you are a graduate student, replace “in Leavell College” with “in the Division of” followed
by the division to which the course belongs. Doctoral students should replace “Leavell College”
with the name of their specific doctoral program.
%Use full name with middle initial and period after middle initial.
%If you have a college degree, abbreviate the degree, but spell out the college’s name and give
the year you graduated. If you do not have a college degree already, omit that line and type due
date or date submitted.
%The title page counts as page “i”of the paper, but do not type the number on the page.
%Insert a blank page between the title page and the contents page.
%The blank page counts as page “ii” of the paper, but no number should appear on the page.

Binding:
%Staple the paper in the top left corner only. Do not use covers or binders.
ANSWERING CONDITIONALISM AND ANNIHILATIONISM

A Paper

Submitted to Mrs. Sandy Vandercook

of the

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

Senior Seminar: LSCM4300

in Leavell College

Jason S. Allen

A.A., Anywhere College, 2004

March 15, 2007

CONTENTS PAGE
SAMPLE
C O N TEN TS

Headings:
%The title for the contents Section

page is simply CONTENTS, 1. Introduction 1

positioned one inch from the 2. C onditionalism and Annihilationism 3

top of the page. Historical Argument 3

%Because major sections of Biblical Arguments 8
papers in Leavell College are
Theological and Philosophical Arguments 10
too short to constitute
3. The Traditional V iew of Hell 12
chapters, students should use
first-level subheads rather Historical Arguments 12

than chapter headings for the Bilblical Arguments 14

major sections. If you further Theological Arguments 17

divide the major sections, see 4. C onclusion 19
p. 398 (7th) or 393 (8th) for
SELEC TED BIBLIO G R APHY 20
selection of lower-level
subheads.
&Turabian 7 and 8 treat the
bibliography as an element,
along with the contents page.
As such, both headings
should be typed in all caps
with no bold or italics. See
A.1.5 (the traditional
method). iii

Margins/Spacing
%Page margins= one inch on
top, bottom, and sides
%Triple-space between the heading CONTENTS and what follows, leaving two blank lines.
%The 7th edition shows single spacing between subheads on the contents page. Double-spaced
subheads, however, are clearer. Also, single space run-over lines of subheads.

Alignment and Page Numbers

%Align the first-level subheads, including the introduction and conclusion flush left. Also, align
the heading SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY flush left with the subheads.
%Indent lower level subheads with each level a half inch to the right of the previous level. See A
2.1, p. 388 (7th ) or A.2.1.6, p. 380 (8th), and figure A.4 (8th).
%Align page numbers for sections on the right.
%The 7th and 8th editions indicate the lines of period leaders before the pages numbers are
optional. Omitting them may save valuable time and energy.
%The contents page is numbered “iii.” The title page and the blank page are counted as pages “i”
and “ii,” respectively, although those pages do not bear the numbers (p. 386, 7th ; or 376, 8th).
 CONTENTS

Section

1. Introduction 1

2. Conditionalism and Annihilationism 3

Historical Arguments 3

Biblical Arguments 8

Theological and Philosophical Arguments 10

3. The Traditional View of Hell 12

Historical Arguments 12

Biblical Arguments 14

Theological and Philosophical Arguments 17

4. Conclusion 19

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

iii
FIRST PAGE OF TEXT
SAMPLE 1. Introduction

Fitting a ping-pong ball into a jar already full of beans is impossible. The reason is simple
Heading:
%The 7th and 8th editions treat enough. Because the beans filled the jar first, they left no accessible space for the ball. In reality,

the introduction as an element, the jar has enough space for the ball. In betw een the beans are small spaces of air that have the

not a chapter. However, since potential to accommodate the ball. Both the beans and the ball need readjusting so that the

the texts of Leavell College
papers are too short to include
elements and chapters, the
introduction is to be treated as
a first-level section. The
heading should be centered,
jar can make the best use of the space. The ball w ill fit, but only if it is placed in the jar
first.
M any times, C hristians w ill come w ith all of their ow n ideas about w ho G od should be.
They put all of these ideas into their jar, and then they try to fit G od in, w ith no success. In R om.
11:33, the apostle Paul expressed his ow n inability to explain G od: “O h the depth of the riches of

typed headline style in bold or the w isdom and know ledge of G od.” 1 Therefore, w hen studying theology, the students of G od’s

italics. W ord never should try to fit G od into their ow n thoughts about him. G od w ill not change w ho he

Margins/Spacing:
%Page 1, all margins = one
inch (A.1.1 and fig. A.9)
he is because one thinks him to be different. Instead, human beings need to change their ow n
thoughts to fit w ho G od is, even if doing so means that all the beans do not fit back into the jar or
that the ball never fits in the jar at all.

%Double-space only between O ne such difficult theological issue is how G od deals eternally w ith unbelievers. The

the heading “1. Introduction” traditional view w ould hold that hell is a very real place of eternal punishment w here G od’s

and the first line of text, w rath is sufficed and w here the punishment for sin is carried out. Endless and eternal are the
leaving only one blank line. w ords that define the traditionalist view . The traditionalist w ould take Scripture such as M ark 9:48
%Double-space text (A.1.3).
literally in its description of hell as a place w here “the fire is not quenched.” The traditionalists

Indentation: 1
U nless otherw ise noted, all Scripture citations w ill be from the N ew American Standard

&Indent paragraphs a Bible.

consistent measure (A.1.3). 1

%Indent footnotes the same

amount as paragraphs (16.3.4).

Pagination:
&The first page of the introduction is arabic page 1 of the paper.
&The page number should be centered one inch from the bottom on the first page.

Footnotes:
&Mark the place in the text where a footnote is introduced with an arabic superscript (16.3.2).
&A footnote must begin on the page where it is referenced (16.3.4, 7th ; or 16.3.4.1, 8th).

&Separate the footnotes on a page from the text with a short separator line of consistent length
(16.3.4, 7th ; or 16.3.4.1, 8th). The WordPerfect default is twenty spaces or two inches.
&The separator line should be at the bottom of the next line after the last line of text. At the
beginning of the document, in Word be sure to change “bottom of page” to “below text” in the
footnote window. In WP, go to advanced options in the footnote window and change to
“immediately below text.”
&Number notes consecutively beginning with arabic 1 (16.3.3).
 1. Introduction

Fitting a ping-pong ball into a jar already full of beans is impossible. The reason is simple

enough. Because the beans filled the jar first, they left no accessible space for the ball. In reality,

the jar has enough space for the ball and the beans. In between the beans are small spaces of air

that have the potential to accommodate the ball. Both the beans and the ball need readjusting so

that the jar can make the best use of the space. The ball will fit, but only if it is placed in the jar

first.

Many times, Christians will come with all of their own ideas about who God should be.

They put all of these ideas into their jar, and then they try to fit God in, with no success. In Rom.

11:33, the apostle Paul expressed his own inability to explain God: “Oh the depth of the riches of

the wisdom and knowledge of God.”1 Therefore, when studying theology, the students of God’s

Word never should try to fit God into their own thoughts about him. God will not change who he

is because one thinks him to be different. Instead, human beings need to change their own

thoughts to fit who God is, even if doing so means that all the beans do not fit back into the jar or

that the ball never fits in the jar at all.

One such difficult theological issue is how God deals eternally with unbelievers. The

traditional view would hold that hell is a very real place of eternal punishment where God’s

wrath is sufficed and where the punishment for sin is carried out. Endless and eternal are the

words that define the traditionalist view. The traditionalist would take Scripture like Mark 9:48

literally in its description of hell as a place where “the fire is not quenched.” The traditionalists

1
Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture citations will be from the New American Standard
Bible.

1
SECOND PAGE OF TEXT
2
SAMPLE
may not like the idea that G od w ill judge eternally those w ho do not know C hrist as Lord, but

Footnotes (continued): they accept it because Scripture teaches it.

%The 7th and 8th editions prefer The traditional view , how ever, draw s much criticism. The main point of the debate is the

the note number typed on the question of how a G od of love could allow unbelievers to suffer torture for all eternity for not
line followed by a period and accepting him. Edw ard Fudge asked, “But are w e to believe that G od, w ho ‘so loved’ the w orld
the note (16.3.4). However,
that he gave his only Son to die for our sins (John 3:16), also w ill keep millions of sinners alive
Turabian allows the superscript
forever so he can torment them endlessly throughout all eternity?” Fudge answ ered his question,
numbers used in the Tutor.
&Single space the subsequent “N o, no–a thousand time no.”2 This type of thinking about the eternal state of the unbelieving

lines of each note. Double is true of conditionalism and annihiliationism. W ayen G rudem defined the annihilationist

space between notes (A.1.3 and
16.3.4, 7th ; or 16.3.4.1, 8th).
&Give only one full reference
for each source cited. For
subsequent references, use
view : “After the w icked have suffered the penalty of G od’s w rath for a time, G od w ill
‘annihilate’ them so that they no longer exist.” T Therefore, to attempt to relieve the so-called
tension betw een the love of G od and the eternal punishment of unbelievers, the annihilationist
says that a G od of justice must see punishment carried out, but it does not last forever.

shortened references. See pages This view of hell not only compromises the biblical account about hell, as the reader w ill see,

154-57, 7th ; or 158-61, 8th, in but also reduces the seriousness of sin and w rites for itself w hat the character of G od should be.

Turabian and the info under the
heading “Shortened
References” later in this
document.
Pagination:
Number the pages following
C lark Pinnock, a theologian supporting this view , said, “Today it is easier to invite people to find
fulfillment in a dynamic, personal G od than it w ould be to ask them to find it in a deity w ho
2
Edw ard W illiam Fudge, “The C ase for C onditionalism,” in Two Views of H ell: A
Bilbical and Theological D ialogue, by Edw ard W illiam Fudge and R obert A. Peterson (D ow ners
G rove: IntrerV arsity Press, 2000), 81.
3
W ayne G rudem, Bible D octrine: Essential Teachings of the C hristian Faith (G rand
R apids: Zondervan, 1999), 460.

page 1 consecutively to the end

of the text with arabic numerals
centered one inch from the top
of the paper or flush right one inch from the top, even if the page begins with a subhead. The
space between the page number and the text should be one blank line.

Scripture References:
&In text, parenthetical references, or notes, use the full name of a Bible book only when
referring to the book as a whole or to a book and chapter (i.e., Amos, John 3, or Ephesians 4-6).
&When citing a specific verse or group of verses, abbreviate the name of the Bible book (i.e.,
Matt. 5:16 or Prov. 3:5-6). Use the traditional abbreviations–pp 341-43, 7th; or 340-42, 8th. Note:
Some of the shorter book titles, such as John, are not to be abbreviated according to Turabian.
&When a reference to a specific verse begins the sentence, spell out the Bible book (i.e., Luke
1:1-4 presents the purpose of . . .).
&The book’s number and name always should appear on the same line, as with 1 John.
&In papers dealing extensively with Scripture, you may choose to identify the biblical text
within the context of the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence rather
than in a footnote. You may advise the reader in a footnote for the first reference in text as to
which translation you are using so that you do not have to list the translation on each citation. If
you choose to use footnotes for scriptural references, see 17.5.2.
 2

may not like the idea that God will judge eternally those who do not know Christ as Lord, but

they accept it because Scripture teaches it.

The traditional view, however, draws much criticism. The main point of the debate is the

question of how a God of love could allow unbelievers to suffer torture for all eternity for not

accepting him. Edward Fudge asked, “But are we to believe that God, who ‘so loved’ the world

that he gave his only Son to die for our sins (John 3:16), will also keep millions of sinners alive

forever so he can torment them endlessly throughout all eternity?” Fudge answered his question,

“No, no–a thousand times no.”2 This type of thinking about the eternal state of the unbelieving

soul is true of conditionalism and annihilationism. Wayne Grudem defined the annihilationist

view: “After the wicked have suffered the penalty of God’s wrath for a time, God will

‘annihilate’ them so that they no longer exist.”3 Therefore, to attempt to relieve the so-called

tension between the love of God and the eternal punishment of unbelievers, the annihilationist

says that a God of justice must see punishment carried out, but it does not last forever.

This view of hell not only compromises the biblical account of hell, as the reader will see,

but also reduces the seriousness of sin and writes for itself what the character of God should be.

Clark Pinnock, a theologian supporting this view, said, “Today it is easier to invite people to find

fulfillment in a dynamic, personal God than it would be to ask them to find it in a deity who

2
Edward William Fudge, “The Case for Conditionalism,” in Two Views of Hell: A
Biblical and Theological Dialogue, by Edward William Fudge and Robert A. Peterson (Downers
Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 81.
3
Wayne Grudem, Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith (Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 1999), 460.
SAMPLE THIRD PAGE
3
Sections and Subsections 4
is immutable and self-enclosed.” Although presenting G od in such a w ay may be appealing,
&Headings for major sections
G od does not change himself so that human beings can explain him more easily. He remains
of the paper (including the
introduction and conclusion) unchangeable and unfathomable. In light of this debate concerning the believer’s permanent

should be centered and bold or state, a study of the historical, biblical, and philosophical arguments should support the

italicized. If you further divide traditionalist view of hell rather then the claims of conditionalism and annihilationism.

these sections into subsections,

choose them in “any suitable 2. C ondtionalism and A nnihilationism

descending order”(carried over The first tasks in this critique of these view s are to explain the key arguments of the view s

from 6th ed., 1.38). For instance, and to give the traditionalist defense to each argument. This study is not exhaustive, but merely
if you choose a third level gives an overview dealing w ith the major points.
subhead style instead of a
second-level for your first Historical Argument

subsection, you cannot use a O ne conditionalist argument is the supposed influence of G reek thought upon the early
second-level style in the paper.
interpretation of the biblical text. C onditionalists hold that the immortality of the soul is a G reek
&Leave two blank lines
thought, not a biblical one. Pinnock claimed, “The assumption goes back to Plato’s view of the
between a subhead and the
soul as metaphysically indestructible.”5 According to this argument, generations of theologians
preceding text and one blank
line before the text that follows. believed the traditional view because of this influence. Pinnock added, “This concept has

If two subheads appear together, influenced theology for a long, long time, but it is not biblical.” 6 Proponents of this argument

leave only one blank line

between them. 4
C lark H. Pinnock, “Systematic Theology, “ in The O peness of G od: A Biblical C hallenge
the Traditional U nderstanding of G od, ed. C lark H. Pinnock (D ow ners G rove: InterV arsity
&No page should end with a Press, 1994), 101.

subhead. Type at least one line 5

C lark H. Pinnock, “The C onditional V iew ,” in Four Views on H ell, ed. W illiam C rockett

below the subhead. NOTE: (G rand R apids: Zondervan, 1992), 147.

Turabian no longer prohibits 6

Ibid., 148.

widows and orphans in the text.

Writing the Introduction:

Open with background information, such as an observation, historical perspective, quotation, or
statistics. Lead into a statement of the problem or concern which led to the research project.
Close with the question or thesis in the last paragraph and transition into the body of the paper.
The thesis can be the last sentence in the introduction and serve as a transition.

Writing the Conclusion:

Summarize the arguments presented and give your conclusions based upon the evidence given in
the paper. Explain the significance of the findings. Do not present new information, and, as a
rule, do not quote in the conclusion. Finally, you may point out the need for future research.

Suggested Steps in Writing the Paper:

Review the question/thesis and the general outline of the paper. Outline the paper in detail.
Gather the needed source materials, based on the detailed outline, and write the text. Read for
style and revise, if needed. Proofread for grammatical errors and correct accordingly. Proofread
for Turabian errors and correct accordingly.
 3

is immutable and self-enclosed.”4Although presenting God in such a way may be appealing, God

does not change himself so that human beings can explain him more easily. He remains

unchangeable and unfathomable. In light of this debate concerning the unbeliever’s permanent

state, a study of the historical, biblical, and philosophical arguments should support the

traditionalist view of hell rather than the claims of conditionalism and annihilationism.

2. Conditionalism and Annihilationism

The first tasks in this critique of the these views are to explain the key arguments of the

views and to give the traditionalist defense to each argument. This critique is not exhaustive, but

merely gives an overview dealing with the major points.

Historical Argument

One conditionalist argument is the supposed influence of Greek thought upon the early

interpretation of the biblical text. Conditionalists hold that the immortality of the soul is a Greek

thought, not a biblical one. Pinnock claimed, “The assumption goes back to Plato’s view of the

soul as metaphysically indestructible.”5 According to this argument, generations of theologians

believed the traditional view because of this influence. Pinnock added, “This concept has

influenced theology for a long, long time, but it is not biblical.”6 Proponents of this argument

4
Clark H. Pinnock, “Systematic Theology,” in The Openness of God: A Biblical
Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God, ed. Clark H. Pinnock (Downers Grove:
InterVarsity Press, 1994), 101.
5
Clark H. Pinnock “The Conditional View,” in Four Views on Hell, ed. William Crockett
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 147.
6
Ibid., 148.
PAGE WITH BLOCK 17
QUOTATION about the present circumstances, but it looks forw ard to the final state of man. The point is that

w hen D aniel’s prophecy is considered as “end time” material, one should conclude that the
Block Quotations:
&If a quotation is five lines or w icked unrepentant face an everlasting punishment . 19

more, present it as a block Theological and Philosophical Arguments

quotation. Double space from
The final argument for the traditional view is the theological one. W hile annihilationists
the main text to the quotation,
which should be indented the w ould say that the love of G od and hell cannot coexist, quite the opposite is true. O ne may

same as paragraph and footnote ask, How can a just G od send people to hell? A better question, how ever, w ould be, How

indentation. If the first sentence can a just G od allow people into heaven? O nly because of his love, G od has broken through

of the quotation is the first
sentence of a paragraph in the
original, indent the first line
another tab stop to reflect that
indentation. The right margin of
unrepentant hearts and given humanity the choice of life or death.
The previous chapter highlighted the severity of G od’s justice against sin, but pointing out
the true extent of humanity’s rebellion is important. In discussing the story of the rich man
Lazarus (Luke 16), M oore observed,

the block should be the same as N otice that he does not say, “I w as w rong in living such a sinful life. G od have mercy on
me. I repent. I am now ready to serve G od. I have learned my lesson.” D ives (the rich man)
the rest of the text. never admits w rongdoing of any kind w hatsoever. This passage is deafening in its silence

&Do not enclose the block in in this regard. D ives simply w ants the consequences of his sin reduced, but he never
recognizes his sin! 20

quotation marks. If the block has

As M oore pointed out, this man w ho chose rebellion on earth never w avered in that rebellion in
a quotation within it, that
hell. He w as sorry that he w as in pain, but he w as not sorry for his sin.
quotation should retain its
double quotation marks. Place Additionally, granting people a reprieve from eternal punishment w ould be taking free w ill

the footnote number at the end from those people. Erickson explained, “And it may be w ell that those creatures that G od

of the quotation.
&Try not to end a paragraph
19
Block, 61-62.

with a block. Instead, follow the M oore, 48. 20

block with a sentence or so that

highlights the main idea of the
block or responds to it in some
way. See rule 25.2.2 regarding punctuation of the sentence that introduces the quotation.

Shortened References:
&Give only one full reference for each source in the paper. For subsequent references, give a
shortened reference. Use “Ibid.” for a note that cites the same source and page number as the
preceding note (no references to other sources between the two notes). If the page number is
different, follow “Ibid.” with comma and the page number (16.4.2).
&If the new footnote references a source cited earlier and other sources have been cited since the
earlier one, then cite the author’s family name followed by a comma and the page number(s)
(16.4.1). You also may give a shortened title of the work between the author and the page
number(s). You would need to use this last method if you cite more than one work by the same
author. For sources with more than one author, list them in the same order as given in the full
reference. Be consistent with the method you use.

Author’s Name in the Text:

&In the text, supply both the given name and the family name in the first reference. Thereafter,
give only the family name.
 17

about the present circumstances, but it looks forward to the final state of man. The point is that

when Daniel’s prophecy is considered as “end times” material, one should conclude that the

wicked unrepentant face an everlasting punishment.19

Theological and Philosophical Arguments

The final argument for the traditional view is the theological one. While annihilationists

would say that the love of God and hell cannot coexist, quite the opposite it true. One may ask,

How can a just God send people to hell? A better question, however, would be, How can a just

God allow people into heaven? Only because of his love, God he has broken through

unrepentant hearts and given humanity the choice of life or death.

The previous chapter highlighted the severity of God’s justice against sin, but pointing

out the true extent of humanity’s rebellion is important. In discussing the story of rich man

Lazarus (Luke 16), Moore observed,

Notice that he does not say, “I was wrong in living such a sinful life. God have mercy on
me, I repent. I am now ready to serve God. I have learned my lesson.” Dives (the rich
man) never admits wrongdoing of any kind whatsoever. This passage is deafening in its
silence in this regard. Dives simply wants the consequences of his sin reduced, but he
never recognizes his sin!20

As Moore pointed out, this man who chose rebellion on earth never wavered in that rebellion in

hell. He was sorry that he was in pain, but he was not sorry for his sin.

Additionally, granting people a reprieve from eternal punishment would be taking free

will from those people. Erickson explained, “And it may be well that those creatures that God

19
Block, 61-62.
20
Moore, 48.
SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SAMPLE PAGE SELEC TED BIBLIO G R APHY

Headings: B ooks

&Because it is not part of Blanchard, John. W hatever H appened to H ell? W heaton: C rossw ay Books, 1995.

the text, the bibliography Bryson, Harold T. The Reality of H ell and the G oodness of G od. W heaton: Tyndale House
is considered an element Publishers, 1984.

of the paper, as is the D ixon, Larry. The O ther Side of the G ood N ews: C onfronting the C ontem porary C hallenges
to Jesus’ Teaching on H ell. W heaton: BridgePoint, 1992.
contents page. As such,
both are to be centered and D vanvid, Jonathan L. The Problem of H ell. N ew Y ork: O xford U niversity Press, 1993.

typed in all caps. Erickson, M illard J. Introducing C hristian D octrine. 2 nd ed. Edited by Arnold Hustad. G rand
R apids: Baker House, 2002.
&In Research and
Writing, divide the Fernando, Ajith. C rucial Q uestions about H ell. W heaton: C rossw ay Books, 1991.

bibliography into three Fudge, Edw ard W illiam. “The C ase for C onditionalism.” In Two Views of H ell: A Biblical and
Theological D ialogue, by Edw ard W illiam Fudge and R obert A. Peterson, 19-113.
sections: books, D ow ners G rove: InterV arsity Press, 2000.

periodicals, and electronic G rudem, W ayne A. Bible D octrine: Essential Teachings of the C hristian Faith. Edited by Jeff
documents. Each of these Pursw ell. G rand R apids: Zondervan, 1999.

sections is to have a M cG rath, Allister E., ed. The C hristian Theology Reader. 2 nd ed. O xford: Blackw ell Publishers,
2001.
subheading given in the
same style as the first-level M oore, D avid G eorge. The Battle for H ell. Lanham, M D : U niversity Press of America, 1995.

headings in the text. Peterson, R obert A. H ell on Trial: The C ase for Eternal Punishm ent. Phillipsburg, N J: P& R
Publishing, 1995.

Pinnock, C lark H. “The C onditional V iew .” In Four Views on H ell, edited by W illiam C rockett,
Margins/Spacing: 135-66. G rand R apids: Zondervan, 1992.
&Margins one inch on all
––––. ”Systematic Theology.” In The O penness of G od: A Biblical C hallenge to the Traditional
sides, including the top. U nderstanding of G od, edited by C lark H. Pinnock, 101-25. D ow ners G rove: InterV arsity

&Triple-space between Press, 1994.

the heading “SELECTED W alls, Jerry L. H ell: The Logic of D am nation. N otre D ame: The U niversity of N otre D ame
Press, 1992.
BIBLIOGRAPHY” and
20
the first subheading,
“Books.”
Also, triple space from the
last bibliographic entry of each section to the next subhead.
&Double-space after each subhead to the first bibliographic entry below it.

Bibliographic Entries:
&Arrange entries alphabetically by the authors’ last names.
&Align the first line of each entry flush left, but indent any run-over lines the same as paragraph
and footnote indentation in the text, usually the first tab stop.
&See 16.2.2, 7th ; or 16.2.2.1, 8th, for listing multiple works by the same author, using a 3-em
dash. Also, see the second work by Pinnock in the bibliography insert above.
&See 16.2.2., 7th ; or 16.2.2.1, last paragraph, page 149, for listing a work with no known author
or editor.
&Refer to chapters 16-17 for examples of bibliographic entries for various types of sources.
&Be careful with the punctuation in the bibliography. For instance, do not forget to place the
comma before the conjunction when listing the names of two authors of a single work.
 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Blanchard, John. Whatever Happened to Hell? Wheaton: Crossway Books, 1995.

Bryson, Harold T. The Reality of Hell and the Goodness of God. Wheaton: Tyndale House
Publishers, 1984.

Dixon, Larry. The Other Side of the Good News: Confronting the Contemporary Challenges to
Jesus’ Teaching on Hell. Wheaton: BridgePoint, 1992.

Dvanvig, Jonathan L. The Problem of Hell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Erickson, Millard J. Introducing Christian Doctrine. 2nd ed. Edited by Arnold Hustad. Grand
Rapids: Baker Book House, 2002.

Fernando, Ajith. Crucial Questions about Hell. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 1991.

Fudge, Edward William. “The Case for Conditionalism.” In Two Views of Hell: A Biblical and
Theological Dialogue, by Edward William Fudge and Robert A. Peterson, 19-113.
Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000.

Grudem, Wayne A. Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith. Edited by Jeff
Purswell. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999.

McGrath, Allister E., ed. The Christian Theology Reader. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers,
2001.

Moore, David George. The Battle for Hell. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1995.

Peterson, Robert A. Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment. Phillipsburg, NJ: P& R
Publishing, 1995.

Pinnock, Clark H. “The Conditional View.” In Four Views of Hell, edited by William Crockett,
135-66. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.

–––– . “Systematic Theology.” In The Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional
Understanding of God, edited by Clark H. Pinnock, 101-25. Downers Grove: InterVarsity
Press, 1994.

Walls, Jerry L. Hell: The Logic of Damnation. Notre Dame: The University of Notre Dame
Press, 1992.

19
 20

Periodicals

Fudge, Edward William. “The Final End of the Wicked.” Journal of the Evangelical Theological
Society 27 (September 1984): 325-34.

Peterson, Robert A. “A Traditionalist Response to John Stott’s Arguments for Annihilationism.”

Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 37, no. 12 (December 1994): 553-68.

Electronic Documents

The Barna Group. “Americans Describe Their View about Life after Death.” Barna Updates,
October 2003, the Barna Group, accessed April 4, 2007, http://www.barna.org/
FlexPage.aspx?Page= Barna Update&BarnaUpdateID=150.

Peterson, Robert A. “Does the Bible Teach Annihilationism?” Bibliotheca sacra 156 (January-
March 1999): 13-27. Accessed March 28, 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com.
 SPECIAL FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMS

1. COMMENTARIES FROM SETS OR SERIES

Treat citations from a volume of a commentary set or series as multi-volume works (17.1.4).

&If the volume includes only one book of the Bible, prepare the citation as follows:
11
N. David M. Howard Jr., Joshua, vol. 5 of The New American Commentary, ed. E. Ray
Clendenen and Kenneth Mathews (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2002), 40.

B. Howard, David M. Jr. Joshua. Vol. 5 of The New American Commentary, edited by E. Ray
Clendenen and Kenneth Mathews. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2002.

*If the commentary does not provide a volume number, replace “vol. #” with “a vol. of.”

&If the volume includes more than one book of the Bible, cite as follows:
12
N. Ben F. Philbeck Jr., “1-2 Samuel,” in 1 Samuel-Nehemiah, vol. 6 of The Broadman
Bible Commentary, ed. Clifton J. Allen (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1970), 36.

B. Philbeck, Ben F. Jr. “1-2 Samuel.” In 1 Samuel-Nehemiah. Vol. 6 of The Broadman Bible
Commentary, edited by Clifton J. Allen. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1970.

&If the section cited has an editor other than the editor(s) of the complete volume, give
both editors in the appropriate place:
12
N. Ben F. Philbeck Jr., “1-2 Samuel,” ed. Jack Jones, in 1 Samuel-Nehemiah, vol. 6 of The
Broadman Bible Commentary, ed. Clifton J. Allen (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1970), 36.

B. Philbeck. Ben F. Jr. “1-2 Samuel.” Edited by Jack Jones. In 1 Samuel-Nehemiah. Vol. 6 of
The Broadman Bible Commentary, edited by Clifton J. Allen. Nashville: Broadman Press,
1970.

2. INDIVIDUAL COMMENTARIES/NOT PART OF A SET OR SERIES

Cite commentaries that are not part of a multi-volume set as books. See figure 16.1.

3. A PART WRITTEN BY ONE AUTHOR IN A COLLECTED WORK INCLUDING

PARTS WRITTEN BY OTHERS (COMPONENT PARTS)
When a source consists of chapters or other parts contributed by different authors, see “Parts of
Edited Collections” under rule 17.1.8, 7th and 8th, and 17.1.8.2, 8th. See the following examples:
%A chapter written by one author in a book edited by another
5
N. Clark H. Pinnock, “The Conditional View,” in Four Views on Hell, ed. William Crockett
(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), 147.

B. Pinnock, Clark H. “The Conditional View.” In Four Views of Hell, edited by William
Crockett, 135-66. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.

%A citation in which the editor of the book is also one of the contributors
4
N. Clark H. Pinnock, “Systematic Theology,” in The Openness of God: A Biblical
Challenge to the Traditional Understanding of God, ed. Clark H. Pinnock (Downers Grove:
InterVarsity Press, 1994), 101.

B. Pinnock, Clark H. “Systematic Theology.” In The Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to

the Traditional Understanding of God, edited by Clark H. Pinnock, 101-125. Downers
Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994.

%A part written by one author included in a work co-written with another author
Turabian has no rule that directly applies. The following is an adaptation of 17.1.8.
2
N. Edward William Fudge, “The Case for Conditionalism,” in Two Views of Hell: A
Biblical and Theological Dialogue, by Edward William Fudge and Robert A. Peterson
(Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 81.

B. Fudge, Edward William. “The Case for Conditionalism.” In Two Views of Hell: A
Biblical and Theological Dialogue, by Edward William Fudge and Robert A. Peterson,
19-113. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000.

4. CITING ONE SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER (SECONDARY SOURCE OF A

QUOTATION)

If one author quotes another and you want to use the quotation, attempt to find the original
source and quote from it. If, however, you cannot obtain the original, then you would consult rule
17.10. Please be advised, many professors forbid the use of secondary sources of quotations.
NOTE: Do not confuse secondary sources of quotations with the components parts in the
previous section.
5. DICTIONARY/ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES
Because professors prefer to see the author’s name first in footnotes, cite these articles as
component parts, with the word researched being the component part. See parts of edited
collections, 17.1.8.
13
N. James H. Charlesworth, “Paradise,” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 5, ed. David
Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 154-55.

B. Charlesworth, James H. “Paradise.” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 5., edited by David
Noel Freedman, 154-55. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

6. ON-LINE JOURNALS AND WEB SITES

For examples of on-line journals, see 17.2, especially regarding the use of descriptive locators. If
the on-line article has no page numbers, give a descriptive locator in its place. The first choice is
to give the name of a heading under which the cited material appears. If the article has no
headings, give the number of the paragraph, as in “in paragraph 4.”

For articles accessed through EbscoHost, do not give the complete URL. Instead, give the
address that will take the reader to the EbscoHost login page: http://search.ebsco.host.com/. The
7th edition does not address this issue. See examples below and 15.4.1.4, 8th. NOTE: the 7th
edition placed the access date at the end of the entries and used parentheses around the access
date in the footnote. The 8th edition places the access dates before the URL and does not use
parentheses around the date in the note. Follow the 8th edition.
14
N. Robert A. Peterson, “Does the Bible Teach Annihilationism?” Bibliotheca sacra 156
(January-March 1999): 23-27, accessed March 28, 2007, http://search.ebscohost.com/.

B. Peterson, Robert A. “Does the Bible Teach Annihilationism?” Bibliotheca sacra 156
(January-March 1999): 13-27. Accessed March 28, 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com/.

For most web sites, follow rule 17.7.1. For some web sites, however, you may have to adapt the
rule to supply information your reader might need. For instance, the citation below includes after
the article title additional information concerning the location where the article is located on the
site. The sponsoring organization or the name of the site is then given. In this particular citation,
the sponsor of the site is the same as the author.
14
N. The Barna Group, “Americans Describe Their View about Life after Death,” Barna
Updates, October 2003, the Barna Group, accessed April 4, 2007, http://www.barna.org/
FlexPage.aspx?Page=BarnaUpdate&BarnaUpdateID=150.

B. The Barna Group. “Americans Describe Their View about Life after Death.” Barna Updates,
October 2003. The Barna Group. Accessed April 4, 2007. http://www.barna.org/
FlexPage.aspx?Page= BarnaUpdate&BarnaUpdateID=150.