TH E FO UR B R A NCH E S

O F T H E M ABI NO GI

T HE ver
y fi rst t hing th a t str ik es one , in di ng
r ea

th e M bin gi n i h w vid ntly th

a o o , s o e e e m di v l
e ae a

t y tell
s or - i pill gin g n a ntiqu ity f
er s a a o whi h h c e

does not f lly p th u t h ossess e se cre : e i lik

s e a

p sant b ilding h i but n th i t f H li

ea u s o e s e o a car

n ue
ass Eph u ; h e build but wh t h buil d
or es s s, a e s

i f ull of m t i l
s f wh i h h k n w n t th
a er a s o c e o s o e

hi tory
s ,k n ws by
or glimm ing t dition
o a er ra

m ely f t hi b ildin g bu t f n
’
er st nes
: n t o o o s u , o a

o ld a chit tu g t un ning m m j
er r ec re , rea e r , c er , or e a es

ti lca . I n th m d im l t i ef n L tine va s or es o o a or

T ut n i p pl d e this t i k n in those f
e o c eo e o s s r e o e as o

t h W el h
”
e s .

Thes w d f M tth w A n ld xp es with

e or s o a e r o e r s

m v ll u i n igh t t h i m p e i n l ft up n th
ar e o s s e r ss o e o e

r ead by th m di v l W l h t l s f whi h th
er e e ae a e s a e o c e

or igi n nd n t a di u d in th p nt tudy
a u r e a re sc ss e e r ese s ,

a nd d fi n wit h
e u e y t h i int t n d i m p t
acc r ac e r er es a or

f
or t h e stu d nt Th l ef lit tu . w ill l w y e ov er o er a re a a s

t u n t th m f
r o th i i nt i n i b
e ty ; f
or th e r r s c ea u or e

16 33 20
A
2 T HE BRAN CHES O F TH E M A B I N OG I

stu d nt th ey h v th fu th h m f m y t y
e a e e r er c ar o s er ,

o f p i bl u viv l f m p t f whi h w ll nigh

oss e s r a ro a as o c e -

a l l tho m in h
er r e p ihd a s av e er s e .

I n th y e 18 4 9 L dy Ch l tte G
e ar t p b a ar o u es u

l i h d t h text nd t n l ti n
s e e f a n mb f ra s a o o a u er o

W l h om n es l l d wn f om th f u t nth
e s r a c ,
a ra r e o r ee

ce nt u y m nus ip t k n wn
r a th
cr R d B k f o as e e oo o

H g t s ve th m n f T l i i n f wh i h
er es ,
a e ro a ce o a ess ,
o c

th n ly k n wn M S d t
e o ob k t th nt nth
. a es ac o e seve ee

ce nt y F u f th
ur . t l
o r ntitl do p ese a es, e e res ec

ti ly P wyll P in
ve f Dyf d B nwen d gh t
r ce o e ,
ra au er

o f Lly M n wydd n r, a n f Lly

a nd M th n f
a so o r a a so o

M th nwy f m
a o ,
i orA t th h d f t h a ser es . e ea o e

t l a e f Pwyll w fi nd th w d
o L lym d h u
e e or s : a ec re

M bi n gi H e i th b gi nni ng f t he M bin gi
a o ,
“
er s e e o a o ,
”

a nd B nw n M n wydd n
ra e , nd M t h a e ll d
a a ,
a a ar ca e

r es p tiv ly th se nd th i d nd f th b n h
ec e e co ,
r , a ou r ra c es

o f th M bi nogi
e F m th ingul M bi n gi w
a . ro e s ar a o as

f m d pl u l M bi n gi n whi h w s u d by L dy
or e a ra a o o ,
c a se a

G u es t t d ign t th o es nti ll ti n p ubli h d

a e e e re co ec o s e

by h B ut t i tly p ki ng th e t m M bi
er . s r c s ea er a

n gi n —
a a t b q uit por, io The F u B n h
e e re c se , o r ra c es

o f t h M e bi n g i — n ly
a ppli o t th f u t
o l i t d a es o e o r a es c e

a b ov e , an d it i with th f s th t t h p nt ese o ur a e r ese

s ut dy i ln n nd
s a o e co cer e .

u l d f L dy Gue t ll ’
Th m t e os cas a rea er o a s s co ee

ti n
o n n t f il t
ca n ti
o t h t th
a M bin gi n
o o ce a e a o o

p p (we t in th
ro er n re an ient t m) di ff e co ve er er

g tly in i mp t nt pects f om th th
r ea or a r es r e o er
 TH E B R AN C H E S OF TH E M A BI N OGI 3

r om an ces publi s he d by h e r. A w d mu or st be sa id
a b out t h ese . T wo of t h em , The Drea m of M axen
Wled ig a nd th e Con ten ti on
”
( )
2 of L lu dd a nd

L kvel ye h a
'
v e ob i u ffi nity with th l g n d y
v o s a e e e ar

i
h stor y wor k d p by G ff y f M n m uth ;
e u eo re o o o

Ku lhwch a nd Ohven , The Dr eam o f Rhona bwy ,

The La d y f
o the Fou n ta i n , Ger ai nt ( T enn y son s
’

E n i d ) , Per ed a r , A th n d th p int d ro u ce r ur a o er er

so n g f th
a es o n y l bu t
e A th i
di ti n ti n
r ur a c c e, a s c o

mu t b m d
s t h fi t tw h v n
e a e fiinity wit h
e rs o a e o a

a ny of th A thu i n e m n r h nd d d wn t u r a ro a c es a e o o s

in F n h re G m n wh
c or th l t th
er hv a , er eas e as r ee a e

l
a c ose co nn ti n ( t h x t n tu f whi h i
ec o e e ac a re o c s a

m tt a f d i p t ) wi th t h A th u i n
er o s u e m n f e r r a ro a c es o

th g e t t t w lf th
rea es nt u y F n h p t Ch é ti n
e -
ce r re c oe ,
r e

d T y
e kn wn p tively Y i n E
ro es , o ndr es ec as va , r ec, a

L e C nt d G o el Fi n lly th t y f T l i i n
a r aa . a , e s or o a ess

h asf tu ea n d tr i t m k dly ki n t t h
r es a f a s ar e a o ose o

th M bin gi n p p
e a ol th gh it i f m lly
o ro er , a ou s or a

co nn t d th ec e gh th p n g f it h with
r ou e ers o a e o s ero

t h A th u
e ry l r c c e .

Th li t w i t
e ea r wh b es ght thi lit tr er s o ro u s era u r e

t t h kn wl dg
o e f t h n w W l h w ld
o e e o um d e o e s or ass e

t h t M bi n gi m
a a nt y th n d t h t S t p h n
o ea a ou ,
a a , as e e s

sa y in h i Lit tu f th Cym y th t l
s s er a re o e r , e a es

w er e w i tt n t w h il
“
r w y th tim
e f y ung
o e a a e e o o

hi ft in t h t th y w n t h in g b t ll ti n
”
c e a s, a e er e o u a co ec o

o f m d iw l W l h n u
e va y fiy tle s In r ser or a r a es .

r eality P f Rhy h h wn th t m M bi n g
,
as ro . s as s o , e er a o
4 THE BRAN C H E S OF TH E M AB I N OGI

bel ng t th W l h b di y t m nd d n tes
o s o e e s ar c s s e , a e o a

ki nd f lit y pp nti
o h l
e ra r iving a re ce, a sc o ar r ece

in t u ti n f m
s r c qu lifi d b d M bi n gi
o ro a a e ar . a o

m nt th
ea bj t m tt f M bim g
e su ec th a er o a a
’
s cou r se , e

lit y t k in t ad whi h h h d t q i
era r s oc - - r e c e a o ac u re .

Thi t pp eci ti n f t h f
s corr ec a f th t m r a o o e orc e o e er

n t n ly n bles u t p
o o e i th t th M bin gion
a s o erc e ve a e a o

mu t t th
s , uts ta t l t h v h de o noth e a e as ,
a e a a er

o bj t bey nd
ec e ti n ; i tol n bl u t
r ec r a o a so e a es s o

e q t th W l h ll ti n with n th f m u
ua e e e s co ec o a o er a o s

m die l w k th E dd S n
aeva orSt l ,
n e .
a orr a a r u so ar .

Sn i y tem ti d n d um m i d th n th n
or r s s a se a s ar se e or er

m yth l gy in n o o ti f m with th xp ar ra ve or e e r e ss

o bj t f id i ng th Sk ld
ec o a I l ndi p t t e a or ce a c oe o

m st
a n
er f t h m i n l m nt
o e o f hi ft e a e e e s o s cra .

Ag in j u t s th Sk ld u d thi m yth l gy
a ,
s a e a s se s o o as a

s uo rce f wh t t h y d m d p ti
o a n m ent e ee e oe c or a ,

i nt d ing ll u i n p ip h
ro uc v i t i n up n
a s o s, er r ases , ar a o s o

a m y th i th m th e m i t f whi h
c e m t h v
e, er o c see s o a e

been m d by th i b u
ea su re ti fi i l n d n e r o sc r e, ar c a a co

t t d h
or e t W l h ba d in n u m b f
c a r a c er , so e s r s a er o

p em wh i h h v m d wn t u m k ll u i ns
o s c a e co e o o s a e a s o

t th p
o nag
e nd i n id nt
er so f th M bin gi n
es a c e s o e a o o ,

a ll u i n f wilfull y b
s o s o h so t t h t if o sc ur e a c ar ac e r a

we h d n t th t l
a t h m lv
o w h uld be
e a es e se es e s o

e nt i ly at l t k n w wh t th b d w
re a oss o o a e ar s er e

d ivin g t
r Th f i y t l nu e y t l
a . h t e a r - a e, rs r -
a e c arac e r

o f th Edd e f th M bin gi n i da , as o t b th e a o o ,
s ue o o

bodi f lit tu b l nging to th m e ly

es o er a re e o e sa e ar
 THE BRAN CHES O F THE M A B I N OG I 5

m ty hi t t m f b li f nd f n y th nu y
c s ra u o e e a a c as e rser

t l ; but wh
a e th l tt i n w d lib t ly
er ea s e a er s o e era e

t i t d t th t l
r es r c e f o d h ild n wh
a c a ss o r ea er s , c re ,
o,

p y h l gi lly till b l ng in p t t th t ly
s c o o ca , s e o ar o a ea r

t t m th f m
s ra u ,
w int nd d t be n d w
e or er er e e e o a ere

t k n
a ie ly by g wn up m n
ser ou s ro -
e .

Th f g ing m k will h w th lin u p n

e or e o re ar s s o e es o

w hi h w p pc t e di u t h M bin gi n
ro ose o sc ss e a o o .

Th y will b g d d
e m in
e r e ar f l it t e as re a s o a er a u r e

f hi n d by p i l lit y t th ba d n
as o e a s ec a erar cas e, e r s, o e

o f wh d finit du ti
ose it w
e t p e v th es as o r eser e e

m ythi nd h i t diti n f th
c a er o c ra o s o e rac e .

On ki ng t d t th t l w find th t th
see o a e e a es e a or o

g phi l p uli iti in th m nu ipt p int t

ra ca ec ar es e a sc r o o

h typ
ar c e h typ n t l t th n th nd
e or a r c e es o a er a e e

o f th t w lfth e nt u y e nd t h t nt h l v n t h
ce r ,
a e e -
e e e

ce ntu y i th d t g n
r s lly d pt d by h l
e a e e er a a o e sc o ars

f orth fixi ng e f th Fu B nh o f th e o r ra c es o e

M bin gi in t h f m in whi h w
a o e qu in t d
or c e a re a c a e

w ith th m Th e hi f . n f th i e c pi n i n i
e r easo or s o o s

as f ll w o Aft th N m n n q t f
o s : er e or a co u es o

E ngl nd t h a A th u l g nd q i d i m m n e
e r r e e ac u re e s

p pul ity nd in th
o ar ,
n d h lf
a f th tw l fth e seco a o e e

ce nt u y v r n th olit tu f l l Eu p ;
er -ra e er a re o a ro e

W l h d i n thi m m nt nd m t f th
a es s ar e s ov e e ,
a os o e

s p i l W l h A th i n lit tu h w ffiniti
ec a e s r ur a er a re s o s a es

w ith t h nti n nt l f
e m
co N w th t le a wit h or s . o e a es

whi h w c d ling k n w b l t ly n thi ng f

e ar e ea o a so u e o o

t hi l te A thu t y nd m u t h e be n
s a r r r s or ,
a s av e
6 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M AB I N OGI

com d b f it tt in d th im p t nt p iti n
pose e or e a a e e or a os o

it h ld i n W l h lit
o s tu f th twelfth cen tu y
e s era re o e r .

Thi date h w s i nly

,
f imp t n
o in
ev er , s o o or a ce

h lpin g u t fix t m in
e s o d q m f whil
a er us a ae , or e

so m t l e nt i n
a es co l m n t whi h m y d t f m
a e e e s c a a e ro

th l v nth entu y t h g b k t th e b gin

e e e e c r ,
o e rs o ac o e

n ing n t of e o d d hi t
o y but f th e hi t y
r c r e s or ,
o s or

o f th A y n e ce r a ra .

Th F u B n hes f th M bin g i t k th
e o r ra c o e a o a e e

f m f p se n ti f mi ng m e o le s
or o ro arra ves or a or r s cc

h nt wh l nd
ere n
o e, a n d with pe sons wh a r e co cer e r o,

g n lly spe king

e era t t d a h um n b ing ,
a r e r ea e as a e s,

b t wh
u t th e m tim
o, a edit d with u p
sa e e , a r e cr e s er

n t a u ralp w I n thi li
o th i
er s .e em bl n t s es e r r s a ce o

f lk nd nu se y t l
o a thi i th pe uli ity
r r -
a es : s s e c ar

wh i h h c m d e m ny p k f th e n i te
as a f a s ea o a ve o

th t l es
ese If by n i te i m nt th f t
a . a ve s ea e ac

t h t th up l i t t d s th m t “
a n t e s er a ur a s r ea e a e os

n t a u ral thing i n th w ld nd th t th tu nin g e or ,

a a e r

p in t of th t l
o s m gi l q uit
e m tt
a es a re f a ca e as a a er o

co u th n th y
rse , e n i th e wi
e th a re a ve o r se ese

p d u ti n f
ro c m pl x b di
o s o ystem n l y n
a co e ar c s ca a o

m l i m t n w té th n th h p di k n wn
or e c a o
“
a e a er a so es o

as th p em e f T li
o in s o a ess .

W h v th n te a k w h t i th e sou e f thi
e e o as a s rc o s

su p n tu l l m nt ? Th h te s e t e ted
er a ra e e e e c arac r ar r a

as h u m n b i ng a nd ft n id ntified with
e s, a a re o e e

hi t i l o qu i hi t i l person ges
s or ca r If w
as -
s or ca a . e

acce pt th e tales as o igin lly t ld f hum n b ing r a o o a e s,

 TH E BRAN CHES O F T H E M AB I NOGI 7

we m ust su pp p ose el em nt that th e su e rnatural e s

w ere a dd d nti ly f m th im gi n ti n f th
e e re ro e a a o o e

w itr f th e t l s Th
e rs o th lt n tive i t
a e . e o er a er a s o

t k th e pe son g
a e f th t l
r f upa n t es o l e a es or s er a ura

b ing wh
e s m t bo cat t d by th l g nd
e o e r ea e e e e

m ng s as hum n b in g b t wh
o er t th am e s, u o, a e sa e

t im t i n d th i
e, re a p h m n pw
e pn e r su er u a o er s, u o

whi h th i n id nt
c e n d th c th v y xi t n e s, a us e er e s e ce ,

o f th t l ed p nd d
a es e e e .

I n th e w ds w o r k t kn w wheth w
or , e see o o er e

ar e d li ng with p im iti m yth l gy with d li

ea r ve o o or e

b t fi ti n An l gy t n p int ut th t
era e c o . a o a o ce o s o a

we d ling with th v y l west t tum f

a re ea e er o s ra o

hum n th ught with p im itiv m yth l gy nd th

a o ,
r e o o ,
a e

su p n tu l el m nt in th M bin gi is nly t b
er a ra e e e a o o o e

u nd t d if w
e rs oo g d it m nif t ti n f
e r e ar as a a es a o o

thi m yt h l gy
s o o .

Th p o es whi h h
e r c t k n pl
s in t h e t n c as a e ac e ra s

m i i n f th e M bi n gi d wn th
ss o o g hsb n a o o e a es a ee

o n in whi h t les
e igin lly n ni ng g d (h w
c a or a co c er o s o

th t l
e se w f m d t th utset d n t
a es ere or e a e o oes o

n w i m m di t ly b h f h
o e
n n )
a e m n t
co ce r us eca e s or o e

id th t they lly did n n g d nd w

ea a r ea co ce r o s, a er e

t ld
o if f h um n b ing p
as o ing up n tu l a e s osse ss s er a ra

a tt i bu te
r I n fine ths. F u B n he f t h ,
e o r ra c s o e

M bin gi e n thing m
a o ar n l th n deg d d
o or e or ess a ra e

a nd d ult a t d m y th l gi l t l
e ra e o o ca a es .

Th f t th t t h M bi n gi f m d th lit
e ac a y
e a o or e e erar

ui m nt f t h nti b d i m l i t h re ce
e
q p e
pp o
p ee a ar es
 8 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OG I

exi t n s e im p t n f t y t lli ng in b d i
ce a nd or a ce o s or -
e ar c

i l ;
c r c es n d th a t inl y xi t d n n m u
er e cer a e s e a e or o s

n um b f t i
er o l g n d n d t l f whi h th
s or es , e e s, a a es , o c e

F B ou r n h f th M bin gi — h
ra c es o n f m e a o c ose or so e

r eas o n un kn wn t ( i n do d th h i m
o us
y or , ee , e c o ce a

h v been p f tly
a e bit y) th n t b
er ec ar ra r as e o es o e

re p t d by th pp nti f m ho l f b d
ea e e a re ce o so e sc o o ar s

— n nly hca of m d y m ll p t W
a ve or e a v er s a ar . e

h v v wh l m ing p f f th i Fi tly in th
a e o er e roo o s . rs , e

F u B n h t h m lv
o r ra c n dly
es in th e se es seco ,
o er

m di e l W l h t l ; t h i dly in th
aeva e s ly W l h
a es r ,
e ear e s

p t y hi fly th t f th
oe r ,
c e ll d B k f a o e so ca -
e oo o

T li a in ; f u th ly i n wh t w
ess o r m y ll th,
a e a ca e

t l g
ca a o p m f th G v f th W i ;
ue- oe o e ra es o e ar r ors

a n d fi fthl y in th e m di v l p
,
lite tu e kn wn e ae a r ose ra r o

as th T i d e r a s .

I t w uld t k t
o l ng t n m t ll th pl in
a e oo o oe u era e a e a

indi ti ns f th xi te n f th im il t l
ca o o e e s ce o o er s ar a es

whi h c t b f n d in th F u B n hes
ar e o e ou This e o r ra c .

lin f e o h h b n xh ti ly f ll w d up
r esear c as ee e a us ve o o e

by P f A nwyl i n hi
r o essor ti l in t h Z i t hmf t s ar c es e e sc

f ar Celti sche P hi l ol ogi e .

Th e ly W l h p t y h t f in t n
ea r e s oe r —t a ,
or s a c e,

coll t d by Sk n i n t h
ec e F u A n i nt B k fe e e o r c e oo s o

W le — nt in n m
a s co l lu i n t h a t s u erous a s o s oc a ra c er s

m nti n d i n th F
e o e B n h T h es h t e our ra c es . ec ar ac er s

f d t l ng wit h th i n u h m nn
ar e r e e rre o a o o er s s c a a er

as t w
o nt in b li vin g th t th y
ar r a ll
us e e a e are a

of th m e typ saTh e l ll u i n t e. ere ar e a so a s o s o

 THE BRAN CHES O F T H E M A B I N OG I 9

in id nt in th F B n h l ng with ll u i n
c e s e ou r ra c es a o a s o s

t in id n t t h n tu
o c e f w hi h i u nkn wn b ut
s e a re o c s o ,

whi h m t b
c im il usAll th e s f n ar . ese r e er e c es ar e

o f h n t u — b in g
suc a l dy n t d tt ly
a re e , as a re a o e ,
u er

u ni n t lligibl b t f
e kn wl dg f th t l
e u o r our o e e o e a es

as t p o l ud ny id f th t l b ing ub q nt
r ec ea ea o e a es e s se ue

t th p m
o e Th y oe th fs. i th f n
e a re , e r e or e , e er r e e r e ces

t th t l
o e w n w a es ast lly h v th m e t o ac u a a e e ,
or o

t h i p t typ
e r L ittl h
ro o b n d n in th w y
es . e as ee o e e a

o f ti f t ily d ti n g th
sa s ac or p m b t f th a ese oe s, u o ose

th t h v
a b n d t d by M L th ( n t )
a e ee a e . o see o e ,

se v l nt in f n
era co f th
a b m nt i n d
r e er e ces o e a ov e- e o e

typ e Th p m ng in d t f m th ninth
. ese oe s ra e a e ro e

to th tw lft he nt y nd e if w accept
ce ur ,
a so, e

M L th d ting w m y p tul t th exi t n

. o
’
s a ,
e a os a e e s e ce

o f ma f l g nd
ass f th typo f th F u
e e s o e e o e o r

B n h tl t
ra c es a ly th ninth ntu y
eas as ea r as e ce r .

T kin g n xt th
a f th T i d
e n d th e case o e r a s a e

V f th G
e r se s o w fin d th t m ny f th
e r av es , e a a o e

T i d
r a n d th wh l
s a l l ti n f V e m y bo e co ec o o er se s a e

l k d p n f m n p int f vi w m
oo e u o ro t o e o o e as er e ca a

l g
o f t l ; f
u es o nl i n th
a es f th or , u ess, e case o e

V se er h f t h w i m nt i n d w f
s, eac o e arr ors e o e as o

n ot i n th
e , or , w d h d o m t l t ld of hi
er or s, a so e a e o s

p we h i m m y w uld n t h v b n thu
ro ss , s e or o o a e ee s

p v d T h m i t u f th T i d I n t h
r eser e . e sa e s r e o e r a s. e

cas e o f h pl nd nt
er oe s , m nt i n d t h
ac es a eve s e o e , er e

m u t h v xi t d t l whi h j u tifi d th t m n ti n
s a ee s e a a e c s e a e o .

I n th W l h m di v l t l w h v im il
o er e s e ae a a es e a e s ar
10 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A BI N OGI

e vid en ce h ug w lth of W l h st i
of a e ea e s or es .

K lh w h nd O l w n f inst n
u c a wh i h i e n ,
”
or a ce , c s a

a tt m p t t
e j uv n t l d m t i l
o re pl d wi th
e a e o a er a ,
cou e a

d i dn th w ite p t t i h i wn m
es r e e r r s
’
ar o a r s o co

p ndi n kn wl dg f W l h l g n d nt in
e o s o e e o e s e e ,
co a s

e n mor t l gu
ou s f p on g
ca a o with th i es o e rs a es , e r

a tt ib ut
r wh m it w u ld h ve b n f lly t n m
es, o o a ee o o a e,

we th
re n t m e re bj t in th e w y f
o so lling
e o ec ,
a o r eca

th i t y in th u n m ing th em
e r s or ,
s a .

I n h t th evid n
s or ,
i ve wh l m ing f th
e e ce s o r e or e

e xi t n f h g m
s e ce o f l g n d f th i typ in
a u e a ss o e e o s e

W l n d w m b k i n n t h w y t th
a es , a so e co e ac a o er a o e

p i nt f m whi h
o ro w t te d — n m ly c th f c t e s ar a e ,
e a

t h t tha Fu B nh e o th yr t nd ra c es as e s a ar e a

s l ti n
e ec a com pil ti n of ce t i n
o or f th e e a o r a o s

t i
s or es .

W h v e lled th t l es d g d d f om
a e ca ese a e ra e r a

m yth l gi l p i nt f vi w
o o ca In f t
o f h ve
o e . ac ,
so ar a

th y l t t h i
e os igin l h te i ti un d th e
e r or a c arac r s cs er

in fl u n f l t di ti n p
e ce o d ing t h
or a gh l ng
ra o r ocee r ou o

ye m ng t
ar s a pe pl b ming m
o s a ivili d
o e ec o or e c se ,

a n d un d th in fl u n er f Ch i ti ni ty th t if th e
e e ce o r s a , a ,

F ou r B n hes f th M bin gi t d l n it
ra c o e a o s oo a o e,

w uld b
o x dingly d ifli lt if n t i m p ibl t
e e cee cu , o oss e, o

arr iv t th e igin l m n ing f th l g nds

a e or a ea o e e e .

Th f t le dy m nti n d f th
ac a rea diting f e o e , o e c re o

p ngerso th wi
a es h m n with
o erup h um n
se u a s er a

a t t ib t
r w uld bu es l m t th nly l u to th
o e a os e o c e e

m ythol gic l t tum in th e tales

”
o a s ra .
 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M ABI N OGI 11

B ut , h v id th F u B n h d
as we a e sa ,
e o r ra c es o

n t o t nd q i t
s a l n ; v n in W l h lit t
u e a o e e e e s e r a u re

w h ve n l gu
a e nd ida Fi tl y in th
a o es a a s . rs ,
e

o th m di
er l t l w fi nde aeva tt d up nd a es e ,
sca er e a

d wno littl h lp f th y t
,
a e n t in e m ,
or e oo co a so e

o f th igi n l m yth l gi l d nn é W h v
e or a o o ca o es. e a e

l th
a so ly p m but in thi
e ea r nf oe s, s case , u or

t n t ly t h
u a e h lp w , g t i f e l th ne w e e s ar ess a e

h v a e n ta xp t
r e aso win g t th i b u
o e ec , o o e r o sc re

n t a ur e .W h v ag in th B t ( Ch ni l ) e a e a e ru s ro c es ,

wh i h id c h i fly in pi ki n g
a us c t th hi t i l
e c ou e s or ca

a nd q i hi t i l d ult ti n W h v al
uas -
s or ca a era o s . e a e so

th m s
e f l g n d y lit
a s o t d tin g f m t h
e e ar er a u r e a ro e

tw lfth t
e th fi ft nth ont u i kn wn
e th ee ce r es o as e

T i d nd fin l ly w h v th l g n d f T l i in
r a s, a ,
a ,
e a e e e e o a ess ,

wh i h l th ugh l t in th f m in wh i h w n w
c , a o a e e or c e o

h v it ( ixt nth v n t nth ntu y) i f

a e s ee -
se e ee ce r , s o

e qu lly ly igin with th F u B n h nd

a ear or e o r ra c es , a

i th i
s l t n l gu in W l h lit t
e r c oses a a o e e s era u r e .

G in g f th
o fi ld th ur b nd nt er ly I i h
a e , e a u a ear r s

lit t f ni h th g t t m nt f h lp
e r a ur e ur s es e r ea e s a ou o e ,

a nd i t i h i fly by m p i n with it th t th
s c e co ar so a e

r iddl f th M bin gi m y b
e o e d It g t a o a e r ea . s r ea e r

e xt nt nd th w k f m yth l gi l id nti
e re er s e or o o o ca e

fi ti n
ca i ; th W l h h t
o eas er p nd e e s c arac er s c orr es o

i n g t th I i ho th u le gni d myth
r s a re s a so r ec o se as o

l gi l
o ca .

C m p i n wi th I i h lit
o ar so tu l t ikin g r s er a r e r ev ea s s r

s im il iti b tw n m ny I i h nd W l h t l
ar es e ee a r s a e s a es ,
12 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OG I

s im il iti whi h m y b d i id d int tw g up

ar es c a e v e o o ro s.

Fi tly th
rs , mbl n b tw n th f nd
e re a r e r ese a ce s e ee e u a

m nt l d n né
e a f th t lo indi ti ng th y d
es o e a es, ca as e o

s till l m bl n
c oser r ese b t w n W l h nd I i h a ces e ee e s a r s

c y l f t l in t h i
c es o li t g Th M bin gi
a es e r ear er s a es . e a o

h v id ntly b n pi ced t g th v y lik

a e ev e ee e o e er er e a

m i nd it i p lp bly vid nt t h t in th f m
osa c , a s a a e e a , e or

i n wh i h w n w h c th m th y
e o nly av e e ,
e ar e o a

co ll ti n f m
ec o l l v ly j in d f gm nt
o or e or e ss c e er -
o e ra e s

o f li t l
ear Wh er th f
a es . w fi n d th t e re , e r e or e , e a

m ny f t h
a f g m nt
o xhibit
ese l ra nn ti n e s e a c ose c o ec o

with I i h l g n d w r s j u tifi d i n upp in g

e e ,
e ar e s e s os

t h t tha li f m f th W l h t l b
e ear er or s o e e s a es or e a

v er yg t m bl n
re a t th r ese f I l nd aTh i ce o ose o re a . s

i b t
s esn n q ti n g t h h t
see o e Th ua e c arac e r s . e

c h ild n f Don wh m w m t i n t h
re o , t y f o e ee e s or o

M th a nd ubt dly
,
ar e q iv l nt t th T th
u o e e u a e o e ua a

d e D n n (th t ib
a a u f th G dd e D nu) r es o e o ess a .

T h I i h b i ng
ese I i h g d n d th h ild n
r s e s are r s o s, a e c re

o f D6n p d f u h m gi tt ib t
ar e ossesse o s c a c a r u es as

t m p th m
s a g d f W l h l g nd G n n n
e as o s o e s e e . ova o ,

so n f Dfin t h
o W l h m ith n b n n th
,
e e s s ,
ca e o e o er

t h n th
a m ith G ibn i
e
(sg n it iv G i bn n toh u e e o e n, e

f mn
or t t th W l h )
ea r e s f th T t h
o Mn
e e s ,
o e ua a . a a

wyd d n m b Lly i
a vid ntly t h M n nn n m
a r s e e e a a a ac

Li f I l nd th l d f t h O th w ld th ugh
r o re a ,
e or o e er or ,
o

n t o gni bl
r eco h i n th M bin g i
sa e a s suc e a o .

Owing t th d g d d n t o f th
e Wlh e ra e a ur e o e e s

t l
a es, nd t th i
a mp it m o i h te r co os e osa c c arac e r ,
 TH E B R AN C H ES OF THE MA B I N OGI 13

th e l iv i m p t n f th p n g h b n
re at e or a ce o e er so a es as ee

di tu b d n d w ught t b quit p p d to
s r e ,
a e o o e e re a re

fin d t h t p an g pl yi ng v y h d wy p t
erso a es a er s a o ar s

i n th t l e l ly f g
a es ar e t im p t n f m
r ea o r ea or a ce ro

th e igin l p in t f vi w Thi i t u f
or a o o e . s s r e, or

in t n
s a f h t
ce, o ll d B li H pl y n
a c a ra c er ca e e . e a s o

di t in t p t in th F
s c ar B nh H i but e ou r ra c es . e s

m n ti n d
e Ho e m t b t h h u b n d f D6n
. e see s o e e s a o ,

th ou g h thi d n t pp f m th t l s oes nd ho a ea r ro e a es , a e

i p b bly t b
s ro a q t d with th I i h Bil th
o e e ua e e r s e, e

f th
a erf Mil oth p ny m h e,f th e e o ou s er o o e

Mil i n Bil es a s .lm w S p in wh i h in th

’
e s r ea as a , c ,
e

t n g ly
s ro h m i d m di v l t xt wh
eu e er se l n e ae a e s er e a o e

t hi s ti nse c f I i h m yt hi h i t y i p
o o vd
r s c s or s r ese r e

to u s , corr es o p nd with th O th w ld H d s e er or or a es .

S n dly w
ec o h v im il iti b tw n n m
, e a e s ar es e ee a es

a nd i n id nt in t h t l
c e whi h s n t f nd m n e a es c ar e o u a e

t l b ut
a ,
g td l m a up fi i l
rea wh e
ea or e s er c a ca ses er ,

u nd bt dly th W l h h v b e n b win g f m
ou e ,
e e s a e e or ro ro

th I i h ; i n
e r s th w d w h o f di er t or s, e av e cas es o r ec

in fl n f t h I i h p n th W l h t y t ll
ue ce o e r s u o e e s s or -
e er s .

I n B nw n f ra i n t n th Llin n i vid ntly

e , or s a ce , e o s e e

th S h n n n w h il in
e a th
o t l
, f t h M bi ne o er a es o e a

o g i n w o h v f m e lik E a
g i O e l f S
or n ns e s e r e r ve or esce

U i bh il G
a r eo li t f G
, S l t wh il t in
a rse or ea rr -
e u ,
s

K l h w h nd Olw n w h v Cny h w m b N
u c a e e a e c r a ess

f or Cnhb m N o c o ar ac essa .

H w o th m bl n es t
ar e b eseu nt d r es e a c o e acco e

f ?
or
 14 TH E BRAN CHE S -
O F T H E M AB I N OGI

diff i ng th o i h v b n gg sted I t
T wo er e r es a e ee su e .

is kn wn th t t th b ginning f
o a a d d hi t y
e e o rec or e s or

th xi t d l g nu mb
er e e s e af G id l ( I i h
ar e er o o e s r s

C l ts th ugh n in
e ,
o ct xp i n f t h t
a corr e e r e ss o or a

p e i d xpl ins wh m w m n by G id l ) i n
r o , e a o e ea o e s

W tW l es nd th di ff
a es , a n es i n th t w t h e i e re c e o eor es

d p nd up n th e d ifl nt m nn f ac counting
e e o
’

er e a er o

f orth p ne f th
r ese G id l ce o es e o e s .

O n th e y b li v t h t th G id l f m d th e
eor e e es a e o e s or e

fi t w v
rs f C l ti i m m i g ati n
a e o e n qu
c t f m r o or co es ro

t h e C n ti n nt o T h y w f ll w d by th B y
e . e er e o o e e r

t h n t h t b n h f t h C lt t wh i h th G
o s, a ra c o l e e s o c e au s

a nd W l h b l on g w he s d v th i p d e ess
e ,
o ro e e r re c or s

westw d ntil
ar wh n u e d d h i t y b gin
,
e r cor e s or e s,

ve y f w f th fi t G id li inh bit nt u viv d

r e o e rs o e c a a s s r e

in W t W l es Th nqu
a es .t f th We t n e co es o e s er

p t f N t h W l by th N o t h B iti h Cun dd
ar o or a es e r r s e a

a nd hi n i n t h f u th cent u y f
s so s u
e th
o r r o o r e ra , e

fi t hi t i l f t th t m e g
rs s or ca f m th e gl m
ac a e r es ro oo

a nd u n t i nty f
c er a ly t diti n w uld th n
o ea r ra o ,
o e

a pp t b th fin l u hing ut f G id li
ea r o e e a cr s o o o e c

r esist n , f
a t whi
ce ah t h e m i
ern i n g G id lc w uld e r a o e s o

liv pe c bly with th i nq e

e a ea nd g du lly e r co u r or s a ra a

a m l g m t w ith th m
a a a e d pting th i l ng g e ,
a o e r a ua e .

Th e m bl n e
r ese f W l h t a cI i h l g nd i
o e s o r s e e s

acco u nt d f by th wh h ld th is the y n
e or ose o o or o

th e upp s iti n th t th G id ls t nsmitted

os o a ese o e ra

th i t l
e r t th e W l h
a es o n d th t th latt e s , a a e er ,

dev l ping th m l ng t h i wn lin d ifl e n

e o e a o e r o es,
'

re
 TH E B RAN CH ES OF THE M A B I N OGI 15

tiated t h f m th i igi n l Th i
em som ew h at ro e r or a s . s

i in
s, tli n
ou t h th y h ld by P f
e, e R hy e or e r o essor s .

P f r o essor K n M y n th u th oh nd e er , o e o er a ,

h ld th t th
o s a i n j t f e id n
ere hi t i l
s o o o v e ce , s or ca ,

ph il l gi l t diti n l t j tify t h id th t
o o ca ,
or ra o a ,
o us e ea a

a G id l v
o e t f t i n B it i n
e er xsept oo r a e ce as a

co nq f m I l nd
ue r or ro Th G id l f n d in re a e o e s ou

W l h t t pi ti l inv d f m I l nd
a es e r ea s a s ra ca a er s ro re a

i n th e n d fif th
seco nt i R lyin g p n th
-
ce ur es . e u o e

ev id n f n m h y th t th I i h t l
e ce o a es, e sa s a e r s a es

w er e b w d by th W l h n t li th n th
or r o e e e s o ea r er a e

n i nt h n tu y
ce n d th t t h y w
r ,
h nd d v by
a a e ere a e o er

or a l t diti n
ra o .

On i win g th tw th i w find th t
r ev e ese o eor es e a

th fi te rs ntaccouin f in ti ng m nn n l
s a a sc a a er , a a o

g u t t h t f th
o s o a nqu o t f m t h C n ti n nt
o er co es s ro e o e ,

for th m in g f th G id l
e co n d B y th n
o The o e s a r o s . e

sec o n d th y d n t t u h t hi p int
eor oes o o c s o .

P f r o essorM y i bl t b i ng f w d m h e er s a e o r or ar uc

t n gibl
a i d n i n upp t f h i th y wh il
e ev e ce s or o s eor , e

th t f P f
a o Rh y t m
r o essor p n nj t s r es s or e u o co ec ur e .

G l n i ng b k t
a c divi i n f t h i mil iti
ac a ou r s o o e s ar es

t be f u n d i n t h
o o t l w find t h t P f e a es e a r o essor

M y the y d l nly with th nd g

”
’
e er s or ea s o
u e seco ro
p ,

t h t f th m
a o up
e fi i l or e sm bl n I n th er c a r ese a ces . e

t l
a e o f th h t d h u e i n B n w n whi h P
ea e o se ra e , c ro

fessor M y q t wi th t h I i h M
e er e u a es Ul d e r s eece a ,

w h e n
ave i d nt
a nd evn t l int p l ti n
e a a u ra er o a o .

P f r o essor My th ey d n t lly xpl in

er s
’
eor oe s o r ea e a
16 THE BRAN CHE S O F TH E MA B I N OGI

th e v t m ount f
as a p nden e betw n th o cor r es o c ee e

fund m nt l d n né f th t l es whi h f m u
a e a o es o e a c or o r

fi t l
rs f im il i ti
c ass o s ar es .

An gum nt g in t th l t b wing f
ar e a a s e a e or ro o

I i h l gend by W l h b d wh i h h hi th t
r s e e s ar s, c as er o

b n nti ly v l k d m y be d wn f m n
ee e re o er oo e a ra ro a

e x m in ti n f th l ti n f th b w d in i
a a o o e re a o s o e orr o e c

d nt t th wh l m
e s o f I i h li t
e tuo e L t as s o r s e ra re . e

u s assum th t t h W l h m n did b
e a w in th
e e s a orro e

n i nth t nth ,
nd el n th ntu i ,
a u ly th y
e ev e ce r es : s re e

w u ld h v b
o w d th
a el g nd whi h w
or r o e ose e e s c er e

m t p p l
os wi th th I i h t y t ll
o u ar I n th t e r s s or -
e ers . a

cas e w h ld find n m u d pt ti n f t h
e s ou u ero s a a a o s o e

g t Ul t h i y l wh
r ea s er v f
er o c c c e, er eas , sa e or a

p in g n ti f C n h b in K l hw h nd n
as s o ce o o c o ar u c ,
a o e

p m kn wn
oe M wn d C n i m b D i i
o as ar a o ro a a r ,
”

h ving f it th m th nmity betw n C h

a or s e e e e ee uc u

l in n nd C u i
a a W l h lit t e ign ro , th e s e ra ur or es e

Ul t y l nti ly On th the h nd it p
s er c c e e re . e o r a re

se nt ms a f n l g with th m y th ol gi l
ass o a a o u es e o ca

c y l th t i n whi h th T th d D n nn
c e, a c th e ua a e a a a re e

p t
ro ag ni st N
o w f m ths t.n t h n tou y n ,
ro e e ce r o ,

a t l t th I i h h d b g u n t
eas ,
e uh m r si th i a e o e e er se s

c y l nd t p nt it h t
c e, a o pre seC h i ti n s c a r a c e rs as re -
r s a

kin g n d w i
s a O nly n l ng x m pl f
a r r ors . o e o e a e o a

ro m n ti t a t m nt f t h m y th l gi l y l h
c re a e o e o o ca c c e as

s u iv d in I i h l th gh
rv e n id r s bl n m b
,
a ou a co s era e u er

o f t y sk let n h v b n p ese v d wing t

s or - e o s a e ee r r e o o

th ei incl u i n i n bi g phi l nd t p g phi l

r s o o ra ca a o o ra ca
 18 THE BRAN CHES O F THE M A BI N OG I

why s h ou l d on ly a Go id li lit
e c e ra tu r e hv a e s ur

v iv e d

I s it poss l e t en to orm u at e ib h f l a th eor y th at

il f
w l offer e wer d ifii culti es ?
I t i pl in th t G id l
s a nd B yth n a l ly o e s a r o s are c ose

l t d b n h f t h C l ti t k ; n d f u
re a e ra c es o e e c s oc a o co r se

th C l ti
e t k i it lf but
e c s oc b n h f th Ind s se a ra c o e o

E p n o A y n f m ily C m p tiv M yt h
u r o ea r r a a . o ar a e o

l gy nd F lk l S tu dy h v d m n t t d m
o a o -
or e a e e o s ra e co

m nity f m yt h
u nd l g nd b tw
o n th m t a e e e ee e os

wid ly e p td b nh se f th A y n f m ily
ar a e ra c es o e r a a
,

a n d thi mm u nity i b t xpl i n d by p t l ting

s co s es e a e os u a

th xi t n f p im y A y n m yth t whi h
e e s e ce o r ar r a -r
oo s c

th d iffe nt b n here f th A y n ra diff nc es o e r a ra ce e re

ti t d l n g t h i
a e a o wn li n Applyi ng thi t th
e r o es . s o e

C l ti t k w find t h t th i i n b t w n
e c s oc e a e sc ss o e ee

G id l n d B yt h n i
o e a mp t iv ly l t in hi
r o s co ar a e a e s

t y nd
or mp
a t iv l y m ll wh n
co mp
ar a d w i th e s a e co ar e

th i i n th t li b tw n th m i n b n h
ose s c ss o s a e e ee e a ra c es

o f th A y n f m ily
e rTh a ght th f t
a . ere ou ere or e o

b n diffi ul ty i n
e o pp ing th t th d p
c m
su os a e ee er co

m nity f l g n d th t in di t d by
u o e e fi t l ss
,
a ca e our rs c a

o f i m il iti
s d p nd p n th xi t n f n
ar es , e e s u o e e s e ce o a

ea rly C l ti m yt h l gy wh i h G id l nd B yt h n
e c o o c o e a r o

sh d in m m n
ar e co o .

Th m e p fiil or em bl n whi h w
su er c a r ese a ces c e

pl d in
ace nd g p m y p ibly b but l t
our sec o ro u a oss e a e

b wing
orro P f My h
s , as gu d wit h
r o essor e er as ar e

g ea
r t fo C n id i ng th
rce . l el ti n
o fs er e c ose r a o o
 THE BRAN CHES O F THE M A B I N OG I 19

Go id l e to B r
yt h on it woul d be sur p i ing if th y
r s e

h ad n ot b wdf orr o h t lle r om one a n ot er a a .

W e s h l l th f
t
a t th e F u B n h
er e or e f r ea o r ra c es o

th M bin gi
e a th d g d d B yt h ni d v l p
o as e e ra e r o c e e o

m nt f
e ly Cel ti m yt h t wing th i d p
o ear c -r
oo s, o e r ee er

rese m bl n to I i h t l
a ces t igin l m m unity
r s a es o or a co

o f m yt h nd t hei , m a p fiil m bl n
r ore su er c a r ese a ces

t l t i nfl u n
o a e f mIih u e ce ro r s so r ce s.

Th f m f th
e or t l i o w h v l dy
ese a es s , as e a e a r ea

t t d ; th t f p
s a e n a tive o I n th e pl
r ose d ar r a . re a ces o

w e fi nd v rses m b dd d in th
e p e Th e e e rose . ese

v e rses,h weve o n t l ik th v ses f un d in

r , a re o e e er o

I i h p se t l ith
r s ro kind f ly i utbu t
a es, e er a o r c o rs or

a r eca pitul ti n f th i n id nt t ld in p
a o o b t e c e s o rose , u

ar e m f th
or e o uni iddling n tu e f th
e r c or r a r o e

f g m nt f d gg l t b f und in t in
ra e s o o ere o e o cer a

nu
s y
r er t l S k n id
a es th t t h e t l
. e es
’
ea a a es ar e

f un d d up n the p m f T li in & in th
o e o oe s o a ess ,
”
c .
,
e

sa m w y e tha g t F nh p
as em n r eaf re c r ose r o a ces o

t h e thi t ent h fifw nth

r e nt y - p d e ce ur ar e ros e re ac

t i ns f th p em
o o f Ch éti n d T y
e o nd hi
s o r e e r o es a s

i m it t i
a o r s, b u d f th p m nt i n f
s a s r ,
or e oe s co a re e r

e n ces on ly ft n m t b ,
o t l dy xi ting
e os o sc u re , o a r ea e s

t l
a es , nd in th em
a lv m k n t the light t se es a e o s es

a tt m pt to t ll ny
e nn t d t y
e a co ec e s or .

N h v w ny
or a n f
e beli ing th t t h
e a r easo or ev a e

t l
a es a r e f u nd d up n p m whi h
o e n w l t o oe s c a re o os

t f
o u s, th re is n t
or p ti l of vid n with
e o a ar c e e e ce

whi h t O o e Prof Zi on l u i n th t
’
mm essor er s c c s o a
c
pp o s
20 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N O GI

th eC lt th w th i n
e s re e r a rr a t v es i
i nt p wh il o rose e

th T ut n p f
e e dt o s r e er r e o cas t th i in p ti f m
e rs oe c or .

W h ll n w pp
e s a o a r oac h th e t l m l ly
a es or e c ose ,

p inting t th f tu e
o ou e ea r s of n t w g l ng
o e as e o a o .

PW Y LL , PRIN CE OF DYFED
Pwy ll , pi r nc e o f Dyf d g h ti
e oe s a - un ng y
i n Gl n
p p k f
,

C uc h Se ar a t e d f rom h i s m e n, h e m e et s a ac o

h y p ll
.

wo nd ro us h o un d s f ol l owi ng a sta g , wh i c h t e u

d own bf
e ore h im in a l i ttl e c l e a r i ng i n t h e woo d Af ter
b y
.

a d m i ri ng f or a w h il e th e e a ut of th e d og s , wh ose
c oa ts a r e a sh i ni ng wh i t e , a nd wh ose ea r s are a ri l l i ant b
r ed h e d ri ve s th e m off, a nd c a l l s on h is own p k ac to
y y y
,

t h e q ua rr A g r e ri d er on a g r e ste e d ri d es u p a nd

bk
.

re u es Pwyl l f or th is d i sc o urt eous d eed Pwyl l off e rs

k p
.

to m a e a m e nd s , a nd t h e off er i s at onc e a c c e te d
y
.

Pwyl l th e g r e
a nd str ang e r, wh o i s Ara wn , Ki ng of

H
Annwn ( a d es ) , are to exc h ang e a earanc e s , i ng d o m s, pp k
a nd d uti es P wyl l i s t o g h t a d uel wi th a f g a n, t h e fi H
y k
.

e ne m of Ar awn, a ri va l i ng i n Annwn P wy l l wil l

pp
.

overc om e hi s o onent at th e fi rst ons e t , a nd h e is on

no a c c ount to str i k H fg e a a n a sec ond bl ow, f or a sec ond

bl ow h as th e pw fo er o r evi vi ng th e va n
q uish ed ki ng ,
i nst ead of p utt i ng a n e nd to h i m y In a ear s
’
ti m e
y
.

Pwyll and A ra wn a re to m ee t ag i i
a n G l n n C uc h t o
e xc h a nge sh a es onc e m ore , a np d h yt ep se ar a t e to c a rr y
o ut th e b arg ai n

k p
.

Pwyl l i s ta en f or Ara wn at t h e l at ter s c our t, sl ee s

’

y
i nnocentl wi th Ara wn s q ue en, a nd on th e a
’
oi nt ed pp
d ay m ortal l y w d H fg oun s a a n , uni te s Annwn und er h is
own h ea d h ip
s d an returns t o th e tr y sti ng - pl ac e to m e e t
Th y k p p p
,

Ara wn . e m ta e onc e ore th ei r own ro er sh a es ,

and return t o their own c ourts . Ara wn at once d is

 TH E B RAN CHE S OF THE M A BI NO GI 21

c overs f ro m hi s wif e h ow tr ue
fri end h e h ad i n Pwyll , a

y
wh il e Pwyl l find s th at D f e d h a d never een so we l l b
rul ed a s d u ri ng h i s ea r of a senc e y
Th e t wo i ng s b k
p b p
.

th er e u on exc h a n e va ua g l l e r esents to r e a fii r m
- th ei r
f ri end sh i p ; a nd P wyl l b h e c a use e g ove rn ed s o wel l i n
b
,

Annwn , a nd ec a u se he uni te d Annwn un d e r one h ea d

sh i pi n one d a y, i s e ver a f te rwar d s k w no n as Pwy l l Pen
Ann wn ( Pwyll , H e a d of H a d es ) la yi g id
n as e h i s f or m e r
Pi y
,

t i tl e of Pwyl l , r nc e of D fed .

Alth ugh in i t l ti n hip t th th p t

o s re a o s o e o er ar s

o f th t l e f Pwyl l th i fi t p t pp
a e o ,
s rs ar a ear s s u s

p i i l
c ou sy lik n xpl n t i n
e a ti l g i l
e ph iati a o ,
ae o o ca or so s

ca et d in n t f th igi n f th pp ll ti n
a u re , o e or o e a e a o

H d f H d th i n m i t king th m yth
ea o a e s, er e s o s a e o

l gi l l m nt t b f n d th in T h g y
o ca e e e o e ou er e . e re

r id n g y h
er o a i rew dly Kin g in H d
or se s av o e a a e s,

o n e f th o d k pw e th ar p er f th o er s, e ossessor o e

f m u C wn A nwn (th
a o s D g f H d ) wh
n e o s o a es , os e

m m y h
e or h dly y t di d t f th f lk l
as ar ef e ou o e o -
or e o

re m t o erWl H i f i nd h ip with P wyl l p

a es . s r e s re

p th w y f
a r es e h i f i n d h ip w it h t h
a or pp n t
s r e s e a ar e

c ul t h
u re- f S u th W l
er o o P yd i t h o n f a es , r er , e so o

Pwyl l f i nd hip wh i h i im pli d in th t l f

a r e s c s e e a e o

M th m b M th n wy
a a a o .

It msee if th xpl n ti n why Pwyll w

s as e e a a o as

ca ll d P n Ann wn i w k nd in ffi i n t nd
e e s ea a su c e ,
a

wh n w e k w hy
e as h n xpl n ti n w nsu c a e a a o as r e

d dn
er e y t ll w
ecessa r d iv n t th n
a a e are r e o e co

c l u i n th t t h
s o m t h v b n t w Pwyll
a er e — n us a e ee o s o e

a hi t i l
s or ca qu i hi t i l P in f Dyf d nd
or as -
s or c a r ce o e ,
a
22 TH E BRAN CHES O F TH E M A B I N OG I

th e oth e r a l w y b n n id dP wyl l wh o h a d a a s ee co s er e

as P n An nw n i
e m y th l gi l h t wh ,
. e .
,
a o o ca c ar ac er o

h d lw y b n Ki ng f H d
a a a s T h w it ee f o a es . e r er o

ou t y h d vid ntly id ntifi d n d

r s or a n fu d t h
e e e e a co se e

tw h t
o c a r ac e r s .

A n i n st n
s a f th d g d ti n f th t l a ce o e e ra a o o e a e

f m m yth l gi l p i nt f Vi w w m y n ti
ro a o o ca o o e e a o ce

th at An nw n th C lti O th w ld w hi h in th , e e c er or ,
c e

I i h t l i g n lly t t d
r s a es s th e er a r ea e a s ac r oss e sea or

wit h i n h ill i h l kd pn
a m nd n
,
s e re oo e u o as a u a e

regi n— n din y p in
o a m i n gl y b d i ng
or ar r ov ce see or er

up n Dyf d
o e .

p f h
I n th e y Pwyll d i g g
n e xt a rt o t e stor ur n a rea t

A b N b h) w lk
, ,

f eas t a t h ( h m d r er t t ed o ern ar e rt a s out an

p m d l d G dd A b h
,

sea t s h im l f se u on a o un cal e orse r e rt

Th i m d h p i il g y
,
“ ”
s m gi
ou n as f
a a c r v e e : ev e r one o

h ig h b i h i g hi m l f
rt p i i ih
sea t n dly se u on t s e t er soun

b m
ea t e n or se es a l A g l d y id i g l wl y a rv e s tran e a r n s o

h m p d pp
.

to w d ar s wh i
t e u Pwyl on a d te st ee a ea r s to l an

hi mp i
s co H d
a n on s f hi m m h e sen s one o s en to eet er

p by d
.

b ut h s e b
asses f an c a nno t e overta ken on oot.

Sh i p b k b wi h pp
,

e d
s h ur sue y on ors e ac ut, t out a n a arent

p i N d y h pp
,

h i g h d fi
a sten n s e e es u rs u t e xt a s e a ears to
d pl
.
,

th m g i
e h
a ma n atim d t q i
e sa e t e an ac e, an a s u re

m t d
o un e h f h on p tbl f ll w h i
e a st e s t or se r o c ura e o o s er n

i
va n O h h i d d y Pw ll h im
n t f gi
e t h r d a y se l ves c a se , a n

hi p y g h p h g i ly d
.

on s ra in er to s to s e r a c ou s oes so,

b y whil h
.

Pwyll i f i d by h
s a sc na t e h er ea ut e s e, on er

p dmi h h h m k h im f b
,

art a ts t at s e as co e to see or a us

b d Sh i hi
an h d e g h s f Hlt i d d H e
a nnon t e au t er o e ve n,

by
.

an d i g h i
s m
so u w l m
t n i ar ri a g e an un e co e su tor,
G w wl f b Cl d
a S h gi
a Pw ll u d . y e ve s y a re n ez vo us a ear
 THE BRAN CHES OF T H E M A B IN OG I 23

h e nc e at h er f ath er
’
s c our t, wh ere th e m arriag e f ea st
will be p p re ar ed .

At t h e a pp i o nted t im e t h e f east i s a b o ut to c om

m ence wh en a stra ng er a pp ea r s a nd as k s a b oon

p
.

Pwyl l rom i ses to g ra nt i t, a nd th e st ra ng e r ( wh o i s

no ne ot h e r t ha n G wa wl f a b Cl ud ) d em and s R h ia nnon
and th e f eas t R hia nnon, h oweve r, c l ai m s t h e f east f or
b
.

th e reta i ners, a nd , t e l l i ng P wy l l t o g rant th e oon,

sh ows hi m h ow t o g et t h e b
e tte r of th e u nwel co m e

v isi to r .
R h iannon i s to b e gi ve n t o G wa wl i n a e ar s y ’

ti me, but on th e d ay of t h e m a rriag e Pwyl l i s to c onc eal

a b y
od of hi s m en nea r th e f es ta l hal l , and d i sg ui si ng

h im l f se in ra g s , i s to e nter a nd a sk a b o on of G wa wl
T hi b
.

s oon i s t o b e th e fi ll ing of a m ag ic ba g , th e gi f t of
Rh ia nnon h ersel f, wi th p r ovi si ons ; and t hi s b ag , no

m at te r h ow m uc h h e put i nt o i t, wi ll never g e t a ny
'

f ul l er b
O n ei ng q ue stione d , Pwyll i s to sa y th a t i t wil l
p p l y fill bl pi dp
.

not be ro er ed until a no e ste n an r e ss

d own it s c onte nts wi th his f ee t, sayi g E g h

n
“
no u

b
,

h as een put i n Pwy ll i s t o f asten t e a a ro un h b g d

m k
.

G wa wl wh om Rh ia nnon e nga g es t o a e e nter t e h

b
,

b a g , a n d ca lling in h is a m ush e d m e n s to c ta t e s i di hi
own t er m s G wawl i s sa tis ed wi th s a a re nt fi Pwyl l pp ’

p p y Pwyl l
.

c om li a nc e, a nd d e a rts t o h is ow n c ount r

yf d
.

a l so ret urns to D e

y
.

At t h e e nd of the t h e m arri ag e f east i s pre

ea r

p dfare or G wa wl R h ian non s c unni ng sc h em e wor s

’
k
b
.

o ut p f e r ec tl v G wa wl i s ca ug h t i n t h e b a g a nd ea t e n

by Pwy l l ’
s m en, and fi na ll y a l l owed to g o on r om i s i n
g p
to ksee no ve ng ea nc e i n th e f uture Pwyll and h i s
b id b h wi h h b
.

r e r eturn to Ar e rt t t e l essi ng of H e veid d

H en, and th e y l p p ly f
ru e ros e ro us or two y ea rs .

Th i f s or m s th e secon d sec t oni of th e ta l e , an d

w h v h
e a e er e the l g nd wh i
e e ch tell s of th e m e et in g
24 THE BRAN CHES OF THE M A B I N O GI

of P wyl l w t h h i s w i if Rhi
e a nn on . Sea te d on a

won d u m nt P wyll i
ro s ght by p n t l
ou s sou a su er a u ra

b id Thi l k x dingly lik th w ing f

r e . s oo s e cee e e oo o

a m t l byor a f i y b id ; f w n ti th t in
a a r r e or e o ce a

th i p t f th t l
s ar Pwyl l i t
o t d e m a e s r ea e as a er e

m t lor a di t d with n
cre p nt l pw e o su er a ura o ers or

p i il g whil th m gi p w
r v e es , f Rhi n n n
e e a c o er s o a o

sh w up i n h p n t t
o s ar co ra s .

R hi nn n i a d ifli ul t h
o t st id ntify
a c c ar ac er o e

m yth l gi lly o o P f caRhy w .t fi t in r o essor s as a rs

cl in d t e g dh o re n m b dim n t f th d wn
ar er a s a e o e o e a

or d k b tlt
us ,
nn t d h
u wi th th m n
a er co ec e er e oo .

S h i th d gh t
e s f He id d H é n
au n d th er o e ve ,
a e

app ll t i n H en th An i nt g n lly m t
e a o ,
e c e ,
e e ra see s o

f
r e er in t h t i t d im m yth l gi l
ese s or e s o a o o ca

ch t pp i t d
ar ac er a h t t i n xt nt
r ec a e as su c o a c er a e e

by w it w h i vid ntly l ki ng b k u p n th
a r er o s e e oo ac o e

old d f thi ng
or er o s .

Sin G w wl f b Cl d i n my f P wyll
’
ce n a a u s a e e o s,

a nd i n Pwyl l i
s n
ce f th d k p w G w wl s o e o e ar er o er s , a

sh ld b ou l d m ng th l he c asse Th i a o e so ar er oes . s

sec ti n f th t l m y th
o o f b i nt p t d
e a e a er e or e e er re e as

a re p ent ti n f th t uggl b tw n th p w
r es a o o e s r e e ee e o ers

o f ligh t nd d k n f a th p i n f th
ar ess or e ossess o o e

m n b id
oo -
r e .

At th e end of t wo y ears Pwyll i s st i l l wi th out an

h e ir, a nd b
t h e no l es of th e c ountr y u tter th e i r d isc on
t e nt, a nd a s k Pwyl l to ta k e a not h e r wif e H e d e m an d s ,
y y
.

d d el a a nd b ef ore th e
’
a nd i s g ra nte , a ea r s , e nd of th a t
26 T H E BRAN CHES OF THE M ABI N OGI

off s pi
r ng of P wyl l . Pen d ara n D f ed , t o wh om t h e y c h il d

is a f te rward s g i ve n to re ar, r ena m es h i m Pryd eri

( Anxiet y) fr o m th e first word s ut te re d by Rh ian non on
p mi
,

l earni ng t h e tr uth T ey r non a nd h is wif e a re ro se d

p pi d l
.

rea t r ec o m e nse , and t h e tal e c om e s t o a ra c ose

g
wi th a m enti on of t h e d ea th of Pwyl l , t h e c onseq uent
ac c essi on of Pryd eri t o th e h ead s h i p of D yf de ,
a nd h is
m arriag e to Kic va .

ly in thi
I t is on ti n t h t w m t th s sec o a e co e o e

r ea l k n l f th t l f Pwyl l n m ly th bi th
er e o e a e o ,
a e e r

o f P yd i r W king b k w d w n n w
er . or ac ar s e ca o su r

mi h w th t l w
se o p t t g
e t h Fi
a e t ly w as u o e er . rs , e

h v th bi th f P yd i th n n tu l ly f ll w
a e e r o r er : e a ra o o s

th e u nt
acco f th m ting f h i p
o nt e nd ee o s ar e s, a

t h i dly w h v th xpl n ti n f h i f th ’
r e a e e e a a o o s a er s

t ng
s ra b iq t P n An nwn N t nly i
e so r ue ,
e . o o s

P yd i th
r er nt l h t f th t l f Pwyl l
e ce ra c a ra c e r o e a e o ,

b t it i
u nly t hs gh P yd i th t w nn t
o rou r er a e co ec

t g th
o e th F er B n h f th M bin gi Thi
e ou r ra c es o e a o . s

d ntn
oes o ily m n th t th w i t
ecessa r f th ea a e r e rs o e

t l
a es h d ny id a f a u i ng t h n i tyea f th o s ec r e u o e

F B n h in th i m nn
ou r ra c es s a er .

F m m yth l gi l p i n t f vi w G w i G w l lt
ro a o o ca o o e r a

E yn m t b t
ur t d p t f m P yd i
us e r ea eHi a ar ro r er . s

ra pid g wth nd h i g l d n h i
ro a th h s o e a r ar e e c ar ac

t i ti
er s f cs l h wh il t P yd i f i ndly
o a so a r er o , s r er ,
r e

as h i wit h th p w
e s f d kn e nn t b o er s o ar ess, ca o e

t t d i n th
r ea e m w y Th i p b bl y h
e sa e a . er e s ro a er e

a f i n f diff nt t l
us o o n ni n g pp d
ere a es co cer o ose

m yth l gi l h o o t cawh p p iti n w n t

c a ra c ers ose o os o as o
 TH E B R ANCHES OF TH E M AB I N OG I 27

i d
n ot c e nd t d by th
or u m pil
er s oo f th t l e co er o e a es .

Th i em lik ly b
s se s th e i n xpl n ti n
ec a u se er e s o e a a o

gi n wh y P yd i h uld h v b n f und t th
ve r er s o a e ee o a e

d oor o f T y n n p l e r I t m y v y w ll b
o
’
s a ac e . a er e e, as

P f ro essor A n wyl gg t th t n i n f th
su es s , a o e vers o o e

t l m d T y n n th
a e a e f th
e r f P yd i
o Th e a er o r er . e

n m a esT y n n n d R h i nn n wh n
e r o a d d t a o e re uce o

th i e r li C l ti quiv l nt Tig n n
ear er e c nd e a e s, er o os a

Ri g n t n
a o Ki n g nd Q
a n) f m pi a ue e or a a r, a

i m t n wh i h w ant P f
c rc u s a ce A nwyl
c ar r s r o essor
’
s

s ugg ti n
es It d
o .n t m f t f ll w th
oes o see sa e o o o ese

hyp th o t f
e ses wh n b oo d up n l ndar i e ase o s e er e v

dn e th y
ce , as
p t t e l d t n
aret di t i na o ea o co ra c o s .

D t di g
oc or s b t P yd i f in t n
sa r ee a ou r er or s a ce

for M N utt gg t t h t M n wydd n w

r . su es s n a a a a as o ce

c re di t d wi th b ing th f th f P yd i A g ing
e e e a er o r er . r u

f m I i h n l g t t h t l th i ub t nti l
ro r s a a o u es o e a e er e ss s a a

g und f th upp iti n nd i n th gi ing f

ro or e s os o ,
a e v o

R hi n n n t M n wydd n t wif in t h th i d
a o o a a a o e e r

t l
a e o f t h se i w fi nd
e ding t M N utt
r es , e ,
a ccor o r .
,

a t f th
r ac e o i g i n l v i n f th t y
e or a er s o o e s or .

B AN W EN DA UG HTER or LLvs
R .

Th t l f B nw n i n it lf d
e a e n t f ll w
o ra e se oes o o o

di tly f m P wyll but i n n t d with t h t

r ec ro ,
s co ec e a

t l by t h thi d i n t h
a e e i M n wydd n I t
r e ser es, a a a .

i t u t h t w d m t g i n wit h P yd i b t
s r e a e o ee a a r er ,
u

h i b
e sly m nti n d nd wh n w tt m pt t
ar e e o e ,
a e e a e o
28 TH E B RANCH ES OF THE MA B I N OGI

fin d th e i e x
ip b tw n Pwyll a ct r e l at onsh e ee and

B nw n w
ra m t by
e id nt nf i ne ar e e ev e co us o ,
as m ay
be n t n
see n x m i ning th f n
a o ce o e a e r e er e c es to
P nd
e n Dyf d i n b t h t l
ar a e o a es .

'

B ra n t h e B l essed , son o f Ll y r, is se a ted one d ay

with his b h r ot er y
Ma na w d d an, h i s h alf - b
roth er s N i ssye n
th e p mk eac e a er a nd E vni ss y en t h e m i sc h ief -m a k er, on

a roc k b h a ove t e sea a t H a rl ec h . Th ir teen vessel s d ra w

nea r , one of wh i ch a d va nc ing , ma k es sig ns of p ea c e, a nd

i n d ue ti m e Ma th ol wc h , Ki ng of I rel and , i s w e l c o m ed
’
on sh or e as a s ui tor f or t h e h a nd of B ra n s s i s te r,

B ra nwen . Th e Ii r sh King i s a t onc e a c c e p te d , a nd th e

m a rriag e f east i s h e l d i n te nts a t Ab erfl ra w— i n tents
b ec a use no h ouse l arg e e no ug h f or B ra n h a d ever b ee n

b uil t N e xt d ay E vniss e n, ec a use h i s c onse nt to h i s y b

b k
.

h al f si ste r s m arri ag e h a s n ot
’
-
ee n as e d , c uts off t h e

li p s, ears , t ai l s and eyb w f

e ro s o M h lw h h at o c
’
s or ses .

Ma th ol wch sur pr is ed a nd o utra g d ek hi h ip

ta es to s s s,

bi k w hi g
, ,

b ut re t u rns on e ng a ssure d t h Bat ra n ne not n

of th e i nsul t, a nd is wil li ng to m k am pl m d i
e a e a en s n
h orses a nd g o ld B ra n, se e n i g h t h
t f a at t e ea st

pp h ly ppl m h i
.

Math ol wc h st i l l a ears m e l an c o su e e nts s

by
,

o th er g i f t s th a t of a m a g ic c a ul d ron wh i c h h a s t h e
pw
o e r of reg e ne ra ting by h m t e orrow any d ea d warr ior
th ro wn i nt o it Ma t h lw h
o c seem s pl e a s ed N ext
y f ll l ki g b
. .

e veni ng the a t o ta n a o ut th e ca ul d ron B ra n

b I
.

i nf or m s Ma th ol wc h t h a t i t wa s ro ug h t f r om rel a nd

by Ll Ll gyf wid
a sar a es ne a nd h i s w if e Kym id e u K m e y
i
nvo l l wh h y pdf en t e e sca e rom th e w h it e -h o t i r on h ou se
i I l
n d M h lw
re an k at o ch nows th e r est of t h e h ist or y
by k
.

h ow one d a y h e was si tti ng a la e wh en a n e norm ous

man c a m e up , al ong wi th a wom an t wi c e as b ig as h e,

a nd b ea r ing a c a ul d ron on his b k hw
ac ; o th e wom an
was soon to gi ve bi r th to a fu l ly m d w
-
ar e arri or ; h ow
 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M AB I N OG I 29

p pl ( d h i d
th ese eo e an t e r y l h gh
esc e nd a nts e vi d entl a t ou

l y h w th y m l ti pli d )
,

th l d
e tta e oes no s ta te e xa c t o e u e

b m pl g i h
e ca e a a ue n t e y h w h y w im
c o untr : o t e ere

pi di i h
r sone n an ron ous e wh i h w m d wh i
c h as a e te ot

h ow th e m an and wom an l
a one es cap d d id tl y e an ev en

th y h m l ti pli d
,

ca me to B ri tai n, wh ere , a dd B s ra n, e ave u e

a nd b ec om e e xcee ding fine warri ors .

Thi l i nt du
s ta e t n w h ro t Wc es u s o e c a rac ers . e

n w m
o t th f m ily f Lly wh
ee e af tun l ng o r, ose or es , a o

wi t h t h f th e f m ily f D6n nd th f m ily f

ose o a o a e a o

P wyl l m k up l k d t f m t hi point f vi w
,
a e ,
oo e a ro s o e ,

th F u B n h
e o r f th M bin gi
ra c es o e a o .

B nd ig id V n w h i pp ll ti n n t
e e ra o es s a e a o ,
o as a

so phi ti t d T i d inf m u t th e f t th t h
s ca e r a or s s, o ac a e

w n
as o f th e ly Ch i ti ni e
e o e of th i l nd
ar r s a s rs e s a ,

b t i n ll p b bility t h i b i ng w
u a ro a hipp d t o .
s e or s e a

so m m t p i d
e re H w
o e e m i ngly t h t t
er o . e as , s e ,
e u e

l y d ity f b di m nd m inst l y nd i t i
ar e o ar s a re s ,
a s

o n ly i n thi ligh t th t w s n u d i n m king a e ca s ccee a

a nyt h i ng f th u i o m i n t h
e c n x t t i n
r ou s e e e sec o
p g
o f th t l whe e h
a e i hi m u i i n re e ca r r es s s c a s ac ross

t I l nd n h i b k
o re a o s ac .

Th t l ef th uld
a e o n t ld d u i ng th e f
e ca ti ng ro o r eas ,

whi h P fc M y qu t with n i n id nt
r o essor e er e a es a c e

i n th M ce (H de t l
ee f th Ul te h a i yl
,
a a e o e s r ero c c c e,

w uld v y n tu lly h
o er lipp d in by the om pil
a ra e s e c er

kn wingly
o n I i h t las t ld by a n Iih r s a e, o a r s

vi it
s It h
or . n vi t l nn ti n with th
as o l a co ec o e r ea

t l
a e o f B anwen r .

M gic c uld ns pl y g eat p t in C lti

a a ro a a r ar e c
30 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I NOG I

li t e ra tu r e . Th e T uath a De D a na a n , p ossesse d
on e : p m i n th B k f T l i i n n d
th e oe s e oo o a ess ,
a

th p
e l g n d f T li in p k f th m
r ose e e o a ess s ea o e .

On f th Sp i l
e o f An nwn e bt i n d by th o s o ,
o a e e

C lt u h
u re m t h -
b n m gi
ero see ld n s o av e ee a a c ca u ro ,

and p t y n d i n pi ti n
oe r m t h v th ia s ra o see o a e e r

origin in u ld n P h pa ca P f Rh y ro . er a s , as r o ess or s

su gg t thi l t id i
es s, li f th d y wh n
s as ea s a re c o e a s e

th A y n m di i n m n i nt xi t d h im lf
e r a e c e -
a o ca e se or

w k d h i m lf i nt
or e t t f t y t n
se o a s a e o ecs a c or ra ce

by m n f ea d b w gs o a sa c r e re a e .

Math ol wc h ta k es B ranwe n to I rela nd a nd al l g oe s

y y y
,

wel l f or S ud d enl th e q uesti on

’
a ear . of E vniss en s

out ra g e is re vi ve d , an d B ra nwen i s d ri ve n f r om t h e
Ki ng ’
s si d e to th e ki tc h e n, wh er e sh e is str uc k eve r y
m or ni ng by th e b utc h e r Th i s g oe s on f or t h re e y ea r s

k
.

un nown to a ny one i n B ritai n , f or al l c om m uni c a ti on

h as b e e n st o pp d by M
e a th ol w c h s or d ers.
’
M ea nwh il e
B ranw en r ears a starl in ,
g wh o c ar ri es a l e tte r to B ran .

Lea vi ng B rita in to sev e n g ov e r nor s B ran se ts out f or

I p b h wd
,

re la nd his m en a reh im i n sh i s, ut e a e s a c ross

se lf yi g hi m i i
carr n hi b k (
s T hi p us c a ns on
g s ac s a ssa e

y b p b bl y ff d h h d
.
,

i s ver d h
o sc ur e, a n as ro a su ere at t e an s

ib ) T M h l w h wi h d h fl
’
o f a scr e o at d o c s s ne er s t e eet a n

pp l ik w d d m i
.

t h h d f B
e ea o ran a ear e a oo an a ounta n

a d i g
va nc n B w h w : k w d pl i
ra n en , o e ve r , no s an ex a ns

wh h y
at t M h lw h
e d hi m
a re . at o c an s e n re trea t ac ross

h Ll i
t e ( S h non) w h i h h B i annon p c t e r t ons c ross u on

d d b dy Th I i h bmi b B
,
’
B ra n s e xten e o . e r s su t, ut ran

see m wil l i g
s un m m il h i w
n to co e to ter s unt e s on over

by h I i h b ild i g f h im h big gh f
t e r s u n or a ouse enou or

h im to hi g
e nter , a d bf tThi h i n neve r one e ore. s ouse s
 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OGI 31

to be a tra p f or m en ar e c onceal ed bg
in a s a ll round

pil l b il d i g E i y hw
,

th e ar s of th e u fid
n vn ss en , o ever , n s

l y k il l by
.

t hi s o ut, d d l ib an e e ra te ll h s, one one, a t e

hi d d wen i P i arr ors . l d d i hi h l l wh

ea c e s c onc u e n t s a en

ly E i y
,

su dd en h w B vn ss w enhi l d i t roh s ra n en s
’
c nto t e

bl i g fi T m l d m
az n re u ut Th I i h
an as sa c re e nsue . e r s

m k
.

a f h m gi
e use o ld
t e f g a i c ca u il ron o re e n era t o n unt

E i y
vn ss l i g h im l f m
e n, c onc ea g h I ni h d d i se a on t e r s ea s

d b i b ki g h i w h i h
,

th w i
ro n n an ur st s t, re a n s o n ea rt n t e
e ff ort S B i l
e ve n p l g wi h B
r tons a one esc a e . a on t ra n,

d d by pi dl
.

wh i w o s ou n e H a d h
o so ne a nc e e or ers t e

t k i b b i d i
.

se ven to ff h i h d
c ut o d s ea an to a e t to e ur e n
h
t e W hi Hill i L d wi h h f
te n w d
on on , t t e ac e to ar s

F ra nc e O th j y h ll h m h y will b
n e our ne e te s t e t e e

y f i g H l h whil h bi d f
.
, ,

seven ear s east n at ar ec e t e r s o

i P mb k
,

R hi a nnonwil l i g h m s n Gw l to t e : at a e s, n e ro e

th y will
e i gh y y re st e il f h m p
t ea rs , unt one o t e o e ns a

d oor l ki g p C w l l W i h B w d h
oo n u on orn a . t ra n en a n t e
h d ea h t e o se ven f B i O
se t l di g i
ut or r tain n an n n
y B w h i ki g p h m i y h h
.

A gln ese ra n en, t n n u on t e ser s e as

b gh w b k h
,

rou t to t i f ll d d f
o c ountr es, a s ea o a ro en ea rt

Th b
.

e f h h d fi d h
ea rers o t he ea g n t at t e se ven over nor s

h av eb kill d d h y p d wi h h i j y
een e , an t e roc e e t t e r ourne .

E ve r
y h i tg n Bt urns h f l d
ou t as d h ra n as ore to an t e

h d i b i d i H il l L d
,

ea s h W hi
ur e n t e te at on on.

Th l e d wi h
ta e en b i pp d i pl i i g
s t an o v o us a en x ex a n n

h w I l
o d w
r e an p pl d by h ff p i g f fi
as re eo e t e o s r n o ve

p g w m wh w h l m i i g i h bi
re na nt o en o er e t e so e re a n n n a

f I l d w d p ’
tan t s o B
re an on ra n en s e ar ture,

hi p t f th t l B n lt h i m yth
In t s ar o e a e ra a er s s o

l gi l h t
o ca Ac w nd f l h d P f
ar a c er . s a o er u ea , r o essor

Rhy m p s coh im wit h th J n f th R m n

ar es e a us o e o a

P nth n nd with th G ll R m n C n nn
a eo ,
a e a o -
o a er u os .
32 TH E BRAN CHES O F THE M A B I N OG I

Th e se comp i ns ugg tiv

ar so but in th e l t
ar e s es e, as

dg e r ee hyp th ti l o e ca .

Th t l e f B nw n
a e o wh l i ra x dingly e as a o e s e cee

int ting in p nti ng M N utt p int t

e r es r ese , as r . o s ou ,

re m k bl ar n l gi
a with th T u t ni t l
e a a o es f e e o c a es o

t h N i b l u n g n d G d un y l
e e a I t d iff uin r c c es . er s

c h t f m th th
ar a c er th
ro t l f the i r ee o er a es o e ser es,

for it m t p in t f
see u pi t u
s o f d lib
a t or s c r es o e er a e

cr u l t
ey
— t h t f t h ti ng
a f t ho hild i n
e t ca s o e c o

fl m e th t f E ni y n
a s, a olty t th h v ss e
’
s cr u e o e orses ,

a nd hi ld bl d d w y f killing th b gg d
s co -
oo e a o e a e

I i h—wh i h h v n p ll l in th th t l
r s c a e o ara e s e o er a es .

Bl d h d th
oo s e t in ly i i n M t h but it
er e ce r a m s a ,
see s

th er e t b m nt i n d w i t h
o e g t whil in
e o e re re ,
e

B nw n w
ra e m t ,
t h m
e see f th f ity
o ca c so e o e e roc

a nd fi l t f bl d p uli t th T ut ni
erce us o oo ec ar o e e o c

sa g a .

Wh n E ni y n f ll u p n M th l w h h
e v ss e e o a o c
’
s or ses ,

fl th i lip t t h t t h n d th i
'

h ut
e c o e r s a e ee a e r ea rs

c los t th i h ad nd thei t il l t th i
e o e r e s, a r a s c ose o e r

b k nd wh h
ac s : a uld n t l y h ld ere f the co o a o o e

e y b w (h th ex t m ning i n t l ) h
e ro s er e e ac ea s o c ear ,
e

c ut th m t th b n
e nd
o h di fig d th
e o e : a so e s ur e e

h or ses a nd nd d th m u l re er e e se ess .
”

Wh n t h t w h n d d I i h w i
e e o we u re r s ar r ors re

co n l d in b g h nging n th pill
c ea e a s f tha o e ar s o e

f t l h ll E ni y n nt d nd nn d th
es a a ,
v ss e e ere a sc a e e

h use with fi
o n d sa vag l k nd desc i d
e rc e a e oo s, a r e

th e l th e n b gs whi h we u n d th pill ”
ea r a c re aro e ar s .
 34 THE BRAN CHES O F THE M A B I N OGI

of by th e househ ld is th e l ughte th t I wil l o s a r a

thi inst nt commi t Th n h se an d to k up

”
s a . e e aro o

th e b y by th e f eet nd b f
o ny ne ul d ie , a e or e a o co se z

hold f h im h e th ust th b y int th e bl ing fi e

o ,
r e o o az r .

An d wh en B n wen saw h n b u n ing i n th e

ra er so r

fi e h st ove to l p i nt th fi e lso f om th e
r , s e r ea o e r a r

pl c e where sh e sat between h e two br the s

a r o r .

B ut B end ig id V n g ped h e with one h nd

e ra r as r a ,

a n d his hield with th e th

s Then th ey ll o er . a
'
hu ied bout th h use nd neve w th m
rr a e o ,
a r as e

m de so g eat tu m u lt by ny host in ne h use

a r a a o o

as was m ad by th em as e h m an arm ed h im
e ,
ac

se lf .
”

By dint of c eful m p i s n with th e v i us ar co ar o ar o

ve i ns of th e Teut ni l gend M N utt h u

rs o o c e ,
r. as s c

ceed ed in p oving th t th fli n ities of B n wen

‘
r a e a ra

ar e wit h t he m N th e n f m s nd w h en
or e or r or , a

seeki ng to explai n h w W lsh t l e coul d be in o a e a

fluenced by N o th er n Teut ni tal es we t once r o c , a

rem em be th e f t t hat b t h o st s of th I ish

r ac ,
o c a e r

S ea we e un d e th e wa y f th D nes and N th
r r s o e a or

m en i n th e ninth nd te nth ntu i e Wh th a ce r s. e er

we ccept th e th eo y of th l te I ish o
a f th r e a r r o e

m or epu ely W l h igin f th e t les th e D ni h

r e s or o a , a s

influence uld p in qu lly w ll f m I l n d

co cr ee e a e ro re a

o f r m W le
ro It em m a n tu sl how v
. se s or e a ra , e er ,

a nd is m o e in c co dan with the hyp th is

r a r ce o es

g ive n a b ov e to t k i t c m i ng di ect to th e a e as o r

Wel h ; f the D ne lli ed th em selves with the

s or a s a
 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B IN OG I 35

W l h g inst th e S x n nd pp t h ve
e s a a a o s, a a ea r o a

f m d nsi d bl p m n nt s ttl m nt
or e co era e nd er a e e e e s a r ou

th W l he ts
e s I n th p enin ul
coas f G w
. f e s a o o er , or

in t n s a n t mh ingl y l ge num be
ce, a as o f th e i ar r o

plac n m e -
f D ni h
a igin
es a r e o a s or .

Th e D ne th e f a m y wel l h v t ld th i
s re or e a a e o e r

s g s t th e W l h
a a o n d th u t h e D ni h i n fl u n
e s ,
a s a s e ce

crept int th e t l f B nw n
o a e o ra e .

O f u it i n t i nt nd d f n in t nt t
c o r se , s o e e or a s a o

sa y t h t t h t l
a f B n ween i f D
a e o n i h igi n ra s o a s or .

B nwen lik th th
ra , th t le
e i e n r ee o er a s, s a co

gl m ti n f v i u l m nts th f m int
o era o o ar o s e e e , e or o

whi h t h y w
c fin l ly th wn b ing l n i n
e er e a ro e a o e

fl u n d by th
e ce t l f th N th m n
e Th
a es o e or e . e

fi n l in id nt sh w th t th e t l i n i t
a c e o xt nt
s a a e s e a

f m was n t put t geth

or b f e th l t l v nth
o o er e or e a e e e e

ce ntu y th I i h l g n d whi h i t
r ,
as e p t is n
r s e e c re ea s a

an tiqu i n inv nti n p b bly not lde th n th

ar a e o ro a o r a e

ea ly p r t of th t ar ntu y a ce r .

MANAW YDDAN ,
S ON or L LY R.

Th e next tal e, M n wydd

a a an, is a di r ect cont nua i
t i on of B ranwen.

b y
After ur i ng th e h ea d of B ran , Manaw d d an, one y
of th e seven, t urns to Pryd eri , al so one of th e seven,

and b
ewails th e f act th at h e i s now l a nd l ess Pry d eri ,
y
.

h owever , gi ves Manaw d d a n h is m oth er Rh ia nnon t o

p
wif e, togeth er with a ort ion of D f ed , and f or a whi l e y .
36 THE BRAN CHES O F THE M AB IN OGI

th e f our— Pryd eri a nd Kic va and Manaw d d an y and

R h iannon y h ppil y
—l i ve ve r a

i g th y p G dd
.

O ne e v en n h m l e s eat t e se ves u on orse

A b r erth A h d l p i h t un d hi k m i
erc a i s ear a t c st ar ses

wh i h p w y
. .

c asse s l a h a wh i l
to mili g
re vea t e erst e s n
c ountr y ly d d
utt er d b Th y m k h
esert e an ar e e a e t e
b fm m f t bl y
.

est o d li a tt er s an
g h
ve f tw
co or a enou or o

y wh p i i b gi
ears, en rov s ons h Th y e w n t o run s ort e no
m k f pp i g h m l by m ki g
.

a e Ll g or oe r, su ort n t e se ves a n ,

fi t rs d dl sa h hi l d
es , t d hen s h e h tim
s, an t en s oes, eac e

b i g d i w y by th y f h h m k f
e n r ven a a e e nv o t e ot er a ers o

th i l
ese art c e s. Th y l ly e A b th
e vent ua d re t urn to r er an

h p
,

li vef m or a g m
ont O um on g h ah tei g ne orn i n t e un n
wy d d b it
.

d g o s o f P yd i d M r er an f ll w an a an o o a oar n o a
t
s ra n e ca st e
g l I pi t f h w i
n s g f M w
e o d
y d t e arn n o ana an

Th h
.

P yd i
r er i enter s t t oo f t i t e re e s ees a oun a n, o

b b
.

wh i h i c h i d g
s c l d a neg l S a i i go h en
g l t o et . e z n t e o e ,

hi h s d li g t i
an s c wh i l hi f
n o h ld t
t, h e s eet a r e e o t e
m bl ar l b wh i h h
e s a on d M wyd d
c t
e s ta n s. ana a n re urns

t A b
o h l
r er t d i p h d by R hi
a one, a n s rewh roa c e annon, o

k h l d ff h m f
see s t e cast e , a n su P yd i
ers t e sa e a te a s r er

A l p f h
.

c a d i h
o d
t u n er h l s d ll wi hi
ear t e c as t e an a t n
i t di pp
,

sa ear .

Ki d M wyd d
c va a n wl f
ana l M a an a re no e t a one. an

wyd d w t t k
an s e ars d t go f h i p iti
a e no a van a e o t e r os on,

an d th y et b m
set out h m k o ec om i
e s oe a ers onc e ore n
Ll g oe r Di b k t Dyf d by h j l y f th
r ven ac o e t e ea ous o e
h m k wy d d
.

o th er s M oe a ers, w m ana wh an so s so e ea t,

wh i h wh c ip i en i dr w y my t i
e, s ly
ca rr e a a s er ous

m y f mi
, .

W hi g h l t f i h fi d th
a tc n t e as o t, e n s a t an a r o c e,

f whi h h
o cp e ca p i bl f th th ft
tures one, are r es ons e or e e

pi f h
.

I n s te ti
o f Ki
t e entrea h l t h
es o
g c va , e r eso ve s o an
th i m s G dd A b
ou se on h d wh il
orse th r ert
f an e in e ac t o
l k id
,

d i g o n so a p c er d d r t di
es u dan en ea vours o ssua e
h im i ywyn e ve r ff i g him m
a h m
even o yf er n uc one or
wy d d
,

th im l
e an M a . i tt b t
ana d f m hi
an s no o e urne ro s
 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OGI 37

p p ur ose, a nd a p i t wh i d p l t h bt
r es o r es u a er as no e ter
s ucc ess h h l k tFi ll y wi h bi h p M
an t e c er na t a s o ana

m k b g i H wi ll l
.
, ,

wy d d an a es ah m if ar a n. e re ea se t e ouse

t h bi h p will b i g b k P yd i d Rhi
e s o r n ac r er an a nnon ,

ex pl i h i i a n i h m s nt erest y h i g n t e ou se, r est ore e ver t n to

i f m
ts or di i d w
er c on k gt on, an s ea r to se e n o v en ea nc e
i h f
n t e Th i i d
ut ure Th m i h wi f f s s one . e ouse s t e e o

th bi h p wh i hi m l f L l wy d Kil C d
.

e s o f i
o ds f se oe a r en o

f Dy f d
, ,

G w l f b Cl d
a d ha h m u and h t e e nc a nt ent o e an t e

p f P yd i d Rh i
,

ra e o r i erg f h
an a n n on a r e n r ev en e or t e

treat m f Gw wl by h f h
ent o f P yd i t ld i
a t e at er o r er as o n

h
t e ta l f Pwyl l e o

ph i d i i g h i t
.

Th l d wi he ta e en s t a ras e n cat n t e ex s

enc e f i
o i awh va r a nt
g p m i v ers on , ere
.

rea t er ro nenc e

i id
s ev l y gi ent h d i g f P yd i d R hi
ve n to t e o n s o r er a n annon

d uring t h e t i m e of th e en c h a ntm ent .

I n th e ta ydd n w h v n th l e of M ana w a e a e o e

l g t
ar esl t h t p uli l m nt f m gi whi h
sca e a ec ar e e e o a c c

so h m ed t h w ld l t in th A thu i n
c ar e or a er e r r a

ro m n a f F n ces o H w hv wh l p ra ce . er e e a e a o e ro

vi n d p pul t d nd l id w t f y
ce e o by a e a a as e or ear s

en h n tm en t
c a n d th v nt i w itt en f q it
,
a e e e s r o u e

so be ly nd t t d quit m tt f u
r ,
a r ea e as e a a er o c o r se , a s ,

ind ed e l l th th m gi l in id nt f th
e ,
ar a e o er a ca c e s o e

t l s
a e .

Myth l gic lly Ll wyd Kil C d l th ugh h i

o o a ,
oe ,
a o s

n m e m ean th G
a y On pp f i nd f
s e re e, a e ar s as a r e o

G w wl f b Cl ud
a l h a w h v n ; , a so ar er o , as e a e see

L l wyd th e ef ,
i t b ll d l he
r or e , s o e ca e a so ar r o.

P yd i th d k
r er divinity nd Rh i nn n th
, e ar er ,
a a o , e

m o n g dd
o f ll int hi p w
-
o M n wydd n
ess, a o s o er . a a a
38 THE BRAN CHES OF THE MAB I N OGI
— th e M a nann an m ac Lir of I el nd L d
r a ,
or of th e
O th erwor ld— i s h er e sh or n of all h is ma i c g
a ttr ibut es , a nd alth ugh o he sets Pr yd er i an d

Rhi nn n f
a o r ee , he seem s to d o so on ly by human
f esight n d
or a c u nn n i g ,
an d n ot by m a gi pellsc s .

M ATH , S ON OF M ATH ONWY .

Th e ta M th int d es us t th ycle f
l e of a ro uc o e c o

l eg nd nt ing und th hild en f DOn—th

e s ce r ro e c r o e

c ycl e whi h m t h b en eith th g e test

c se e s o ave e er e r a

i n x ten t
e th t whi h w
or m ost p p ul
a f w c as o ar , or e

find m f nces in th p et y to th ha te
or e r e er e e o r e c r ac rs

o f th e t y Of M th th n t th e f ny th e
s or a f a o os o a o r o

th e F u B n ho r ra c es .

Th e pl in t nda m t bvious
es ef ence t
a os o r er o

in ident in t he M bin gi n u i n nne ti n

c s a o o occ rs co c o

with thi t l I t i s t b f u n d i n p m xvi f

s a e. o e o oe . o

th e o s ll d Book f T liessin W give M

-ca e o a . e r.

S kene s t n l t i n f it n d it will e ve as fi
’
ra s a o o ,
a s r a a r

e x m ple f th style f th Taliessin

a o e o e

Th e m ost s kil f l mu an ever h eard of

G wyd yon a b Don, of t oili ng s irits, p
Ench anted a wom an f rom l ossom s, b
b
And r ough t ig s f rom th e sou th p .

S inc e h e h ad no sh el te ri ng c ots ,
p
Ra i d c ur ves a nd l a i te d c h ains, p
H e m ad e th e f orm s of h orses
From th e s ringi ng p
Pl ants, and i l l ustrious sad d l es .
 TH E BRAN CHE S OF THE M A B I N OGI 39
W h en are j ud ged th e cha irs

E xcelli ng t h em wi l l b e m i ne
My c h a ir, m y my l a ws
caul d ron and

p
And my er va d i ng el oq uenc e m eet f or th e c hai r
I k
.

am c a l l ed s il f ul in th e c ourt of DOn

I a nd E uronwy and E nr on

I fl
.

sa w a fi
erc e con i c t i n N ant Ffra ng con

y
O n a S und a a t t h e tim e of d awn
B et ween t h e i b
rd of wra t h a nd G wy d y on
,
y y y
,

Th ursd a c ertai nl , th e went to M ona

b
To o tai n whirl i ng s and sorcerers
b p y
.

Arianrod of l a ud a l e as ec t, d a wn of se reni t ,
y
,

Th e grea test d isgrace e vi d entl on th e sid e of

y
B r th on .

I t is y to ec gni th efe ences to the

e as r o se e r r

in id ent in M th n d it i equ l ly e y t un de
c s a ,
a s a as o r

st nd ev n f om th
a ,
e b e inst n whi h i om
r e a ov a ce, c s c

par at iv ly im pl
e w h y t
s h e p em in t h
e, sect i ons es o s, e

w hich e not expl i ned by th

ar t le a e c ll ed
a e a s, r a

Math , H ead of Gw y ned d , c oul d onl y re st wi th his

f eet in a vi rg i n s
’
l ap, an d t h e virgi n w h o erf orm ed t h is p
tas kw as G os win, t h e b
m ost ea uti f ul gi rl of h er tim e .

Gil va eth wy , son of Dan , c onf esses h i s l ove ( und er di ffi

c ul ti es, f or Ma th can h ear e ver whi s e r that th e wind y p
rea ch es ) f or Goewin t o h i s roth er Gw d ion. and t h e b y
p
l a tter rom i ses , i n d ef a ul t of ot h er means, t o rais e th e
S outh i n ord er to g et Math off to war a nd so ena l e b
G il vae th wy t o work h is wil l Gw di on th en y sets off f or
b bj bt i
.

S outh W al es with th e ostensi l e o ec t of o a ni ng

fr om Pr yd eri s om e new ani mal s wh i h c t h e l a tter h ad

evid entl y b
o ta i ned f rom Annwn Th ese ani m al s are

b d y
.

i
p g s D
.i sgui si ng t h e m se l ves as ar s , Gw d ion and
40 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE MA BI N OGI

h is com p anions are well recei ved a t Pry d eri s c our t, b ut

are not succ essf ul bt i i g h d i d im l in o a n n t e es re an a s as a

b oon. Fi l l y th y na i h m i e h
r ec e veg f d g t e n exc an e or o s

an d h m
orses ll ly q i pp d whi h Gwy d i
arve ous e u e c on

by h m
,

m f t
anu a c ure s Th t l
enc ant w ent e a e no traces
Gwyd i j
.

hw d h h ll h
’
on s ret urn ourney g nortt ar t rou a e

pl
.

ac es wh m ose na d wit h pig

es are Th
c onnec te s e

ly k p h i h p f
.

e nc h t d h
an e d d gorses an o s on ee t e r s a e or a

l i tl wh il
t e d e.h my
an f P yd i i
t e ar i o r er s soon n
G wy d d ne M th m h a t m th S
ar c th
es ou to eet e ou erners ,

th wy i m m d i t l y k th pp ity f
.

an d G il vae e a e ta es e O ortun o

h i g h i wil l f G wi
av n s A o i bl b
os l n i t e rr e att e ens ues n
f Gwy d d p
.

f a vour o f h m t e en o i g ned a t ruc e s a ree u on,

b ut i b k by h i
s ro en d fi ll y
t e d
v c tors , l i an na a ue s

a rran g d b ew G wety d i een d P y d i i w hi

on a nh h r er n c t e

hi fly h y pw
,

l i h G w di m i
’
la tt er i s s a n c g e t r ou
g on s a c o er

T h p pl e eof h S e o h k hihm i
t e out see w t e r o es n sorro .

O hi n t
s hi r et urn M th d io s th
c our t a sc ove rs e

t rea ch y f Gil er th wy
o d Gwy d i
va e A an m on . s a rec o

p ense G wi
to M h os k h n, atwi f wh il h
ta es er to e, e e

m etes d
out a df l p i hm rea t Gil
u th wy
un s d ent o vae an

G wyd i F
on. y h or one f m ear h m i t e tra ns or s t e n o a
c ou pl f d f e o eer d i t pl f pig f
or a s ec on n o a c ou e O s : or

a hi d i t
t r pl f w l
n o a cou d i e o h f h o ves , a n n eac o t es e

wil d t t th y h
s a es i e ave t d i
ssue , c rea t ures urne nt o
h m u b i g l t by h m gi w d f M th A
an e n s a er t e a c an o a t
hi d y w b th
.

h
t e en d f th o eh t r ear t ll w d
e t o ro ers are a o e

t t
o re urn h i p p
to t e h p r ro er s a es

k
.

M h at w no h see i gi sf t h ld
a not er d v r n oo o er, an

A i r anr h d d o g h t f D au i gg
er o t d M h
on, by s su es e at

i d f hi m gi p w
.
. ,

a O s a di c o h t h i
ers, i gi
s c ov ers t a s e s no v r n,

an d fl i g f m th p
ee n ro f h gi e bi h t tw m l
roo s e ve s rt o o a e

y
,

c hil d ren.O i Dyl neE il T s ( D l an f th on an son o e

W ave ) w h m k o fa h
es a t on c e d w h i l i
or t e sea, an o s s a n

k w im by hi l G
,

a t so m e un no n t e, Th s unc e ovannon. e

ot h er. l d
c onc ea e d t d by Gwy di
an nur ure g w on, ro s
42 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M AB I N OGI

B l od enwed d p ersua d es h er s p ous e to sh ow h er exactl y

h ow th e f atal bl ow woul d h ave to be d eal t Grouw ,
b hi k j
.

hi d d en e nd a roc c asts th e avel in a t th e ri g h t

fli yi
,

m om ent, a nd Ll ew, utteri ng a g r ea t c ry , es awa n

t h e g ui se of a bi d r . Grouw th en enters into p ossessi on

of Ll ew
’
s l and s
y y
.

Math and G w d i on a r e s orel g r i e ve d wh en th e

n ews O f th i s reac h es th e m , a nd y
G w d ion set s out to
s ee kf or Ll ew H earing of a sow i n Arv on t ha t ever y
y j y y
.

m orni ng g oes
’

ourne , G w d i on one
on a m steri ous

d ay f ol l ows h er, an d is l ed to a l ac e ( cal l ed a wrong p by

d erivation Nant -y -Ll ew) wh ere a n eag l e si t s d ro ing pp
c arri on f rom a tree G w d i on si ng s som e vers es t o t h e y
b k
.

ird , wh i ch d es ce nd s on h is nee, and a t a t ouc h from

hi s m agi c wand ec om es a wasted Ll ew b In a
’
ear s y
p y
.

t i m e Ll e w h a s c o m l et el rec overe d , a nd m a rc h es out

k
t o ta e v eng e a nce u on Grouw and h i s unt rue wif e p
fl b
.

T h e l atter ies ef ore h im , al ong with h er ma i d ens,

wh o a re all d rown ed i n Ll n M orwyni on, and i s y y
y
fi nal l turned by
G w d i on as a puni sh m ent f or h er y ,

s i ns, i nto an owl To t h i s d ay t h e owl i s c all ed

k p
.

B l od euwed d Gronw see s to off er rec om ense t o

p
.

L l ew, b ut th e l a tter wi l l h ear of noth i ng e xc e t tha t

‘

b
G rouw sh al l a l l ow a l ow t o b e d eal t h im i n t h e sam e
way a s b e d eal t th e l ow t o Ll e w b
Af ter see ing i n k
b b b
.

vai n t o find a su stit ut e G ronw su mi ts , b ut e g s to b e

a l l owed to i nter ose a fl a t stone p e tween h im an d th e b

b l ow p
I n s i t e of th e st one Ll ew s av el i n i s d ri ven
’
j
k p
.

h om e : G ronw i s i ll ed , and t o this d ay th e i erc ed

st one rem ai ns, a nd i s nown a s L l ec h G rouw k
L l ew
ppil y y
.

rec overs h i s d om ains and g o ver ns ha final l

b y
,

ec omi ng L ord of Gw ned d .

T h e ta l e of M th a ,
alth ugh o not i i gc onta n n

ma gi c
”
on quite so gra nd sc l ea a a s M nawydd n
a a ,
 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OGI 43

is yet m or e d ply
d with i t f l m st
ee saturate ,
or a o

e ve y in id ent in th
r t l e t u n u p n m gi
c Thise a r s o a c.

is o nly t b exp t d t th e
o u t Of M th wh e
e ec e a co r a ,
re

th e tw g eate t m gi i n kn own t W lsh l gend

o r s a c a s o e e ,

M th hims lf nd Gwydi n
a e t be f u nd
a o , are o o .

M th n f M th nwy i th g eat t Of l l
a , so o a o , s e r es a

t h e m yth l gi l h t t be f und in th
o o ca c ar ac er s o o e

M bi n gi H i
a o ll d by P f
. e Rhy th e
s ca e r o essor s

C lti Z u H i h t i t i in t h t l e
e c e s. s c ar ac er s cs e a ar e

j u sti ce n d m gn ni mai ty H i f
a d t a i n th . e s r e err e o e

p em nd given th pithet H én n epith t

o s, a e e ,
a e

whi h we h ve n ti d in th
c a f H e eid d
o ce e ca se o v as

b ing ppli d t h ac t
e a f th
e ld m yt h l gy
o c ar er s o e o o o

d i m ly pe eiv d uc h by th e
rc m pil e s f th e
e as s co r o

tales .

Gwydi n m y b t eat d as o u l tu e h e
a eint r e a c r -
ro ro

d u ing int hi
c u nt y v l u bl o n im l
s co f th r a a e a a s or e

fi t tim
rs Pig ppe f om v i indi ti n
e. s a ar , r ar ou s ca o s,

t h ve b e n f g
o a t i m po t n
e t oth Wlh rea r a ce o e e s ,

a nd G wydi on i p es nt d g ini ng th m by
s re r e e as a e

c ra ft f m P yd i wh him lf h d bt i n d
ro r er , o se a o a e

t hem f m A nnwn wh n e ll th in g
ro f v lu t , e c a s o a e o

m n a e u pp
a d ultim t ly t m
r s ose a e o co e.

W e h ve l dy m enti ned th id ntificati n f

a a rea o e e o o

th e h ild en f D6n with th T u th

c r o D D n n e a a e a aa .

Ll w Ll w Gyfl
e ga n d n f D O n i id
'

es, an ti fi d ra so o , s e e

with th I i h Lug L i m f d Gyfl pp ently

e r s a - a a,
'

es a ar

m ning som eth in g m e lik

ea l ng th n u or e
“
o a s re .

Th e p op e fo m of h i s n m i n t Llew but
r r r a e s o ,
44 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OGI

Ll eu Ll eu p obably m e nt light nd i pp ently

. r a , a sa ar

the am t as we h ve in th e W l h wo ds
s e r oo a e s r ,

0 1
0 6 and Ll uf
74 m e ni ng ligh t and L l n d th e
e er , a ,
e a ,

m n
oo Ll eu i n pp p i te design ti n f th e
. s a a ro r a a o or

sun g d -
H i dis ppe
o .nce c used by G uw
s a ar a , a ro

Pef i th e tem p ora y vi t y of th e p w

r, s f r c or o ers o

d kne hi being b ught back by Gwydion is

ar ss s ro

n un mm n feat fo th e C ulturel h e
o co o w h m in r r o, o ,

thi case we h ve een p t nising t h e u n g d al l

s , a s a ro s -
o

th ough
r .

In g up n th e e t l e m yth l gical
com m entin o s a s o o

or igin nd ignifi n e h v been um d f

a s ca c a e ass e or

th m e n d th y h ve b en int
, a p t d in th t m
e a e er re e e er s

of t hat t uggle betw n ligh t n d d

s r kn whi h ee a ar e ss , c ,

h w v ex gge ted n i m p t n m y h v
o e er a ra a or a ce a a e

b en gi n t it und ubtedly suppli th m tiv

e ve o , o es e o e

for a l g p t i n f u m yth ol gi
ar e or I t h ould
o o o r o e s. s ,

h w v b n ted th t in I l nd th Tu th d e
o e er , e o a re a e a a

D n n wh m we h v qu ted wi th th ces of
a aa , o a e e a e ra

Don n d Lly a ppe th p w of life nd

r, a ar r a er as o er s a

in e se g n lly th n p ific lly p we s of

cr a e era a s ec a as o r

l igh t I n ny
. e t i t h uld be l
a ly unde
cas , oo, s o c ea r r

t d th t th W l h t l
s oo a if m yth l gi l e s
e e s a es , o o ca , ar ,
a

w h v p inted
e a ut
e d eg d d myth logy
o o , ra e
”
o .

Myt h igin l ly ind p n d nt s em t h v becom e

s or a e e e e o a e

fu ed nd in th p
s , a t h lt ed thei e r oc ess o a ve a er r

p imi ti h t nd i m p t N i it i mplied
r ve c a ra c er a or . or s

that th e b dic st o y t lling l s h d ny b l ief in

ar r -
e c as a a e
 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A BI N OGI 45

t h e stor i
y h l gy h w v t n i u ly th y
e s as m t o o ,
o e er e ac o s e ,

wi th th e n v ti m f th e lit y l ass in
co ser a s o erar c

p i
r m i tiv mm eu n it ico l u n g t t h t di ti n
es ,l c o e ra o a

f m w k nd in id nt Al l id f b di
ra e or a c e s . ea o a ar c

e t i
so er c d t in inv lving p Ch i ti n m y hi
oc r e o r o- r s a t c

p hi l phy
oso m u t b u tt ly di s d d T
e h b di er scar e . e ar c

l s in W l
c a s in I l nd w
a es , as in f p e re a ,
as so ar r

C h i ti n
r s a lik th , as , t of th i e unt ym n e r es e r co r e ,

C hri ti ni ty h d nly ff t d th m up fi i l ly
s a a o a ec e e s er c a .

Th i e r att h m ent t th e ld l egen d t h u gh ften

ac o o s, o o

und bt dly f wn d p n by th l i l l i
ou e ro e u o e c e r ca c ass, s

t h e n tu l tt h m n t t
a ra a l d t ib l t diti n f
ac e o o r a ra o o

t h e m en wh w e by t ining n d
o er lli ng th e
,
ra a ca ,

a pp int d gu di n n d p l im
o e ar a f th t
s a r oc a er s o a

t di ti n
ra O utsid th i p f i n l inte t
o . e e r r o ess o a r es s

whi h in W lc in I l nd n v
a es, as m t h v re a ,
e er se e o a e

l ed t n y se i u
o a n fli t wi th th
r o l gy th e
s co c e c er ,

b d we s g d
ar s re a bad Ch i ti n
oo , or th i as r s a s as e r

f ll ws
e o .

B ut even if l l m yth ol gi l aignifi n i o ca s ca ce s

r ef used t th e M bin gi n th y h v
o a p t f m o o e a e, a ar ro

thei in t in i
r h m n imm n int t f th e
r s c c ar ,
a e se e r es or

s tu d nt f e m nti lit
o ro tu a As we h v e see n
c er a r e. a
,

th y l m t e t i nly bel ng in th p
e a os c r a nt f m o , e r ese or ,

to p i d nt d ting th yea 1100 N w th y

a er o a e a e r . o , e

co nt in m an y
a t y th m s i n id n t s or nd -
n e e ,
c e s, a sce es

whi h fig u e in th g e t f i y t l
c r t e mm n r a a r -
a e s or e c o o

to ll E u pe t
a ro l g p t f A i nd t
,
o a ar e ar o s a a o a

p ti n of Af i
or o In p i l th y p es n t m ost
r ca . es ec a e r e
46 THE BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N OG I

m ar ked p int f nt t with su h p tion f

o s o co ac c or s o

th t f i y t l
a t
a r h ve been ecove d f m
-
a e s or e as a r re ro

th G li e p ki ng p nt f I el nd nd S t
ae c- s ea easa s o r a a co

l nd I t h b e n sse ted with vig u g n

a . as e a r ,
a o r e er

a lly i n p i p p ti n W ith th r ec se s t ro or o
‘

e a s er or s
’

ign n f ly C lti lite tu th t th f i y

ora ce o ea r e c ra r e, a e a r

t lea ll t d ll y i n m ode n Gael d m e com

s co ec e or a r o ar

p arat i ly l t vei m p t t i n f m t
a eh C n tin en t or a o s ro e o ,

whi h in it tu n
c iv d th em m p tiv ly l te
s r r ec e e co ara e a

f om th E t On v l u bl fe tu f
r e as . ly e a a e a re o ea r

Wlh e s f ,
ly I i h li t tu i th xhibiti n
as o ear r s er a re s e e o

o f wh t m y b a ll d f i y t l them b un d up
a e ca e a r -
a e es o

w it h th e li t t d iti n
e ar f th es n d ec ded
ra o s o e r ac e , a r or

a t d t p ding th g t nt t f W t with
a a e r ece e r ea co ac o es

E st in th l t l venth thi teenth nt i t

a e a e e e -
r ce u r es , o

which th int du ti n f e m ny m nti

ro c o o so a ro a c

t hem int E pe h b n s ibed

es o ur o as ee a cr .

Fin lly wo d m u t be i d s t th lite y

a ,
a r s sa a o e rar

m e it of th
r t l They e dm i bl x m ples
es e a es. ar a ra e e a

of to y telli ng ; th
s r - m in th e d of in iden t is e a r a c

p esent d l ly nd vig u ly the e i n l k

r e c ea r a or o s r s o ac

o f pi tu qu d s ipti n ; th e p n g s when
c res e e cr o erso a e ,

we con id th i f i y t l e n t u w ll d ifi
'

s er e r a r - a a r e , ar e e er

enti ted a nd h ct i d ; th wh l tm ph
a c a ra er se e o e a os er e

of illu i n gl m u nd f nt y i dmi bly

s o , a o r, a a as s a ra

rend e d I t w ul d b h d t v m t h i n its
re . o e ar o o er a c

w y th e l in g in id ent f M n wydd n n m tte

a c os c o a a a ,
o a r

wh t li t
a tu we t u n to
era This x llence of
re r . e ce

p ose n tive i ext em l y emar k bl in view of

r ar ra s r e r a e
 TH E BRAN CHES O F THE M A B I N OG I 4 7

th e d ate, lv
e e l te t e ly twelfth
enth cent u r y , or at a s ar

centu y t whi h we m u t as i gn th e ed t i n of
r ,
o c s s r ac o

t hese t l e i n t he i
a xt nt f m The e e n
s r e a or . r ar o

ex m pl es of
a ithe F en h G man o English
e r r c , er , r

p ose nar ative f th p i d whi h we n dd uce

r r o e er o c ca a

by w y f mpa is n I ish nd S ndin vi n

a o co r o . r a ca a a

l ite ture l ne f e p
ra ll l nd in th
a o o f
r a ra e s, a e case o

Sc ndin vi we
a nn t b su
a a h ow m u h f p e
ca o e re c o r

tw l f th centu y f m i
e t in d in wh t ha
r or om e s re a e a s c

down to u Th myt h l gi l t l e
s. f Sn e i o o ca a s o or r
’
s

Edd f instance —the m ost pe f t x m ples of

a, or r ec e a

th ei st yle f to y t lli ng i n th e wh le
r o s nge of
r -
e o ra

ra —
lite tu h w f r th i u p s ing m it to
re o ar a e e r s r a s er s

be tt ibut d to th e S n di n vi n st y tell e s of
a r e ca a a or -
r

th e tenth nd lev enth entu ies 2 O

a e th ey d ue c r r ar e

t t h e li t e
o y g niu of th thi te nth ntu y
rar e s e r e ce r

S no i ? I f w
rr om p e th e t w litee ctu es as p e ar o ra r r

sum bly f th e sam e g

a o th com p i n i by n a e, e ar so s o

means t th e di dv n o t ge f the W l h sa If th e a a o e s .

M bin gi n h ve n t the eali ti vi ili ty th e sob

a o o a o r s c r , er

pictu e q u n s th weight nd im p t f th be t
r s e es ,
e a or o e s

ex m ples f Scan din vi n t y telli ng t h y h ve a a s or -

a o , e a

a n i nd efin bl e ch m d elic t p eci i n f ut

a ar ,
a a e r s o o o

line and col u pecial gl m u f thei own to

o r, a s a o r o r

whi h th e th e s annot p etend

c o r c r .

C omp ison with I ish lite tu e is ven m o e

ar r ra r e r

inte estingr Th e I i h t l s
. e e ta in ly lde r s a e ar c r o r

a li ke in om pon ent el m ents and in

c ed ti n n d e r ac o a

th ey h ave m ost ce tainl y exe cised m ke d r r a ar

48 TH E BRAN CHE S O F THE M A B I N O GI

influen up n t h W l h n
ce o B t I l nd h e e s o es . u re a as

left u n x m pl f t y t lling p f t in
s o e a es o s or - e as er ec

th i w y
e r th a f W l
as Th n en ti n
ose o e a es . e co v o s ar

far m igid f m
or e r t n u u ly d h
,
d t
ar or e s re o s a er e o

a n d i n i t d up n s s e T h u t h I i h t l h veo . s e r s a es a

m ore of th id nt l th m di hn
e a cc f t h ti m e
e a ,
e o s es s o e .

I n th n c s
e o w h v e t i a et h f ull pp l e a e s or es , e a ea

o f whi h n c nly b f lt by m n f m ili with

ca o e e e a ar a

ve y l b t nd tifi i l t f n nti n ;
r e a ora e a ar c a se o co ve o s

i n th o th er s nive l t y l vin g in tin t h as

e u r sa s or -
o s c

scar c ely n y n venti n l b t

a l f p ntm nt
co o a o s a c es o r ese e

to v m I t m y b n t d th t b id the
o er co e . a e o e a es es

t ngly
s ro n v nti n li co d f m f n tiv in
e o a se or o a rra e

whi h m t f th I i h h e i
c os o m yt h i g h ve
e r s r o co -
c sa as a

com d wn t u I l nd n l h w numb
e o o s, re a ca a so s o a er

o f hi t i t l
s or c t igh tf w d n d n t u l as
a es a s s ra or ar a a ra

th e W l h M bin gi n wi th v in f ig us
e s a o o , a e o v or o

r ea li m l m t m k d th t f th S ndi
s a os as ar e as a o e ca

n vi n
a a g t ll sa B ut th e ffi i l
a e p nt tiv
er s . o c a re r ese a es

o f I i h li t
r s tu e th u t st
er a y t ll p f d r , e co r or -
e er s, re err e

th e tifi i l
ar n v n ti n li
c a d f m f n ti v
co e o a se or s o arra e.

T hi f t s ppli es n th
ac su gum nt g in t th a o er ar e a a s e

th eory whi h would m k th M bi n gi n m e

c a e e a o o a er

i m it tiv
a ff h t f I i h lit
e o s tu oo If th y o r s er a re . so, e

co uld n t h v o p d t h p uli iti f tyl n d

a e esca e e ec ar es o s ea

p ntm nt whi h di tingui h I ish t y telling

rese e c s s r s or -

as p ti d by it hi f fi i l p esent tives in
rac se s c e o c a re r a

t h t nth
e e l venth nd tw lfth ntu i
,
e e ,
a e ce r es .

Thu we m y g d th e M bin gi n as f g
s a re ar a o o ra
 BI BLI O GR APH I CAL APPEN DI X

L AD C A O TT GU S T S di ti
Y H RL E E
’
e on of th e M abi nogi on,
p bli h d i th v l m t Ll
u s e n ree o u es a and over y i n 1849 , stil l

re m i a nsth l y di ti e ont i e on c on a ni ng text and Engli sh

trans al ti n d i tho f anth b s ere ore e est ed ition for Engl ish
I t li k wi
,

rea d ers. i ie se conta ns nte resting notes whi ch

m y til l b
a s l t d wi h d
e consu e t a vantag e , al th ough th eir
t
s an dp i t i o n w m wh t s no ti q so e a an ua ted . The translation
al one, with a sel ec ti on of th e notes, m ay be h ad i n one
vl
o ume, roy. 8vo, 1879 Th e c oll ec tion, ed i ted and c om
p by y
.

m ented u on Mr Alf red Nu tt , wil l sh ortl be inc l ud ed

T p
.

i n Messrs Dent s
’ “
em l e Cl assi cs
”
For th ose wh o intend
k y b p
. .

ma ing a seri ous stud of th e Ma inogi on, M Jose h .

Loth s French transl ati on, 2 vols 8 vc , 1889, i s indi spens

’
.

b
.

a le M Loth s versi on i s, on th e wh ol e, cl oser tha n th a t

’

y p y
. .

of Lad Guest, and in es ecial m ore fa ithf ul in th e ver

p
f ew assages whi c h Lad Guest omi tted or softened f or y
reasons of d el icac y
M Loth also rovid es a l arger and p
y
. .

m ore criticall sifted m a ss of ill ustrative material i n th e

W el sh geneal ogi es and extrac ts f rom th e chronicl es (th e
so-cal l ed Bruts) , th e Triad s , and th e oth er Med iaeval

W el sh li terature .

Professor Rh y s and Mr
Gwenogfryn Evans h ave J
pb k
. .

u l ish ed a d ip l oma ti c ed i tion of th e Red Boo text ,

p
Oxf ord , 1887, whil e re ri nts of th e oth er manusc ri ts p
are j
ust th roug h th e ress p
A cr itical ed ition of th e
b p
.

Ma i nogion has l ong been romised .

50
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPEN DI X 51

Th e Fou r B r a nches f M aobi nthe

ogi h ave een d one i nto b
mod ern W elsh by Mr J M Ed ward s, W rexh am , 1896
. . . .

For th e m th ol ogi cal inte y r retati on of th e tal es and p

th e id entificati on of W el sh and ri sh c h aracters, see Pro I
y
f essor Rh s H i bber t Lectures, Lond on, 1888, and es eciall
’
p y
hi s S tud i es i n the Art hur ia/n Legend I n c onnecti on wi th
k
.

th ese wor s i t woul d al so be wel l to read th e oth er si d e of

the wh ol e q uesti on as contai ned i n Mr And rew Lang s
’

b y
.

Cu stom a nd Myth , Longm an s Sil ver Li rar , 189 8 Com

’

p p
.

are f or i nstance, th e c ha ter h ead ed th e Myth of Gronw

p
.

with th e last cha ter of th e H i l ber t Lectur es Mr Lang s ’

. .

articl e i n th e Encycl op e d ia B r itannica on Mythol ogy c on

tains m uch general a nd hi storical i nformation on th e
su bj ec t .

Mr Al fred Nutt s Essa ’

y on th e Cel tic Doctri ne of Re
y
.

bi r th, eta , c onta ined in Messrs Me . Nutt s Voyage

er s a nd
’ ’

f
o B r a/n, 2 Lond on, vols . , 18 9 5—7, c ontains a weal th of
material d eali ng wi th th e inter retati on of Cel tic l eg end p
and i ts rel ation to th e l eg end s of oth er li tera tures
p y
.

Ch xiii c ontains a c om arison of th e Mana w d d an-Pwy ll

y I
. .

Pryd eri stor wi th th e North ri sh Mong an Saga Th e

y
.

same auth or s st d
’
u on B ra nw en i n th e Fol k-Lor e Recor
d
f or 1882 d eals wi th th e q uesti on of th e Te utoni c el em ent
in Branwen. and in g eneral wi th th e hi storic condi tions
y
und erl ing th e romanti c resentm ent in th e Mabinogi p .

Prof essor Anwyl s arti cl es on th e Fawr B ra nches of the

'

Ma bi nogi are now r unning i n th e Zei tschr ifl f ii/r Cel tischc

Phil ol ogi e, i 1, 85 0 I n th em , so far , Professor Anwyl h as
. .

end eavoured to tra ce th e original stori es f rom th e f rag

m ents of whi ch th e Mabinog i were pi ec ed togeth er .

P rof essor Me y er s
’
th eories i n regard to th e rel a ti onsh i p
b twe een Goi d el and Bryth on, as Op osed p to th ose of
 52 B IBLIOGRAPHICAL APPEN DI X

P rof essor Rh y s, ar e to be f ound in an arti cl e in th e

Cymmr od or f or 189 5 6 -

y p y y b
.

Th e earl W elsh oetr i s onl accessi l e to th e

E ng l ish rea d er in th e Fo ur Ancient B ooks of Wal es e d i te d
by b T
,

a nd transl ated Skene , 2 vol s , E di n urg h , 1868 hi s

i by k
. .

s m g no eans a ood c ri ti cal wor , and cri tical ed i ti ons

of th ly p t y e ear oe r are b d ly
a wanted
p y
.

Th e W el sh text of som e of th e oetr i s al so contained

in th e Myryr i o/n Ar chaeology Lond on , 3 vol s 1801 hi s T
k
. .
,

wor al so c ontains th e B ra ts and Triad s T h e Rhys-Eva ns .

d ip l oma ti c ed ition of th e R ed B ook, th at whi ch c ontai ns

th e Mabinogion, al so c onta i ns th e B ra ts and Tr ia d s .

Mr G J E vans h as ed ite d a fac sim il e ed ition of th e

k k
. . .

ol d es t W el sh MS th e B l ac B oo of Carmar th en, d a ti ng
f rom th e l ast q uarter of th e twel f th centur This MS y . .

c ontains th e ol d est t ext of th e Ver ses of the Gr a ves .

Th e d ating of th e p m
oe s t o whi c h we h ave referred h as
b e en d one by M Jose ph L oth i n a n artic l e in t h e Rém e

y
.

Cel ti que f or Januar , 19 00, and in t h e second vol um e of

h i s M étr ique gal l oi se H i s f orth c om ing ed iti on of th e Blac k

b
.

B ook of Ca r ma r then will no d ou t contain new and fr ui tf ul

b
c ontri uti ons to th e sam e end .

Th e Iih r s sec ti on of th e Gea r s d e la l i ttérature cel tiq ue

of M D Arb oi s d e Jubam vrll e—I

’
I ntr od uction II Le
V
. . .

cycl e mythol ogiqa e i r la/nd a is L ép op ée cel tique en

’

VI
. .

I r l a nd o La ci vil i sation d es Cel tes et l a ci vil isa tion

VII III
. .

h mnér i qa e and V E tud es sur l c d r oit cel ti qu e

b y I y y y
. . .

f orm s a l i rar of ri sh antiq ui ti es (l iterar hi stor , m th

ol og y , social a nd l egal organi sati on ) of grea t val ue to
th e stud ent.

P f Rhy
r o essor Cel tic Fol k-l or e, Welsh and M anx, 2 vol s ,
s
’

O f d 1901 b
.

x or contai ns m uc h val ua le matter on th e

M bi gi k
, ,

a f m
no on ro a f ol -l ore poi nt of view .
 BI B LI OGR APH I CAL APPEN DI X 53

The onl y attem pt at a b k

h and - oo of W el sh l i terature is
p
Ste h ens Liter a tu r e of the Kym ry, 18 76, a wor which is
’
k
no g uid e a t all f or th e ea rl eri od s yp
h ere is also a T
y p P y
.

sh ort sum m ar rofess or Rh s and Mr

’
c h a ter i n .

B rynm or Jones Wel sh P eop le, Lond on, 189 9

’
B ut prac ti
y p b y
.

cal l i t may be said th a t th e ro l ems of W el sh literar

h istoq f rom th e tenth to th e thi rteenth centur ha ve not y
b een seri ousl g ra y pp
l ed wi th A eginning h as een mad e b b
p b k
.

wi th th e ind i s ensa l e ground -wor , th e c ritical edi ti ng

of th e text Until that is ac c om lish ed , and until such p
p p
.

stud ies as M L oth e u on th e m etri c s, of Mr E vans u on

’

p py
. .

al e o ra h , a nd of Professor Zi mm er and other German

g
sc h ol ar s u onp t h e l inguistic f ea t ures of m ed iaeval W el sh
l iterature b p
h ave een com l eted and tested , i t i s i m p ibl
oss e

to d o m ore th an ofi t t ti
er en a p
ve ex osi tions and
interpr e
tati ons Th ere s en o i pl ty f
wor for o ung W el sh k y
b
.

sc h ola rs in th e c ri tical exa m i na t ion of th e c onsi d era l e ,

i nteresting, and often d el ig h tf ul l iterature rod uc ed p

i n W al es d uri ng th e el eventh , twelf th , a nd th irteenth

Cn nfir mn nu TR
'
OYES ( p age

See No 4 of th is
. seri es : King Ar th ur and h is Knigh ts .

SPRE AD or r u n Anrn un LE GE N
'
D (p g a e

Sec No 1 of thi s
. series Cel tic and Med iae v lR a omanc e.

Tun a s nn D A AA (p g
N N a e

For a f ull d i sc us si on of th e na ture of th e se b eings sec

c h. xvi i of th e Voyage of B r an and No 8 of this series
y Myth y k p
.
,
.

Th e Fair ol og of Sh a es eare.

Mason ULAD ( p g a e

This tal e rel ates an inc ursion of th e Ul ster warri ors i n

a fit of d run k en f re nz y into Connaug h t . Th e y a re

assigned an iron h ouse f or th e ni gh t , and th e

54 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPEN DIX
Connaugh t m en end eavour to roast th em i n i t A s im il ar
k
.

i nc i d ent occ urs i n t h e tal e nown a s th e Destruc tion of

Dind r ig th e p ersonag es of wh i c h a re a ssigned to t h e
yB C
,

fi fth c entur . . I n th e first c ase th e d evi c e f ail s i n th e

s e c ond it suc c ee d s .

M YT II OLO GI CAL I I SH CYCLE ( p g

R a e

Th e reference i s to th t y
e s or titl d Th S
en d B l e e econ a tt e

f
o M oytu r a, ed ited an d t l t d by D W h itl y S t k
rans a e r. e o es ,

Revu e Cel ti que, vol . xi i. 189 5 .

R E S M BLA C S
E N E or I m sH -W nnsn R M N O A CES
( pg
a e

Th e m ore su p erfic ial resem bl anc es al l ud ed to i n th e

te xt k
m ore m ar ed in stories l i e Kul hwch or th e
a re k
Dr eam of Rhona bu y th an in th e Four Branc h es of th e
Mab inogi T h e enum erati ve m eth od , t h e tri ad i c g rou p
k
.

i ng s wh ic h are suc h stri i ng f eatures in Ku l hwch are

y k
e q ual l stri ki ng i n sag a s li e B r a d en d a Derga ( now eing b
e d i ted and tra nsl a ted by
Dr W hi tl e S to es in th e Revu e y k
by
.

Cel ti que), or M esce Ula d ( ed ited and transl ated th e

'

l ate W M Henessey,
. . T dd L t
o ec ures, vol .

ANN W N ( H ADES ) ( p g a e

For th e wh ol e q uestion of th e Oth erworl d i n Cel tic

y
M th see th e first vol ume of th e Voyage of B r an .

M AGIC CAULD O S (p g R N a e

See P rof essor Rh y S d si h A h

’
tu i es n t e r t u r an i Legend and

Mr N utt s Legend of the H ol y Gr a il

’
. .

E sor nm c B R A DI S ( p g M a e

T h e nonsense tal kd
e u onp th bj i e su ec t s l argel yd ue to
th e u nc ri tic al i nventi ons o f p d se uiq o ant
-
uari es of th e l 6th
to 17th and i 8th c ent uri es, unc ritic al i nventi ons wh ich
 B B I LI OGRAPH ICAL APPEN DI X 55

py m h h m pl f
oc c u uc t e pti
sa e th R iane O c once on as e os

i
c ruc an and F M i f i
ree f th 17th a son c d 18th anc es o e an

t y
c en ur .

FAI Y TALE T ACES THE MAB I OGIO

R R IN N N.

Th f ll y m
ese are t d ud di enu d i l i
era e f an sc usse n vo v. o

J F C m pb l l P p l
.

W
’
. . a T le f hs H i
o u ar
ghl d a es o t e est a n s.

T CO VE T I O AL E LE E T
HE N N Im N M N IN sn
ST O Y T ELL I G ( p g R - N a e

F d m i bl
or a n a m pl f h g
ra e exa th l dye O t e en r e see e a rea

cit d B d
e d D gra f en am pl f h
er a h ki g
or an exa e o t e s oc n

d p h t wh i h i t d
e t s o d d whc th ti
escen e h d en e c onven ons a

b w t d h t h tw l f h t y B l f M g h
e en orn o ea t see e e t cen ur a tt e o a

l t d by O D D bl i 1852
,

R h d it d d t
’
ot , e e an rans a e onovan, u n, .

Printed by B A A LL N T YN E , H A N SO N Co
L
.

o nd on 61° E d in burg h
 TH E

TH E

TH E I l ndic Edd
ce a th nl y v n ul c d
as ar e e o er ac ar r e or

o f G m n i h th n d m
er a i t d v l p d d u i ng
c ea e o as e e o e r

th e f u nt u i
o whi h in E n gl n d
r ce w th d
r es c a sa e e

t u ti n f n
s r c ly ll t
o o f th h th n y t m
ea r a r aces o e ea e s s e .

Th e ll d Eld Edd i
so-ca e ll ti n f m e er a s a co ec o o so

thi ty p m
r m ythi n d h
oe i i n ub t n int
s, ca er o c s s a ce, er

s p d with h t piec f p
erse whi h u viv
s or es o rose , c s r es

in th i t nth
a ntu y M S
r ee kn wn th C d x -ce r , o as e o e

Regiu di cov d in I l n d in 1642 ; t th

s, s ere ce a o ese ar e

a dd d th e p m f sim il h act f m th
e o r oe s o ar c ar er ro o er

u
so r ces Th Y ng. Edd i p e p ph ou er a s a r ose ara ras e

o f n d mm nt y n th
,
a co p m s nd th rs whi h
e ar o ,
ese oe a o e c

a re l t t g th with t ti n m t w itten
os ,
o e er a r ea se o e r e, r

by th e hi to i n Sn i Stu l uson b ut 1220 4

s r a or r r a o . ,

This u f the w d Edd is in

se o t nd un or a corre c a

hi to i l th ugh onv ni nt n d n ti n d by
s r ca ,
o c e e a sa c o e

t h use f
e v l ntu i s I t w
o se er a ly d ce r e . as ear u se as

a g n l te m f th e ul nd m t i l f
e er a r or r es a a er a s or

ve sem king nd ppli d in this en t Sn i

r a , a a e s se o orr
’
s

1633 3 4
2 THE EDDA I THE DIVIN E : .

wor k Wh n th p m n whi h h i p ph
. e e oe s o c s ara ra se

i f un d d w
s o di v d I l ndi h l by
e ere sco e r e ,
ce a c sc o ars a

m i nd su t ndin g ppli d t h n m t th m l
er s a a; e e a e o e a so

a nd t h y tt ib t d th
as e ll ti n q it bi
a r u e e co ec o u e ar

tra r ily t th hist i n S m und ( 105 6

o e it
or a ae

w as l ng kn wn S m und Edd n m n w
o o as ae ar a, a a e o

g n l ly di d d i n f v u f th l m i l d i ng
e era sca r e a o r o e ess s ea

title f Eld
s o P ti Edd F om it ppli a
e r or oe c a . r s a c

ti n t
o t hi o ll ti n th w d d iv
s co ecm o , e or er es a or e

e xt nd d u ( 1)
e e gn l t m f N e
se , as a e er a er or or s

m yt h l gy ; ( 2)
o o n v n i n t n m t d i t in g u i h
as a co e e a e o s s

th eim pl s tyl f th es
er n ny m u
s n tiv
e o e a o o s arra e

p m f m th l b t f m lity f th Sk ld
oe s ro e e a ora e or a o e a s .

Th p m e f th Edd
oe t inly ld
s o th n e a a r e cer a o er a

th e M S lth ugh th Old pini n t th i high

.
,
a o e o o as o e r

a nt iqu ity i u n t n bl Th m j ity p b bly d t

s e a e. e a or ro a a e

f m th t nth ntu y in th i p nt f m ; thi

ro e e ce r e r r ese or s

d ti n g d e n t n
a it te th
o s ipti n f th e
o ecess a e as cr o o

s h p in whi h th l g n d
a e p nted till l
c e e e s ar e r ese ,
s ess

o f t h ei u b t n t th t p i d
r s s a With g d t
ce , o a er o . r e ar o

t h pl e f th i
e ac m p it i n pin i n v y wid ly
o e r co os o o o s ar e ,

N w y th B iti h I l
or a ,
nd Ge nl n d h vin g
r s s es a r ee a a

a l l f u nd h m pi n
o but thc vid n i th
a o s e e e ce s ra er

que ti n bl nd I in lin t l v th m t th
s o a e, a c e o ea e e o e

co u nt y whi h h s p
r v d th m / Th y
c a r eser e e e ar e
p os

s i bl y f p p l o igin ; thi t g th with th i

o u ar or s, o e er e r

e pi n
c or t ive h te w u ld
arr a unt f cth ar ac r, o acc o or e

t ikin g
s r b n f m th m f m f the hi f
a se ce ro .
e o so e o c e

c h t i ti
ar a c er s f Sk ld i p t y th cs o b u i ng f a c oe r e o sc r o
 MYTHO LOGY OF THE NO RTH 3

t h e se nse by th l b
inte l ing of sentence
e e a ora te r ac s

a n d th e e xt n iv use
f k n n i ng
e s m yth l gi al
e o e s or o o c

s y n n y m nd th
o m pli ti n f th m t e by
s, a e co ca o o e e r

s u h c xp d ient
e th e nj un ti n of s as nd h y m e co c o e -
r e

w i t h lli t ti n
a Eddi ver a i g ve n d
o . lely c er se s o r e so

by t h l tt e nd th a t phi
er , .
a ng m nt i e s ro c ar ra e e s

s i m pl nly t w f me, o u ing ( 1) upl ts f

o or s occ rr : co e o

a lli te tiv h t li nes ; ( 2) ix li n t ph con

ra e s or s -
e s ro es,

i t in g f
s s pl t f ll w d by ingl h t line
o a cou e o o e a s e s or ,

t h e w h l rep t d o e ea e .

/ R ughly p king th
o fi t t w fifth
s ea f th e rs o- s o e
,

M S i m y th l gi l th
. s t h
o o i
/ I p p se
ca , e r es ero c ro o

to o b v thi di tin ti n nd t d l in thi tudy

ser e s s c o ,
a o ea ss

wit h th st i f the G d I n thi nn xi n

e or es o o s . s co e o ,

i Edd n d th m y thi c l Y ngling S g

’
Sn o rr s a a e a a a a

m y l b a a so n id ed but e co b th w e m piled
s er , as o er co a

co u pl e f ntu i
o mo ce ft th int od u ti n of
r es or re a er e r c o

C h isti n ityint I l nd it i unc t i n h owm u h i n

r a o ce a ,
s er a c

t h m i lit
e y xpl n ti n f t d iti n who e m ean
s erar e a a o o ra o s

i ng w f g tt n ;
as m lor o esp i lly in S n i is
e so e a so, ec a orr ,

p rob bly p u
a i n v nti n f i y t l
re t h th n
e m y th o ,
a r a e ra er a .

M ny tt m pt h v be n m d t p ve th t
a a e s a e e a e o ro a

t h e m t i l f t h Edd i l gely b
a er a o w d The
e a s ar orr o e .

t ength nd di tin ti n f I l n d i po t y est

s r a s c o o ce a c e r r

ra th e n th e f
r o t th t i t i igin l nd n ti n l
ac a s or a a a o a

a nd l ik th t f G
, e w s li ttl to f
a o ign r eece, o e e or e

so u ce ; r nd th t i t b g n in th
s a h e th n g
a e a e a e a e,

bef e Ch i ti n R m nti influ n h d t u h d

or r s a or o a c e ces a o c e

I el nd
c a V l uable as th ea ly Ch isti n p t y
. a e r r a oe r
4 THE EDDA I THE DI VIN E : .

of E ngl nd i w l k in v i n th f th h m
a s, e oo a er e or e u ou r ,

th l g m i nd d i m pli ity f m tiv

e ar e -
th e gg s c o o e, e su es

tiv h t d wi ng th wift d m ti ti n
e c a ra c e r - ra ,
e s ra a c ac o ,

wh i h c n pi u
are i n m ny p m i n t h
as co s c ous a oe s e

E dd i n m ny f th S g
a as a o e a as .

Om itting th h i p m th in C d x
e er o c oe s, er e ar e o e

R giu th f ll wing ( 1) Of m e les m

e s e o o : a or or s co

p h n iv h t
re e s eV lu p Vf th ud n i m l
c ar ac er ,
'

o
’

s a, a r s a ,

G i m ni m l L k n n H b d lj d
r s a , ( )
2 d li
o ase ng a, ar ar s o ea

wit h pi d e H ym i k i d Th ym k id S ki m i f d
so es , s v a, r s v a, s r.

H n l i
a a/{ri a ll ti n f p v b but nt in
s a co ec o o ro er s, co a s

tw int p l ti n f m m ythi l p m ; Al i m l
o er o a o s ro ca oe s v ss a ,

whi h in th f m f
c ,
di l gu b tw n Th nd
e or o a a o e e ee or a

a dw f Alvi giv
ar li t f yn nym i ki nd
ss , es a s o s o s, s a

Of m yth l gi p ti l gl sa y S v l f th
o o co -
oe ca os r . e er a o ese

p m oe f n d in n th t hi t nth ntu y
s ar e ou a o er r ee ce r

v ll m f gm nt with n dditi n l n v i u ly
e u ra e ,
a a o a o e, ar o s

tyl d Vgt m h i d D m ’
s e e B ld a s th g v
'
t a or a r s r ea/ s e r ea

f u t nth ntu y d x Fl t yb k nt i n
o r ee ce r co e a e oo co a s

H yn d l li d p tly g n l gi l p tly n i m it
u o ,
ar e ea o ca ,
ar a a

ti n f Vol p ; nd f tli M SS f Sn
’
o o n /as a i a o e o e . o orr s

Edd giv u Rig th l

a es s s a a .

Volu p th gh n t n f th
s a, li t p m
ou o o e o e ear es oe s,

f m n pp p i t Op n in g M t i l n id
or s a a ro r a e e . e r ca co s era

ti n f bid n
o s orli d t th n th fi t q t
a ea r er a e a e rs ua r e r

o f th l v n th nt y nd t h l t f w lin
e e e e ce ur , a e as e es a r e

still l t Th m t i l i h w
a er . ld eth a er a s, o ev er , o er : e

p m i n tlin in ll i n Oft n b u t u
oe s a ou e, a us o s e o sc re o s,

o f t diti n
ra nd b li f f m ili
o s a t it fi t h ; e e s a ar o s rs ea r e r s
6 THE EDDA : I . TH E DI VI N E
war b etween V ni th b ttl
th e A i es r an d th e a r, e a e

with th gi nt wh h d g t p
e a i n f th
s o a o ossess o o e

g dd F yj nd th b king f b g in ; n
o ess re a, a e r ea o ar a s a

b
o sc ur e f n t Mim i p ing wh
re er e ce Odin o
’
s s r er e

l ft hi y
e s e pl dg ; n d n n m ti n f
e as a e e a a e u er a o o

h i w m id
s ar - V lky i a T u ni n g t th f t
s or a r es. r o e u ure ,

th S ibyl p ph ie th d th f B ld th
e ro es n s e ea o a r, e ve

g n
ea n hi
ce o l y n d t h h i n
s s ai ng f L ki t h
er , a e c a o o , e

d m f th G d nd th d t u ti n f th w ld
oo o e o s a e es r c o o e or

a t th m i ng f th fi
e co gi nt nd th l o fe re - a s a e r e ease o

L ki h ild n f m p ti ity Th
o
’
s c re t f thro ca v . e r es o e

p m m t b l t ; it t l l h w t h
oe se e s o th h l l
e a er e s o e e ar s a

i g in f m th de p nd th A i d w ll n
r se a a ro e e ,
a e es r e o ce

in O din h l l n d th i gg ti n f
’
m or e s a s, a er e s a su es o o

C h i ti n in fl u n i n it wh i h i b nt f m th
r s a e ce c s a se ro e

ear li p t
er ar .

Of th the gene l p em th n xt f u w e
e o r ra o s, e e o r er

p b bly m p s d b f 95 0 ; in h th tting
ro a co o e e ore e ac e se

i diff
s nt Vf th u d n i m l
er e . i ddl p em h w
a r s a ,
a r e- o , s o s

Odin in f v u it p siti n e king in di g i

a a o r e o o , s e s u se

for kn wl dg f th fut
o e Un d t h n m
e o e ur e . er e a e

o f G ng d (W n d
a ra
) h vi it t h wai gi n ter e r , e s s e se a

V fth ud ni nd th tw g
a r t t t t h i wi d m
,
a e o a r ee o es e r s o

th n wh
e o f il t n w
e o q ti n i t f f it
a s o a s er a ue s o s o or e

hi h d
s In
ea h . th qu ti n d l fi t ea c cas e e es o s ea rs

w ith th p t V fth ud n i k b ut D y nd
e as . a r as s a o a a

N igh t n d th,
a iv wh i h divid th Gi nt f m
e r er c es e a s ro

th G d m tt
e o s, f m m n kn wl dg ; n d th n
a er s o co o o e e a e

puts qu e ti n t th futu
a s o Wh t i th
as o e re : a s e
 MYTHOL OGY O F THE N O RTH 7

pl in wh
a er e d h ll m eet
S ur t and the bl esse d Go s s a

i n b ttl 2 a O din pli nd p

e d t qu ti n re es , a r oc ee s o es o

in h i tu n ; fi t b ut th
s r ti n f E th nd
rs a o e c r ea o o ar a

S ky th ,
igin f S n n d M n Wint nd
e or o u a oo ,
er a

S mmu t h Gi n t
er , n d th Win d ; th m ing
e a s a e s e co

Of N je d th W n t th A i
r e h t g ; th a e o e es r a s a os a e e

E inh j er ar, h n w i f V l h ll
or c Th n ose arr or s o a a a. e

co m e p ph ti q u tions n th d t
ro e ti n f t h
c es o e e s r uc o o e

S un by th w lf F n i th G d wh e h ll l in
o e r ,
e o s o s a ru e

t h n w w ld ft
e e R gn ok th nd f O din
or a er a ar ,
e e o .

T h p m i b u gh t t
e oe l by O din p tting
s ro o a c ose
’
s u

th e qu ti n whi h nly him s lf n n w

es o c o e ca a s er :

Wh t did Odin y in hi s n e r b f b
a sa s o
’
s a e ore e

m u nted th e py 2 nd th gi n t h d i f f it ’
o re a e a s ea s or e .

I n t h thi d p m f thi e l ss G i m n i m l
r oe o s c a ,
r s a ,
a

p e int d ti n l t th t Odin n d F igg

r os ro uc o r e a es a a r

qu ll d ve th m e i t f th i
a r re e o p tiv
r e r s o e r r es ec e

f t h ild n T s ttl th q e ti n Odin goe

os er -
c re . o e e e u s o , s

disg ui d s G im ni th H d d On t vi it
se a r ,
“
e oo e e, o s

h i f ste
s on Gei
o d ; b t F igg t j u tify h
r -s rro u r , o s er

c h g f inhospit lity g i n t G i bd nd h
ar e o a a a s e rr
’

,
se s er

m i d n Full
a e t w n him g i n t th
a m i ng
o ar a a s e co

t nge
s ra O din the ef e m e t wi th h h
r. r or e s a ar s re

ce
pti n n d
o i b un d b tw
,
a n tw fi i
sn th h ll
o e ee o res e a .

G i Od y u ng n Agn p t t g i n t thi
'
’
e rr s o so ,
ar , r o es s a a s s

r ud te tm ent n d giv
r ea wi n t th g t wh
,
a es e o e ues ,
o

th en b gin t in t u t him in m tt
e s o n ni ngs r c a er s co cer

th e G d H o sn m t h e h ll
. f th A i
e a es a s o e es r ,

d s ibe V l h l l nd th
e cr s h Yggd
a il th
a a a e as ras ,
e
8 THE EDDA I THE DIVI N E : .

Valkyr ies, th e cr ea t on i Of t h e wor ld (tw o stan za s

in com m on wt ih Vaf thr u d nis ma l) , a n d en u m er ate s

h is o wn na mes . Th e p m oe en d s w t i h im p r ess iv e

a b uptn
r ess by h i s t u n in g t
r o Geirr Od

Th ou ar t k
G eirro d , t h ou h as t d run
d run t oo k
p b
,

d ee th ou ar t er ef t of m uc h sinc e t h o u h a st l ost m y

f avour, t h e fa vo ur of O
d i n a nd all t h e E inh erj ar . I
h a ve tol d t h ee m uc h , b ut t h ou h a st m i nd ed l i ttl e Thy
b y h I
.

f r i end s my f i d w
’
etra t ee : se e r en s s ord l ie
d re nc h d i
e bl d N w h l l O d i h h
n oo o s a n a ve t e s word

y l i I k w hy lif i d d h F
.

wea r s a n ; no t e s en e t e a te s a re

O
,

u ng ra c i ous . N ow t h o u c a nst s ee d in c om e near me,

”
if thou c a nst

P
.

[ rose ] K i“
ng G ei rro d sa t w i th h i s s word on his
k nee, h al f d ra wn W h e n h e h e a r d th a t O d i n wa s th er e,
O
.

h e st ood u p a nd wo ul d h a ve l ed d i n f rom t h e fi r es.

Th e sword sl i p t f r o m h i s h and t h e h i l t t urne d d own

ward s . Th e k i ng c a ug h t hi s foot a nd f el l f orwa rd s, t h e
s wor d sta nd i ng towa rd s h i m , and so h e m et h is d ea th
Th y ki
.

en O d i n went a wa ,
a nd Ag nar was ng th ere l ong
a f terwa r d s .

H a r ba r d sbod is a
'

Th di l gu
a o e , and h um or ous . or

o n hi t u n f m th
s re r t m t h nn l t
ro e eas co es o a c a e ,
a

th f t h
e ar id f whi h t n d Odi n di gui d
er s e o c s a s , s se as

a f y m n G yb d H fu t f y Th
e rr a ,
re ea r . e re ses o err or

ac r oss ,n d th y qua ti n h th t th i
e es o ea c o er as o e r

p t f t wi th
as ea s , i n l th t f m Th nd occa s o a r ea s ro or a

t nt f
au m O di n until th f m
s ro g ff v wing ,
e or er oes o o

v ng n n t h f y m n
e ea ce o e err a

TH O Th y k il l i w d w l d
R.
“
th e il l if s n or s ou serve e

I wad ed a cross th e water ; I thi k n th ou would st c ry

 M YT H OLOGY O F THE N O RTH
l oud er tha n t h w l f if h
e h ld t g t
o bl w f
, t ou s ou s e a o rom

th e h a m m er
ODI k
.

N S if h a s a l over at h om e, th o u sh oul d s t see

Th kf h p p
.

hi m . at is a ta s or t ee to try, i t i s m ore r o er

f or t hee .

THO R Th ou s ea p k est wha t th ou k nowest m ost

p y f ll I k th
.

d i s l ea si ng to m e th ou c owa rd l e ow, t hi n at

t h o u li e st
DI I I p k
.

O N . th in k s ea tr ue th ou ar t sl ow on th e
roa d . Th ou woul d st ha ve g ot far, i f th ou ha d s t sta r ted
at d a wn
TH O fiH b
.

R a r ar d , sc ound rel, i t is r ath er th ou wh o

d l y d m
.

h as t e a e e

ODI I ph y
.

N never th oug h t a sh e er d c oul d so d ela

j y
.

As a - Th
’
or s ourne

I will b
.

T O
I

H R .
“
counsel th ee row th y oa t hi th er .

Let c om e m ee t M ag ni
’
us c ease q ua rre l l i ng ; a nd s
”
fa th er
DI L
.

“
O N . eave th ou th e ri ver ; c rossi ng sh al l be
f d h
re use t ee
TH O
.

Sh R ow m e th e way, si nce th ou wi l t not

ym
.

f err e.

ODI Th N at is a s m al l thing to ref use I t is a

k
. .

l ong way to g o : a wh il e to th e stoc , and a noth e r

to t h e st one, t h e n ee to th e l ef t h a nd ti ll th ou k p
reac h Verl and Th wil l
ere orgy n m e e t h er son Fj
y
.

Th or , and sh e wil l tel l h i m th e high wa to O d i n s

’

”
l and
HO I g t th d y?
.

T R S hall e er e to a

OD bl h wil g t th
.

W i h il
IN d t to an tr ou e t ou t e er e

b l hi k
.

”
a i
ou t s unr se . as t n

TH O t lk
.

O R. h ll b h t i h ur a s a e s or s nc e t ou

k y I will w d h f
,

ans w t wi h m
eres t oc er re ar t ee or

f i g p
.

m
”
re us n
g i f w w g i
assa e, e t o eet a a n

ll h fi d m y t k
.

o m h h y w y wh . t a , e re a t e en s a a e
 TH E EDDA I : . TH E DIVI N E
Lokasenna di l gu f m A p l
a so is i n a o e or . r ose

int du ti n
ro c h w th gi nt O gi
o tell Gym is o e a e ,
or ,

g v f t t th A i L ki w tu n d ut
a e a eas o e es r . o as r e o

for kill i ng se v nt but p ntly tu n d nd

a r a ,
r ese re r e a

b g n t vil th G d nd G d d
e a o re e h n e o s a o esses , eac o e

i n t u n t yin g t in t f
r r n ly t p v k t un t
o er ere , o o ro o ea a

f m L ki At l t Th wh h d be n b nt
ro o . as or , o a e a se

o n j u n y m e in nd th e t n d t h l nd
a o r e ,
ca a r a e e e s a er er

with h i h m m s wh up n L ki s id
a I pk
er , er e o o a , s o e

t th Aes i
o e nd th n f th Ae i wh t my
r a e so s o e s r a

m in d t ld m ; but fo th l n I will g w y
e or ee a o e o a a ,

for I know th u wilt t ik S m e f th p m

o s r e .
”
o o e oe

i
s ra th e p in tl r b b t mu h t u h
o p int
ess a u se , u c o c es o s

l dy ugg ted i n th the p m

a r ea s es e o r oe s .

H yn d lu b d i m u h l t t h n th th e
'

e o
o s p c a er a r s, ro

b bly n t b f 1200 Th tyl i l t nd th

a o e or e . e s e s a e, a e

f m i m it t d f m Volu p I t desc ibe vi it

or a e ro s a. r s a s

p id by F yj t th e S ibyl t le n th e g neal gy
a re a o o ar e o

o f h fav u ite Ott

er T h l ge p t d l wi th
o r ar . e ar r ar ea s

h e i g n l gie but the e e nty llu i n

ro c e ea o s, r ar sca a s o s

to B ld F y H im d l L ki hild n nd
a r, re , e a ,
o
’
s c re ,
a

Th or ,nd Ch i ti n f n t
a a G d wh r s a r e er e ce o a o o

s h l l m ft R gn k wh n O din h ll m t
a co e a er a ar o
“
e s a ee

t h w lf I t t ll n th ing n w
”
e o . e s o e .

W h v h e th n
a m itting H ynd lu lj d fi
e er e e , o o , ve

p m (f u f them b l ngi ng t th fi t h lf f
oe s o r o e o o e rs a o

th tent h
e ntu y wh i h ugg
) ce t g n e l
r u t lin c s es a e ra o e

o f N se m yth l gy the e i s h i
or hy f God
o o : r a erarc o s,

th e A esi who live togethe in

r, it d l O din r a c a e ,
 MYTHO LO GY O F TH E N O RTH 11

b i ng
e hi f Am ng them e seve l wh
th e c e . o ar ra o

ar e n t A esi o by igin t i d nd h i n n d r or : r a s so a

d ught Fr ey nd F yj are V ni ; L ki i
a er , a re a, a r o s

r ea lly n enem y nd n g nt in thei f ll ; nd

a a a a e r a a

th n
er e ar e o tw G dd f gi nt
e or Th o o esses o a rac e . e

g i ant e siv l arn d n m i rt t h e G

a sd ; th a e e es o o s e

d w f e l nt g ni t i but in b nd g Th
ar s a r a so a a o s c, o a e . e

m t i ng pl ce f th G d i by th W ld A sh
ee -
a o e o s s e or -
,

Yggd il on wh w ll b ing th e f t f G d
r as , ose e -
e a e o o s

an d m n d pen d ; e t it t li es th W ld S n k
e s a s r oo e or - a e .

Th G d hav f
e o s kn wl dg of thei wn d m
e ore o e e r o oo ,

R gn iik th gre t fight w h en th y h ll m eet

a ar , e a e s a

L ki hild n th W lf nd the Sn k ; b th
o
’
s c re ,
e o a a e o

sid will f ll nd th w ld be d est y d An

es a a e or ro e .

epi d in th sto y i th d th of B ld This

so e e r s e ea a r.

w m y ssum e t b th
e a a ligion of th Viki ng o e e re e

a g ( 8
e 00— 10 0 0 m p un d of t h e be li f f a co o e s o

v i u ges n d t ibes
ar o s a a r .

Th e A e si r Th e n u m b f th e A e i i n t
.
-
er o s r s o

fix d H yn d lulj d
e . y th we e tw lv ( th e o sa s e re r e e
“
re

w l ven Ae i wh n B ld went d wn int th

er e e e s r e a r o o e

Sn i giv li t f fou t en A i
orr es a s o r e es r or

G d (O din Th B ld N jO d F y Ty B gi '

o s , or , a r, r , re ,
r, ra ,

H im d l H Od Vid V li Ull F seti L ki )

e a , , ar ,
a , r, or , o ,

a nd dd H ni in n th list l l th fift n
a s oe a o er ,
a e ee

occ u ing in th e p m ; nd sixte n G dd es

rr oe s a e o e ss

A
( y j )
s n t h e m
or aj i ty f
,
w h m re m ly p e or o o a er e r

so nifi d pith t occu ing n whe e el e Of th

e e e s, rr o r s . e

sixteen F igg Gefi n F ,

yj nd S g ( eally n
r ,
o ,
re a a a a r a
 TH E E DDA I : . THE DI VIN E
epith t nly) e G dd
e o i n th e poems n d F ul l
ar o esses ,
a a

i F igg h nd m id I n n the h pte S n i

’
s r s a a . a o r c a r, orr

a dd I d unn G d S igyn nd N nn f wh m th
s , er ,
a a a, o o e

l tt does not pp in th Elde Edd wh

a er a ear e r a, er e

I d nn Ge d ( gi nt
u , ) nd Sigyn r t h w iva a ess a ar e e es

o f B gi F ey n d L ki ;
ra ,
nd t w th
r th a o a o o er s , e

gi nt Skad i nd Sif
a ess the wiv f N jO d n d
a ,
are es o
'

r a

Th or .

A t iking diff n f m lassi l myth l gy i

s r er e ce ro c ca o o s

th t n i th
a Ty (wh
e h ul d tym ol gi lly b th
er r o s o e o ca e e

S ky g d ) n-
Th (th Thunder g d ) t k th e
o , or or e -
o ,
a es

high t pl es T y i th h f ne im p t nt
ac e . r s e er o o o or a

epi d th h ining f th W lf th ugh wh i h

so e, e c a o e o ,
ro c

h l s
e h is igh t h nd
o es This is told i n f l l by
r a . u

Sn i nd l lu d d t in L k cnna b th in th
orr a a e o o as , o e

pr p f ce Ty l w th e with nly n
ose re a r a so as er ,
o o e

h n d ; th Fen is w lf h d bitten off th Oth

a e r - o a e er ,

wh n h was b ound
e e nd in the p oem it elf a s

L O KI I m t m m b th t i gh t h nd whi h
. us re e er a r a c

Fenri bit off t h ee

”

I
.

T YR am sh ort of a h and , b ut th ou of th e f a mous

k
.

wol f ; to eac h th e l oss i s i ll -l uc N or i s th e wol f i n

b p b
.

”
etter l igh t, f or h e m us t wai t i n ond s til l Ragnartik .

O th i h
er w se , e on ly pp in a ea rs conne xion with tw o

m or e p pulo ar Go d h p k
s : e s ea s in F y d f n in
re
’
s e e ce

h e i Th s
’
Lokasenna , a nd in H ymiskoid a sm or co
O

p ni n in th se h f
a o e ar c or a ca uld on ; t h e l tt
r a er

p m p esents h im
oe re gi r as a
’
a nt s son.

Th n th e oth h nd
or , o er a , is secon d on ly t o h is
14 THE E DDA I THE DIVI N E : .

of y h l gi l p m ; t nsl ti n i given
th e m t o o ca oe s a ra a o s

in t h pp ndi x e a n x m pl
e f E d di p t y t
,
as a e a e o e oe r a

it b t
s L ki pp
es . th willing h lp
o a f th ea r s as e e er o e

G d nd Th m p ni n Thund ’
Th
’
o s, a or s co a o . e er er s

j u n y wit h Ty in qu t f
o r e uld n i r ltd es o a ca ro s re a e

with m u h h um u i n H ym i k i d H ym i b u
’
c o r s v a s ea

tiful wif wh h elp h e, gue t t utwit h

o s er s s o o er

h u b nd i figu e f m ili i n f i y t l
s a ,
s a t he r a ar a r -
a es as

Og wif re s
’
e .

Th hi f God f th S ndin vi n i it m u t
e c e o e ca a a s s, s

b e conf d n un ym p th ti h t
esse ,
a H i s a e c c ar ac er . e s

th h d f t h V lh l l
e ea o y t m ; h i V l f th
e a a a s s e e s a -
a er

( F tha f t h er S l i n
)o nd t h V lky
e i hi a ,
a e a r es ar e s

W i hm id n s ath Einh j e s, hi Wi h as e er ar a r e s s

so ns H .
”
n tu lly t ke e p i l i nt t i n
a ra a s a s ec a e r es

m t l h
or a f m wh m m th h n h t
er oe s , ro o co e e c ose os s

o f V lh ll a B ut in pit
a a f th
. pl nd u f hi ,
s e o e s e o r o s

u
s r ro un din g h e i w nting in dignity s, Th hi f
s a . e c e

o f th e G d h n eith e th
o s m igh t n d unth in ki ng
as r e a

v l ou f Th n th e s lf ifi ing u g f
a r o or , or e -
sacr c co ra e o

Ty H i a G d wh p
r. e ti
s m gi n d it i
o o ra c ses a c, a s

as F th f S pell th t h i p w f ul H i th e
a er o s a e s o er . e s

wi est f th G d in th s n
s o th t h
e o s m m be e e se a e re e rs

m t b t th p t nd fo
os a ou m t b ut th e
e as a resees os a o

fut ; y t h i p w l in d ifli l ty with ut

ur e e e s o er ess cu o

th ft f L ki nd th h m m f Th
e cr a o o H a e a er o or . e

a l w y w nd in di gui nd th t i t ld f
a s a er s s se , a e s or es o o

h im h i fly l v
are c dv nt e ; thi i t o e af ll -
e ur es s s ru e o a

th d d h m nti n i n H b d lj d
e ee s e e nd l f o s ar ar s o ,
a a so o
 MYTHOLOGY O F THE NO RTH 15

th e two inte p l ti n in H v ma l though ne f

r o a o s a a , o o

th tw h d n bj ec t t h
e o t ling f the m d of
a a o , e s ea o ea

i n pi ti n f m th gi nt S pt ung whose d ughte

s ra o ro e a u ,
a r

G un nl iid gu ded i t ar .

V lu p m k s hi m ne f th ee cr eativ d i ties
' ‘

o s a a e o o r e e ,

th th
e o t wo being L du ( p oba bly L ki ) n d
er o r r o a

H en i f wh om n thi n g l
o , o i kn wn x pt th o e se s o e ce e

t y th t h e was give n
s or a h st ge t th V ni in as o a o e a r

e x h ng fo N j d Th m th ee G d ( O din
c a e r or . e sa e r o s ,

L ki nd H oeni)
o a nn ted wi th th e l g n d f a re co ec e e o

th N ib l ung t easu e ; n d it w s n th e
e e d en
r r a a a o r a v

tu re f thei cco di ng t
o S no i whi h l ed t
r s, a r o rr ,
c o

th e l oss of I d unn .

Of th e ot he
d B gi i l te devel pment ;
r Go s, ra s a a r o

h i n m e m ean si m ply king

s a hief and h i t
s or c ,
s a

t ib ut
r Godes , f l qu nce n d poet y
as o e o e a r , are

app n tly bo owed f m O din Heim d l th

ar e rr ro . a , e

w t h m n nd seei ng lik the Vani

”
a c f a a wh ar -
e r, o

keep gu d on th e r inb w b idge Bif t i

s ar a o r r os , s

re p esented in th e u i u p em Rig thul

r c r o s o s a

f und
o f th e di ff ent
er o i l d s H e w nd d er soc a or er . a er e

v th w ld unde th n m Of Rig n d f m
o er e or r e a e , a ro

hi fi t j u ney p ang th
s rs o f th ll
r w thy s r e r ace o ra s, s ar ,

cr ook d nd b o d b k d wh b usied thems lve

e a r a -
ac e , o e s

with f n i ng l n d nd t n ding go t and win ;

e c a a e a s s e

f m hi second the h u l fin nd udd y wh

ro s ,
c r s, e a r , o

b k x n b uilt h u
ro e o end pl ugh ed th
,
l nd ; o se s a o e a

f m h i thi d , th
ro l y ll w h i ed y nd
s r e ear s , e o - a r , ros ,
a

k n y d wh b ok h
ee -
e e ,
nd st ung b w o r e orses a r o s,
16 THE EDDA I THE DI VIN E : .

ro d e , swa m and h ur l d pea

e s rs ; a nd th e y ou n g est

of th e ear s r ace l ki ng wh kn w wa s Konung th e , o e

a l l my t i u nd
s er es,t d th p h f bi d er s oo e s eec o r s,

co ul d q n h fi ue nd h l woun d H i m d l i
c re a ea s . e a s

sa id t b th n f nin m th
o e nd t
e so hv o e o er s , a o a e

f ught with L ki fo F yj B i i ng ne kl
o o r re a s
’
r s -
c ac e .

H is h n i hidd n u nd
or Yggd il t b b ught
s e er ras , o e ro

o ut t R gn Ok wh n h will bl w
a a arw n in g , e e o a ar

bl t H i igin i bscu
as . Still l
s or i kn wn s o r e. ess s o

Of Vid nd V li tw n f Odin n f wh m
ar a a , o so s o , o e o o

i t
s v ng B ld d th th th t l y th
o a e e a r s
’
ea , e o er o s a e

w lf ft
o it h
a w ll w d up t h
er hi f G d tas s a o e e c e o a

R gn Ok T h t p n Ull (Gl y ) i p b bly

’
’ ’
a ar . or s s e so r or s ro a ,

lik hi n M di nd M gni (W th nd St ngth )

e s so s o a a ra a re ,

a m pith t
er e e e .

F igg Odin wif nd th hi f G dd

r ,
’
s e a e c e o ess,

d ugh t f E th i n t v y di tin tly h

a er o ar ,
s o er s c c ar ac

t i d
er se nd i ft n nfu d with F yj G fi n
,
a s o e co se re a . e o

s h uld b th
o g dd e i n th t m t be sea -
o ess, s ce a se e s o e

th m e ning f h
e a n m b ut h fun ti n
o er a e, er c o s ar e

a pp ntly u u pe d by th W n N j d ;
ar e s di ng
r e a e or ac cor

t o Sn i h
or r i th p t n f t h wh d i
, s e s e a ro o ose o e

u nw dd d e e .

B al d r .
—
Th e stor y of B ld a r is th e m ost dbtd e a e

p in t
o i n th e Edd a. Th e if ch e t h eor i es a d n d
va ce

ar e :
( )
1 Th at i t is t h e o ld t p es a r t of N or se m yth o
l gyo , a n d of r itu l igin ; (2) th t B l
a or lly a a d r i s r ea

a h er o tr an s f m d int G d ( 3) th t th l g n d
or e o a o a e e e
 MYTHO LOGY O F TH E N O RTH 17

is a so ar l m t y h with
Ch i l ih
or wt out r stia n co our ~

ing ; ( 4) th t i t i a w d f m Medi v l s e nti ly bre orr o e ro ae a

G k nd C h i ti n s u es Thi l t th y i
r ee a r s a o rc . s as eor s

too i n g ni u t b e dible ; nd with eg d t

o s o e cr e a r ar o

th thi d t h
e ri n othin g essen ti lly C h i ti n in
, er e s a r s a

th e hi f f tu e
c ef th l g nd whil th
ea r s l o e e e ,
e e so ar

id l v s t m u h un xpl in d The ef en
ea ea e oo c e a e . r er ces

t th m yt h i n t h Eld
o e Edd e er a a re

( )
1 V g t m k id e
( b u ta900 s O divn q u es a a o

t i n th S ibyl th m n in g of B ld
’
o s te as o e ea a r s

d m
r ea s

ODI N For wh om a re th e b enc h es ( i n h ell ) strewn

y
.

wi th r ing s, th e h al l s fairl a d orned with g ol d ?

SIBYL H ere t he m ead , c l ear d r in , k s ta nd s

b p
.

rewed f or B al d r ; th e s h i el d s a r e s rea d . Th e sons o f

th e Aesir are t oo m err y

DI l y
.

O N .
“
W h o wi l l be B al d r
’
s s a e r and rob O di n s
’

son o f l if ? e

S I BYL “
H od b ear s t h ith er th e h igh b ra nc h Of

y O
.

f a me h e will b e B a l d r
’
s sl a er a nd d in s
’
: rob so n o f
”
l if e
DI
.

O N
“
W h o will a veng e t h e d e ed on H od a nd

b i g B ld y py
.

r s sla 7
’
r n a er to t h e f unera l re

SI BYL Ri nd b ears a s on, V al i, i n t h e h al l s of th e

b hi
.

w est. H e sh a l l not was h hi s h and s nor c om s hai r

il l h b B al dr f oe to th e py
’
t e ear s s re .

2
( ) I n L F igg y
oka senna If I h d n r sa s : a a so

lik B ld h in O gi h l l th u h uld t n t
e a r er e e
’
s a s, o s o s o

p s ut f m th n f th A i but b l i n
,

as o ro e so s o e es r , e s a

h e i n thy ng
er t wh i h L ki pli Wilt
a er o c o re es ,

th u th t I pea k m e ill w ds F igg ? I m

o a s or or ,
r a

B
18 TH E E DDA I : . TH E D I VI NE
th e cause h t th t a ou wilt neve r m or e see Ba ld id r r e

int o th e h ll a .
”

( )
3 I n Vaf thm d ni sm a l th e on ly f
r e ere nc e is
Odi ns
’
qu tiWh t id Od in i n hi n
es on , a sa s so
’
s ear

wh n h m u nt d th py
e e o2 e e re

( )
4 I n V a l u -
p th S ibyl p p h i I ew d m a, e ro es es, sa oo

th tening B ld th e bl din g vi ti m th e
r ea a n f r ,
ee c , so o

Odin G wn high b ve th m d w t d th
. ro a o e ea o s s oo e

m i tl ts l nd nd f i F m thi te m whi h
e oe , s e er a a r . ro s s , c

l k d l nde g ew f t l nd d ng u h ft
oo e so s e r, r a a a a a er o s s a .

H od h t it s nd F igg w pt i n F nh l l
o ,
ave r e e a o r

V l h ll
a w a
’
sTh f ll wing li nes n th
oe .
”
e o o , o e

ch ining f L ki ugg t h i m pli ity

a o o , s es s co c .

( ) y
5 H n d l lj d h n f n
u Th wo as o e r e er e ce er e er e

l v n A i by num b wh n B l d w nt d wn
e e e es r er e a r e o

into th h w V li w h i v ng n d l w
e o e . a as s a e er a s e

hi b th ly ’ ”
s ro er s s a er .

B id th th i
es es f g m nt qu t d by
ese er e s a ra e o e

Sn iorr T hokk will w p d y t t B ld ee r ear s a a

’
r s

fune l py ra I h d n g d f th l d m n n
re . a o oo o e o a
’
s so

aliv ed d l é t H l k p wh t h h s
or ea e ee a s e a .
”

G i mni m l
r ign
s a h ll t B ld m ng the
a ss s a a o a r a o

G od s .

Th er e a r e , v i n f thin ad di ti on , t wo p r ose ers o s o e

t y by l
s or t w th l n di ve i n f
a er r it er s : e I ce a c rs o o

Sn i ( 117
or r8 —124 1) wit h l l t h d t il f m ili t a e e a s a ar o

ev y n
er n d tho L ti n n
e f th D n S x
a e a o e o e a e a o

G m m ti u ( b t thi ty y
ra a c sli ) whi h a ou r ear s ear er ,
c

m k B ld n d H od h e in t d f G d nd '

a es a r a er o s s ea o o s, a
 MYTH O LOGY O F THE N O RTH 19

com pl et ly lt th h te f th l gend by
e a ers e c arac r o e e

m king iv l y f N nn s f vou th e ent e f ’

a a r a r or a a a r c r o

th e
p l t n d o u f
a t h e t t ph
ca Osen th o ca as r o e . e

E d di v si n nd on S x d pend th e the i f ’
e er o a a os e or es o

G l th e D tte Ni d ne nd th G m n s h l a s
o r, e r, e r a o er er a c o r

o n th n h nd
e o nd D
e F a n th ,
tha r . r az er o e o er .

I t h as ften b n p int d ut th t t h e
o ee i n o e o a re s o

t race o f B ld w hip in the G m ni n ti n

a r -
or s o r er a c a o s,

n or in ny f t h I el n di sa g
a o x pt th e l t
e c a c as e ce a e

F ithj f g
r Thi h wev i t u f th
o ssa a. s, o er , s r e o o er

G d n t bly f Ty wh i with u t qu ti n n
o s, o a o r, o s o es o o e

o f th lde t Th nly d ities n m d with ny

e o s . e o e a e a

s ugg ti n f sac ifi
es o ow hi p in t h I l ndi
r ce or or s e ce a c

g p p
sa as ro O din Th F ey N j o d F igg
er ar e ,
or , r ,
'

r , r

a nd F yj re Th p es
a . f h i i e bi t y
r oc s o c o ce s as a r r ar

in m yth l gy i n th
o o in as Ag in it i o er sc e c es . a ,
s

m lik l y th t th igin l ve i n f th l g nd
or e e a e or a rs o o e e e

s h uld h v su viv d in I l nd th n in D nm k
o a e r e ce a a e ar ,

whi h b i n g n th m i nl n d w
c ,
e o e li bj t
e a a , as ar e r su ec

t C h i ti n n d R m n ti i n fl u n
o r s a a ; nd th t
o a c e ces a a a

h th n G d h ul d in th t w
ea e o s th o nt u i
, e o or r ee c e r es

f ll wing th t bli hm nt f Ch i ti n ity in th

o o e es a s e o r s a e

N th b tu n ed i nt
or ,
e m t l h
r th n th t th o a or a er o, a a e

rev e rse p ess h uld h v ted t uffi i ntly

r oc s o a e ac a a s c e

l t d te t pe m it f b th v si n xi ting id by
a e a o r o o er o s e s s e

s id in th thi t nth entu y A imi l g d l

e e r ee c r . s ar ra ua

e lim in ti n f th up n tu l m y b f un d in
a o o e s er a ra a e o

t h hi to y f th V l ung m yth i v in ’
e s r o Sn e o s . orr s ers o

i m e ly n m plifi ti n f th t in th
s re a a Eld ca o o a e er
 THE E DDA : I . TH E DIVIN E
Edd hi h
a, nty
w its
c un t
,
f B ld i sca as acco o a r s,

l v
ea n d ubt t hi di i nity
es o o as o s v .

Th u tlin
e g th d f m th p m is
o e a er e ro e oe s as

f ll w B ld Odin
o o s n i kill d by h i b
a r, th
’
s so , s e s ro er

H od th ugh m i tl t
ro p y ; L ki i in m e
a s e oe s ra o s so

w yc n
a ned in hi d
o c er th whi h is n ve wh l m s ea ,
c a o r e

ing m i f tun t th G d ; but it is n H od th t

s or e o e o s o a

h i d th i
s v ng d H i bu nt n py e
ea s a e e . e s r o a r

( S n i
orr y n h i s h
sa ip fs t u w ohi h m u t s ,
a ea re c s

m f m th Vikin g g ; H yn d lu b d ubstitute
'

co e ro e a e f
o s s .

h w b i l ) H wil l b b nt f m th e g t
o e -
ur a . e e a se ro r ea

figh t t R gn ok but V lu p dd th t h wil l ’ ’

a a ar , o s a a s a e

re tu n ft w d
r a N nn h er n thing t d
ar withs. a a as o o o

th e t y s orTh nn xi n with th
. hi e hy f co e o e erarc o

th A i
e m xt n l nl y in Bal d h n
es r see s e er a o , s ce r as o

a pp nt l ti n t th g t t t ph
ar e re a o hv o e r ea ca as r o e as a e

O d in Th F y Ty nd L ki ; thi th n w ld
,
or , re ,
r a o s, e , ou

p int t th ind p nd n f hi my th
o o e e e e ce o s .

Th g nu i n n
e f th e m y th s m t d p nd n
e e ess o ee s o e e o

wh th e th m i tl t
er i n e igi n l f tu e f i t s e oe sa or a ea r o or

n t o nd n th i p in t t h
,
a o n b lit tl l d bt
s o e r e ca e e r ea ou .

Th G m n t h
e ery th t B ld uld nly b kill d
a e or a a r co o e e

by h i wn w d wh i h w th ef di gui d
s o s or ,
c as er or e s se

by n h nt m nt nd u d g in t h im nd th t
e c a e a se a a s , a a

th I c l n di w it
e e a m i un d t d th i t m n
c r e rs s er s oo s o ea a

m i tl eto
s p ig i f f t h d nd m nti nd
e s r ,
s ar -
e c e a ro a c, a

cr u m bl t t u h es a F if as it i
a l im d tho c . or , s c a e , e

I l nd
ce a h d n ersm i tl t e wh y h ul d th y
a o s e o ,
s o e

i n t d u e it i nt
ro t y t whi h it did n t b l ng 2
c o a s or o c o e o
 22 THE EDDA I THE DIVIN E : .

e xpl in th h i e of w p n whi h would ce t i nly

a ec o c ea o ,
c r a

n d xpl n ti n t n I el n di u dien
ee e a a If o o a c a c a ce .

D F r . s th y b ight V li wh l w the
raz er
’
eor e r ,
a ,
o s e

l y mu t l h ve b n n o igin l figu in th
s a er , s a so a ee a r a re e

l g nd H i ntiqu it y i upp ted by th f t th t

e e . sa ss or e ac a

h pl ys th p t f
e a v n g in th p em wh il
e ar o a e er e o s e

in Sn i wh h e i m nti n d
orr ,
G d h is
er e s e o e as a o ,

a b ence f m th account f B ld d th is nl y a
s ro e o a r s
’
ea o

p t f th t lit y dev l pm n t by whi h l

ar o a e rar e o e c rea

r esp nsibili ty f
o th e m u d w t n fe df m
or r er as ra s rr e ro

H od t L ki o o .

Sn i giv B ld
orr n F s ti (J udg
es
) wh i a r a so , or e e ,
o s

l n m ed
a so G d i n G i m ni m l
a as H mu t a o r s a . e s

h g wn ut f n pith et of B ld
av e ro o f wh m o a e a
’
r s, o o

i s ys th i t h i ent n ; ”
Sn orr n on a n a o e ca r es s s s e ce

th e ed t sacrwould n t u lly b the s t f

r ee a ra e ea o

j udgm nt e .

Th e W an es divini ti
.
— T h r ee of th e N or se es,

N j o d and h i
r n an d d ugh te a e n t Aesi
s so by a r, r o r

d scent Th f ll wing c ount is given of th i

e . e o o a c e r

p e en in A g d
r s ce s ar

( )
1 I n Vf th ud n i sm l O di n a k
a r a , s s

W h ence c am e Nj ord am ong th e sons of th e Ae sir ?

f or h e was not b orn of th e Aesir .

VAFT H B UDN I . In V a nah ei m wise owers ord ai ned p

and g a ve h im f or a h ostag e to th e God s a t th e d oom
of th e worl d h e shall c om e b k ac , h ome to th e wi se
.

W a ne s .
”
 MYTHO LOG Y O F THE N O RTH
( )
2 Th er e is l i
an al us on in Vol u spa to th e war
wh ih
c ca u se d the giving of h osta g es

O d i n sh ot int o th e h os t thi s was th e first wa r in

t h e worl d . k
B ro en wa s th e wall of t h e c ita d el of th e
Aes i r, so th at th e W anes c oul d trea d th e el d s of war
"
fi .

( )
3 L ki o taunts N j ord
'

wt ih his p siti
o on , in
L okasenna

Th ou wast sent f rom t h e east as a h ostag e to th e

God s
O D Thi Iw
.

“
NJ R s is m y c om f ort, th ough t as sen

I
.

f rom f ar as a h ostag e to th e G d o y s,h et a ve a s on

wh om
”
no one h ate s, an d h e is t h gouh h b t
t t f h e es o t e

Aesir
I y Nj o d hy p id I will h id
.

L O R . S ta , r ,
res tra n i t r e e

i t no l ong er w i
’
t hy son i s th i ne o d h
n s ster s s on, an t at

is no worse t ha n one woul d p

ex ec t.
”

TY B
”
. Fre yi s th e b est o f l l h b l d id
a t e f o r ers o

Asgar d .

Th i littl d ubt th t N J d w n
er e s e G d o a
_
or as o ce a o

o f high im p t n th n h i i n th Edd wh
er or a ce a e s e a, er e

he i v h d w d by h i n G i m m ugg
s o er s a o e s so . r
’
s s es

ti n th t h
o a nd th g dd N thu m nti n d
e a e o ess er s, e o e

by T itu wac b th nd i t i upp ted

s, er e ro er a s s er , s s or

by th li n in L k nn it i n i l t d f nc
e e o ase a s a so a e r e er e e,

a n d th G dd e h l ft n t h t
o in S ndi
ess as e o o er ra ces ca

n avi n m y th l gy
a Th y we th d iti p b bly
o o . e re e e es, ro a

a
g i
r cul tu l f n ra li g w h
,
o d p t ian by ear er a e, ose a o o

th e l t a erN th m n w xpl i n d by th st y f
or e as e a e e or o

th e m p t b tw n A i
co ac nd V n i eThen ee es r a a r.
 THE EDDA I THE DI VIN E : .

t h i pla
e r w e usu p d by F ey nd F yj
ces er r e r a re a,

wh w o p ibly e ted u t f pith t igin lly

er e oss cr a o o e e s or a

a pplied t th ld p i ; N jii d w
o e o t in d w i th
er a r r a s re a e

l en d i m p t n e N th u p d ut lt g th
ess e or a c , er s asse o a o e er .

Th Edd gi v
e N jo d
a gi nt b id S k d i wh
es r a a - r e, a ,
o

w as d m itted m n g th G d in t n m nt f
a a o e o s a o e e or

th l yi ng f h f th Thi i ; h e i littl m e
e s a o er a er az s s e or

th n a n m a F y nd F yj h v th m k
a e . re a re a a e o er ar s

o f g i ultu l d iti e
a r c b id t h i l ti n hip
ra e s, es es e r re a o s .

N thi ng i id b ut F y h n ging h p but ’

o s sa a o re s c a s a e,

F yj p
re a h wk d
osses ses a w h i h L ki b w a - r ess c o o rro s

wh n h wi h t h ng h i f m ; nd
e e s es o c ding a e s or a , ac cor

to Sn i F y w
or r ,
ifi d t f th c p
re as sac r ce o or e ro s.

N je d h pith t th w lth y wh i h m y
'
”
r n as a e e , e ea , c a

h v a u viv d f
e s r m hi eli nn xi n wi th t h
ro s ear er c o e o e

so il I n th t
. it w ul d xpl i n wh y i n S n
a cas e , i o e a , orr

a n d el ewh s h i G d f th er e, nd h ip
e n
s o o e sea a s s, o ce

th e p vin ro f th n g dd
ce o G fi n ; th e oc ea -
o ess e o e

t n f
ra n
s er e i n tu l n t n g wh
ce s a a ra o e o a a e ose

w l th
ea m f m th ca e ro e sea .

I n pit f th i
s igi n F y nd F yj b m
e o e r or ,
re a re a eco e

to a l l i n t nt n d pu p
e Ae i F y i t b
s a r oses s r. re s o e

o n f th
e o hi f mb t nt t R gn ok with th
e c e co a a s a a ar , e

fi regi nt Su t f h i nt g ni t nd t y i
-
a r or s a a o s ,
a a s or s

t ld t
o xpl in h i
o e d f t h f ll in l v with
a s e ea : e e o e

G d er gi nt m id nd
,
a a ifi d h i w d t g t
-
a ,
a sac r ce s s or o e

h er; h n h ei w p
ce n l e s t t
e h l t figh t
s ea o s a e as .

L ki llud t this pi d in L k en n
o a es o With e so e o as a

g ld did t thou b y Gym i d ughte nd g v t

o s u
’
s a r, a a es
 MYTHOLO GY O F THE NO RTH 25

th y swor d
for h er ; b ut w en h M u pell n s id ’
s so s r e

o erv Myr kwood , t ou s a t n ot h hl kn w with wh t o a

to fi ght ,
un h ppy
a on e.
”
The s ort y is t ld in full in o

F yj i ll d by Sn i the hi f G dd
re a s ca e orr c e o ess

a ft F igg nd th e t w
er r ,
”
s m tim
a nf d o a re o e es co use .

Lik h f the n d b the h m int n

e er a r a ro r, s e co es o co

n xi n with
e o th gi nt h i th beautiful
e a s s e s e

G dd s n d
o es v t d by th m Vol u p y th t
,
a co e e e . s a sa s a

t h G d w n t in t
e o s n u lt ti n t
e di uss wh o co s a o o sc o

h d giv n th b id
a e f 0d F eyj ) t th gi n t
e r e o r a o e a

ra ce Th ym k id l t h w th e gi nt Th ym
r s v a r e a es o a r

b g in d f F yj
ar a e th or n m f re Th a as e ra so or or s
’

h mm e whi h h h d hidd n nd h w L ki nd
a r, c e a e ,
a o o a

Th utwitt d him ; nd S n i y th gi n t
or o e a or r sa s e a s

b g ined f h
ar a th p i or f b il ding V l h ll
er as e r ce or u a a a,

but w u twi tt d
er e o Si G W D nt n ti
e . in r . . as e o c es

th f lk t l
e o th -
g na es f t ll n d gi n t t
e ea er ess o ro s a a s o

l n th d t il f th g i ul tu l p
ear e e a s o nd e a r c ra r ocesses, a

thi is p b bly th
s l ue t th d i f th Fr t
ro a e c o e es r e o e os

Gi nts i n th Edd f
a th p e i n f Fr yj a or e ossess o o e a.

I d unn th wif
,
f B gi e nd pu ly N e
e o ra ,
a a re or s

cr eat i n m t b
o ,
d ubl e f F yj ; h e to
see s o e a o o re a s , o,

a cc ording t Sn i i ied w y by th gi nt
o or r , s car r a a e a s

a nd u d by L ki
r esc e Th g ld n ppl whi h
o . e o e a es c

sh i t k p til l R g n
e s o k m in d u f th
ee a ar o re s o ose

w hi h F y ff
c d t G d nd the gift f et n l
re o er e o er a o er a

y uth f whi h th y the ym b l w ld b p

o , o c e ar e s o s, ou e a

p p ro i te n
r a ugh t F eyj o n g i ul tu l d ioty re a as a a r c ra e .
 THE EDDA I THE DIVI N E : .

Th e g
kl ac B i ing t l n by Loki nd
rea t nec e r s , s o e a

w n o b k
in figh t by H i md l (
ac ding t th e a a ccor o e

t nth
e ntu y S k ld Th j d ulf nd Ulf Ugg
-ce r n) i
a s o a aso , s

F yj p p ty On thi g nd h h be n
re
’
a s ro er . s r ou ,
s e as e

id ntifi d with th h in f S mpd g nd M ngl d

e e e er o e o
’

a a e a ,

a p m und ubt dly l d th gh it h nly m

oe o e o ,
ou as o co e

d wn in p pe M SS I t i in t w p t th fi t
o a r . s o ar s, e rs

t lli ng h w S ipd g
e ou d th S ibyl G v hi a ar o se e r oa , s

m th e
o t giv h i m p ll t g
r, o d h im n h i
e s e s o uar o s

j u n y ; th
o r e nd de ibing h i
e secoing th e w ll scr s cr oss a

o f fi whi h re u n d d h i f t d b id
c M ngl d
su r r o e s a e r e e a .

If M ngl d i e lly F yj th N kl gl d
a s r ea re a, e ec a ce - a ,
”

it i u i
s a c in id n th t n p m nn t
r ou s c o c e ce a o e oe co ec s

th w v l w
e a ing f fi with F y l f
er o e , or r o re , re a so or

hi b id Ge d i p t t d i n th
s r e r m w y th ug h
s r o ec e e sa e a ,
o

h i e v n t S ki ni goe th o gh it i n h i pl e
s s r a r s r u s ac

S KI B N I Gi ve m e the h orse t h at wi ll
“
ear m e b
k
.

th roug h th e d a r magi c waverl owe, a nd th e sword th at

fi gh ts of i tsel f ag ainst th e g iant -r ace . ”

FR EY gi ve tIh e e t h e h or se th a t wil l b ear th ee

km
.

throug h th e da r ag i c waverl owe, and th e sword t h at

will figh t of i tself if h e i s ol d b
wh o h ears i t ”
.

(S ki r ni sf or .

Th e xi
c onn e on of b oth i h th Mid um m fi
w t e s er r es,

igin lly p
or a ar t of a n a g i ultu l itu l n h dly
r c ra r a , ca ar

b d ubt d
e o e .

L oki , or Lopt, is a str an g e fi gu r e. H e is ad

m itted am on g th e A sie r, t h ugh

o not o ne of t e m h
 MYTH OLOGY O F THE N O RTH 27

by bi th nd hi whol l ti n t th m p int
r ,
a s e re a o o e o s

t o h i b i ng n ld
s e l m nt l G d H i in
a o er e e e a o . e s

a lli n with th m g in t th gi nt ; h nd
a ce e a a s e a s e a

O din h v w n bl d b th hip
a e s ording t oo -
ro er s ,
a cc or o

L k nn
o a se nd ha, h lp Th ta hi e e s or o r e c over s

h mm
a th t A g d m y b d f n d d g in t th
er a s ar a e e e e a a s e

gi nt On th th h nd whil in p nt lli
a s. e o er a ,
e r ese a

a n with th G d h i h i f gent in th i fut

ce e o s, e s c e a e r u re

d t u ti n nd this th y kn w I n S n i h i
es r c o ,
a e o . or r ,
e s

a m i hi v u pi i t f t h f i y t l kin d x e i ing
sc e o ss r o e a r -
a e ,
e rc s

h i in g n ity lt n t ly i n g tting th G d in t
s e u a er a e e e o s o

d iffi ultic n d i n g ttin g t h m

es, a ut g i n S h e e o a a . o e

b t y I d unn t th gi n t nd d li
e ra s he ; ho e a s, a e ve r s r e

m k a th b g in by whi h F yj i p m i d t
es e ar a c re a s ro se o

th e gi nt build
a f V l h ll
-
nd in v nt th
er s o a a a, a e s e

t i k by whi h t h y
r c h t d f th i p i ; by
c e ar e c ea e o e r r ze

killing th tt h en d ng h i wn h d O din
e o er e a er s s o ea ,
’
s

a nd H ni oe nd h e bt in th g ld whi h buy
’
s, a o a s e o c s

th i e r t n m nt
a o Hen in th y t m ti ing f
e e . ce , e s s e a s o

th Vik in g ligi n th p n ibility f B ldr ’

e re o , e r es o s or a s

d th l w t n f d t him At th m ing
ea a so as ra s erre o . e co

o f th fi e gi nt t R gn ok he i t t e th
r e- a s a a ar ,
s o s e r e

s hip in wh i h M u pel l ns il ( Vol u p ) fu th

c s
’
s so sa s a , r er

evid nce f h i id ntity

e o fi pi it Lik hi n
s e as a r e-s r . e s so

th W lf h i
e o h in d by th G d ; th pi d
, e s c a e e o s e e so e

i l t d in p
s re a e pi fii x d t L k n n
a r ose -
ec e a e o o ase a

“
After th at L o i h i d h i m sel f in Franang r s k
oss
'
F
i n th e f orm of a sa l m on h ere th e Ae si r c a ug h t h i m
,

T
b
. .

H e was ound with th e g uts of h is son Nari . but hi s

 THE EDDA : I THE DIVI N E .

son Narfi was c h a nged into a wol f Skad i too k a

pi k
.

o s onous sna e a nd fa stened i t up over L okr 8 fac e ,

a nd the p oi son d ro pp d
wi fe, sat
e d own S ig y n, Lo i k ’
s

p
.

th ere an d h e l d a c up und er t h e oi son B ut wh en i t

p p y
.

wa s f ull sh e oured th e oi s on a wa , a nd m ean wh i l e

poi son d ro pp
ed on Lo i , a nd h e str ug gl ed so h ard tha t k
all th e ear th sh oo ; th ose a re ca l l ed earth q ua es k k
now.

inse t lines
Volusp a ponding t thi p s
r s cor res o s a

sa ge fte th e B ld pi de nd S n i m ke it
a r a r e so ,
a orr a s

n equ n f L ki h in th t ev nt ’
a co s e ce o o s s a re a e .

H i m e p i l ly g nt f th d m th ugh
s or e es ec a a e o e oo ro

hi h ild n
s c t R g n ok F n i th W lf b un d
re a a ar , e r e o ,
o

l ng b f
o by Ty h lp will b f d nd
e ore r s
’
e , e r ee , a

s w ll w t ha o n V
( f thm d n i
e m l )
su n d O d i n a s a a

V
( f tham i m bm l nd V o
cl p ) n d Ja m n ga n d us a a or u a r,

t h G i nt S n k
e will i
a -
f m th a wh
e, h r se ro e sea er e e

li u l d und th w ld t l y nd b l in by
es c r e ro e or ,
o s a a e s a

Th Th d g n
or . w ithing in th w v
e ra i
o
’

n s r e a es s o e

o f th t ken t h e ld R g n ok nd h i b ttl
o s o e ra a ar ,
a s a e

wi th Th i th e fie cest om b t f th t d y O nly
or s r c a o a a .

V lusp f ou p m s gives ny un t f it
’ ‘

o a o r oe a acco o

Then mes the gl i u n f H l d yn O din

co or o s so o o ,
’
s

n g t m t th pent Midg d gu di n ’
so oes o ee e ser ar s ar a

l y him in hi g but
s a s ly n E th n
s ra e, scar ce ca ar
’
s so

r eel b k n i n f t f m th d g n
ac e ee ro e ra o .
”

Wh n Th g fi hing with th e gi nt E ymi h e

e or oes s a ,

te ifi h is m p ni n by d gging th e n k s
’
rr es co a o ra s a e

h d t f th e
ea ou but h e d oe n t sl y i t it m u t
o sea , s o a s

w it the e till R gna ok :

a r a r
 30 THE EDDA : I . THE DIVIN E
m orta l m en und er t h e th i rd T h e sq ui rrel . is c al l ed

Ra ta tosk wh o sh al l r un over Yg gd ra si l s as h he sh all

'

c arr yd own the eag l e s

’
word s, and tell th em t o N i d h iigg
bl e ow. Th ere a re f our h arts, wi th nec k s th rown b k ac

p
,

wh o g naw off th e sh oots M ore ser e nts li e und er

k
.

Yg gd rasi l s as h th an any nows Of ni

’
one and S vaf ni
I k w wil l
.

w twig s
Yg g d ra sil s
’ ’
no g h e ver na at t e tree s

h d h ip
.

ash fi msn ers h ore ar s s t an m en know th e h a rt

bi b te s a h id d
ove, y t e s e ec a s, and N id h ogg g naws
blw e o Yg g d
. il h i ras
’
s as s th e b est of trees .

The sna k e an d th e t ree ar e f am i li ar in othe r

m ty h l gi th gh in m t th
o o es, ses th ou os o er c a e s n k a e

i th p t t
s e whil h h i th d t y
r o ec or , e er e e s e e s r o er .

B th N id h iigg n d J fi m ung n d
o x m pl f
a r a r ar e e a es o

th d t ying d g n th th n th t
e es ro ra o ra er a e r ea su r e

gu di n Th A h i th
ar a . l th j u dgm nt
e s s e or a c e : e e

pl f th G d th d w llin g f th F t
ac e o e o th s, e e o e a es , e

so u f th
rce o p ing f kn wl dg e s r o o e e .

R a g n ar ok — Th e Twil igh t of th e God s (or

. D m oo

o f th e G d ) i th nt
o s l p int f th e Viking
s e ce ra o o

re ligi n Th R gin ( f whi h R gn i g ni tiv

o . e e o c a a s e e

plu l ) the uli ng p w

ra ar e ft n ll d Gi nn gin
r o ers, o e ca e re

( t h g
e e t G
r ad U
) pp g (
i n t h
o s high G d, ) Th ym re e o s ,
r

re gin (th w i G d ) Th w d i mm nly

e ar r or o s . e or s co o

u sed f th A i in V61u p ; in Al i m l th R gin

o e es r s a v ss a e e

se e m t b di ting ui h d f m b t h A i
o e s nd V ni s e ro o es r a a r.

Th wh l
e t y f th A i i
o e s or v h d w d by
o e es r s o ers a o e

kn wl dg f thi m ing d m th tim wh n

o e e o s co oo ,
e e e

t h y h ll m t f
e s a m t eeible th n th gi nt
oes or e er r a e a s,
 MYTHOL OGY OF THE N O RTH 31

a nd f ll b f th m ; th i n t nt ff t i t
a e or e e e r co s a e or s o

l n wh t will h pp n then n d t g th th i
ea r a a e , a o a er e r

f e t g th t m t it Th m ing R gn ok i
or c s o e er o ee . e co a ar s

the on f
r eas th xi t n f V lh ll with itor e e s e ce o a a a s

h t f l in w i
os s o nd f l l th G d O di n
s a arr or s a o a e o s, ,

Th Ty nd Loki
or , m t l r ly nn ted
a ar e os c ose co ec

with it Tw p m . f th v e Edd d ib ito oe s o e rse a escr e

( )
1 Vaf thm d n ismal
V W h a t i s th e pl ain c al l ed wh ere S urt a nd t he
bl b
.

”
essed God s sh al l m eet i n a ttl e ?
O Vi grid is t h e na m e of th e lace wh ere S urt p and

bl b
.

th e essed God s sh al l m eet i n a ttl e It is a h und red

y b
.

”
m il e s ever wa y i t is t h eir d esti ned a ttl e- fie l d .

O W h enc e s hal l th e su n c om e on th e s m ooth

F
.

h eave n wh en e nt i h as d e stroyed th i s one ?

V “
B ef ore Es a ri des tro y h er, t h e el f -
b eam s h a l l

b
.

ear a d augh ter : th a t m ai d sh a l l ri d e al ong h er

m oth er s
’
p wh en th e G od s eri sh
ath s, p
O
.

. Wh ic h of th e Aesir sha l l r ul e over th e rea l m s

’ ”
of th e God s, wh en S urt fi re i s q ue nc h ed ?
s

V . Vi d ar an d V al i sh a l l d well i n t h e sanc tuar y of

t h e G od s wh en S urt
’
fi re i s q uenc h ed
s M od i . a nd

M agni sh all h av e Mj iill ni a t t h e e nd of Vi ngn i s

’

Th ) or s
’
c om b a t.
”

“
W h at sh a ll b e O d in end , wh e n th e Go d s
'
0 s

p ihI
.

‘
er s

V .
“
Th e W ol f wil l swa l l ow th e f a th er of m en ;
Vid a r wi l l a veng e it H e wi l l c l e a ve th e W ol f ’
s c ol d

j b
.

aws
”
in th e attl e.

A h ag si ts eas twa rd in I ronwood a nd rea r s

’
Fent r 8
c hi l d ren one of t h e m al l , in trol l s s h ape, s h al l be t h e
 THE EDDA I THE DIVIN E : .

s un s
’
d estro y er . He sh al l f ee d on th e l i ve s of d ea th
d oomed m en wi th red bl ood h e sh al l red d e n th e s ea t
of th e God s Th e s unsh ine b k
sh al l g row l ac , a ll wi nd s
y I
.

wil l be unf r i end l i n th e a te r -su f mm er s see

ok f h
.

f urth er i n t h e f uture th e great a na r R g o t e G od s of

V i ctor y
H ei m d al l ows l oudl y , th e h orn i s on b
b
.

h i g h ; Yg gd rasil s ash tr e m l es as i t sta nd s, th e ol d tree

’

g r oa ns .

The f ll wing li n s t ll f the fi gi nt nd th

o o e e o re -
a s a e

v i us m b ts nd th l t ecti n f th e p m
ar o co a ,
a e as s o o oe

de l with n w w ld wh n B ld B ad nd
a s a e or e a r, a

m b k t th d w lli ng pl e f
'

H nioe e t ar o co e ac o e e -
ac o

th G d
e o s.

Th wh l ep i nt t b li f i n th
o e lyo s o a e e e ear

dest u ti n f th w ld nd th e p in g w y f
r c o o e or a ass a a o

th ld
e o d f th ing Wh eth th n w w l d
or er o s . er e e or

wh i h Vf tkm d n i m l nd Vol u p b th p ph y
c a s a a s a o ro es

b l ng t th igin l id
e o s o n t i e di put d
or a ea or o s a s e

p int P b bly it d not ; t ll vent n n

o . ro a oes a a e s, o e

of th ld A ie odi ng t th p m t
es r , acc or o e oe s, ar e o

su viv
r f M di nd M gni
e, or n t l ly G d
o a a ar e o r ea o s

at l l B ld H od nd V l i b l n g t
a , a r, n th m y th a a e o o a o er ,

H ni h d p
oe d ut f th hie h y by hi
a as se o o e r ar c s

ex h ng wit h N jo d nd Vid
c a e igin i ob u ’

r ,
a a r s or
’
s sc re .

pi n
T h e E i nh erj ar , th e h n g r eat c h am o s or c ose

w i intim t ly nn t d with R gn ok
a r r ors, a r e a e co ec e a ar .

All w i s wh f ll i n b ttl t k n t O di n
’
a rr or o a a e ar e a e o s

h ll f th l in V lh ll A ding to G i m
a o e s a , a a a. c c or r

ni m l h e
s ch ooses e
a ,
y d y m n d e d by th e v er a e a
 MYTHOLOGY O F THE N O RTH 33

sw or d hi V lky i id t b ttl t gi th s a r es r e o a e o ve e

vi t y n d b ing in th f ll n H n Odi n i th
c or a r e a e . e ce s e

giv f vi t y L ki i n L k nn t unt h im
er o c or . o o a se a a s

wi t h givin g vi t y t th w n g idc or Th u o e ro s e o

h t n ve k n wn h w t d id t h b ttl m ng
as e r o o o ec e e a e a o

m n e Th u h t ft n gi n vi t y t t h
. o as to e ve c or o ose o

wh m t h u
o h ld t n t gi it t th m
o s ou s o ve , o e or e

w dly ; thi n d u bt w i n de t u th
”
co ar s, o o ,
as or r o sec re e

b t fi gh t
es f V lh l l Th t th d f t d id
er s or a a a. a e e ea e s e

so m t ime n l d th m lv with thi xpl n

es co so e e se es s e a a

ti n f n t bl w i f ll i p v d by th t nth ’
o o a o a e ar r or s a s ro e e e

ce nt y di g n Ei ik Bl d x wh Sigm und
ur r e o r oo a e, er e

th V l u n g
e k in V lh ll
o s asW hy did t th u
s a a a : s o

t k e th vi t y f m h im if th u t h ugh t t him
a e c or ro ,
o o es

b v 2 nd Odin pli
ra e a B it i u n re es eca u se s c er

t in w h n t h g y W lf wi ll
a e em t th re t f o co e o e sea o

th eG d Th o s.
”
im il line in Ey ind
er e ar e s ar s v
’
s

di g n H k n th G d I n thi w y h t w
r e o a o e oo . s a a os as

co ll t dec e dy f R gn ok f G im n i m l
r ea or a ar or r s a

sa y s Th fi h un d d d
er e ar e nd ighty in ve re oors a e

V l h ll
a ight hund d E inh j w ill g ut
a a e re er ar o o

f m
ro h d eac w h n t h y g t fig h t th w lf
oor , e e o o e o
”

M nwhil th y figh t nd f t
ea e e All th a eas e

E in h j i n O d in figh t y d y th y’
er ar u t s co r s e ver a : e

c h e th l in n d id f m th b ttl n d it
oos e s a a r e ro e a e, a s

t h en in p t g th V ”
( f
ea ce tk u d ni m l
o e
) n d t h er a r s a , a e

V lky i b
a r es l t th m ear a e o e

It i ft n t h tily um d th t th N
s o e oo as a ss e a e or se

R gna k with th d p nd nt V lh ll y t m
ar o e e e a a a a s s e ar e

C
 34 THE EDDA I THE DIVIN E : .

in g t p t th
r ea ut m arf Ch i ti n in flu en
e o co e o r s a ce

o f n im it t i n f th Ch i ti n J dgm nt D y
a a o o e r s a u e a

a nd th Ch i ti n h v n p tiv ly Owing t
e r s a ea e r es ec e . o

th l t n
e f u
a e m t i l it i
ess o f u
o r a er a ,
s, o c o r se ,

i m p ibl t d id h w l d th b l i f m y b
oss e o ec e o o e e e s a e,

but it i lik ly th t th V l h ll
s e id nly t ak e a a a ea o oo

f m t th y t m ti i ng f th m yth l gy i n th
or a e s s e a s o e o o e

Vikin g g T h b li f i n n th
a e . w ld f e th e e a o er or or e

d d i h w v by n m n x l iv ly Ch isti n
ea s, o e er , o ea se c us e r a ,

a nd f n in G i m ni m l gg t th ld
a r e er e ce r s a su es s e o er

s y t m u t f whi h nd th i nfl n f th
s e o o c ,
u er e ue ce o e

R gn ii k id
a ar V l h ll w d v l p d Th li n
ea , a a a as e e o e . e es,

Th nin th h l l i F lk ng w h
e aF yj u l ths o va , er e re a r es e

or d i ng fer t in th o h ll ; h lf t h
sea s l in h e a a e s a s e

c h y d y O din h th th h lf
ooses eve r a ,
n as e o er a ,
”
a re a

e vid n t vi l f b li f th t ll th d d w nt
e s ur va o a e e a a e ea e

t lio w ith t h G d O din h i ng th

ve e m n nd o s, av e e , a

F yj ( m
re a p b bly F igg) th w m n ; th
or or e ro a r e o e e

id b ing h
ea e nf u d with th l t y t m
er e co se e a er s s e ,

und wh i h
er nly th wh
c f ll i n b ttl w
o ose o e a e er e

c h n by t h G d
ose C h i ti n l u in g pp
e o s . r s a co o r a ea r s

i n th l t li n f Val p nd in Sn i wh
‘

e as es o us a a orr , er e

m n e divid d in t th g d nd m l wh
ar e e o e
“
oo a ora ,
”
o

g o f t a d t h ert h lleaf d g ld n d ot h a a o re o , a e

p j nd m
er u r e r s a d wh nt t h ll
ur er er s , o are se o a a

o f n k s a es .

F R gn or k l a h th n ar o igin i t l t
a so a ea e or s a eas

as p b bl ro Ch i ti n n I w uld gg t
a e as a r s a o e . o su es as

a p ibility th t th exp t ti n f th Twilight f

oss a e ec a o o e o
 MYTHOLOGY O F THE N O RTH 35

th e G o d s h v g
m ay a e r own o u t of som e r it l ua con

n e c te d wi t h t h lip e ec se , s uc h as is f q re u e nt am on g
h e at h e n r a c es. Suc h c er em on es i ar e a tac it
ac kn wl dgm nt f d ub t n d if th y v
o e e o a o ,
a e e er

exi t d m ng th S ndin vi n th p ibility

s e a o e ca a a s, e o ss ,

e ver p nt t th v g m in d f tim wh n
r e se o e sa a e ,
o a e e

hi ff t t h lp t h ligh t m igh t b f uitl

s e or s o e nd e e r ess , a

th d k n p v th t ng w uld b th e
e ar ess ro e e s ro er , o e

g m
er f h i m o ivil i ed ds nd n t b li f i
or en c s esce a
’
s e e

R agnar iik .

By tu nin g t th u viving p m f th Sk l d
r o e s r oe s o e a s,

wh dt
ose n b
a es pp xim t ly k n d f m
ca e a ro a e r ec o e ro

th e sag w n fix n i nf i lim it f
as, e ca t in f a er or or c er a o

t h l g n d giv n b
e e e s pl ing th m d finit ly in
e a ov e , ac e e e

th e h t h n t im
ea R f n h as l dy be n
e e . e er e ce a r ea e

m d t th
a e o b ti n f th V lh ll beli f
e cor r o or a o o e a a a e

su ppl i d by th l gi
e n Ei i k Bl ed x nd e e es o r oo a e a

H k n th G d I n th f m ( wh i h i n ny
a o e oo . e or er c s a o

m ou s,bu t m t h v b n w i tt n us n ft 9 50
a e ee r e soo a er ,

s i n it w m p d n Ei ik d th by h i wif
ce a s co ose , o r
’
s ea , s e s
’

or d ) O din m m nd th E in h j nd V l
er s ,
co a s e er ar a a

ky i t p p f th
r es o re pti n f th l in Ei ik
are or e r ece o o e s a r

a nd h i h t in
s n os n kn w h w
, s n th G d
ce o o e o s o soo e o s

will n d t g thee th i fo t g th
a f th
er e r or c es o e er or e

g t nt t Ey ind di g n H k n (wh f ll
r ea co es . v
’
s r e o a o o e

i n 9 7 0) i n i mi t t i n
s a f th i Odin nd tw a o o s : se s o

V lky i t h
a r es king t nt hi
o c oose vi a o e er s ser ce

in V l h lla t h y fin d H k n
a a n th b ttl fi l d
e a o o e a e -
e ,

a nd h i l in with m ny f h i f ll w
e s s a G t a o s o o er s . r ea
 THE EDDA I THE DIVI N E : .

p p re i i m d in V lh ll f h is
ar at on s a ep ti n a a a or r ece o ,

a nd th e poet nd by c ng tul ting H k n (wh

e s o ra a a o o,

th ugh
o Ch isti n h vin g b en educated in
a r a ,
a e

Engl nd h d not inte f d with th h e th n

a ,
a r er e e a e

a lt nd
ar s a c ifice ) n th
sa r t l ti n whi h h
s o e o e ra o c as

sec ru ed hi m u h w l m A till ea lie poet

s c a e co e . s r r ,

H n kl fi w iting d u i ng th
or o , r ign f H ld r e re o ara

F i h i (wh di ed in
a r a r ll des t th e sl in
o a u o a as

th p p e ty f y d h u b nd of F igg ”
e ro th rn o e o e e -
e s a r .

S v e l Sk lds m nti n l g nds of Th h i

era a e o e e or s

fi hi ng f
s th e W ld S n k i t ld by Br gi (wh
or or -
a e s o a o

f m h i pl i n g n l gi m u t h
ro s ace w itt n
e ea o es s av e r e

bef or e nd by Ulf Ugg a n nd Ey t in V l aso a s e a

d as u b th in th e
o , o n d h lf f th t nth nt u y ;
seco a o e e ce r

a nd Thj d l f n d Eilif (t h f
o u me
a b ut 9 60 th e or r a o , e

l tt
a littl l te ) t ll t l f h i fights with th
er a e a r e a es o s e

gi nt Tu ning t th th God Egil Sk ll

a s. r o e o er s, a a

g i m on ( bout 9 70) n m F y nd N jti d as th

r ss a a es re a r e

g iv e s f
r w e alth
o B gi t ll th sto y of G fi n ra e s e r e o
’
s

d agg ing th e i l nd f Zea l nd ut f L k W n

r s a o a o o a e e er

int th e se ; and Ulf Ugg n speak of H im d l

o a aso s e a s
’

wre tling with L ki

s o .

Th e l gen d f I d un n i t ld by Th jod ul f m u h
e o s o c as

Sn i tell it : O di n H n i nd L ki whil
orr s n ,
oe a o , e o a

j u
o rn ey kill ,
n d t n x aT h gi nt Thi
r oas i a o . e a az

woops d wn in e gl h p nd d m nd h ; ’
s o a es s a e a e a s a s a re

L ki st ikes th e g l e wh fli off with h im

o r ea , o es ,

re leasing him nl y n n d iti n th t h w ll b t y

o o co o a e r e ra

to th giants I d un n
e
“ th h lin g m id wh ,
e car e -
ea a o
38 THE EDDA I : . TH E DIVI N E
is n ot h m se i
g n l th lf nd u tin f d d e era e co c or o ea

sou sl ( t x mé ) lik th R m n G d hi tt n
r v orro r c , e e o a o ,
s a e

d nt V lky i p f mi ng th fli f hi m Th
a a r es er or e o
‘
ce or . e

e qu ti n i nly m p h n ibl n th p um pti n

a o s o co re e s e o e r es o

o f th i n d p n d n
e f G m n i m yt h l gy n d
e e e ce o er a c o o ,
a

ca nn t b o xpl i n d by t n m i i n F if O din
e e a e ra s ss o or

we i n ny d g
re n i m it t i n
a f th R m n
e r ee a a o o e o a

d ity th n t bl tt ibut f th l tt w uld

e ,
o er o a e a r es o e a er o

h v b n
a e ign d t h im wh
ee ass in th Edd
e o : er ea s e a

th t hi vin g G d (wh i m ) i n t O di n b t L ki
e e o t
-
s s o u o ,

a n d th f nde f ivili ti n i H i m d l
ou er o c sa o s e a .

T h l g n d f th
e e igin f th L m b d giv n
e o e or o e o ar s e

by P ulu Di n ill t t th l ti n f Odi n

a s aco us u s r a es e re a o s o

a nd F igg Th V n d l
r . k d W d n ( O d in ) t
e a a s as e o a o

g n
ra t t h m i t y e t h Vi n ili t h
v c or l tt m dov e r e e a er a e

a s im il p y t F ( F igg) th wif f W d n
ar ra er o rea r , e e o o a .

Sh d i d th m t m k th i wiv ti th i h i
e a v se e o a e e r es e e r a r

ro un d th i f lik b d nd g with th m t
e r a ces e ea r s, a o e o

m t W d n i n th m ni n g
ee o a T h y d id nd
e or . e so , a

W d n x l im d W h
o a e th
c a L ng b
e d ?
,
o are ese o -
ea r s

Th n F e id th t h ving giv n th Vinili

r ea sa a a e e a

n m a h m u t giv th m t h vi t y (
e, e s H l gi in
e e e c or as e

t h Edd e l im gift f m S
a c a wh n h n m
s a ro va v a e s e a es

h im ) A i n Gfl m ni m l O din n d F igg
. s s a ,
a r ar e

re p nt d r ese
p p t i n g
e i l l
a s sui m n d F igg or r va c a s, a r

g i n th d y f h f
a s e ait by p i or er a v ou r es su er or

c un n ing Thi l g n d l h w Odin th gi

. s e e a so s o s as e v er

o f vi t y c or .

F w h th n l g n d
e ea e t ld h w
e eby th e s ar o o e ver ese
 MYTH O LOGY O F THE N O RTH
ear ly Ch i ti n w it r s n d th aG d r ld m er s, a e o s a re se o

ca lled by th i G m n n m e r A n x pti n i
er a a es . e ce o s

t h F i i n F i t m nti n d by Al i n ( wh di d
e r s a os e e o e cu o e

8 04) nd by l t a w it ; h i t b
a er id n ti fi dr er s e s o e e e

with th N F t i th n f (p b bly t
e orse or se , e so o ro a a

fi t n pith t f ) B ld but n l g n d f h i m i
rs a e e o a r, o e e o s

t ld
o I t i di pp i nt i ng th t th
. s sa w it oh uld a ese r er s s o

h v id littl f ny G d x pt th h i f n
a e sa so e o a o e ce e c e o e .

A v y h t i ti t u h vi i n G g y f
er c a ra c e r s c o c s ur v es re or o

T u (di d
o rs w h n t h F nk Chl d ig t ll
e e e ra o v e s

h i Ch i ti n wi f th t th C h i ti n G d
s r s a e nn t a e r s a o ca o

be p v d t b ro ef th of th G d e n id
o e r a ce o e o s, a ea

e nt i ly rei n k ping wit h t h Edd i hi

ee hy e c er ar c .

B f l ving th C ntin nt l hi t i n f n
e or e ea e o e a s or a s , r e er e ce

m y b m d t th
a e b n d nt vid n f G
a e o e a u a e e ce o er

m nia t cw h i p t b g th
r ee- d f m th m
or s o e a er e ro e .

T h h lye k m nti n d by W i l i b l d (b f
o oa e 7 o e a e or e

th e d p t
sacr e f C n t nt i u
ear -
with
r ee o o s a s

n um u th
er o s u pply p o ll l t th W ld
er s , s a ra e s o e or

A h whi h i
s im p t n t
c s f t so f N or a a ea u r e o orse

m yt h l gy o o .

A tu dy f th i
s bj t w uld b i n m pl t
o s su ec o e co e e

with ut o m f n t th m yth l gy f S x
so e r e er e ce o e o o o a o

G m m ti u
ra H i t ti m n y n th
a c s. ld ligi n
s es o o e o re o

i unwi lling
s n d hi ff t t di
, a dit it v y i s e or o sc r e er ev

d nt Th bitt n
e . f hi
e tt k n F igg
er p
ess o s a ac o r es e

i lly ugg t t h t h w
c a s es s m ng th N th m n
a s e a s, a o e or e ,

a f m id bl iv l t th Vi gin Wh n h pe t
or a e r a o e r . e e re a s

a l g nd f th G d h t n f m th m int
e e o e o s, e ra s or s e o
40 DDA I THE DIVIN E
TH E E : .

m t l h
or a n d wh n er oe s , ft n h pp n h e
a e , as o e a e s,

f t th m id nt lly G d h in v i bly
r e er s o e acc e a as o s, e ar a

h t n t p t t th t h d
as e s o r o es n ly b u it a e oes so o eca se

h d b n th
a ee t m H d ib Th nd Odin
e c us o . e esc r es or a

as m n e d in y wh l i m d th nk f
v er se sor ce r o c a e e ra o

G d ; nd i n n th
o s a p g h Sp k f th a o er assa e e ea s o e

l tt
a er king wh h d hi
as a t t Up l ond a s sea a sa a , a

wh w o f l ly dit d with di in ity th gh ut

as a se c re e v r ou o

E u p H i d ipti n f Odi n g
ro e . s wi th th t
esc r o o a r ees a

i n th Edd e n ld m n f g a : t t t
a o nd a o r ea s a ure a

mi gh ty in b ttl n y d w in g g t l k
a e, o e e -
e , ear a r ea c oa ,

a nd n t n tly w n d
co ing b ut i n d i g i
s a a Th e er a o s u se .

t y whi h S x t ll
s or c f h i d i i n g i nt
a o b ttle
e s o s r v o a

with H ld VV t th di gui d th l tt ’
ar a ar - oo ,
s se as e a er s

c h i t
ar o eer B n nd tu n ing th figh t g in t h im
ru ,
a r e a a s

by v ling t h i n m y Ring th d f b t tl
re ea o s e e e or er o a e

whi h h h d i n n t d f H ld dv nt g is ’
c e a ve e or ar a s a a a e,

i n th gh g m n t with t h t diti n l h
or ou a r ee e e ra o a c a

t
r a c er f th G d wh
o b t y d Sigm un d th
e o o e ra e e

V l ng nd H lgi H und ing b n S x v i n

o su a e s a e . a os
’
ers o

o f th B ld e t y h a b n m nti n d l dy
r s or as ee e o e a r ea .

B ld t n f m ti n int h (wh
a r s
’
ra s or ld nly
a o o a er o o c ou o

b l i n by w d in th k ping f w d ty )
e s a a s or e ee o a oo -
sa r

is a lm t m pl t
os B t O din n d Th
co e e nd .l l th u a or a a e

G d figh t f
o s hi m g in t h i oriv l H th ; a a s s r a o er so

th t it m igh t b
a ll d b ttl f G d g in t e ca e a a e o o s a a s

m n e n d N nn a x t B l d th t
a G d
’
a s e c u se o a r a
“
a o

c ou ld n t w d w ith m t l p
o e v t a f or a ,
”
re ser es a race o

hi igin Th h in d L ki pp
s or . in S x
e c a e o a ear s a o as
 A P P E N DI X

Tu a r msxe A.

1 THE N W i ng -T hor was ang r y wh h en e a wo k e, and

k hi h d
.

m issed hi s h am m er H e sh oo s ear , h e tossed h i s

p b f it
.

h air, t h e son of E ar th g ro e d a out or

pk
.

2 And fi
rs t of al l h e s o e t h ese word s H ear now,
k I
.

Lo i , wha t tell th ee , a t hi ng t ha t no one i n earth or

b
h ea ven a ove ha s h ea rd : t h e Asa has b bb
e en r o ed of
h i h mms l a er

3 T h y w t t th d w lli g f f i F y j
e en o d h
e e n o a r re a, a n t ese

p k fi t f l l W il th l d m F yj
.

w d h or s e s o e rs o a : t ou en e, re a,

thy f h d ea tt if Ier fi d m y h mm
re ss, o see? c an n a er

F Y A I w l d gi i h th gh i w f
4 RE J
“
ou ve t t ee , ou t ere o

I
. .

”
g ld
o w ld g t i t h ou
g h i t w f il
ran t ou ere o s ver.

5 Th L ki fl w h f
,

. en h o c t t
e l d, til
t h e eat er - oa r us e , un e

ca m e out of Asgard and i nto Jii tunh eim .

6 Th rym , l ord of th e Giants, sa t on a h owe h e t wis ted

b y
.

’
g ol d e n and s f or hi s g re h ound s and t ri mm e d hi s h orses

m anes .

“
7 TH R Y M
. H ow i s i t wi th t h e Aesi r ? H ow is it wi th
.

th e El ves ? W h y art th ou c om e al one i nto J6tunh eim ?

L K O I
I t i s i ll wi th th e Aesir, i t is ill with t h e
T
.

E l ves ; h ast th ou hi d d en t h e h und erer s h amm er ?

’

8 TB B Y M
“
I
h ave h id d en t h e Th und erer s hamm er
’

b b
. .

e ig h t mi l es el ow t h e earth N o m an shall ring i t

b k b yj
.

”
ac , unl ess h e ri ng m e Fre a t o wif e

k
.

9 Th en L o i fl e w t h e f ea th e r-coat r ustl ed , unti l h e

T
.
,

c am e out of Jiit unh ei m a nd i nto Asg ard h or m e t .

 APPEN DIX 43

h im i n th e mid d l e of th e c ourt , and th ese word s h e

s pk
o e fi r st :

10 .
“
H as t th ou news in ro ortion to th y toil ? ell p p T
m e from on h igh th y di stant ti din g s, f or a si tting m an
of te n b k
rea s d own i n h i s st or , a nd h e wh o li es d own y
f al l s into f als eh ood
Ib
.

11 L o xr ri ng n ews f or m y toil Th rym , l or d of

b
. .

th e Giants h a s th y h amm er ; no m an s h al l ri ng i t

b k k F yj b
.

”
a c , unl ess h e ta e h i m re a as a rid e

T y F yj p k
.

12 h e went to see fai r re a, s o e to h er rst of fi

b yj
.

al l t h es e word s B ind on th e ri d a l vei l , Fre a, we tw o

m ust d ri ve t o Jotunh eim ”

y F yj
.

13 Ang r th e n wa s re a sh e panted , so t h at all th e

b k
.

h al l o f t h e Aesir trem l e d , a nd t h e grea t B riei ng ne c

l a c e f ell : E ag er ind ee d f or m arri ag e woul d st th ou t h in k
I
m e, i f sh oul d d ri ve wi t h th ee to Jii tnnh ei m
”

T
.

14 h en al l t h e Ae sir went i nto c ouncil , and al l

y
.

t h e Asynj or to c onsul ta ti on, a nd th e m ig h t G od s d is

c ussed h ow th e y sh oul d r ec o ver th e Th und erer s
’

h amm er
Th p k H im d l w hi t f th A i h
.

15 en s o e e a tes o e es r ; e

l ik h V i bi d
.
,
“
cou ld i t
see h f n o t e L uture e t e an r : et u s n
on Th h b id l il l h im h th g
or t e r a ve k
; et a ve e r ea t nec

l
a ce B i i g r s n

h k y j gl
.

“
d l t w m w d f ll
’
16 L et t e e s in e, a n e o en s ee s a

b hi k b b
. .

a out l
s p n ees ; d h i
et us ut roa stones on s rea st,

ly
”
an d h d d
a oo hi h d
ext erous on s ea

17 Th p k Th h migh ty A Vil w l d
.

en s o e or, t e sa; e ou

l l m if I l h b id l il b b
.

t h A i
e es r c a e, d et t e r a ve e oun on

m e

p k L ki L f y Sp k
.

h “
18 Th
’
en s o e o an e s son : ea not s uc
Th
. ,

w d or s , will h Gi
or d w ll i A g d
soon t l e a nt s e n s ar un ess

b i g h m h y h mm
,
”
t h ou r n o e t a er

19 Th h y b Th h b id l il d th
.

en d t e oun on or t e r a ve an e

k y k y j
.
,

g rea t l
ne c B i i g th
ac e l h r e n i ;gl d e et t e e s n e an

w m w d f ll b hi k d h y p b d
’
o en s ee s a a out s nees, a n t e ut roa
 APPEN DIX
st ones on hi s b rea st, a nd th e h ood d exterousl y on h is
h ea d
Th pk k I
.

L o i, La nf ey wil l g o
’
20 . en s o e s son al so

wi th th ee as th y m ai d en ; we two wil l d ri ve to g eth er t o

J titunh ei m
”

Th
.

21 th e g oats were d riven out, u rg ed f or ward i n

en

y k
.

th eir h arness ; well m ust t h e r un R oc s were ri ven,

b flm
.

the urned O d in s wa s d ri vi ng i nto

’
ea rth in a e : s on

J6tunh eim
Th p k Th ym l d f h Gi
.

22 en s o e r or o t e ant s : S tand up,

b T y bi
.
,

g i a nts,d w h an h ! h
st re t e e nc es e a re r ng ing me
w F yj m y b id d d d gh f Noat un rom
’
no re a r e, r s au ter
d ki b k
.

23 G ld h o i h -
orne ne r un n t e cour t, oxe n all - l ac
Ih m y I y
.
,

h gi h a ve m an
’
t e d l ig hant s e t ave an t reasur es,
j w l F yj l y i l ki g
.

”
e e s, re a on s ac n

m bl d ly i
.

24 T h g t e h
ues s a sse e ear n t e e ve ni ng , and al e

b
.

wa s to th e G iant s O ne ox d id Sif h us a nd eat ,

’
carri ed s

p p
.

a nd e igh t sal m on, a nd all t h e d i sh es re a re d f or th e

wom en ; th ree cas k s of m ead h e d ran k
Th p k
.

25 en s o e Th ry m, l ord of t h e G ia nts “
W ho e ver

b id y? I b id k
.

saw a r e ea t so ea g erl never sa w a r e ma e

suc h a h ty m
ear m aid d r in so d ee of mea d
ea l , nor a k p
p d
.

26 e Th
r u e nt h a nd m aid sa t near, a nd sh e f ound

F yj
.

an swer t o t h e Gi ant s word s :

’ “
E ig h t ni g h ts h a s re a

eat en noth i ng , so eager was sh e t o b e in Jti tunh ei m

”

k
.

27 H e l oo ed und er th e veil , h e l ong ed to ki ss t h e

b b k
.

r id e, b u t h e sta rted ac t h e l ength of th e h all : W hy

ar e F yj re
’
a s e y es so t i bl
err e ? Fi re see m s to b urn from
h er ey es
"

p d t h d m id
.

28 Th e ru en d h f d
an a sat nea r, a n s e oun

p h Eigh igh h F yj
.

answer
’
to th Gi et an s s eec : t n ts as re a

h ad no sl ee p ,g w h t
s o ea b i J d h i
erm as s e o e n t un e .

29 In ca m h Gi e w t h d i
t e h d d ant s
’
re c e s st er, s e are to
b id l gi f T k f m hi m h d
.

ask f or a r a t : a e ro t n e ar s t e re

rings, i f th ou woul d st ga in m y l ove, m y l ove a nd all my

”
f a vour .

'
c c s
 B I B LI O GR APH Y

I ST UDY
. IN T HE IGI AL . OR N .

( 1) Poeti c Ed d a —Th e c l assi c ed i t ion , a nd on th e wh ol e

b P
.

th e is rof e ss or B ug g e ( Ch r istia nia 18 67 ) th e

’
e st, s

sm a l l er e d i ti ons of H b il d e ra nd ( Die Lied er d er Ael ter en

,

Ed d a , Pd b
a er or n, a nd Fi nnu r J 6nss on (Edd al ied er ,
H al l e 18 88 9 0)
- a r e a l so g o od t h e la tter i s i n t wo parts,
p
,

Gotter sag e a nd H el d em age T h e oem s m ay al so be f o un d

' ‘

P
.

i n th e fi
rst vol um e of Vi g f usso n a nd owell s
’
Corp us
P oeticm n B or eal e ( O xf ord , p i d by l a c com an e trans a

ti b
ons ; i m y
ut n h y an p d
c a se s g d
t e ar e c ut u an r ea rran e ,

an d h y t ff e m i l l y f m th
su er y m dp d f
et r c a ro e s ste a o te o

p i ti g w h l i
r n n t o s lort g w i h d i
nes as one id i g on one , t no v n

p i T
o nt . h i l
ere l p sl g p h i
a n exc e d i i f h
en t a aeo ra c e t on o t e

C d o R gi
ex fe h Eldna o Ed d byt W iem m d
er F i a, er a n nnur
Jo (C p h g
nsson o wi h p h
en a e n,
g p h i p d t ot o ra c re ro uc

i i l
t ons nt e r ea ve d wi h li l t ip i t a tera ransc r t on .

( 2) Snor ra Edd a -
Th e m os t r ec en t e d i ti on of th e
p T
. .

wh ol e i s Dr Fi nnur Jonsson s ( Co enh a ge n, h ere

’

y p
.

i s a u se f ul ed i ti on of t h e m t h ol og i c al orti on s

Gylf ayi nning, B r ag a/rwd wr , a nd th e narra tive arts of p

Skal d skap a m al ) by
Erns t W il en ( Die P rosd ische Edd a k
Pd b
,

a er orn,

( )
3 Di cti onar ies G t h e stud of th e
a nd r am ma r s —For y
P
.

’
oe t i c E d d a , Geri ng s Glossa r zu d en L ied em d e r Edd a '

(P a d e r bor n, 1 8 9 6) wi ll b e f ou nd m os t us e f ul ; i t i s c om
 BIBLI OG RAPHY 47

l
p ete and trust worth y and i n sm al l c om p ass. A sim il a r

b p k
,

s er vi ce has e en erf orm ed f or Snor m Edd a in W il en s

’

Gle am ( P dab er whi c h f orm s a se c ond vol um e

orn,

to h i s edi ti on, m e nti oned a ove b

Both a re, of c ourse, i n
y y
.

Ge rman Th e onl E ng l i sh d i c t i onar i s t h e l exi c on of

by O
.

C l eas a nd Vi g f usson ( xf ord ) .

Of Gra m m ars, th e e st b ar e Germ an ; th ose of N oree n

( Altnor d ische Gr am ma ti k, H a l l e, of whi c h t h ere i s

an a bb revi ate d ed i tion, and Ka h l e ( Al ti sl and isches

‘

Elemen
tamba ch, H ei d el b erg , 189 6) bi
e ng b etter suited f or
a d va nc ed st ud e nts t h e E ng l i sh g ram m ars i nc l ud ed i n
Vig f u sson and P
I cel a nd i c Read er ( xf ord ) and
owell s
’
O
S weet s I cel a nd ic P r imer ( O xf ord ) are m ore el em entar ,
’
y
a nd th eref ore h a rd l y
ad e q ua te f or t h e stud of th e y
v erse l i tera ture .

II T
. R AN SLATIO S N .

Th ere a re E ng li sh tran sl at ions of th e El d er E d d a by

And erson ( Ch i c ag o, 18 79 ) and h or e as wel l as T p
t h e tra nsl a ti ons i n t h e Corp us P oeti cwm, wh i c h are, of
b
c ourse, l ia l e to th e sam e o ec ti on as t h e text bj
Th e
p
.

m ost acc urate Germ an tra nsl a ti on i s Gering s ( Lei z ig, '

’
189 3) i n Si m roc k s ( Ael ter e a nd J ii/ng er e Edd a, St uttg a r t,
th e tra nsl ations of th e verse Ed d a ar e ase d on a n b
u nc ri tical text S norra E d d a was t ransl a ted i nto Eng li sh
by k by
.

Dasent ( Stoc h ol m , 18 42) al so And erson ( Chic ag o.

III MO DE. RN Anr n oa rr m s .

To th e wor ks on N orth ern m th ol og y ym enti one d bl

e ow
in th e note on t h e B a l d r th eori e s, m ust b e a d d ed Dr
yb by
.

R d erg s Teu toni c Mythology (Eng lish versi on

’
R B
p
. .

And erson, L ond on, wh i c h d evotes s ecial a ttenti on

to Sa xo .
 N OTE S

H ou rs or T HE E DDA (P g
. a e

TH E c h i ef a pl
o ogists f or th e B ritish th eor y are Professor
B ugg e ( S tud ien ii ber d i e Entstehung d er
'
nor d isehen Catter
wnd H eld em agen, Mu nc h e n, a nd th e ed i t ors of th e
Corp u s P oeticu m B or eal e ( see t h e nt rod uc ti on to tha t I
k
wor , and al so th e Prol eg om ena refixed to t h eir ed i tion of p
th e Stur l unga Saga , xf ord ) O
T h e case f or N orwa and y
by D
.

G reenl and i s arg ued Fi nnur J 6nsson ( Den old nor ske
r .

og old isl a nd ske Li ter atu r e H i stor ic, Cope nh agen) Th e

b b
.

cases f or oth B ritish a nd N orwegi an orig i n are ased

c hi e fly on rath er , f anc if ul arg um ents f rom su ose d l ocal pp

col our y
Th e th eor of t h e Corp u s P oeticwm ed itors tha t
y p p
.

m an of th e oems were c om os ed i n t he S cottish isl es i s

di scredi ted by b
th e a se nce of Gael ic word s or tra c e s of
Gael ic l eg end P ’
rof essor B ug g e s N orth of E ngl and t h eor y
y b pp by
.

i s sl igh tl strong er, eing su orted se veral O l d Eng li sh

p
ex ressions in th e p
oem s, b ut th e se are not enoug h to

p rove th at th e y p
were c om osed i n E ng la nd , sinc e m ost
I cela nd ers travell ed ea st at som e ti m e of t h eir li ves .

( Pg
a e

A la ter stu d yw rll d eal wi th th e H eroic l eg end s .

50 N O TES
( ) Ri tual
1 orig in : F r a z er , The Gold en B oug h, vol . 3 .

( 2) H eroi c origi n G ol th e r, H a nd buc h d er Ger mwnischen

M ythologi e ( Lei p ig z , N i ed ner, Ed d ische Fr agen
(Zei tschr if t fii r d eu tsches Al ter tu m , ne w series Za r
’

/
,

Li ed er -Ed d a ( Zei tschr f d Al t vol

, . . . . .

y
( 3) Sol a r m th S ir G W Cox M ythol ogy of the A rya n . .
,

N ation s (L ond on 18 70) Ma x Milll er Chip s f r om a Ger ma n

, ,

Wor kshop , vol . 4 .

( 4 ) B orrow e d B ug g e, S tud i en u ber d i e Entstehu ng d er

nor d i schen Getter a nd H eld ensag en ( t ra nsl . B re nner,
Mii nc h en ,

Vne r a msxe A .
( Pg a e

Th e word hr od r bail m Ih ( wh ic h a ve g i ven as ra nc h b

of f a me w oul d p h p b m
er a s e ore ac c uratel y
tra nsla te d
tre e of f a m e ,
”
wh i h G i gc pl i er n ex a ns as a k enni ng f or
B al d r B ut t h e re k ig f
a re no enn n s o th e sa m e s ort i n th e
p
.

oe m , a nd th e l ine wo ul d h a ve no m eani ng I f it r ef e r s

y
.

t o th e m i stl e toe , m ost c om m e nta tor s a ree, i t m e rel

as
g
sh o ws t h a t th e p
oe t was i g nora nt of t h e n at u re of t h e

p la nt , wh i c h wo uld b e i n favour o f i ts a nti q ui t , rath er y

t h an t h e reve rse .

Sa x o G R AM M A TI CUS .
( P ag e

E ngli sh tra nsl atio n by P ro fe ssor El ton ( Lond on D , .

N utt, f to th e ol d G od s
’
As S a xo s re e renc e s are

m a d e i n m uc h th e sa e s ym p
a t h eti c t one a s th a t ad o ted
m p
by Ol d T
e sta m en t wr i ters to wa rd s h ea th e n d ei t i es, h i s

y y
t e sti m on on m th ol ogi c al q uesti ons i s of th e l e ss val ue
‘

THE Mrs a '

r on
'
.
( Pg a e

It se em s i nc red i l e th at b any wri ter s sh oul d turn to th e

 OTES N

t ravest y f th B l d t y gi i th l m t w thl
o e a r s or ven n e a os or ess

sa a o
g f H m d G i p i
ro pp t f
nn th y Ir i t
sson n su or o a eor n

kill d by H m d wh h th w d
.

B il d i t s e ro nn o as e s or

It m t b p t t t
.

Mi til t i
s e nn. y t h th i
us i e a en o an one at s s a

p t d
e rver e i f y wh i h th
vers on o t l a st or
g c e narra or no on er

und erstood .

Pg LO R I .
( a e

I i h dl y
t s yt p i
ar th p l l l b tw
nec essar o o nt out e ara e e ee n

L kio d P m h
an l b h h l p d my f h
ro et eu s, a so ot e e r an ene o t e
G d o d gs, a n i th i h d f ll th g h i th
a en t n e r t reatene a ou n e

pi L ki h
,

m im
eant eI h a t r soner. m i n c a rac e r o as ore n
co mm with th m i hi
on pi i d ib d by H i d
e sc e vous s r t es cr e es o

h yl
,

th wi h th h
an i fig
t f A e Th
er o c gg l ure o esc us. e str u es

of L ki ( p 28 ) fi d
o p l l l i h f th fi p n a a ra e n t ose o e re-ser ent

Typh k ib t d h q k
.

wh i h h G
on, to c t e re e s a ttr u e ea rt ua es.

Eom r ss R ITUAL (P . ag e

Mr Lang , i n M yth, Ri tua l an d Rel igi on ( Lond on,

p p
.
.

i ve s exam l es of e c l i s e ri t ua l Grim m , i n th e Teu ton i c

g
F y
.

M ythology, vol 2, q uotes in nis h and L ith ua nian m t h s

b b y
.

a ou t sun-d evouri ng easts v er sim il a r to th e Fent i

my h
,

t .

TH E S K ALD S (P g . a e

Al l t h e S k ld i
a c verses will be f ound , wi th transl ati ons .
in th e Camus P oeticwm .

Pr inted by B
L A A LL

o nd on
NT YN E ,

6:
HA N SO N 6 ' C o
Ed inburg h
.
 A UTH OR S N OTE
’

The pr esen t stu d y f or m s a se u el

q to N o . 12 ( T h e

Edd a Divin M yth l gy

e o o of th e N ort h ) , to wh ich the

r ea d er is f
r e err ed f or i n tr od uctor y m atter a nd
f or the

gener a l Bi bl i ogr aphy . Add i tiona l bi bl i ogr ap hi ca l

f
r e er en ces a r e g i ven ,
as the n eed occu rs , i n the n otes to

the p r esent n um ber .

M AN CH ESTER ,

JMy 19 02 .
 TH E E DDA

II . TH E H ER OI C MYT H O LOGY O F
TH E N O R T H

S I GEM UND th e W ael sing and Fitela , Aetla , Eorm an

r ic t h e Got h a nd Gifica of B u gundy
r , Onge nd theow
an d Th eod ric, H eorr en da and th e H eod eni ngs, a nd

W l nd th e Sm ith ll these he oes of G mani

e a : a r er c

leg nd we e kn wn t th e w ite s f u
e r o li t o r r o o r ea r es

Engli h lite atu e B ut in most

s r r th. nly cases e o

evid n ce f thi kn wl d g i w d
e o s n m o e e s a or ,
a a e,

h nd th
ere a e wit h n hint f th e t y tta h d
er ,
o o s or a c e .

F or i um t n es di
c rc t d t h e p eti l gift
s a c r ec e o ca s

of th S xon in En gl nd t w d l gend
e a s f a o ar s e s o

th sa i nts
e nd Bibli l p ph ase aw y f m
a ca ar a r , a ro

th n tive h e oe
e a f th ; rw hil e l t v
s o nt e race a er e e s

c m pl t d
o th ex l u i n
e e f Ge ma nic l g n d
e c s o o r e e

f m u lite tu e by u b tituti ng Fr en h nd
ro o r ra r , s s c a

C ltic m nce N ve th l ss thes f ew b i f

e ro a . e r e e , e r e

f n s in B wulf nd in the m ll g up f
r e er e ce eo a s a ro o

h then E nglis h li giv u th e ight t

ea re cs e s r o a

p uli inte st in th he poems f th Edd

ec ar re e r o- o e a.

3
4 THE EDDA : II THE . H E R OI O

In dying these he i poem the f

stu we ro c s, r e or e ,

ar e on f onted by problem s enti

c r ly diff ent in re er

c h a acte f m th e whi h h v e t be con id

r r ro os d c a o s er e

i n c nn xi n wi th th e m ythi l t xt
o e o Th ca e s . ose ar e

in th e m in the p d u t f n a th N th e n
ro c o o e, e or r ,

b nch f the Ge mani ace w h v

ra o r n (N c r ,
as e a e see o.

12 f thi o e ie ) nd th e
s s r hi f que ti n t be
s ,
a c e s o o

d te m in d is wh ethe they ep esent h oweve

e r e r r r ,
r

a lte ed n f m m ythol gy com m n to ll th

r i or ,
a o o a e

G e m anr nds, su h a necess as ily e ly c ar ar or

wh the th y
e r in ubst nce
e are well in f m
s a , as as or ,

a s pe ifi c ti n f th S ndin vi n
c c r ea o o nd th ee ca a a s, a er

f l t nd se nd y Th he i p m f th
or e a e a co ar . e ro c oe s o e

Ed d n the cont y wi th th e x pti n f th

a, o r ar , e ce o o e

H l g i y le h v e v e y
e c c ,
lose n l gu in th
a r c a a o es e

lit tu es of th th g eat b n he f the

era r e o er r ra c s o

G m ni race nd t h ese we
er a c , a ble t com pare ar e a o

with th N o th n ve si ns
e r er r o .

Th e Edd nt i ns p ms bel on ging t t h f l

a co a oe o e o

lowing heroic y le c c s

( ) a W e l an d t h e S m i t h A ngl o S x n li te .
- - a o ra

ture h s sev al efe nces to th i cy le whi h

a er r re s c , c

m u t h ave been a ve y p pul

s ne ; nd r o ar o a

th e i erl lat C ntin nt l G m n e

s a so a e o e a er a v r

i n p ese v d i n n I l ndi t n l ti n
s o r r e a ce a c ra s a o .

B ut th poem in th Edd i th l d e t
e e a s e o s

nn ected f
co m of th t y or e s or .

( )
6 S i g u r d a n d t h e N i b e l un g s — A g in t h . a e

ol d e t ref en s is in A ngl o S x n
er ce Th re - a o . e

4
6 TH E EDD A : II . TH E H EROI C

th e ly G manic h wh o su viv d for ny n

on er er o r e a co

sid bl e ti m i n Engli h popula t adition t n d

er a e s r r , s a s

l n i n its y le nd i th fir t he i po m i n th
a o e c c ,
a s e s ro c e e

M S I t is in a ve y f gm ent y t te
. m f th r ra ar s a ,
so e o e

d fi i n i b ing uppl i d by h t pi c s f p se
e c e c es e s e s or e e o ro .

Th er e tw m tive in th e t y : the S w n
are o o s s or a

m ida nd th V n g
s, a n f th C pt ive Sm ith
e e ea ce o e a .

Th b th
r ee S l gfi nn Eg il nd Volund
ro ers, n a , a , so s

o f t he Fin nish King whil u t h u nti ng b uil t , e o

t h m lv
e se h use by th l k in W lf d l
es a o e a e o s a e.

Th ly ne m ning th y w th e V lky
er e , ear o or , e sa r e a

i pi nnin g th i w n t lying be ide th m

r es s , e r s a coa s s . e .

Th b th
e t k th m h m ; but
ro er s ft vn
oo e o e a er se e

y s th sw n m iden w i d f th i lif fl w
ea r e a -
a s, ear e o e r e, e

a w y t battl
a nd did n t
o tu n e, a o re r .

“
Seven y th y t y d th but in th
ea rs e s a e er e , e

e ighth l ngi ng sei d th m nd in t h ninth n d

o ze e , a e ee

p t d th m Egil nd Sl gfinn w nt t
ar e e . k a a e o se e

th i wi
e r b t Vol und t y d wh
ves, h w u nd s a e er e e as a

w k d
or t hie f g a Th N itb ud Ki ng f
s or e. er e ,
o

S w d n t k him
e e ,ptiv oo ca e

by igh i d d d m il t h i
M en went n t n s tu e a coa s ; t e r

shi l d e h by h w i g m
s s one Th y d i m d
t e an n oon. e s ounte

f m h
ro ddl
t t h h ll g bl
e sa d w
e at i l g e a - a e, an e nt n a on

h
t e h ll Th y w i g
a g e b wh i h h
sa r n s str un on a st c t e

h y k th m ff
.

h w d
e ro o h ne d d i llse ven un r e n a ; t e too e o

k y
,

an d p h m ut g i ll
t b
e T hon a d a n, a u t one . e ee n -
e e

a rch Vl d er m i f m ho nn i g f mca f e d n ro unt n ro a a r roa

b ki d t d hi i g d
, .

H e sa t on a ear -s n an c o un e s r n s, a n

th p i f h l mi d h h gh Hl d ’
e r nce o t e e ve s sse one e t ou t o ve s

6
 MYTH OLOGY O RTH OF TH E N 7

d gh t
au h f i y m id h d
er, tm b k eH a r -
a a co e ac e sa t so
l p d w k p w l y
, .

lon
g t h t h f ll a e e a s ee an a o e o er ess : h ea v
b d w l p d
,

on s hi h d d f tt
er e on s a n s , an e ers c as e on hi s
”
feet .

Th y took h im way nd i m p i n d h im
e a a r so e ,
ham
st ung on
r n i l nd t
, f g te u f a s a o or e r as r es or h is
capto s Th n Val und pl nn d v ng n e
r . e a e e ea c

I see on gird le th e sword wh i ch

N ith ud
’
s Ik w ne

k eenest and b est, and wh i c h f org ed wi th al l m y I kil l

s

g itte i g bl k I h ll
.

Th e l r n ad e from m e f or e ve r
is ta en s a

it b V
ol und s sm i th N ow Bod vi l d y
’
not see orne to
m y b id I p
.

wear s r e s
’
red r ing ex e c t no a tone m e nt
’

d l p k wi h h i
.

”
H e sa t an s e t not, b ut struc t s h amm er .

N ith u d
’
s c hild i hy ren ca m e to see h im i n h is sm t
th tw b y b
e l ow n d m de d inking up f
o o s e s , a a r -
c s or

N ith ud f m th ei k ulls nd the d ught

ro r s a a er

Bod il d h b g uil ed
v nd h e ing m d him lf
e ,
a av a e se

wi ng h e s into th i nd l ft h w ping f
r ose e a r a e er ee or

h l ve nd N itbud m u ni ng h i n
er o r a o r s so s .

I n th Old E ngl i h p m
e ll u i n i m d n ly s oe s a s o s a e o

t th
o nd p t f th
e sec o t y ; th i n f
ar o e s or e re s o re e r

en t th e l g n d f th
ce o n h nt d b ide
e wh i h
e o e e c a e r s, c

i in d d di tinct i n
s ee igin being id nti l with
s or , e ca

th m m on t l of th f i y wif wh is blig d t
e co a e e a r e o o e o

retu n t r nim l h p th ugh m b h f

o a a s a e ro so e reac o

ag m ent by h mo t l h usb nd This in id nt

r ee er r a a . c e

of t he mp t t
co hide th w n t t
ac o e s a -c
oa , o

f i n f m king th wife n m
re r a ro wh t v
as e
’
s a e, or a e er

it m y h v been) h
a been l t in th e Vol un d
a e as os

7
 8 THE EDDA II THE HEROI C : .

tal e C ontinent l v i n i t ld in th e l t
. The a ers o s o a e

I l ndic Thi h l S g wh it is b ught int

ce a c e es a a, er e ro o

co nn xi n with th
e V l u ng t y ; i n thi th
o e o s s or s e

t y f th e secon d b th
s or o Egi l th e arche is l ro er , r, a so

given nd it antiquity is uppo ted by th

"

,
a s s r e

pi tu es on th e Angl S x n ved wh le b n
c r o -
a o ca r a -
o e

b x kn w n as th e F nk C ket dated by P
o o ra s as ,
ro

f mO N pie at b ut 7
e r A D
a The dventu
r a o 00 . . a res

of th thi d b oth e Sl gfi nn h ve not u vived

e r r r, a , a s r .

Th Anglo S x n giv
e Vol und nd B tid vil d son
-
a o es a a ,

Widi o Wud g th Witti h wh o pp

a r s e, e c a ea rs a a

f ll we of Diet i h in the C ntinent l Ge m n

o o r r c
’
s o a r a

8 0 1111308 .

Th e Vol su ng s — No ill ustrate th. stor yb etter s e

g wth f h e i l g n d th n th V lsung y l I t
ro o ro c e e a e o c c e.

is m posi te f u
co fi m ythic l m tive
, o m
r or ve a o s co

bin ing t f m th nu l us nd it t k p
o or e c e a as oo osses

i nm
s o nd m t n gly f th e i m gin ti n f
ore a or e s ro o a a o o

th ly Ge m ns nd sti ll m e f th e Soundin
e ea r r a , a or o a

vi n othe h eroi y l we brought int d

a s, r c c c es re o e

p nd
e nc on it e N n
e f t h Eddi c p em
. n th o e o e o s o e

s ubj t e qu i t
ec qu l i n p ti v l ue to th e H lgi
ar e e a oe c a e

l y ; m ny
a s f gm n t y v l l t nd nly
a a re ra e ar ,
se era a e, a o

o n tt m pt
e a vi w f th wh l t y Th
e s a re e o e o e s or . e

o utli ne is f ll w S ig d th V l ung s n f
as o o s : ur e o s , o o

S igm un d nd b th e f S i nfj otli l y th e d g n

‘

a ro r o ,
s a s ra o

wh gua d s the N ibelu ng h d on th e Glitte ’

o r s oar r

i ng Hea th n d th u i nh it t he u whi h
,
a s er s c rse c

8
 TH E E DDA : II . TH E H E ROIC
p phesi h i dv ntu es nd a ly death Thi
ro es s a e r a e r . s

p em m k l
o am igin l fe tu es f th
es c ea r so e or a a r o e

l gend whi h e b
e d l wh
c arp i lly in o sc ur e e se ere , es ec a

th G u d n t G i m hild t h y nd Sigu d ’ ’
e ru se r s r eac er , a r s

un i nten ti n l b h f f i th t B ynh ild I n th

o a reac o a o r . e

p e h f b th G ipi nd Sigu d t h p t h w
s e c es o o r a r , e oe s o s

l ly th t B ynhild h d t h fi t ight t Sig u d

c ear a r a e rs r o r
’
s

f ith wh il th
a , p t dly p t t hi i nn
e e seer r e ea e r o es s s o

ce n in b
ce king it Th h lt n v b bl m d
r ea : ou s a e er e a e

th gh th u d id t b t y th y l m id
ou o s N e ra e ro a a . o

b tt m n h ll m n th b n th th u n
e er a s a co e o ea r e ea e s

th n th u Sig d h nd th p t ”
a o O n th
, th ur . e o er a , e oe

giv n in di ti n th t B ynhild nd th l pin g

es o ca o a r a e s ee

V lky i
a th
r e arem w hi h i ign f nf i n
e sa e, c sa s o co us o .

Lik l l p m in th i f m G ipi p i l t m
e a oe s s or , r ss a sa a e co

p iti n m b dying li t diti n

os o e o ea r er ra o .

Th th p em
e o m tly pi di l th ugh
er o s ar e os e so ca ,
o

arra ng d et f m so ntin u d n
as tiv o or a co e arr a e .

G i p is p i f l l w d by
e s a sm pil ti n f m tw
o o e a co a o ro o or

m p m in diff nt m t g n lly divid d

or e oe s er e e r es, e era e

int th p t in t h di ti n R gin m l giv

o r ee ar s ee o s : e s a es

th ly h i t y f th t u nd th d g n
e ea r s or o e r eas re a e ra o ,

a nd Sig u d b ttl with H und ing n ; F f ni

r
’
s a e
’
s so s a s

m l th
a ,
l ying f th d g n nd th d i f th
e s a o e ra o a e a v ce o e

t lking bi d
a S ig d if m l th
r w k ni ng f th
s r r u a ,
e a a e o e

V lky i Th n f l l w f g m nt n the d th
a r e . e o o s a ra e O ea

o f Sigu d All th t x pt th p m g n lly

r . e r es ,
e ce e oe e era

ca lled th Thi d Sh t S i g d L y (wh i h t ll

e r ,
or or , ur a c e s

o f th m i g with G d u n nd Sig u d w ing

e arr a e u r a r
’
s oo

xc
 MYTHO LOG Y O F T HE N R H O T 11

of B ynhil d f Gunn ) ntinu the tory afte r

r or ar co e s

S igu d s d th t king u p t h d eath f B ynhil d

’
r ea , a e o r ,

G ud un m u ni ng nd th e f tes f th e oth
’
r s o r ,
a a o er

h wh be m
ero es nnect d wit h th l gen d f th
o ca e co e e e o e

tr easur e .

In a dditi on to th e p oe m s in th e Eld er Edd a , an

accoun t of th e sto r y i giv n by Sn i in S h ld k s e or r a s a

p m
ar l b uat i t i f
,
un d d l m t e nt i ly
s n th
o e a os re o e

i i ng l y Vol ung S g i l
su r v v a s. p ph s a a a s a so a a ra r a se ,

but m v l u bl in p t f it
ore a a f und d n
e, s ce ar s o are o e o

l t p m nd it th f t m e ext nt p e
os oe s, a ere ore , o so e ,
re r

se nt i nd p nd nt t
s diti n I t w unf tun t ly
e e e ra o . as , or a e

f m lit y p int f vi w m pil d fte th

ro a erar o o e ,
co e a r e

g t s g tim w v in th d d nt f u t nth
r ea a a -
e as o er , e eca e o r ee

ce ntu y wh n m te i l f ll kin d
r , e l i l bibli l
a r a o a s , c a ss ca ,
ca ,

ro m nti m yth l gi l w
a c, h tily t int g o o ca ,
as as cas o sa a

f m I t i n t lik the N i b l u ng n Li d w k
or . s o , e e e e , a or

o f t bu t i t h
ar ,
wh t in thi i p h p
as f a s case s er a s o

g t im p t n th n g t i tu f fid lity
rea er or a ce , e o e r ea v r e o e .

Th m pil
e co did n t lik th uth f th G m n
er o ,
e e a or o e er a

m t pi
as er b ld ly t h i m t i l in t h
ece , o pi i tr eca s s a er a e s r

o f hi wn tim ; h
s o l ng l ly t hi igin l e e c u c ose o s or a s,

o n ly t yi ng wi th hr it ting h nd t py th es a a o co e

f v u it lit y f m f th I l nd
a o r e er a r A or o e ce a er . s a

sa g th f
a, Vol ung i f
er e or e , b hi nd n t nly s a s ar e o o

s u h g
c t w k r ea
M l b u t l
or m n y
s asf t h a a, a so a o e

s m ll e
a g r I t l c k f
sa as m n d. i m ed by a s or ,
a s a rr

i n onsi t n i ; it i ften
c s e l s i n g mm
c es s o care es ra ar

a n d di t i n ; it i c f ull f tr e f th e decad nt
o s o ac s o e

xx
 TH E ED DA II : . TH E H E RO I C
rom ant c i age . i
S gur d , in t h e tr ue s r t of pi i
roma nce , is end owed wit mag c wea pons and h i
p
su e rnatura l p i p v
owers, wh c ar e no m ro em ent ih
o n th he ei t d ition ro c g is be tte
ra t h n ,
Cu o ra e r a a

g d sw
oo A t ve y tu n Odin i
or t h nd t e r r , s a a o

help him whi h t nd t efi th ld nd t ue

, c e s o
'

ac e e o er a r r

pi tu f th h o with ll th f t g in t h im ;
c re o e er a e a es a a s

u h h m
s c f u nd g i n nd g in in th hi t i
o es , o a a a a a e s or c

sa g m t uly p nt th e h then he i ge
as , or e r re r ese ea ro c a

a nd th t b lief i n t h
a lfi h n e nd p i f th e se s ess a ca r ce o e

G d n whi h t h
o s o wh l id f s c i fi e est
c e o e ea o a r c r s .

Th e i l th in vit bl dete i ti n in th e
er s a so e e a e r ora o

c h t
a rac er f B y nhild wi th ut th
o m p n tin g
r , o e co e sa

l v tion i n th t f h iv l by whi h th N ib
e e a a o er r a c e e

l u ngen Li d pl es Ch i m h i ld n
e h ight l fty
ac r e o a e as o

a nd un pp h bl
a th t upi d by the N
roac a e
e as a occ e or s

V lky i ; th B ynh ild of Vol ung S g i m e

a r e e r s a a a s so

thi ng f Vi g th Gud un i j l u nd
o a ra o, e r s ea o s a

s h wish B ut f
re .tu l m t i l t! e m pil
or ac i a a er a ,
: co er s

a b l utely t be t u ted ; nd V l ung S g i

so o r s a
' ‘

o s a a a s

th erefo i n pite f
re , r tistic f ul t s p icel o a a s, a r ess

t easu e h ou e f
r r th -
e l f e tu es f th e l gend
s or e r a a r o e .

Th e er tw m i n l m nt i n th V l u ng
ar e o a e e e s e o s

t y th
s or :l ying f th d g n nd th w k n
e s a o e ra o , a e a a e

in g nd d ea ti n f B y nh ild s erTh l tt i
o o r . e a er s

b ught i nt l se n nexi n wi th th f m
ro o c o co o e or er ,

whi h be m s th e
c col nt e f th ti n I n
e r ea ce r o e ac o .

th e Angl S x n efe en o- th f g m nt i n B e wulf

a o r r c e, e ra e o ,

th e econd pi od e d es n t pp
s e s o o a ea r .

13
 14 THE EDDA II THE H ERO IC : .

S igm und kil l both th expect d h e m u t be : e e ro s a

V l ung th ugh b th p nt Sh e th f e
os ro o are s. er e or

vi it Sigmu nd in di g i
s s nd h thi d n s u se , a er r so ,

S infj otli i th hild f th V l ung p i At t n

,
s e c o e o s a r . e

y ld h
ear s o nd h im t li
,
s in th w d with
e se s o ve e oo

S ig m un d w h nly kn w him Signy

’
,
o on o s as s so .

F y or th y liv
ears w w lve in t h wood till
e e as ar -
o s e ,

t h ti me m f veng n
e co Th y t fi t
es or ea ce . e se re o

Sigg i h ll ; n d Signy afte eve ling Sinfjiitl i

’ ’
e r s a a ,
r r a s

r eal p nt g g
ar e b k i n t tah fi e,n d di e oes ac o e re a s

th h
er e ,v ng nce hi ved
er e ea ac e :

I kil l d e my c h i l d ren, b ec a u e s I t h oug h t th em too

w k fa th er ; S infj ii tl i h a s warri or s
’
ea to a veng e o ur a

m ig h b b oth son s son a nd

’
h e is
’
t ec a use d a ug h ter s son

to Ki ng Vol sung Ih a ve la b oure d t o th i s end , th a t

Ih
.

King S ig g eir sh oul d m ee t h i s d eat h a ve so t oil ed

f or t h e ac hi evi ng of reve ng e th at I m a no w on no c on
d i tion fi t f or l i fe As I li ved by f o rc e wi th King
ll I d i
.

”
S igg eir, of f ree wi ll sh a e wi th h i m .

Th ugh n p em u iv n thi subj e t th

o o o s rv es o s c , e

t y i
s or t i nly p i m itiv ; it
s c er a v g h cte r e s sa a e c ara r .

v u h f it ntiquity V l u ng then
o c es or s a o s a re

p odu the ubst n f th p

r ces D th f S i n
s a ce o e rose ea o

t m n ti n d b v h bj whi h
fi t i t t f
’ ‘ ‘

o e o e a o e, e o ec o c ,
as a

p t f th y l
ar o m t b to e c m v S infj otl i
c e, see s o e re o e

a nd l ve th fi ld l f Sigu d I t p
ea e v
e c ea r or r r eser es a

t u h whi h m y b i gi n l in S infjbtl i bu i l ’
o c c a e or a s r a ,

whi h m bl th t f S yld in B wulf hi f th

c r ese es a o c eo : s a er

l y hi m in b t t d by n l d m n whi h
a s a oa s eere a o a , c

i mm di t l y di pp
e a e sa ear s
 MYTHO LOGY O F THE N O RTH ‘

15

igm und nd Sinfj tli e l w y l

S a m d o ar a a s c ose co ra es ,

n d m p ni n
ee -
co th Angl S x n
a ll them
o s as e o -
a o ca s .

Th y e in di i ibl nd f m n st y Sigu d
ar e v s e a or o e or . r ,

o n th th e oh nd i nly b
er n ft h i f th
a ,
s o or a er s a er

S ig m und death Vol u ng y th t S ig m und

’
s . s a sa s a

f ll in b ttl g in t H nding th ugh th int

e a e a a s u ,
ro e er

f en e f Od in wh j u tifying L ki t unt th t
er c o , o, s o
’
s a a

h e kn w n t h w t giv th vi t y f i ly
“
e o o o e e c or a r ,
”

h tt
s a d with hi p th sw d h h d gi n t
er e s s ea r e or e a ve o

th V l ung
e o s F t hi g in w h ve t d p n d
. or s a a e a o e e

e nt i ly n th p e x pt f n lin in H ynd
re o e r os , e ce or o e e

l bi d
a o Th F the f Host gi g ld t h i
“
e a r o s ve s o o s

f ll w ;
o o ers h g v Sig m u nd w d A nd e a e a s or .

f m th p m t S igu d f th l
ro e oe hildh d
s oo , r
’
s a e r ess c oo

i
s o nly t b i nf o d f m n i l t d f en
e er re ro a so a e r e er ce ,

wh giving h im lf f l n m h y t F fn
er e se a a se a e e sa s o a r

I m m th l
ca e a hild ; I h v n f the lik
o er ess c a e o a r e

S igm n d dyi ng l f t t h f g
”
th e so n f m n s o e . u , ,
e e ra

m nt f th w d t b giv n t h i unb n n
e s o e s or o e e o s or so ,

a n d S igu d f t f th
r R gin f g d th m n w
’
s os er a er e or e e a e

f th f tu d gon l y B ut S ig d
’
or e u re fi t ra -
s a er . ur s rs

d d w t v ng n H nd ing
ee as o a th d t h
e e o u
’
s race e ea

of h i f th nd h i m th
s a er a f th Vol ung s o er s
’
a er . s a

t ll th i
e s t y fi t f H lgi nd S i nfj tli th n of
s s or rs o e a o , e

S ig u d t wh m t h p m
r , o l tt i b t th e d ed
o e oe s a so a r u e e .

I t i f ll w d by the d g n l yi ng
s o o e ra o -
s a .

Up t th i point th e t y f Sigu d n i t
o s ,
s or o r co s s s

r ou ghly f th m f tu whi h m k th t f
o e sa e ea r es c ar a o

Si gm und nd S i nfj otli a B th p b bly like o ar e ro a ,

16 THE EDDA II THE HERO IC : .

H elgi, v i he o myth I n each

er s ons o f a r ace -
r . case

t h e i th e u
er l i gul bi th in diff nt f m
s su a rre ar r , er e or s,

b th f m ili ; a thi d typ the m i ul u

o a ar r e, r ac o s or

sup n tu
er l bi th i tt ib ut d by Vol u ng to
a ra r ,
s a r e s a

S igm n d f th V l ung E h t y g in in
’
u s a er o s . ac s or a a

cl ud es deed f v ng n a nd d gon nd o e ea ce , a a ra a

treas u e The w d whi h th e h o l n e

r . uld s or c er a o co

d w nd th we wol f pp
ra ,
a nly in th e Sig
e r- ,
a ear o

m und nd S infjiitl i ve sion A m ng th

a Ge m ni r . o ose r a c

races whi h b ugh t th e l g n d t f ll p f ti n

c ro e e o u er ec o ,

S igu d ve i n n be m th
r
’
s l n nd
rs o soo ca e e so e o e, a

Sig m u nd n d Sinfj iitl i p ti lly d p

a t ra c ca ro ou .

Th D g n l g n d f t h Edd i m h f ll
e ra o e e o e a s uc u er

a nd m el b t t h n t h t f ny th
or e m yt h
a ora e a a o a o er o

l gy A
o . ul t diti n i s ti fi d w i th th
a r e ra o s sa s e e

e xi t n f th m n t
s e ce o l d n d p ud f h is e o s er
“
o a ro o

but h e we e t ld i t full p evi u

”
t e ure
r as ,
er ar o s r o s

hist y or t in f tu e , f whi h ( u h
cer a th e ea r s o c s c as

sh pe hifting) e ign f ntiquity whethe

a -s ar s s o a ,
r

it w igi n lly connected with th e V l ung

as or a o s s or

not .

As usua l
gives th e full t count in
, Volsung a es ac ,

th e f m f t y t ld by R gin t hi f t
or o na s or o e o s os -
er so

S igu d t i n it h im t
r ,
l y th d g n
o R ginc e o s a e ra o . e

w n e f th
as o b the t h n f H idm ;
o r ee ro rs, e so s o re ar

n e f th th Q t whil in th w t
’
o o e in tt r ee , r, e e a er o er s

sh p w s n by th
a e, f th Ae i O di n L k i
as ee r ee o e s r, ,
o

and H ni nd kill d by L ki
oe H idm d
,
a e o . re ar e

m nd ed w gild en ugh g ld t fill th

’
a as tt r er o o o e o e s

16
 18 TH E EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

int spersed th ugh Regi n m l The ver

er ro n s a . se co

i t only of s raps f d i l gue Th e first f these

s s s c o a o . o

com prises q uestion nd nsw between Loki nda a er a

th dw f Andv i i n th e f m f the old id dl e

e ar ar or o r

po m nd seem to esu lt f m the conf u i n f

e s, a s r ro s o o

tw ideas : the questi n nd nswer w g

o nd th e o -a s a er , a

ca ptiv nsom by t e su e Then fol l w th

'

’
e s ra r a r . o s e

c u s
r e, i n l ess gen e l t m th n in th e p ose ra er s a r

My gol d sh al l b th e de th f two b oth e nd a o r e rs, a

ca use st ife mong eigh t kin g ; n one sh ll ejoi

r a s o a r ce

i n th e po session of m y treasu e
”
s N ext com es r . a

s h t di l gue between Loki nd H id m a in

or a o a re r,

whi h th e f rm e w n h i h t f the i k h e u n
c o r ar s s os o r s r s

in t king th e b
a d I n th next f gm nt
oa r . e ra e

H idma call n hi d g ht to veng him

re r s o s au ers a e

Lyngh eid plie th t th y nnot d

re s n th i
a e ca o so o e r

o wn b th ro nd h f th bid h b
er , a er a er s er ea r a

d ghte who e n m y ng him Thi h

au r s so a a ve e . s as

g iv n
e i e t
r s u gge ti n t h t H jti d is S ig u d
o a s s o a r , r
’
s

m h e w d ught
ot r, t Lyngh id but if th t i
as a er o e , a s

i nt nded it may nly be d ue t th N o se p i n

e ,
o o e r ass o

for geneal gy Th e n xt f agment b ing R gin

o . e r r s e

a nd Sig u d togeth r nd th mi th t k s th y ung

er , a e s a e e o

V l ung f his foste n A peech f Sigu d

o s or r so-
. s o r
’
s

f l l w in whi h h e f eek th e t
'

o o s, t c u re u se s o s reas re

till h e h as veng d h i f th n H undin

’
a e g n s a er o s so s.

Th e rest of th e p em i n ned with th ob ttl s co c er e a e

wi th H und ing s ace nd S ig u d s m eeting wi th

’ ’
r ,
a r
 MYTHO LOGY O F THE N O RTH 19

h
Th e fig t w t Faf ni is ih
desc ib d in v rs not r e e e,

v li l
er y tt e of this p y b ing in n tiv fo m
oetr e ar ra e r

but F f ni m l giv
a s di l gue betwe n th
a es a a o e e

w un ded d gon n d hi
o ra l y F fni w n th
a s s a er . a ar s e

V l u ng g in t th e h o r d
o s a a Th e ingi ng g ld
s a r - o

a nd th e gl wi ng t eas u o th e in g h ll be thy
r re, r s s a

death Sigu d di eg d the w ni ng with th

. r sr ar s ar e

m axim Eve y man m u t die m tim nd ks ”

r s so e e, a as

questi n f th e d g n in the m nne f Vf th u d

o s o ra o a ro a r

ni m l
s aF fni fte epe ti ng hi s w n ing pe ks
. a ,
a r r a ar ,
s a

f h i b the s int nd d tre h e y Regin be

’
o s ro r e e ac r :

t yed m
ra h e will b t y th ee ; h will be th
e, e ra e e

death f b th f u nd di
o o R gin retu ning
o s,
”
a es . e r

bids Sigu d oas t F fni h ea t whi l h e leep A

r r a
’
s r ,
e s s .

p ose piece tell th t Sigu d bu nt h i fing by

r -
s a r r s ers

t u hi ng th h
o c t put t h m i n h is m uth
e ea r ,
nd e o , a

u nd t d t h Sp
ers oo h f bi d Th dvi given
e eec o r s. e a ce

hi m by th bi d i t k n f m t w diff
e r s s nt p m a e ro o ere oe s,

a nd p tly p t it lf ; the ub t n i w n
ar re ea s se s s a ce s a ar

ing t S igu d g in t t h t
o r h y pl tte d by
a a s e r e ac er o

R gin nd
e , un
a l t p v nt it by killi ng h im
a co se o re e ,

a nd b m e l wne f th h d Sigu d
so eco so e o r o e oar . r

t kes d v nt g
a a f th w ning :
a a F t h ll n t b
e o e ar a e s a o e

so t ong th t R gin h ll giv m d

s r a t h e
sen t n s a ea -
y e e ce

b th b th
o h ll g
ro qui kly h n t H ]
er s s a o c e ce o e .

R gin nj ym n t f th h d i th f h t
’
e s e o e o e oa r s er e or e s or .

Th econd h l f
e s f th t y b gi n wh n n
a o f e s or e s e o e o

t he bi d ft r s, fe nce t G ud n guid
a er a re re o ru , es

Sig u d to th
r l pi ng V lky i e s ee a r e :

x9
 20 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

B i nd up th e ki gly
r ed ring s, S ig urd i t i s not n to
f I k w m id f i
ear . no f l l d k d wi h g l d
a a a rest o a ec e t o

Gi ki
, , ,
’
if h t ou ld t g h
c ou G d l d
s et er . ree n r oa s ea to u s,

f a te
g id t h
u w d es f w d T he m i g h y
an erer or ar ere a t
ki g h d ght Sig d will b y h wi h d w y
.

n as a au er; ur u er t a o r

T h i h l l h igh Hi d f ll l l with t i i
.

ere s a a on n ar e ; a ou t s

sw pt wi h fi
e t I k w b t l m id wh
r e. no a a t e- a o

l p
s ee th f l l
s on d th fl m pl y
e e h , Od i
an e a e a s over er ; n
touc h ed th e m a i d wi th a th orn. beca use sh e laid l ow
oth e rs t h a n th ose h e wi sh ed to fal l . T hou sh al t see,

boy, t h e h el med mai d wh o rod e Vi ng skorni from th e

figh t Sigrd rifa s sl ee cannot be ro en, son of h eroes,
’
p b k
by th e N orns d ec rees
’
.
”

Sigr d rifa ( is enser of d p

vi t y ) i f ou c or s, o c rse ,

B h d
ry n il ; th e na m e m ayh v b n igi n lly n a e ee or a a

epith t f t h e V lky i nd it w p b bly h

o e a r e, a as ro a s uc

p g as sa th i th t m i l d th
es as u th s f G ip i p a s e e a or o r ss a

int diff nti ting th V lky i n d B ynhil d

o er e a e a r e a r .

Th e l t li n as h v b n diff n tly i nt p t d
es a e ee er e er re e as

a w n i n g t S igu d n t t
ar ok B y nhild nd n r o o see r a a

a tt m pt t in it h im t d
e o by emph i ing th
c e o o so as s e

d ifii ul ty f th d d th ey m y m e ly m ean th t
c o e ee a re a

h e le pr s n n t be b
e k n x pt by n n m ly
ca o ro e e ce o e, a e ,

th ne wh
e o kn w n fea B ynhild upe
o o s o r. r
’
s s r

n tua l ig in i l ly h wn h e nd l in th
ra or s c ea r s o er ,
a a so e

p os i n S ig d if m l l ung S g th ugh it
r e r r u a . a a a a, o

p phar a i n f ll t h p
rases g l ti n g t t h
u e assa es re a o e

m gi l p
a m v m u h f th m y t y u
c s ee ,
re o es u nd c o e s er s r ro

ing h e by p vidi ng h
r with g n l gy nd
ro er a e ea o a

f mily nn ti n whil th N i b lung n Li d g

a co ec o s e e e e e oes

f u th
r til l in th e s m
er s di ection by le ving ut a e r a o

20
 22 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

wr te r i seem s una w th t th W i ar e a e sh m ai d en wh o
teac h es S igu d v y m yst y th
r e er er at m en wou ld
kn ow
”
a n d th p in h b t y
e r c ess e e ra s ar e th e sa m e

A ki ng s
’
d a ugh ter b igh
r t i n m ail s l ee p s on th e
f ell th ou sh a l t h ew wi th th v sh ar p s word , a nd c ut th e
ma il wi th Fa fni s sl a er
'
y S h e will tea c h th e e e ver y
y y k w d p ki y
.

m ster th at m en wou l d no an to s ea n e ver

T
,

m an s t ongue i i H i mi d w ll i g
’ ’
h ou h l s a t v s t e s e n
ki g j y g Th i
.

d b
’
an h g e t e reat n s o o us uest . er e s a

m id f i H im i m B y h il d
’
a a r to s ee ll h at e ; a en ca er r n
k
,

m
’
B d li d
u g h t s b hau g i er.
g R i i f ut t h e reat n e oster s t e
p d m id
ro u H i mi f i f
a d g h e w i ll b
’
s a r ost er- au te r ro

h f ll j y
t ee o a h h l l p
o l pt d j dg
ou s a t s ee no s ee , an u e no

cause , an d f m l
ca re h th m i d
or no an un ess t ou s e e e a en

ll bi d i g k pf w
.

Y h ll w e s a s h bea r a n n oa t s ut ee e
wh h
en h t b ou i gh Gi k i g
ast h
e en one n h l t u
’
s uest, t ou s a t
m mb H i mi b f d gh ’
not re e er e s ra ve oste r - a u ter
h y f m
.

Th h l ff
ou s a t s u er h d p y h
treac er ro a n ot er a n a t e
p i f G i mh il d pl
r ce o r T h b ig h h i d l d y wil l
’
s o ts
”
. e r t -
a re a

ofi er th ee h e r d a ug h ter .

Volsu nga l d t il giv B ynhild es a dditi on a e a s : r

kn w h o s er d liv
t b S ig u d Sig m un d
e n nde r er o e r sso a

th l y f F fni nd th y w
e s a er o th t a h ,
a e s ear oa s o eac

o th Th d
er . ipti n f thei e n d m eeti ng
escr o o r seco
,

wh n h fin d h
e a m ng h e
e m id n nd
s h er o r a e s, a s e

p ph i th t h will m y Giuk i d ughte

ro es es a e arr
’
s a r,

a nd l th m ting b tw n h
a so e nd Gu d un ee e ee er a r

b f th l tt m iag p es nt l te dev
e or e e a er s
’
ar r e, r e r e a a r e

l pm nt f th
o e t y incon i tent wi th th
o e lde s or , s s e o r

co n pti n f th e S hiel d m iden Sigu d give

ce o o -
a . r s

B ynhild th ing And n ut whi h bel nged t

r e r va ra a , c o o

th h e d pl dge nd t ke it f m h g in
oa r ,
as a e , a a s ro er a a

22
 MYTH O LOGY OF THE N O RTH
l wh n h woos h in Gunnar f r m I t is
ate r e e er
’
s o .

th e ight of th e i n f d d h and
’
s
g te w o n G u run a r ar s r s

whi h v l t he th decepti n but th

c re ea s o pi d
r e o e e so e

ha ls d pe ignifi n e ince it b ing h

s a o a ee r s ca c , s r s er

into connection with th ntral a tion by p ing e ce c ass

the cu e n t h e rs A ding to Sno i pa a

o o r. ccor rr s
’
r

ph ase S igu d give th i ng t B ynhi ld when h

r , r s e r o r e

goe to h in Gunn f m
s er ar s
’
or .

Fo the rt f the t y we m ust d pen d h i fly

r es o s or e c e

n G
o 'fi i e
p p nd V l u
s an g T h a
e l tte t ll t h t
‘ ‘

o s a. a r e s a

G i m hild th m th
r , f th G iuki ng g v S igu d
e o er o e s, a e r

a magi d in k by whi h h e f g t B ynhild nd f ll

c r c or o r a e

i n lov wit h Gi uki d ug h te

e G udr un b th ’
s a r.
’
s ro ers

s wo e o th
r f f iend ship wi th him nd h ag eed
a s o r ,
a e r

to rid e th ugh the w ro l owe or ing f fi e d is av er ,

r o r ,

g u ise d n d w in B ay n hi ld f t h e ld es t br th or e ro er

Gunna Aft th e tw b id ls he
r. er mem be ed h i o r a ,
re r s

fir st p ing th rough th e fl m e and h i l v f

as s a ,
s o e or

B ynh fl d
r tu ned The S hi ld maid n t
re r . m m e - e oo r e e

b d but thinki ng that Gunn had f i ly w n h e

er e , ar a r o r,

a ccepted h e f te until G ud un in pite nd j

r a l usy r s a ea o

re ve l d the trick th t h d bee n pl yed on h e

a e Ofa a a r.

the t ea he y of th Giuki ng Bry nhild t k

r c r e littl e s a es

he d ; but death l on n p y f Sigu d uncon

e a e ca a or r
’
s

sc ious bet y l Sh t ll G unne that Sigu d has

ra a . e e s r r

broken f ith with him nd th e Gi ukings with some

a ,
a

re l uct n e m u rd er thei siste s h usband B y nhild

a c r r
’
. r

sp ings n t th e fune l py e and die with

r o o ra r , s

S ig u d r Vol ung make the m u de t k plac e in

. s a s r r a e

23
 THE EDDA : II . TH E H EROIC
Sig ur d
’
s c h m bea poem the Sh t Sigu d
r , and one , or r

La y , a
g r ees . The f gm nt whi h f ll w S ig d i
ra e c o o s r r

f u ma
'
l, on th e othe h nd pl r th a n in th , ac es e sce e e

o pe n air

Sig urd was slai n south of th e Rh ine ; a raven on

a tree cal l ed al oud : O n you wil l Atl i red d en th e
sword y b k
our ro en oath s shal l d estro you
’
G ud run y
k
.

Gi u i s d a ugh ter stood wi thout, and th ese were th e

’

pk
first word s s h e s o e : W h ere i s now S igurd , t h e l ord
‘

o f m e n, t h at m y k
i nsm en ri d e firs t ?
’
H og ni al one
m ad e answer : W e h ave h ewn Sig urd asund er wi th
t h e sword th e g re y
h orse sti l l s too s over h is d e ad p
l ord
’
.

Thi g ees with th Old Gud un L y nd with

s a r e r a a

th e Conti nen t l Ge m n v in p
a pil gu r a ers o ,
as a rose e o e

p ints out
o .

Of th Giuking b th G unn ppea nly in

e ro ers, ar a rs o

a co n tem ptibl e ligh t h g in h i b id by t e a s s r e rea

ch y nd keep hi th t Sigu d by quibble

er ,
a s s oa o r a .

H gni wh h little but hi n m in mm n

o ,
o as s a e co o

with H g n n T nj e
a e f th N i bel ung n Li d
vo ro o e e e ,

a dvi es Gunn gain t b eaking hi oath but it i

s ar a s r s ,
s

h e who taunt G ud un fte w d The l te

s r a r ar s . a r

p m f th y l t y to m ake h oe ut f b th ;
oe s o e c c e r er s o o o

t he m disa ep n y xist b etw en th

e sc r fi st nd a c e s e e r a

sec on d halves f th N i b l ung n Li ed Thei h l f

o e e e . r a

b th Gutth orm pl y n p t in th st y
ro er , , a s o ar e or

e x ept th e ctu l mu d e
c as f S igurd a a r rer o .

Th hief ffe t f th influen e f Ch isti nity

e c e c o e c s o r a

a nd R m nce n th o l egend i loss f ym p thy

a o e s a o s a

24
 26 TH E E DDA II : . TH E HEROIC
The i g poems f th y l l l l te in
rem ai n n o e c c e, a a

s tyl nd t n
e a d l with th f te f Gud un nd
o e, ea e a s o r a

h erb th nd
ro w th i xi t n
ers, a t n t o e e r e s e ce oa a rra or s
’

u nwilli ng ness t l t f vou ite t y nd Th o e a a r s or e . e

c u makes cont inu ti n ea y i n

rse th Giuking a o s ,
s ce e s

i nh it i t with the bo d Gud un w m i ed t

er ar . r as arr a

t h wi h f h e ki n m n t Atli th H un said t b
e s o r s e o e , o e

B ynhild b the H e invited Gunn nd Hogni

r
’
s ro r. ar a

t o hi u t nd kil l ed th m f
s co r th a k f th e or e sa e o e

t u
r eas i n veng n
r e, f whi h Gu d un kill d h ea ce or c r e er

o wn t w n n d A tli
o thi l tte in id nt b ing
so s a s a r c e e

p ibly n imit ti n f Signy If we m y b li v

oss a a o o . a e e e

th t G ud u n lik Ch i m h il d in th
a r ,
N i b l u ng n
e r e e e e

Li d m e i d Atli in d t g in v ng n f
,
ar r e or er o a e ea ce or

S igu d w m igh t uppo

r ,
th t th
e w nf i n s se a e re a s co us o

h ere : th t h h lf in it d th m u d f h
a s e er se c e e r er o er

b thro nd kill d Atli w h n h

ers, a h d d hie e e a se r ve s

pu p r Thi w uld t ength n th p t f

ose . s o s r e e ar o

G ud un wh r th t le stand i
,
o asthe futil e a s s ra r a e

c har act B ut in l l p b bility th e pi od e i

er . a ro a e s s

nfu si n f S ig ny t y wi th th t f
’
d ue to a co o o s s or a o

t h e Ge m n C h i m hild nd Et l
r a r e a ze .

One p int h til l t be

o n ide ed t h place f
as s o co s r e o

th e N ibel ung in t h e t y I n th Edd

s th s or . e a, e

H nifl ungs lw y th Gi uking Gunn nd

ar e a a s e s, ar a

H gni nd S n i giv it as the n m e f n he i

o ,
a orr es a o a ro c

f mily Th e titl e f the fi st

a . n ti u f th o r a ve re o e

N i b l u ng n I i d l o pp
e e ntly u es the wo d
/ e a s f a ar e s r o

t he B u gun di ns r Y et th t u i
a lw y th
. e reas re s a a s e

26
 MYTHO LOGY OF THE N O RTH 27

N ibel ungs h d whi h l ly mean th t they

’
oar , c c ear s a

we th igin l wne ; nd when H gen n

re e or a o rs a a vo

T nj t ll th t y l t in th p m h p k
ro e e s e s or a er e oe ,
e s ea s

o f th N ib l ung
e t ly as th d w f f m wh m
e s c orr ec e ar s ro o

Si gf i d w n it
e r e On t h i p int th o f th . s o ,
ere or e , e

G m n p ese v
er a th old r t diti n th N o se
r es e er ra o e r

Andv i th e iv d w f i th Ge m n Albe i h
ar ,
r e r -
ar , s e r a r c

th N ib l ung
e I n th e N i b l u ng n [ led th e wi nn ing
e . e e f

o f th t easu e f m n p t f th
e r r ti n it ior s o ar o e ac o : s

m ly na at d by H g n Thi
er e rr unts f
e th a e . s acco or e

s h tening f th epi d
or nd th
o m issi n f th e so e a e o o o e

i nte m di t st p th bbing f the dw f th

r e a e e s: e ro o ar ,
e

c u s nd the d
r e, a g n l ying ra o -
s a .

E rm anr i c .
—The two poems of Gad/men s m ’
t
a nd h d t th
H mnthism a l , in th e Edd a a tta c e o e

V l ung y l b l ng c e tly t th t f th e
o s c c e, e o or r c o a o

G thi h
o E m n i
c A din g t these p em
ero r a r c. c cor o o s,

Gud un G i uki d ught m i d thi d ti m

’
r ,
s a er , arr e a r e,

and h d th n Sti li H m thi nd E p

a Sh
r ee so s , r , a a r . e

m i d S nh ild h wn nd Sigu d d ught

arr e va , er o a r
’
s a er ,

t J 6 m un k kin g
o r f th G th ; but S nh il d
re , o e o s va

w l nd d nd h e hu b n d h d h t dd n t
as s a er e , a r s a a er ro e o

d th by h es h f Th d ipti n f S v n
ea or s
’
oo s . e escr o o a

hild is g d xample f th styl f the m nti

a oo e o e e o ro a c

poem s
Th e b d m id t d S
on a s sa roun vanhi l d , d earest of

my chil d ren S h il d w l ik l
va n
g as e a ori ous s un ea m b i n

my ha l l . I d w d h wi h g l d
o ere er t o and g oo d ly f b i a r cs

27
28 TH E EDDA II THE HERO IC : .

I
wh en m arried h er into Gothland hat was th e hard e st T
y
.

of m y g rief s wh en th e trod S va nh il d s f air h a ir i n to

’
.

th e d ust benea th th e h orses h oof s

’
.

Gu d ru n sent her th r ee sons to a v nge e th e i r

i
s ste r ; two t h
l E p by th w y nd w
of em s e w r e a ,
a e re

kill d them lv
e i n th i se tt k n J 6 m un k f
es e r a ac o r re or

w nt f hi h lp
a o S di d
s e Sn . i y l l wh
o e ,
as orr sa s, a o

w f Gi uki ng d
er e o n t ; nd nly A l ug d ught
esce a o s a ,
a er

of S igu d nd B ynh ild u viv d

r a r H i m k i ngl , s r e . e s r a,

a thi t nth
r ee ntu y hi t y f th y l
ce r fs or o e ro a rac es o

S ndin vi t
ca a e th a, d ent f th N
rac s ki ng
e esc o e or se s

f mh
ro er .

Thi E m n i t y whi h b l ng t l g nd y
s r a r c s or , c e o s o e e ar

hi t y
s or th th n m yth i in
ra er l ity quit ind
a , s r ea e e

p nd nt f th V l ung N ib l ung y l Th
e e o e o s or e c c e . e

co nn ti n i l
ec o nd in
s ti ti th l g n d b in g
oose a ar s c, e e e e

p b bly lin k d t Gud un n m bec u h

ro a e o r
’
s a e a se s e

h d b
a m eco f v u it h te nd I l nd i
e a a o r e c arac r a ce a c

n t
ar r a ors w e u nwillin g t er l t h di Th e o e er e.

hi t i E m n i w
s or c r nque
a d by th H uns in
r c a s co re e

374 t h i x the s n t u y hi t i n J ce n n d e i t
rh s or a or a s s e

ea r liest uth ity f th t diti n th t h w

a or or e ra o a e as

m u d e d by S u
r re n d A m mi u ar in s v ng f
a s re e e or

th i i t d th by wild h l t ll
’
e r s s er s ea S x orses . a o a so e s

th t y with g e t
e s or ,
im il ity f n m r a er It s ar o a es .

seem h dly n
s ar y t um with m ny
ecessar o ass e, a

sc h l th xi ten e f tw h oe f th e n m e
o a rs , e e s c o o er s o a

E m n i
r a n h i to i
r c, a nd m ythi ls ne
r c A a a ca o .

si m pl erxpl n ti n i th t
e a a l g nd y t y
o s a a e e ar s or

28
30 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

H and i ng, a nd b ttl H und ing

a fte r wa r d s m et in a e
’
s

so n t L gafell wh e t h
s a o V lky i S ig un ,
er e a r e r ,

Hogni d ught p t t d him n d h ll ng d

‘ ’
s a er , r o ec e
, a c a e e

him t fight H od b od d t wh m h e f th
o h d r o o r a er a

plighted he S h e p tected h i hips in the t m

r. ro s s s or

whi h ove t k them th y s il d t m e t H bd

c r oo as e a e o e

b d d and w t h ed v
ro , him in th e battle in whi h
a c o er , c

h e l ew h i s iv l nd w g eeted s vict by
s r a a as r a or

S ig un H il h e f Y ng i th u
’
r e a , ro o v s r ac o

s h l t h ve b th the d ing nd the m ig hty m id

a a o re r s a a

thin e H bgni s d u gh t
’
e ar nd H i ngst d th a er a r a ,
e

vict y nd the l nd
or a a .
”

H elgi H nd i ng b n I L b id u giving dd i s a e , es es a

ti n l d t il f th h ly lif m pl t
’
o a e a s o th e ero s ear e , co e es e

t y
s or I n th b ttl with H od b d d H lgi kill d
. e a e ro , e e

ll S ig un ki n m n x p t ne b th D g wh
’
a r s s e e ce o ro er , a ,
o

l w him lat in v ng n
s e B ut H lgier tu n d e ea ce . e re r e

f m th g v w kened by S ig un w ping
ro e ra e, a a r
’
s ee ,

a nd h e went int th e h owe with h i m

s Th e ll t o . co ec or

a g in dd n t : H lgi nd Sig un e i d t
a a s a o e e a r ar sa o

h v b een b n g in h w th n ll d H lgi H d
a e or a a : e as e ca e e a

d ingj k ti nd h K
as a H lfd n d ught
, a s e a ra a a
’
s a er , as

i t i t ld in th K lj d nd h w V lky i ”
s o e ara - o ,
a s e as a a r e.

Thi thi d H lgi l g nd d n t u viv in

s r e e e oes o s r e

v th K
er se , 6 d h vi n g
e p i h d I t i
ar a t ld i-n 0 a er s e . s o

p i n th l t
r ose g f H m nnd G ip n e a e sa a o ro r sso , ao

cording t wh i h K w o V lky i n d w n c ara as a a r e a s a

m id whil
a h w h ve ing ve B lgi h kill d
e s e as o r o r e , e e

h identall y in swingi ng h i w d
er acc s s or .

3°
 MYT H O LOGY O F THE NO RTH 31

The e c n be little d ubt th t these th ee

r a o a r are

merely varia nts of th e m st y ; th e foun d ti n sa e or a o

is th sam th oug h i n id nts nd n m es d ifl e

'

e e, c e a a r.

Th e th ee H lgis a e n h
r end the th ee ve i ns r o e e ro, a r rs o

o f h i l egend prob bly come f m diffe ent localiti es

s a ro r .

Th collecto could n t but feel th i id ntity nd

e r o e r e , a

the im ila ity w s too f und m ntal t be ve

s r a a e o o r

l ooked ; h e therefore accounted f it by th ld or e o

idea f e bi th and th u linked the three togeth e

o r -
r ,
s r.

I n e ch B el gi has n h e ed it y foe ( H r d m
a a r ar o ar ,

Hunding H dding) i n e ch hi b ide is

, or a a s r a

V lky ie wh p te cts h im nd gives hi m vi t y

a r ,
o ro a c or

each n ds in t e g d y th ugh diff rently ra e , o e .

Th two va iants i n the Poeti Edd h ve evident

e r c a a

ma ks of contamin ti n wi th th e V lsung ycl

r a o o c e,

a nd some p ints f upe fi i l o sem bl n e H lgi

o s r c a re a c . e

Hjii v d sson s m othe i S ig li nn B elgi H undi ng

’
r ar r s r , s

b n f the is Sigm und in th e N i b lungen Lied

a es
’
a r ,
as e

S iegf i d i th
r e n f S ig m unt
s nd S ig l in t
e so o e a e .

H lgi H un d ing b ne i
e V lsung nd W lfing s a s a o a o

( Yl fin g) an d b o th
,
t S in fj btl i ; hi fi s t
r fig h t er o s r ,

lik Sigu d
e g in rt t h e
’
f
s, 18 a
o H un din g hi a s r ace s

r iv l H od b d d i H n iflung he fi t m t th e
a ,
ro , s a rs ee s

V lky i n Log f ll ( Fl me hil l ) ; h i killed by

a r e o s -
e a -
e s

h is b the i l w wh o h
ro w n f i nd hip
r- h - a B ut
,
as s or r e s .

th e is no pa all l t th
re ssen ti l f r tu e f th
e o e e a ea r s o e

V l ung y l and u h likeness between th tw

o s c c e, s c es e o

s to ies as
r e n ot id nt l d u t th e influen
ar acc e a a re e o ce

o f th e mo e f vou ed l g nd ; thi is speci lly t u

r a r e e s e a r e

3:
32 THE EDDA : II . TH E HERO IC
of th e p
nam es piece S i nfj tli D th
. Th e r ose - o
’
s ea

l m k H elgi h lf b the t Sinfjiitl i ; it i f l

a so a es a - ro r o s o

l wed in thi by V ln m g S g whi h d v tes h p

o s
' ’

o a a a, c e o ac a

te to H l gi p
r ph ing Helgi H un d ing b n I
e , ar a ras s a e

Th re i f cou
e s,con f u i n
o ve th Hunding rse , s o o r e

epi de ; the g i bliged t e on ile its nflict

so sa a s o o r c c co

ing utho i ties by m ki ng H elgi kill H u nding nd

a r a a

s me
o f h is n o nd S ig u d kill the rest
so s, a r .

If the theo y t t d bel w to th e original

r s a e o as

B lgi l g nd be rre t th e f eud with H u nd in s

’
e e e co c
g ,

rac e t ld in th ese po m m u t b ext n u

,
as o I e s, s e ra eo s.

conj tu ecth t it b l n g d
re igin lly t th V l ung
a e o e or a o e o s

c y l nd t th w w lf Sin fj otli I t m ust n t

c e, a o e ar -
o
‘

. o

b f g tt n th t t h ugh h p
e or o e ut f th a , o e asses o o e

V l n g t y lt g t h i n t h l t v i n b t h
o su s or a o e er e a er ers o s, o

S ndi n i n n d G m n h i in th m in
ca av a a ti n er a , e s e a ac o

i n th li t n (th t i n B wulf ) wh
e ear es o n e a eo , ere eve

S ig u d does n t pp
r Th feu d mi gh t o ily a ear . e ea s

h v been t ansf ed f m him to H lgi w ll

a e r err ro e as e as

to Sigu d fo i nv nti n i r ,
lim i te d r
g d e o s as re ar s

e pi de nd n t wh wi hes t l b t
so s, a a a rr a or o s o e a ora e

th e to y f s f v u it he i ften f ed to
r o a a o r e ro s o orc

b w d ntu
orr o I n th e
a igin l t y H l gi
ve res . or a s or , e
’
s

bl d f ud w p b bly wi th th kind d f S ig un
oo - e as ro a e re o r

or S va va .

Th e or igin
l g nd m t b ught of th e H el gi e e us e so

o u t id
s f t h V l ung y l e
e o S m w it s f e o s c c . o e r er ar e o

o pini n th t th n m h uld b H lgi nd th

o a e a e s o e o , a er e

a re two t i in whi h he H lgi ppe

s or es c a ro o a ar s .

3:
34 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

Th y pu u him nd h e
e rs e ,
a is oblig d lik G ud e ,
e e

W ll in t h S tti h b ll
a a ce e co s a ad , t di g ui
o him lfs se se

in b nd m id d
a o a
’
s r ess

Pi erc i ng a re th e e y es o f H aga l
’
s b o nd m aid i t is
no p ea sa nt s
’
ki n w h o sta nd s at th e m il l : th e stones a re

s pl i t, th e bi n s pi r ng s i n two I t is a h ard fate f or a

b y b
.

warrior to g ri nd th e arl e th e s o w r d -
h ilt is ette r

fitted f or th ose h and s th an th e m il l -h and l e

’
.

ig un i p nt t th b ttl in wh i h
S r s r esein a e a e, c ,
as

th e E ngli h nd S tti h b ll d H lgi l y

s a ll h co s a a s, e s a s a er

kind ed x ept n b th
r e H ct ll h th o e ro er . e e s er e

f tun f th figh t nd h e h
or es o b twe n l
e ,
a s c ooses e e over

an d kin m n s e

KEL G I G d l k i n t g t d th “
m id i oo uc s o ra n e e e, a n

p ly bl m
.
,

al l th ings, th ou gh th e N or ns a re ar t to a e

H d I w
.

B ragi a nd ogni f el l to-d a y a t Fr e ka stei n,

'

an as

th e ir sl a y er ; m ost of th y ki d n re d lie l o w Th ou

b
.

c oul d s t not h i n d er t h e a ttl e : i w t as th y f a t e t o b e a

c a u se of stri f e t o h e roes W ee p not, S i gr un, th o u h ast

b H
.

e en il d to us h e roe s m us t m ee t t h e ir f a te
IG U I
.

“
S R N . coul d w i sh th ose al i ve wh o are f al l en,
”
a nd y e t r es t i n t hy ar m s .

Th e sur v iving b th eh f ro r, Dag , swea r s oa t s o

r econ ili t i n t
c H lgi but
a o m mb th f ud
o e ,
re e er s e e .

Th nd
e m
e s in thco N S igm u nd t l
es, a e or se a e,

t h ugh O din i nt f n h l nd h i p
’
ro s er er e ce : e e s s s ea r

t oD g wh a t b K l gi in
,
g v nd id
o s a s e a r o e, a r es

h m t t ll h i
o e o it S ig n i i n n l bl
e s s s er . ru s co so a e,

a nd th m d
c ur se s wi t h p w nd
e ur er er a r a re o er a

di tn
r ec ess
 MYT H O LOGY O F T HE N O RTH 35

May th e oa th s pi erc e t h ee th at t h ou h ast sworn

to H el g i Ma y t h e shi p sa il not th a t sa i l s und er

t h ee , th o ug h a f a i r wi nd l ie b hi
e nd Ma y th e h orse
fl
.

r un not th a t r uns und e r t h ee , t ho ug h t h o u a r t e e i ng

f rom t h y f o es May th e sword . i t e no t t h a t t h o u b

d ra wes t, unl ess i t si ng round thi ne own h ead I f th o u .

we rt a n outl aw i n th e wood s, H e l gi s d eat h were

’

a veng ed N e ver ag a in wh i l e I
li ve , by nig h t o r
I ppy I
.

d ay , sh al l si t ha a t S e va f el l , i f see not th e l ig h t

pl ya on y
m y h ero s com pan , nor th e g ol d - i tted W a r
’
b
b reez e r un t h i th er wi t h t h e warri or
”
.

B ut H el g i r etu r ns fr om t he g ra ve , una bl e to
b u f Sig un w
r e st eca se o r
’
s ee pi ng , an d sh e g oes

d wn int th h w with h im
o o e o e

SI G U T hy h i i
R N
“
a r s covered wi th frost, H el gi
yd
.

th o u ar t d re nc h ed wi t h d ea d l e w, th y h a nd s a r e c ol d

a nd wet H ow sh al l Ig t
my h ero ? e t h ee h el p ”

ELGI
.
,

K “
Th ou al one h ast c a used i t, S i g run from
y
.

Sevaf el l , th at H el gi is d re nc h ed wi th d ea d l d ew
p b b p
.

T h ou wee est i tter tea rs ef ore th ou goest to sl ee ,

g ol d -d ec edk b
s un ri g h t, South e rn m a id ; ea c h one f a l l s

b b y y
,

on m y reast, l ood , c ol d and we t, c ruel , h ea v wi th

g ri e f
Ih m d pi
.

“
S I G B UN av e a e t h e e h er e a a nl es s bed ,
I p
.

H el gi, son of th e W ol fing s wi ll sl ee i n thy a rms , .

”
m y warrior, as i f th ou wert ali ve .

H EL GI Th ere shal l be no stra ng er thing a t S eva

y b
.

f el l, ea rl or la te, th an th at th ou, ki ng - orn, H iig ni s

’

fair d aug h ter, sh oul d st be al i ve in th e grave and sl ee p

d ead man s a r ms .
’
in a

T h e l ay of H elgi H j o rvar d s son is urt f h est f rom

th e igin l
or a ,
for th er e is no e u wt f d ih Sva va s
’

ki nd d n d
re ,
or oes H elg i d ie a t th i he r and s but it
35
36 THE EDDA II THE HERO IC : .

p evr es r fe tu e m itt d l where in h i

es a a r o e e se , s

l i ng h i b id t h i b the p t ti n Lik
ea v s r e o s ro r s
’
r o ec o . e

th ewi f in th eE ngli h b l l d f E l B nde s a a o ar ra ,

a nd th h i n f th D n i h Ri b ld nd Gu ld b g
e ero eo e a s o a or ,

efu but H din l t w d eem t ’

Sv ava r ses, e s as or s s o

i m ply th t h e i t tu n nd m y h e f t
a s o re r a arr r a er

a v nging H lgi Th i w uld b nt y t l l

e e . s o e co rar o a

p ll l
a ra ding t whi h Sv a h uld d i with
e s, accor o c av s o e

B lgie .

Th e lte n tiv a ndi ng f th H lg i nd K

r a e e o e e a/ ara

v i n i i nt est ing
er s o s p i ding the p ssibl
er as rov o e

so u f n th
r ce o S tti h b ll d d e li ng wit h th e
a o er co s a a a

sa m typ e f t y I n Th Cm l Kn i gh t
e o s or h . e
’
e ,
as ere ,

th h e l y h i b id wh i f h til f m ily
ero s a s s r e, o s o a os e a ,

by m i t k On p g f H lgi H u nd i ng b n I I
s a e . e assa e o e s a e

d ib H lgi nt n int V lh ll wh i h
esc r es e
’
s e ra ce o a a a, c ,

t k n wi th th e i n id nt f Sig u n j ining h i m in
’
a e c e o r s o

th h we
e o ppli n in t n f th u iv l id
,
su es a s a ce o e s rv a s e

by id f i n n i t nt n ti ns as t th t t f
s e o co s s e o o o e s a e o

th d d Th l v tu n f om th e g v i
’
e ea . e o er s re r r ra e s

ubj d p
th e s t f Cla k S un d
ec
(oth e e n t ) nd r a er s s co ar a

se ve l oth S tti h b l l d
ra er co s a a s.

Th e S on g of th e M il l .
— Th e ma g i c m l il is
b est kn own Why th e ea i
in th e f lk t l
o - a e,
“
s s

salt but thi i n t th e l d e t p t f th t y

s s o o s ar o e s or ,

th ugh it to k m t h ld f th p pul
o o i m gi os o o e o ar a

n ti n whi h
a o l v l gend y xpl n ti n f
c o es e ar e a a o s o

natur l ph enom en
a Th h F odi m ythi l a. e er o, r ,
a ca

36
38 TH E EDDA : I I . TH E H EROIC
anc est ors , f rom th em
we d a ug h te rs of th e mountai n
are

g i an t s s r ung p W e m ai d s wroug h t mig h t d eed s , y

p
.

we m oved th e m o untai ns f rom th e ir l ac es, we rol l ed

k
roc s over th e c ourt of t h e
g i ant s so t h a t t h e ea r th
k k
,

sh oo N ow we a re c om e to th e i ng s h ouse ,
’

y b b
.

m eeting no me r c and h el d i n ond ag e , m ud enea t h

our f eet a nd c ol d o ver o ur h ead s, we g rind t h e ea c e P
k y
.
”
ma I t i s d rea r Frod i
’
er. at s.

y ng f th i w ng by night th i
A s th e sa o e r ro s , e r

m oo d h ng d nd i n t d f g ind ing p
c a e ,
nd a s ea o r ea ce a

wea lth th y g ound w fi nd w d

e r ar , re a s or

Wa k en, F r od i ! wa k en, Frod i ! i f th ou wi l t h ear

o ur song s. I see fi re b urn a t t h e ea st of t h e

c i ta d el , th e voi c e of war a w k a e s, t h e s ignal i s g i ven A

p d
.

h ost wil l c om e h ith er i n s ee a nd burn th e b al l over

ki
,
”
th e ng .

b nd m aid g und n i n gi nt w th
S o th e o s ro o a -
ra ,

w hil th e king M y ing il d n

e sea - with h i s sa e ear er s

h t until th q n t n plit ; nd then th

os ,
e u er -s o es s a e

d ught f th m nt in gi nt p k n m
a ers o e ou a -
a s s o e o ce or e

W h v g
e nd t
a u pl
e urou F di ; w m id o o r eas re , ro e a s

h t d l n g t th m i
a ve s oo o a e

A N m n w orse ly ntent t ll w
a as r are co o a o a

f t n t
or u ndi n g t
a e e ny h nd ntin ti n
o a e r o, a a co ua o

of th t y th
e s or f m k th m ill b i ng di t
ere or e a es e r sas e r

on M y ing l s s Aft l yi ng F d i nd b n i ng
a o . er s a ro a ur

h i h ll h t k th
s a ,
t n
e nd th
oo b nd m i d ne s o es a e o a s o

b d h i h ip nd b d th m g ind l t Th y
oa r s s ,
a a e e r sa . e

g n
roud t ill t h w ig h t nk th eh ip t th b tt m
e sa e s o e o o

of th wh
e sea , th m ill i g i ndi ng till
er e Th i i e s r s . s s

n t in t h
o n g t h ug h i t h
e so liv d l ng p pul ly
, o as e o er o ar

38
 MYT H O LOGY O F THE N O RTH 39

t h an t he ear li p er ar t. Dr Rydb g identifi F di

. er es ro

wit hF y re , the God of f tility

er .

Th e E v er l as ti n g B attl e .
— N o Eddic poem sur

viv n th b ttl f th Hj th ning th t y f

es o e a e o e a s, e s or o

whi h i t ld in p
c s o by S n i I t m u t h wev r ose or r . s ,
o er ,

b e an n i n t l g nd
a c e n d th he H din b l ng
e e a e ro e e o s

t o on f th e o ld G m n i h i
e o s f th er a c ero c r ac e , or e

m in t l D s re i d p nd nt f th H d ening in
eor s a e e e o e eo s

th O ld E ngli h p m t wh i h
e f en
s will b oe o c r e er ce e

m d l t
a e Th l g nd i t h t Hild d ugh t
a er . e fe e s a ,
a er o

Hogn i w c ied w y by H din th H j thning

'

,
as arr a a e e a ,

Hj nd i
arr a n H ogni pu d nd v t k
’
s so . rsu e ,
a o e r oo

th m n ee t h O kn ys
ar Th n Hild went t h
e r e . e o er

f th nd ff d t nem nt f m Hedin but i d

a er a o er e a o e ro ,
sa

l
a so th t h w a quit e dy t fight nd H gn i
e as e r a o ,
a o

n eed xp t n m y Hogni nsw red h tly

e ec o er c . a e s or ,

a nd Hild tu ni ng t l d H di n th t h
re r f th o e a er a er

w uld
o pt n t n m n t b t b d h im p p
acce o a o e e u a e r e ar e

t fi gh t
o B th k ing l nd d n n i l nd f ll w d
. o s a e o a s a , o o e

by th i m n H din ll d t Hogni nd ff d
e r e . e ca e o a o er e

t n m n t n d m u h g ld b t H og ni
a o e e a id i t w c o ,
u sa as

t oo l t hi w d w
a e, l d y d wn Th y
s s or as a r ea ra . e

f ught ti ll v ning nd th n t n d t th i
o e e ,
a e r e ur e o e r

ship ; b t Hild w nt n h e nd w k up l l
s u e o s or a o e a

th l in by
e s a y th t th b ttl beg n g in
sorc er , so a e a e a a a

n xt d y j u t
e a bf Ev y d y th y fight
s as e ore . er a e ,

a nd ev y night th d d
er lle d t li f n d e ea are r eca o e, a

so i t wil l g n till R g n oko o a ar .

39
 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

I n t h e Ger m a n p oem , Gud r un , th e C onti nenta l

v i ers on of t hi l gend
s e occ u rs in th e stor y of th e
sec on d Hild y by th m in t l
e. S h e is ca r r e id a wa e s re

H nt ( wh
o: a th u pl y mo tiv p t th n
o s a s a re ac e ar a

th N se H j
e or nd i
) n v oy f m K i ng H tt l
ar ra ,
as e ro o e ,

H din Ge m n unt p t H f th H g n
e
’
s r a co er ar . er a er a e

pu u nd ft
rs es, a b ttl with H tt l g ee t
a er a a e e e a r s o a

recon i li ti n cT h e t y is d upl i ted in th

a o . h s or ca e a

d u ti n of Hil d d ugh t Gud un nd th b ttl

c o es
’
a er r , a e a e

on th e W iil pensand .

An the f nce m y p b bly b ppli d by

o r r e er e a ro a e su e

th e m uch d eb ted lin 4

— 6 f m t ha A n gl es 1 1 ro e o

S x n D
a o f whi h th m t ear , o ti f t y t n c e os sa s a c or ra s

l ti n em t b : M ny f u h v h d f th
a o se s o e a o s a e ear o e

h m f Hild th Jut l v w unb und d

ar o e
’
e s o es er e o e , so

t h t th fl t k f m him l e p lt g th
”
a e car e o ov e oo ro s e a o e er .

S x it i t u m k Hild f th Jut i n t d ’
a o, s r e, a es s a er a e, s ea

o f h l ve nd S n i pp ntly g with h im
er o r, a or r a are a r ees

i n m king H din N w gi n ; b t i n t h Gu d u n
a e or e a u e r

H tt l i F isian
e e J u ti h T h Angl S x n
s r or s . e o- a o

Wi d i th m nti n in n lin H gen kin g f t h

s e o s o e e a a, o e

H lm yg
o
( N
r w gi n pas vi n
) an d H d n or e a ro ce ,
a eo e ,

king f th Gl mm (n t id n tifi d ) wh m y b
o e o as o e e ,
o a e

th H ogn i n d H din f t hi t l
’

e a e o s a e .

T h A ngl S x n nd G m n g e n n th
e o -
a o a er a a re o a o er

p i nt w h
o b th diff f m th N er e o Th er ro e orse . e

Angl S x n p m B i upp d t b p k n
o-
a o oe eer s s ose o e s o e

by a soa
p u t p t w h h b
or co n u t d f r m oe o as ee o s e ro

th fe u f hi l d
a vo H d n ing by H
r o s nd or ,
a eo e , eor r e a,
42 THE EDDA II : . TH E H EROI C
The pti n of h h cte ont ting with
conce o er c ara r, c ras

th e gentle p t pl ye d by th e C ntinenta l Ger m n

r ar a o a

h oines (wh are the th e auses th n the in ite s

er o ra r c a c r

of st if ) c n be p
r el l l ed f om m ny f th e
,
a gs ar a e r a o sa a

p opr er .

H 6g n s w d D in l i f f ged by th d w f
1 s or a s e ,
or e ar s ,

as we e ll m gi w p n
r a is lik th wo d f
a c ea o s, e e s r o

Anganty i n th t it l im r, vi tim wh neve it i a c a s a c e r .

s

d wn f m th e she th n idea whi h m y sily

ra ro a a c a ea

h ve i n f m th p owess f ny f m us
a ar se ro e r o a a o

swo d m nr s a .

T h e S w or d Lik th two l t of A n g an ty r . e e as

l g nd Ang n ty t y i n t p e ented in th
e e s, a
’
r s s or s o re r s e

Eld Edd ; it i n t v n t ld by Sn i Y t
er a s o e e o or r . e

p em b l nging to th y l u iv (p e ved by
o s e o e c c e s rv e r ser

g od f tun in th l t m ythi l E m
o or e S g ) e a e ca a r ar a a

whi h m ng th e h oi p m
c a o nk n x t i n ti t i er c oe s ra e ar s c

be uty t th H elgi L y Since th e t y p

a o e a s . s or os

sesses besid t iking o igin lity nd is

es a s r nne ted r a , a co c

with th n me f P n Ge m ni
e ah th o a a - r a c e ro, e

O ngend th w f O ld E nglish p oet y I cann t

eo o r ,
o

f ll w th x m ple of m t dito s n d m it it f om
o o e e a os e r a o r

th e h i p m
e ro c oe s.

Li k th V l un g l g n d it is th t y f
e e o s e e e s or o a

cu ers n d th e i a g n l imil ity f utlin er s a e era s ar o o e,

with the x pti n th t th h e

e i in t h i
ce o a e ro s s case a

w m n
o Th
a u se l d n t
. u i e h cth r - a e r eas re s er e e

sw d Ty fi n g whi h S f l mi g t by f
or r ,
f m c va r a o or ce ro

42
 MYTHO LOGY OF THE NO RTH 43

th e dw f They lai d u n it : that it should

ar s. a c r se o

b ing d th t its be
r ea n w und it made sh uld
o ar er , o o o

be h l d nd it sh ould l im
ea e ,
a vi tim wheneve it c a a c r

w asu n h ath ed I n th
s e g th t y is p e d . e sa a , e s or s r a

o v sev l gene tion p tly n doubt in d

er era ra s : ar , o , or er

t in l ud e v yi ng v
o c i n ; p tly ls in imit
ar ers o s ar a o a

ti n f th e t ue I l ndic f m ily
o o g The hi f
r ce a a sa a. c e

t
ac ors in th e l egend be ide th w d e Anga n ty ,
s e s or , ar r

a n d hi d ught s H e ii a er rv r .

Th lie hist y f Ty fing i t ld i n the s g

e ea r r or o r s o a a.

S f l m i i kill d wi th th e m gi weap n its lf

va r a s e ,
a c o e ,

by th viking A ng im wh thu g ins pos ssi n

e r r ,
o s a se o

o f it ; wh en h e i l i n in hi t n it descend t s s a s ur ,
s o

A ng nty th e elde t f h i tw el v be se k s n
a r, s o s e r r o s .

F or a while no one n with t nd them but th e ca s a ,

d m ve t akes them t l t in th battle f S m y

oo o r a as e o a se

a g i n t th Swed es A w Odd nd Hj l m
a s e In rr o -
a a ar .

b k g th e tw lv b th
e rse r ra e, tt k th e e ro ers a ac e

S w di h hip
e snd ly
s y m n x p t th t w
s, a s a e ver a e ce e o

l d wh h v l nd d n th i l nd Th b ttl
ea e rs o a e a e o e s a . e a e

o ve r ,th b se k g e h nd t h
er e wh n th i
r s o as or e , a er e e r

f u y i p t th y
r s astt k d by t h e t w S wed i h
, e are a ac e o s

c h mpi n Odd figh t l v n f the b th but

a o s . s e e e o ro er s ,

Hj l m h the h d t k i n m eeti ng Ang nty

a ar as ar er as a r

a n d hi w d All the tw lv n f A ng i m
s s or . e e so s o r r

f ll nd Hj l m i m t lly w unded by Ty
a ,
a a ar s or a o r

fi ng The s u vivo
. b u i hi twelve foem n r r r es s e

wh th ey f l l nd t kes hi m de s body b k
’
ere e , a a s co ra ac

t S wed n
o The fi t poem giv
e . th e hal l ng rs es c e e

43
44 TH E EDDA II : . THE HE ROI C
of th e S we di sh c amh pi ons, an d Hj al mar s
’
dying
son g .

H v th d ught f Ang nty i in m

er or , e a er o a r, s so e

e p
r s t f m l unt p t f Sigu d Lik h im
ec s a e a e co er ar o r . e ,

h i b n ft h f the d th nd b ugh t p ’
s e s or a er er a rs ea a ro u
,

i n b u i ty W h n he l f th n m ’
o sc r n h . e s ear s er a er s a e,

s h ge f th with ut d l y t l i m h inh i
oes or o e a o c a er er

t n
a f m th e d e d ven with th e u
ce ro th t g a , e c rse a oes

with it He th . nd p m b gi n On re h e seco oe e s. reac

i ng th i l n d wh
e h f th fell h k
s a er e er a er ,
s e as s a

s h ph d t guide h t the g ves of A ng i m

e er o er o ra r r
’
s

8 0 118

I wil l as k no p
h os ital it , for y
now not th e I k
i sl a nd ers te l l m e q ui c l ,ky
w h er e ar e th e g ra ve s ca ll ed
H j iirvard h o wes
’
s

H e is un willing
f li h wh :
“
Th e m an is oo s o c om e s

h l n i n th d k h d
er e a o ef n ig h t fi i e ar s a e o : re s flic
k i ng h w
er , p ni ng fi ld nd f n
o es a re o e , e a e a re

afi m a nd fl e,i nt t h w d b t H
a ees o e oo s, u e r vor is
d untl
a nd g e ss n l n Sh a h oes o a o e. e r eac es t he
h w nd ll n t h n f A ng i m
o es a ca s o e so s o r r

Awa k e, Angantyr l H ervo r c all s t h ee, onl y

d a ug h te r t o t h ee a nd ofa Gi ve m e f ro m th e h o we T
k
.

th e een s word wh ic h th e d warf s f org ed f or S va f rl a m i ,

H ervard , H j iir va rd , H ra ni, Ang a ntyr l I c al l y o u a l l
f rom bl e ow t h e tree-roots, wi th h el m a nd corse le t, wi th
sh ar p swor d , s h iel d a nd h a rness, a nd red d ened s pea r .
”

A nga ntyr d ni e es t h at the s wor d i i n hi h w

s s o e :

Ne t i he r fath er , son , n or ot h er kin m n b u i d

s e r e

me ; m y Sl aye r s ha d Tyr fi ng ; b t H
u d erv or oe s

44
46 THE EDDA : II THE HEROIC .

A full di sc uss on i
l i b twe n th of th e r e at on e e e

Ed d i n d the a C nti n nt l v i n f th h i
e o e a er s o s o e er o c

t l
a es s um m i d i n t h f g i ng p g w ld f
ar se e or e o a es ou ,
o

co u b f
r se , b y n d th
e ar p f th i t dy th
e o e sco e o s s u e

u t m t th t os n b d n in th t di ti n i t
a ca e o e a r ec o s o

s ugg e t f w p i nt
s a Th e f th t i o n ts . r ee o e s or es ar e o

co n n d in thi
cer e ti n H l g i n d F di s sec p ly o : e a ro ar e u re

S n di n vi n y l
ca a ; w hil
a t h ghc A ng nty
c esi e ou a r s a

w ll kn wn h
e -
i n m ( in Wi d i tk Ong n d th w
o er o c a e s e eo

i ki ng f th S w d ) th l g n d tt h d t h i
s o e e es ,
e e e a ac e o s

n m a i n th N
e e d n t u viv l
or se so urces oes o s r e e se

wh Th W l n d
e re . yl i p hp
e e amm n c c e s er a s co o

p pe ty N n f th v i n l li it f th
ro r . o e o e er s o s oca se ,
or e

n m in V l n d k id W lfd l M y kw d &
’ ’

a es o u ar v a, o a e, r oo ,
c .
,

a r e con v nti n l h e i pl n m I t w p p l
o a er o c ac e -
a es . as o u ar

a t v y ly d t in Engl nd nd i p b bly
a er ea r a e a ,
a s ro a a

P n G m ni l g n d Th Sig u d nd Hild t i
a -
er a c e e . e r a s or es ,

o n th nt y
e co b th in ll v i n l li d
rar ,
a re o ,
a ers o s, oca se

o n th C nti n nt th f m by th Rhin th
e o e , e or er e e, e

l tt in Fr i l nd Jutl nd b th th f in
a er es a or a o ,
er e or e ,

L w G m n
o u nt y
er wh n
a th y m u t h v e
co r , e ce e s a

s p ead t th the Ge m ni l nd s T E ngl n d

r o e o r r a c a . o a

th y we
e d ubtl re i d by th L w G m n
o ess ca rr e e o er a

i nv d a f th
ers oixth ntu y On th qu ti n f
e s ce r . e es o o

th i p
e r g t t h N th t h
a ssa e o wid d iff n
e or er e are e er e ces

o f Opi ni n M t hl
o . g th t th w n
os sc o ars a r ee a er e as a

ea r li nd l t p g th fi t t king Hil d
er a a a er assa e, e rs a ,

E m n i
r a nd t h
r c, V l ung t y th
a nd e o s s or e seco ,

a b u t th t w lfth
o e th i te n th e nt u y th e or r e ce r ,

46
 MYTHO LOGY O F TH E N O RTH 47

Vl o s un g i
i h p h p Di t i h nd Attil
s aga n, wt er a s e r c a a .

B ut th e is m u h di g
er m nt cto th d t sa r ee f e as e a e o

t h fi t t nsm is i n M ii l l nh fi put it ly '

e rs ra s o e . e o as ar

as 6 ; K 00on d M u i n t
rah n i nt h an d t n t h
r er , e a e

ce nt u i ; w
r eshil e D G l th i f pi n i on
r. th t th o er s o o a e

V l ng to y passed fi t t th viki ng in F n
o su s r rs o e s ra ce ,

a n d th n w estw e d I l n d t Icel nd th
ar over re a o a er e

f l o n t b f e th ni nth ntu y Such i

or e a s o e or e ce r . ev

dn e ce i ff d d by th v y light E ngli h
as s a or e e er s s

f n m k it p b bl th t th e S ndi n vi n
re e r e ces a es ro a e a ca a a s

h d th t l es l t th n th En gl i h view supp ted

a e a a er a e s ,
a or

by th m re highl y d v l ped f m
e o f th e N e e o or o orse

v i n nd in th
ers o ,
a e f th V l sung y l it
, e cas o e o c c e, s

g t likeness t th C ntin nt l Ge m n Th
r ea er o e o e a r a . e

ea r li t N se ef n whi h n b pp xi
es or r er e ces c ca e a ro

m tely d ted
a e i n th
a S k ld B gi (fi t h lf
ar e a ra rs a

o f th ninth e ntu y ) wh kn w l l th ee sto i

ce r ,
o e a r r es

th e Hild nd E m n i t l h giv in utlin ;

a r a r c a es e es o e

hi s o nly ef n e t r th V l ng i kennin g
e re c o e o su s s a
'

th V l ung d ink f
e o s p nt With th
s
’
r ,
or ser e . e

p ibl excepti n f th An gl S x n f gm nt
oss e o o e o- a o ra e s,

th Ed d p ese v
e a n th w h l t h e p u est ve i n
r r es o e o e r rs o s

o f those sto i es whi h r mm n to ll th ugh c a r e co o a , o ,

as m igh t be exp t d th C ntinent l s u

ec e ,
e o a o r ce s

so m times e how g t s igin lity in isol t d

r ea er or a a e

d t il These G m n u s h ve ent ngl d

e a s. er a so r ce a a e

th e diffe ent cy le int ne inv lv d m ss ; but

r c s o o o e a

i n th N e th e xt n uorse l m ent e ily

e ra eo s e e s ar eas

dt hd
e ac e .
48 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

ives of h i t les e limi ted in num b

Th e m ot er o c a ar er
,

a nd m less c mm n t d iff nt
or e or H i
o o o er e races . ero c

c y l diff as ul m e ely in th i h i
c es er a r e r e r c o ce or

co m bin ti n f in id nt n t in the n tu e f th i
a o o c e s, o a r o e r

m t i l
a er a The igin f these h e i m tiv m y
. or o ro c o es a

gene lly be found in p i mitive ustom conditi n

ra r c or o s

o f li fe i ed by an im gin tive peopl e nd wov n

, se z a a a e

i nt l g nd sometim e linked to th e n m f m
o e e s a e o so e

d d t ib l he j u t th p ets f l te d t
ea r a ro, s as e o o a a r a e

w und th e
o m e t dit ion in ti ll v yin g
sa ram bi s s -
ar co

n ti n
a un d th e n m es
o s ro i G etti A mund son a o r s ar

a n d G ld Th oi ; th ugh ften th h i l ik th
- or o o e er o s, e e

G d b n f th m yt h
o s, or I n th l tt
o e th . e a er cas e , e

t y i pu
s or myth ; i n th f m
s re it i l g n d e or er s e e ,
or a

m ixt f h ist y n d l g n d
ur e o in th E m n i
or a e e , as e r a r c

a nd Di t i h t le e r cw hi h h ve le i nte
a t f
s, th c a ss r es or e

m yth l gist o o .

Th cu se b ingi n g t
e r ure one of th
- r m t reas , e os

f u itful G m ni m tiv p b bly h its igin

r er a c o es, ro a as or

f b u ying d dm n p in ’
in th u t m e c s o o r a ea a s ossess o s

with hi m I n the W t d l S g K til R um

. a er a e a a, e a ,
a

viking f th e eighth nd ly n inth nt i

o a ear ce u r es ,

re p o hes his s n Th t in as d g n t in
r ac o ors e a e e era e ,

th t h e expects t inh e it hi f th we l th
’
a o r s a er s a ,

in t d f winning f tu n f hi ms lf
s ea o I t us d or e or e
“
e

t b th
o eustom with king
e c nd ea l m n f s a r s, e o ou r

kind th t they w n f themselv f tun nd

,
a o or es or e a

f m ; wealth w n t unted
a e h it g n
as o co as a er a e, or

w uld o n i nh it f m th i f th but th r
so s er ro e r a er s, ra e

48
50 THE EDDA II THE HEROIC : .

to hi s p rotectress, a fte r t hei r successf u l esca p e

to g the er .
p

I n th e V lky ie b ides B ynhil d and Sig un

a r - r ,
r r ,

wit h th i double tt ibut

e r f fig hting nd wi d m a r es o a s o ,

th e i
er n evident s a n nexion with th e Ge m ani co r c

typ e f w m n p o ved i n the ll u i n f

o a r eser a s o s o

C aesa r nd Tac itus whi h

a hes its hig h t d e ,
c r eac es

ve ol pm nt i n th e h oi n
e f th e Edd An y er es o a.

m y th i l ideal con pti n f wom nhood m

ca or ce o o a co

bin th e tw p im itiv in tin ts love and fig hti ng

es o r e s c , ,

e v n th ugh the wom n m y b onl y the innocent

e o a a e

ca u sef t if o it p iv p i e
s r Th p u li
e , or s ass e r z . e ec

ar ity f th e G e m ni
o p esentati n is th t th
r a c re r o a e

w m n i nev
o a p i but i h rs lf th in n
s er as s ve , s e e e car a

t i n f b th in t i n t
o o oEv n if h i n t V ls c s . e s e s o a a

ky ie n t king p t h lf in the fight h i

r ,
or a ar e rse , s e s

r ea d y l ike th e wives f th Ci m b i to d i ve th e m n
, o e r ,
r e

b k t the b ttl f m whi h they h ve es p d

ac o a e ro c a ca e .

Hild nd H vii a t n xt eme w i th i

er r are a o e e r ar s e r

s pi itu l l ife L v i in Hild nothing mo th n

r a . o e s re a

in tin t ; in H e vti it is n t ven th t h w uld

s c r r o e a s e o

d i n thing f m m i ge bey nd
es r e o n t
ro ar r a o a so o

inh it th w d X At th th xt em i Sig un
er e s or . e o er e r e s r ,

wh h o th e w lik in t in t b ut i
as pi itu l ly
ar e s c ,
s s r a a

l vo er m pl t ly
as nd co nti lly I ld
e e a esse a as so e or

Juli t Th inte t in S igny li i n th w y in

e . e r es es e a

whi h h s c ifi
c s wh t e u u l ly
a r n id d th
ces a ar e s a co s er e e

t ngest feminin in tin t without h w v

s ro by e s c s, , o e er ,

ny m ns b nd oning th m to h er un om
a a m i e
a ea
p s , c ro

S O
 MYTHO LOGY O F THE N O RTH '

51

i ng re veng p id f e an d H p id in h
r e o rac e . er r e er

so n seem t i n l u de
s m eth ing f b th t in
o c f so o o ra s o

f ling ; nd he dies with the h u b nd h e d t t

ee a s s a s e es s ,

sim ply b u he i h h u b nd B yn hild

eca se s er s a . r ,

l stly i
a ,
h igh ly m d n type as i nd pend ent
s a o er , e

in l v o e in w as I t i im p si bl t imag in ar . s os e o e

S ig un W gn s Si gl inde t king h e e eng ’

r ,
or a er e , a r r v e

on f ithl l ve ; f m n l k f pi it but
a a ess o r ro o ac o s r ,

simm y b u e veng woul d h ve giv n n com

eca s re e a e o

f t t ith
or o e T B ynhild it i not nly
er . o d i ti n t
r s o a s c

re li f but th nly nd u bl end ; h n fo giv

e , e o e ra e s e ca r e

when h i s v ngede s a e .

Th the m tiv
e o f th e e st ie m y be b i fly
r o es o s or s a r e

enu m t dera e Th bu nin g f B ynt. e nd S ign y r o r a ,

nd S ig un n e i nt th h w m yt h i l
’
a nt
r s e ra c o e o e, ar e ca

re min iscen e f wid w bu i l

c s o Th i te s n o - r a . e s s r
’
so

is prese ved in th e S igm un d nd S infj ot li t l

’

r a a e,

whi h l c ha so t ace f n im i m i n th
as a r we w lf o a s e r o

epi de The mm n w nm id m tiv ccu i n

so . co o s a a o e o rs

tw th Vii l u nd t y n d th l g nd f H lgi n d
o, e s or a e e e o e a

K ara ; whil t h fi s t H l gie t l ugg

e e t t h
r e a e s s s e

Levi t in th p p ed m iag f S
ra e e ro os t h arr e o va va o er

h u band b th
s
’
sTh w e l w ro f th V l ung
er . e av r o e o e o s

m yt h m y be t a d b k t th m id um m race ac o e s er

fi res; t h w i nge f B y n hild

oo by S ig u d o i n g r r
’
s c r oss

th efi w ul d th u
re li k th im il b id l f
o s, e e s ar r a o

M ngl d nd S i pd g nd the winning f G d f

e a a v a a o er or

F y be b ed n th m i g whi h f m d
re ,
as o e ar r a es c or e a

p t f g i ultu l it
ar o a r c ra r es
 BI B LI OGR APH I CAL N OTES

To a voi d c onf usi on, and in

”
vi ew of th e c ustom ar yl oose

usa g e of t h e word sa g a, i t m ay be a s well to s t h

a te t at

i t is h ere used onl yi n i ts t ech ni c al sense o f ap rose

h i stor y
VO LU D (P g
.

N . a es 5 to

Dr R d yb e rg f o rm ul a tes a t h eory i d enti fying V o l und

T h i i h g i wh b
.

with az t e a nt o carri e d off I d unn I t is as e d

h i fly ph il
, .

c e g m f m
o n ar u ents ro na m e s a nd ot h e r ol og ica l

c ons id i d gi
era t on s,p an ves erh a p s u nd ue weig h t to th e
h i y f S
a ut or t I i d i ffi
o a xo. t s c ul t to see any f und a m enta l

l ik enesses i h i n t e stor es .

Th e Ol d E ng l i sh ref ere nc e s to W el and a re i n th e

Wal d en f rag m ent a nd t h e La men t of Dear For t h e
F k C k P f N pi
.

d i sc ussion, with
’
ran s as e t, s ee ro essor a er s

ph t g ph i h E g li h Mi ll y ( O f d Cl d
o o ra s, n t e n s sce a/n x or ar en on

P
,

ress, Th Thi d k S g ( m im l l d Vi l l i
e re s a a so et es ca e c na

S g )
a a d by an

H yl O l l i
ton-
,

a va us l tran s a

ti by B m (H l d g
ons : by V d
a ss a nn e ens a e, on er

H a g en ( N or d i sc h e H el de nr am a ne
,

THE VO LSU S (P g NG . a es 8 to

As d ivi d ed i n m os t e d i tions th e poe m s c onnec te d wi t h

th e Vol sung c yc l e , i nc l ud i ng th e t wo on Er m a nri c , a re

fif t een in nu m b er
54 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL N OTES

NIB EL UN GEN LI E D .
( g
Pa e

Ed itions by B artsc h p
( Le i zig 189 5 ) a nd Zarnc ke ( H all e ,

by
,

18 9 9 ) tra nsl a tion i nto m o d ern Germa n Simroc k .

S IG Y
N AN D S m e ars . P
( g a e

Saxo Gramm ati c us ( Boo vn k ) tell s th e stor y of a Si g n y

H yi
.
,

d a ugh ter of Sigar, wh ose l over ag bard . a f ter sla ng h er

b wins h er favour
roth ers , S igar in veng eance h ad hi m
y
.

strang l ed on a hil l i n vi ew of Si n s wi nd ows, and sh e

’

g
set fire to h er h ouse tha t sh e mi g h t d i e si m ul taneousl y
wi th h er l over Th e anti q ui t of art at l east of thi s y p
y p by k
.

“
stor i s roved th e enni ng Hag bard s
’
f or
p p b by
h al ter, i n a oem ro a l of t h e tenth c entur On th e y
k
.

oth er hand , a ref erenc e i n Val si m ga Saga, th a t Ha i a nd

b
H ag ar d were g reat and f am ous men, yet Sigar carri ed
off t h eir sister , and th e were sl ow t o veng ea nce, y
sh ows th at th ere is c onf usi on som ewh ere I t seem s
p b y b
.

ossi l e tha t H ag bard s stor een contam i na t ed

'
h as
wi th a distorted account of th e ol sung S ign , c i vil ised V y
as us ual by
Saxo, with an eff ec t of vul gari t a sent from y b
p
t h e ri m itive stor y
l y p bl i h d p m phl by M
.

In a rec ent u s e a et r. W W L aw
. .

re nc e and Dr W H Sc h ofiel d ( The Fi r st Rid dl e of Gynei oulf

. . .

T h e Mod ern La ng uag e

’
a nd Signy s Lam ent . B al ti m ore :

Assoc ia tion of Am eri ca 1902) it is sug g ested th a t th e

k y
.

so-cal l ed Fir st Rid d l e in th e E xeter B oo is in real it an

Ang o Saxon translati on of a Norse Com laint s o en
l -
”
p pk
by th e V
ol sung Sign y
Evid ence f rom m etre and f orm
p b
.

is al l i n favour of th i s vi e w, and th e oem ears th e

inter p t ti
re a on wi th out any strai ning of th e m eaning
p
.

Dr S h fl ld
c o e
’
s sec ond c ontenti on, tha t th e oem th u s
p td i y
.

i nter re e s evid ence f or th e th eor of a Britis h ori gi n

f or th e Ed d i c p oems, i s not eq uall y c onvinc i ng . T he

e xi stence in Ang l o-Sa xon of a trans at l i on f rom th e N ame
is no p roof th a t any of th e e Ed d i p oe m s, or even th e

54
 BI B LI OG RAPH I CAL N O ES T 55

ori g inal Norse Sig n s La ment ostul ated y

Dr ’
p by .

Sc h ofl el d , werecomposed i n th e W est

y pp
.

I t seem s unnecessar to s u ose, wi th Dr S ch ofield ,

fl V y
.

an i n uence of Briti sh l eg end on th e ol sung stor Th e

p y b
.

oint s in wh i c h th e stor of S ig m und resem l es tha t of

Arth ur and d iff ers from t h a t of Th ese us p r ove nothi ng

i n th e f ac e of eq ual l y strong pi
o nts of p
c orres ond enc e

b etwee n Arth ur an d Th eseus wh ic h are a b f sent rom th e

Vol sung stor y .

SI N FJ OT LI S DEAT H
'
.
( Pg
a e

Munc h (N or d/mem d enes Gud el cer e Chr istia nia, 1847) ih

p
,

g e ni ousl y i d enti fi d th
e e ol d m an wi th Od in, c om e i n erson

t o cond uct V
Sinfjiitl i to alh all a, sinc e h e would oth erwis e
h ave g one to H el , not h avi ng fal len in attl e a stratag em b
y
q ui te in harmon wi th Odi n s trad i ti onal c h arac ter
’
.

S re m m n AN D Sm raor u '
. ( Page
It seems p b bl
ro a e, on th e evid ence of B eowulf , th at
Sig m und and Sinf j ii tli re resent th e Pan-Germa ni c stag e p
of th e nati onal -h ero, a nd S ig urd or S i eg f ried t h e Conti

neuta l stag e ossi l P by

H el gi ma y th en b e th e N orse rac e
y
.

h ero S ig urd was cer ta inl f oreig n to Scand inavia h ence

p H y pp
.

t h e e i th et unni sh , c onsta ntl a li ed t o h i m , and t h e

l oc al is ing o f t h e l eg end th e R h ine by
Th e ossi il i t p b y
y y
.

sugge sts i tsel f th a t t h e B r nh il d pa rt of th e stor , on t h e

oth er h and , is of Scand i na via n origi n, and th enc e a ssed t o p

German y
I t is at l ea st c uri o us tha t th e N ibel wngen I/ied
pl I
.

ac es Pr unhil t in cel and .

W AG E N R AN D Pg mm Vonsus e Cr c nu .
( a e

W g Ri g d
a ner s N ib l
’

g i m k bnl l y ea e un en s re ar a e not on

forth w y i whi h it
e ap d th pi it f b h th
n c re ro uc es e s r o ot e

Si fj li
n d th
ot Sig d andi i b l feh ur tra t ons, ut a so or t e

w d f l i ti t wh i h h
on er u ns h b t d m
nc c c ooses t e es an ost

55
56 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL N OTE S
p imi i f t
r t ve ea uresf b th N d C oi t l o i orse a n ont nen a vers ons.

Th h k p h d g f h N
us e ee s t e h N ib l
ra on o
g f t e orse, t e e un s o

th G m e ; p
er an h w i l dreserves f th l d Si g m t ed ness o e o un

l
ta e, d b tit t h G m H g f h i p l N
an su s u es t e er an a en or s a er orse

na m k esa t e h igi l b l
res ores b tw h
t e or na a anc e e ee n t e
p f B y hil d d G d gi th l
arts o r n an h tu r un ves e a tter c arac er,

an d i i t d
a n ac t ve f p i f ti i h t y
ns ea o a as s ve unc on n t e s or
by ig i g t h h m th h i h i
,

d
’
ass nn o er er o er s s are n t e act on an

by b it i g f h l yi g f th
su st ut n or th b g i
t e sa n o e otter e ar a n

with th Gi t f e h b il d i g f V l h l l
an s or m k th
t e u n o a a a, a es e

c a use w th y f h or t ph o t e ca a stro e.

E (P g 2 7 BM A N BI O . a e

F m pl
or exa f l g d b mi g tt h d t h i t i l
es o e en ec o n a ac e o s or c a

na m Tyl P i mi i C l
es, see ot e
’
r t ve u tur e .

T m H LAY r (P g nnc r B . a e

Th H l g i L y
e e d b f a h V l s stan
g t i h e ore t e o sun se n t e
MS I . th m l trea t f h e k fg t l ater or t e sa e o rea er c ea rness.

H EL I D KA A ( P g O AN B . a e

II m m d ro S g r G ip m
ar i awh i h thi
a t y i
r sso r, n c s s or s

g i i
ven,w t h l s l i t or t d h
e ss as t b tl y
era ure, an as no een rec en

e d it d P E M l l S g bibli h k i whi h i w
e ii er s
’
a a ot e n c t as

p bli h d i f p i
. . .
,

u s e L i
s out o d Sw d i h r nt . l i a t n an e s trans a t ons

k
,

m yb f d i Bj m N d i k Ki mp D (S
’
a e oun n ii er s or s e a at er toc
h lm o l
, t f p i a so ou o r nt.

R m (P g nn r n. a e

D St m h r. ior ti g a s ani l h N nteresb li f n art c e on t e orse e e

i R bi th i th A ki f
n e- r N d i h Fil l gi i
n e r H e l or er s oo x e co

p
.
,

l ect si t d m g
ns ances, a n h g m t i
a on ot er ar u en s o nts ou t

t h N e m f
orse c usto mi g p h m hild ft it
o na n a ost u ous c a er s

d d f hea atp b bl l i f th b l i f Th i h it
er as a ro a e re c o e e e e n er

f l km y p h p b bl
.

ance o uc ath i l er a s e ano er sur v va a nota e

56
 58 BIBLI OG RAPHICAL N OTES
Danis h in Bord er a ll ad s
as Th e s r b
ut on of t h e d i t ib i
I k
.

material in cel and , De nmar , E ng l and and Sc otland i s

y
s trong l in favour of th e res um tion th at Scand ina vi a n p p
fl
l eg end i n uenced Eng land a nd S cotl an d , and agai nst th e
p res u p
m ti on t ha t th e oe ms i n q ues ti on assed p
f rom t h e p
B i ti h I l
r s s es to I cel and . T he evi d ence of th e Da nis h
b ll d h
a a s s oul d be c oncl usi ve on thi s pi
o nt Th e re is an

by B
.

E ngl ish tra nsl ation of t h e la tter . C A Pri or ( Ancien t

. .

Dan i sh B all ad s, Lond on,

THE E vna LA sT rN G B ATT LE .

( Page
Th e Sk l d B
a ragi ( bef ore 850 A D ) has a oem p on thi s
bj
. .

su ec t, gi ven wi th a transla t ion i n th e Corp us vol . ii

b k y A d
. .

s version is in t h e fifth of hi s H istor

’
Saxo oo ccor

kl
.

i ng t o Brag i, H il d has a nec ac e. whi c h h as ca use co d m .

p ar i son of thi s st or w i th th y
a t of th e Gree r e k E iph yl
I y y b
.

rish l eg end ar h i stor d esc ribes a sim il ar attl e i n whi c h

t h e sl a i n revi ve eac h nig h t and renew th e fig h t d a i l y, as
oc c urri ng in t he wa nd eri ngs of t h e Tuath a De Dana nu

bf e ore th e y rea c h ed Irela nd Acc or d ing to Kea ting , th e y

y
.

l ea rnt th e a rt of necroma nc in th e East, and ta ugh t i t to

th e Da nes
by E
.

T h e l a test e d ition of th e Gud r un is rnst Marti n

( sec ond edi tion, Hal l e, There is a m od ern Ge rman
transl ati on by Sim k roc .

AN GAN T Y B .
( Pg a e

Th e p oe m s of t h is c yl c e a re f our i n num b er —( l ) Hj al

ma r
’
s Death song
-
( )
2 Ang a ntyr ad m hr ; ( 3) H eid rek s
’

R id dl e-P oem (4) Anga n tyr the Yawnger a nd H l od Al l .

a re g i ve n i n th e fi rst vol u m e o f t h e 00mm , wi t h tra nsl a

ti ons
pb by
.

H er va r a r Saga wa s u l i sh ed Raf n ( Copenha gen,

1829 - 30) i n Fora al d a r S age r , vol i , no w out of rint It p
b y by
. . .

has ee n m ore recentl edi ted Dr B ugge, togeth er wi th .

Val ai mga and others Pe te rs n ( Co enhag en, 1847 ) ed i ted p

g
. .

5
 BIBLI OG RAPHICAL N OTES 59

it wi th a Danis h transl a ti on Munc h ’

s N or d ma end enes
pi bt
.

Gud el cer e ( out of r nt ) c onta ins a sh ort a s rac t .

DEAT H or AN G A N T Y B .
( Pg
a e

Angantyr
’
s d ea th is rel a ted by Saxo, B oo k v wi th
y
,
.

entire exc l usi on of al l m thi cal i nterest .

TR A S I SS I O
N M N OF L EGE DS (P g N . a e

Mull enh ofi ’
s vie ws a re g i ven in th e Zeitschfl f t f ur
-
d eutsches A l ta W m, vol . x Ma urer s i n th e ’
Zei tcohmf t f ur
d eutsche Phil ol ogie, vol 11 For Gol th er
’
s vi ews on the
y l G m m 33
. .

Vol sung
’

c c e se e e za a, .

THE D AGO MYTH (P g R N . a e

S ee al so H artl a nd , S ci ence of Fa i ry -Tal es

p
.

Th e eati ng of t he d rag on 19 ) m a y
’
s h eart (see
p ibl y b
.

oss e a s urvi va l of the c ustom of ea ti ng a sl ain

my h wh ic h Dr Frazer g i ve s
’
e ne s ea rt to obtain coura ge , of

m pl
.

e xa i es n th e Gol d en B ough .

A LI E N W I VE s .
( Pg a e

For th e th eor y of al i e n wi ves as a m eans of transm issi on,

see Lang , Cu stom a nd M yth ( Lond on,

TH E S I ST E R
’
S S ON .
(P ga e

See Mr G um m ere i n t h e Engl i sh M i scel la ny

’
s ar tic l e

y P
.

resid en tia l Ad d ress t o th e Anth ro

’
a nd Prof essor Rh s

pol og ical Sec tion of th e B ri tis h Assoc ia ti on, 1900

b pb
.

Th e d o u l e Sig m und a nd S ini tli

rel a ti onsh i etween

( not uncom m on in h eroic tal es ; c om are Conc h obh ar a nd p

C uch ul ainn, Arth ur a nd M ord red ) seem s in this c ase d ue
to th e sam e c ause a s t h e c ustom whic h p reva il ed i n th e
d y nast y of th e Pt lo em i es, wh ere th e ki g n of te n m a rried
hi s sister tha t h is h eir m ig h t be
,
of t h p
e ure roya l bl oo d .

59
60 B I BLI OGRAPH I CA L N OTES
S W AN H AI Ds .
(Page
S ee H artl and , Sci ence af Fa i r y Tal es .

THE W AVE BL O W E .
(P ga e

Dr . F ( Gold
raz er
en B ou h
g ) g i ve s i nsta n ce s o f ri t ua l
m arriag es connec ted wi th th e m i d sum m er res Fo r fi
y
.

S vip d ag a nd M engla d , see Stud N O 12 of t hi s series

y yp b b y
. .

I f R d berg , as see m s ver ro a l e , i s ri g h t i n id entif

i ng Meng lad and S vi pd ag wi th Fre a a nd th e m orta l yj

l over who wins h er and wh om sh e a f terward s l oses, th e
stor yw oul db e a parall el to th ose o f enus a nd Ad oni s, V
Ih
s ta r a nd Tamm uz , & c , wh ich . F
ra zer d eri ves from t h e

ri tual marriag e of h uman sac ri fi c es to th e God d ess of

f ertil it y Th e reas on
g i ve n i n th e E d d a f or B r nh i l d y ’
s

p y
.

sl e e and h er c onnexi on wi th Od in, are sec ond a r aris

V y
, ,

i ng f rom th e al ha lla m th .

Pr inte d by BAL L A N T Y N F, H A N sO N 6 ° ( 20
L
o nd o n Ed in urg h b
 m a nc e s
6d . ne t e a c h

I 4 m ‘

T he Le ge nd s (1

H oly G r a il .
By A lfi e

Publish ed by Davi d N utt,

Si o f th e Pha zni x, Long Ac re,
g
0 2
3
9
 T he L egend s o f

Alfr ed N utt

F bl ishe d
t
by Davi d N utt , at the

Sig n o f t he Ph aenix, L ong A c re , L ond on

190 2
 PREFACE

TH E p resent stud yf p i w k
oll ows th e l ines of my rev ous or

p th bj
u on S di
e su h L g d f h H ly
ec t : tu e s on t e e en o t e o

G il wi h p i l
ra t f s ec a h h yp h i
re e rence f i to t e ot es s o ts
Ifi lybf h
,

C l i O igi
e t c i
r n, f n so ar as rst a e or e t e

rea d h f
er i t h e h p acts f b i f n t mm i
e s a f he o r e su a r es o t e

ro m d h
anc es, a n d t i p h f i
en e n ea vour to nter re t t ese a c ts n

th m e t l d
ost na ura f d m an Li m i
un orce f p a nner ts o s ac e

mp l l d m ly h b l ly
.

h a ve co i
e e e li to c t e on t e sa ent, a so ute

i l f
e ssent a di g d
a c ts, m yto d y
sr e p i
ar an sec on ar o nts on

wh i h I d w l f l l y i
c my e 888 w k
t u d n di d1 or an to sc a r

b l ly ll p l mi g i
,

a so ute a h
o e i c ig a f
a nst ot er nvest a tor s o

th G il l i
e ra I m y y b i fly h h
terat ure a sa r e t at t e c on

wh i h I b
.

l i
c us ons m i
to 888 h
c i ca h m i e n 1 ave , n t e a n, e en

s tre n
g h d by
t h ene b q t t e f s u se h i
uen course o resea rc n

by k
,

es p i l
ec a h w f M ti We or w h
o m dss e ston, to o a re ue

th m t p g
e os d ill m i
re i g
na nt a n gg i i u h nat n su est ons n t e

fi ld f A h i
e o dy d i g h l
rt ur a n s tu y ur n d t e a st ten ears, an

wh m I mo th kf ust di g h p an f f h f ll w
o r rea n t e roo s o t e o o

i g p g
n d f
a m y
es an l bl m k or an va ua e re ar s.

I h B ibl i g ph i l App d i I h
nt e o ra ca l y it d en h x a ve on c e suc

b k d i l h pp d i 888 with wh i h
oo s an art c es as a ve a eare s nc e 1 , c

th i
e se r o us d f h s tu y l d m k h im l f
e nt o t e c c e nee s to a e se

ac q i d
ua nt e F G i l l i p
or i ra 888 I f i
tera t ur e r or to 1 r e er, n

h App d i my p
.

so f i i
ar a s i d i t s not c te n t i e en x, t o rev ou s

w k or

ALF RED N UTT

.

.
 TH E H O LY G RAIL
th e h ppy hu nting g u nd f m y ti l nth u i t
a ro o s ca e s as s .

Th g d
er e a r e n wh y thi ooh uld b In
r eas o s s s o e so .

th fi t pl
e rs wh t v h th inte p t ti n
ac e , a e er e e r re a o

pl d up n
ac e t in q n f in id nt whi h
o a c er a se ue ce o c e s c

r ec u p t dly nd in v ying f m in th
rs re ea e a ar or s ese

t i
s or es , it n d ubt dly d ib d f m th e fi t
u o e escr e ro rs a

s ea r ch f w nd w kin g t li m n th p
or o er - i n or a s a s, e ossess o

o f wh i h n tit t d
c in m
co u s um m u m
u e ,
a ea s r e, a s

b n m ; i n th
o u n d thi f t w pp nt t
e seco ,
s ac as a ar e o

se v l m ed i v l w i t wh h v l ft u th i
era ae a r er s o a e e s e r

v i n f th G il qu t gxp
er s o o e d i n th j
ra ms es r esse e er

f m d i v l C h i t i n my ti i m; t hi dly n d th i
,

o e ae a r s a s c s r , a s

Is p h p th hi f
er a s n v l f th G il
e c e r easo ,
se er a o e ra

t i
s or es, nd n t bl ya n f th ld t nd m t
o a o e o e o es a os

i m p t nt h v m d wn t
or a ,
a i n n nfini h d
e co e o o us a u s e

or f g m nt y f m W
ra e nn t b
ar h w
or . e ca o e su r e o

th i th t w it
s or n a iv d th t y r wh l
e r co ce e e s or as a o e,

or in wh t n h fig
a d th G il t him lf
se se e u re e ra o se .

T h u w h v th p i m y nd
s e a nti l l m nt
e e r ar a esse a e e e

o f m y t y i nh n t in
s er v y t y whi h t e re e er s or c se s

f th q t f th t whi h t n nd th din y
or a u es or a c ra sc e s e or ar

co n diti n f h um n lif
o s o w h v th nd ay e e a e e seco ar ,

b ut l nti l
a so l m nt f m di v l m y ti l
esse a ,
e e e o e ae a s ca

in t p t ti n ; fi n lly w h v th pu ly i
er re a o a , e a e e re acc

d nt l l m nt f f gm n t y nd nigm ti p
e a e e e o ra e ar a e a c re

sc u at ti n I t i n t u p i ing if u nd
o . s th o s r r s , er e se

i um t n
c rc s am u h n n n e h as b n w itt n
ces , so c o se s ee r e

a b ut th G il
o e ra .

Th h i f e c e whi h h e l d m n y bl l
ca u s n d c as e a a e, ear e
,

64
 TW O CLAS SES OF VE RS I ON S 5

a nd ing ni e pin idle the i d v

ou s m en to s or es eser es a

n id I n th im m n nd
’
m m nt
o e ti n
s co s era o . e e se a

co nf s d mu e f th G il m n
a ss m p ti
o e ra ro a ces so e ar

c ul f t
ar t f f t h
ac or b n pi k d ut
se o ac s as ee c e o ,

i l t d f m it setti ng nd int p ted with ut

so a e ro s ,
a er re o

f n t th m n
r e er e ce o wh l e Th nly
ro a c es as a o e . e o

w y t
a id th i
o a vo i t u v y h w b i fly
s er r or s o s r e , o e v er r e ,

a l l th nti l f
e esse t nd t ng th m in t h
a a c s, a o a r ra e e e

or d f th i d v l p m nt
er o T un d
e r t nd h w
e e o e . o e rs a o

th t i m t
ese s o r es ca m th i p nt h p ie o assu e e r r ese s a e s

t o b n e u nd t ndi ng wh t th y
ear igin lly
er s a a e or a

m eant .

T h e Gr a il
hi h I p pos t
r om anc es , of w c ro e o

e n um t in tly but ufii i ntly th le di ng

era e , succ c s c e ,
e a

th m ein id nt nd qu n
es, c f in id n t m y
e s, a se e ces o c e ,
a

b divid d int t w m in l
c
e

hi f t e
e s r
e

fit
— m
I n th e fi t t h
nt u
o

nn t d
o a c asses .

ve r es co
rs ,

ec e
e

wi th th q t f t i n t li m n
e u es f whi h thor c er a a s a s, o c e

G il i
ra nly n s o nd u p n th e p on lity f th
e, a o e rso a o e

h wh
er o hi v th q est in th
o ac nd u p n
e es e u e seco ,
o

t h n tue nd h i t
a y f thes t lism ns Th fi t
re a s or o e a a . e rs

m y b
a tyl d th e Q u t th
e s e n d t he E ly es , e seco ar

Hi t y v i n ; but th d ign ti n m u t n t
s or ers o s ese es a o s s o

b t k n
e a i mplying th t ith l
e as i s l ly a e er c ass s o e

co n ned wi th ne
cer p t f th legend o as ec o e .

FI RST CLASS : Q UE S T VERS I O N S .

Chi f m ng th ie a o ese s th e va st p oet c c om i pil ti a on

kn own th C ni as e o c del Gr a al . Thi m ss s a of

65
6 TH E H O LY GR I L ; A
o v er v erses ca m e into e xi ten
s ce b tw en
e e

118 0 and 1235 , nly d t

”
or 124 0, but we can o a e
‘
wt ih hi h ext nd f m
a ny acc urac y th e se c t on i w c e s ro

v 128 3 t v
.
-
nd i th w k f t h e m t
o . a s e or o os

l b t d F n h p t f th tw lfth ntu y
ce e ra e re c oe o e e ce r ,

C ti n d T i
res wh b g n t w it
e eb ut 115 0
r o cs , o e a o r e a o ,

h l ft num b f m n m tly bel nging

as e a er o ro a c es , os o

t th A th u
o y l nd wh d i d b ut 118 1 H
e r r c c e, a o e a o . e

hi m lf t t th t h t k th t y f m b k
se s a es a e oo e s or ro a oo

giv n h im by C unt Philip f Fl nd

e wh a o o a ers , o

di d C u di ng in 119 1 ft h ving b n R g nt
e ,
r sa , ,
a er a ee e e

of F n in 1180—8 1
ra ce .

C ont e d e l G r aal : O r e s ti on — . P e r ce vl a is
b gh t u p by h i m th i n th f t t wh i h
rou s o er e or es o c

sh h s e ti da P p ly k pt in ign n f
re re . ur ose e ora ce o

al l th t l t s t h iv l y nd w f h n
a re a e o c a r a ar a r e , e o e

d y me t
a nd qu ti n
e s b nd f p ing
a es o s a a o ass

knight N ithe th w ning n th ent ties

s. e r e ar s or e r ea

of hi m th s v il t p event his f llowing th m

o er a a o r o e

t A th u s c u t Thence f t dv ntu whi h

’
o r r o r .
,
a er a e res c

f h d w his futu m i nen e in knighth d

or es a o re e c oo ,

h ides fo th in se h f fu th dv ntu
er r H ar c o r er a e res. e

i w l m d nd t i n d i n l l m n n
s e co e a f knightly
ra e a a er o

ex i e by Gonem n wh mi d th
er c s s m a s, o, a o er reco

m n d ti n
e bid h im v id v
a o s, diness in
s a o o er r ea -

sp ki ng nd king qu ti n Le ving G n
ea a as es o s . a o e

m n h e uccou s n pp
a s, s ed d ms l Bl nch
r a o ress a e ,
a e

fl u e ( G On
r m u n i ece) wi t
e h wh m
a hse t
’
y ,
o s a s

66
 THE H O LY GRAIL ;
h ad bl eding l n e th g l th
seen th e e a c , e raa ,
e

Silv di h— h d h k d th i m ning ? N !
er s a e as e e r ea O

th n wh t w
e hi n m e ? Pe cev l l G ll i !
a as s a r a s a o S

th e P v l th e C itifi f h d h '

N y a , ra r erce a a , or a e

as k d e n n in g wh t h e
co w t h e g d king
cer a sa , oo

w uld h v
o be n m d wh l g in Sh e i
a e e a e o e a a . s

P l u in Aft m ny dv ntu es P
’
erc va
e s co s . er a a e r er

t u n s t A t hu s T h e f llowing
’
es v l a re r u t o r r co r . o

d y d m l m
a a a hideou th n uld b pictu d
se ,
ore s a co e re

ou t id sh ll pp r nd u s P ce v l f
e e ,
a e a s, a c r es er a or

om i tting t k n ning l n
o as nd g il ; h d
co c er a ce a ra a

he d n ot h e ki ng w ul d h v b en h l d f
e so o a e e ea e o

h i w nd n d ul d h i l n d i n p
s ou a e ; n wr e s a eac o

m id n will b
a e p
su t to h m p h n
e n d s a e, or a s a

wid w m d m ny kn ight Sl in
o s a e, S h f u th
a s a . e r er

te ll f dventu e t b
s o a hi v d t th e C tl
r s o e ac e e a as e

O gel l u
r nd f M ntes l i e wh
o s, a o dm l o c a r er e a a se

i h eld
s ptive G u in (Si G w in ) wil l
ca . a va r a a

f th t th e im p i n d d m l Giflé t th
or o r so e a se ,
s o e

C tl O gell ous Pe v l to l n on n i ng
as e r ,
rc e a ear c cer

G il nd l n e N thing i id f Gifie
’
ra a a c . o s sa o s

adventu but those f G u i n

r es, ltd t o a va ar e r e a e a

g t l ngth O f P v l w le n th t ft
r ea e erc e a e ar a a er

w nd e ing fiv y
a r wit h ut thinking f G d
e ears o o o ,

h m eet
e n G od F id y
s o b nd f penitent i
o r a a a o s, s

re buked f iding m ed n u h d y nd i
or r ar o s c a a ,
a s

hid d n t e n f ess t h m it h d by wh o tu n
o co o a er ar ,
r s

out t be h i un le
o P cev l h s sinn d in
s c : er a a e

le ving his m th
a nd th eby u ing h
o er a er ca s er

68
 C N O TE DEL G RAAL
d ea t h n d fo
, a r thi s r eason coul d not as k con

c er nin g l nce a a nd g il ra . Th e story r etur ns to

Ga uvai n , i n th e mi d ts of whose dv a entur es it
bks ofi
r ea
'

C ti n tell s u
r es e th n f p eciou bj t ths, e ,
o a r s o ec ,
e

g raap se v ed i n m p
re ny w i t h t
r h t li co a o er a s

m an bl eedi ng l n
s, a b k en sw d in m y a ce , a ro or ,
a s

taxi n as tl e of h
o s c wh vi its thi tl ; wh
a er o o s s ca s e o

sh uld h ve asked n nin g its w nd s ; f in

o a co c er o er re ra s

f m d ing nd th by d w down u p n h i
ro so o , a er e ra s o s

h d bitt epro ch nd l ng w nde ing H d

ea er r a es a o a r s . a

h fin ished h is p em h w uld d oubtl

e hv
o e o ,
ess , a e

t ld u exactly wh t th
o s g l was why it nd a e r aa ,
a

th l n we e p i u nd the n tu f th
e a ce r r ec o s, a a re o e

l ti n b twe n th e h
re a o e n d th e w un d d fi h
e er o a o e s er

kin g As it is we m u t tu n f this i nf m ti n
.
,
s r or or a o

el wh
se nd w er e , nn t b a u e th t wh t w e ca o e s r a a e

fi nd pond t C t i n pl n
corres s o r es e
’
s a .

C o n te d e l G ra al : th e C ont i nu ators of

O r e s ti on i i—S everal
exi t whi h cont n u at ons s c ,

f m the v gue in di ti n yi elded by th i

ro a ca o s e r

a ut h may be d t d b twe n 119 0 nd 1240

ors, a e e e a .

I t is notewo thy th t G u i n s d ventu fil l

’
r a a va a r es

n ea ly as m u h sp
r as d t hose f Pe c vl ace o o rce a

him self ; he t o i b ught to astle in whi h

, o ,
s ro a c ,
c

a d d kni ght lie n bie ; lance nd sw d

ea s o a r a or

and G il ppe ; G u in as ks n ning

ra a ar a va co cer

the e bj ects but f ll

s o le p in th e m i dst f
,
a s as e o

59
 TH E H O LY GR AIL ;
his h ost s
’
r ec it la . O n th e m orrow h e wakes
on th e d find th
sea str anunt y id ,
s e co r -
s e,

h et f e d t bu t ing into bl m n d
er o or eser ,
rs osso ,
a

is t na bless d nd b n n d by th e unt y
o ce e a a e co r

f lk bl ed f h ving p tly d liv d th e

o , ess or a ar e er e

l nd f m it urs b nn d f n t h ving
a ro s c e, a e or o a

wh lly uo d d Thi dv ntu

s cc ee e u
. i n th s a e r e occ rs e

fi str nti nu tion d u t

co a t i n G AUTIE R wh
, e o a. c er a ,
o

l t s m ny dv ntu
I s a e a f P a v l whi h m
e r es o er ce a , c see

to hv n a nne ti n wit h G il
o co nd l n
ec o ra a a ce .

Th u h h n m u with W t f y inm t
s e as a a o r a a er -
a ,
a e

o f tl i n whi h i
a cas e m gi h b d whi h
c s a a c c s
e s -
oa r c

p l y
a by si t lf g i n t t hse h (at i w a k f s e ero
’
s a or o

M gh l Fé ) ; h
or e a nd h i m in pu uit f
e s e se s rs o a

t g whi h h
s a l y b t i d p i d f t h e f it
c e s a s, u s e r ve o ru

o f hi u e s bys m id f il l h n e
cc ss H
a a o c a c .
”
e

co m es g in to a t h aFi h K i ng k t h e s er , as s e

n ec essary qu ti n nd i th n giv n th
es o s, a s e e e

b k n w d t w ld t g th
ro e s or o t k t b e o e er , a as o e

acco m pli h d by n n s v l ve f G d n d
e o e sa e a. o r o o a

o f Hi p u H ly Ch u h H u d v
s s o se, o rc . e s cc ee s sa e

for ne littl
o k i m b d by th Fi h
e cr ac ,
s e ra ce e s er

King nd h il d l d f h i h u
,
a a e I n n th or o s o se . a o er

co nti nu ti n th t f M A E SSI E
a o ,
P cev l hi v
a o N R, er a ac e es

dv ntu f th tl by l yin g P tin u

'

th e a e re o e cas e s a ar a s

o f th R d T w e n ph w
e f E pin g e wh
o er , e e o s o r ,
o

h d t
a h u ly sl in G n D t th Fi h
reac er o s a oo ese r ,
e s er

King b th ’
s in rev n g f
ro er ,h i un l d th e e or s c e s
’
ea .

Th e w d with whi h th f ul bl w w s t u k
s or c e o o a s r c

70
12 TH E H O LY G RAI L ;
W lf m l i m t f ll w F n h p
o ra c a s o o o a re c oe m by a c er

t i n Ki t Gui t ) C ti n p oem i s m en
’
a o o . r es e s

ti n d but di p
o e ,
gingly s ara

Th e h er o s
’
f th
a er , Gah m u r et , son of Gan din
of Anj ou , g oes t o th e E as t , w in s t he lv
I o c of a

h ea t h en q ueen , B el aka n e , w h om , a ft er a w hil e,

he l vea es b k t hi wn
to go ac o s o cou nt y r ,

a nd wh in h i o b n b s n Fi fi
a se ce ea r s a so , e re z.

G h m u t m nwhil h
a re m ea i d H l yd e as arr e er z e o e

re tu ni ng t
r th E t h i Sl in in b ttl
o e as e s a a e .

[ H b
ere gi n t h ep t i n f
s t h p m w
e h i h or o o e oe c

a g wit h th t f C
rees ti n t h a hi f diff o r es e , e c e er

e n b ing
ces ef ll w ] Th m as im p t nt
o o s : e or e or a

p iti n ig n d t P i l
os o ass ein ; th f o ar z va
’
s c ou s e ar

g t p m in n f th G il d ib d
r e a er ro e ce o e ra , esc r e as

a s ot n yi ldin g l l m nn
e e f f d n d d in k ;
a a er o oo a r

it p w
s o u t i n d by
er s d ve wh i h v y
s a e a o c e er

G d F id y l y
oo r H t up n it ; giv n
a a s a os o e

a fte th f l l f th
r e b l ng l t Titu l nd
a o e re e a e s o re a

h i dyn ty ; p
s as v d by th m in th G il r eser e e e ra

cas tl M n l t h
e, o nd gu
sa va c d d by d , a ar e a sa cre

or d erf k nigh t
o th T m pl i n wh m it
s, e e e se , o

ch oos es i t lf Th se knight . w d t ese s ar e vo e o

vi ginity th i king l n b ing ll w d m

r , e r a o e e a o e ar

i g
r a e,n d hi a in u bl w und i d u t hi
s c ra e o s e o s

h ving t k n p m in th u f w ldly
a a e u ar s e ca se o or

a n d u nl wf l l v a Th q u ti n P
u o iv l Sh uld
e. e es o ar z a o

h v put t hi m i
a e Wh t il th th un l ?
o s, a a e ee , c e

72
 WO LFRAM S PA RZIVAL ’
13

Wh en he l v ea vi it b
es th e cast e a l ft er th e first s e

i m k d t by t h i n m t
s oc e f ah ving m itt d e a es or a o e

th equ ti n M es t i l id u p n th
o . or e s r ess s a o e

b k n w d nn t d with whi h i m gi
ro e s or ,
co ec e c s a a c

s p ll t b m t d b f P i l n be m
e ,
o e as er e e or e arz va ca co e

m t as er f th G i l otl I n th inte iw ra c as e . e erv e

with th h m it n l P e iv l i t ngly u g d
er u c e ar z a s s ro r e

t n t hi wif C n d wi m [ C i
’
t o r e ur o t n s e o ra ur r es e s

Bl n h fl u ]
a c G u in
e dv n tu
e r . f a va
’
s a e r es ar e ar

m or el ly nn t d with th t y f th
c ose co ec e e s or o e

c hi f h th n i th
e er o in O ti n th ugh
a s e case r es e ,
o

th i m y b d u t t h l tt p m b king ff ’
s a e e o e a er s oe r ea o

i n th i m id t e r I n th n l u ding p s ti n f. e co c or o o

th e w k t wh i h n thin g
or ,
p nd i n
o c o corr es o s

C ti n P
r es iv l figh t unkn wing g in t
e , ar z a s, o ,
a a s

h i h lf b th
s a F i fi t h figh t b ing t pp d
-
ro er , e re z, e e s o e

by m t l gniti n Th h id
u ua r eco dm l o . e eou s a se re

a pp n d bid
ear s , P iv l t th G il tl
a s ar z a o e ra cas e,

wh h i
er e j in d by wif nd t w n ; Fei fi
e s re o e e a o so s re z

i b pti d w d t h d m l wh h
s a ze ,
ef th s e a se o a s ca r e o e

G il ra t n t th
,
E t n d i th f th
r e ur s o e as ,
a s e a er

o f P t J hn P i l l
r es er th G il
o . a r z va r u es o ve r e ra

kingd m nd hi n L h ng in is Knigh t
o ,
a s so ,
o er a ra ,

of th e S wa n .

In p in g W lf m with C ti n ev l
com ar o ra r es e s er a

p i nt
o w t hy l
s ar e tt nti n T h C u ding
or c ose a e o . e r sa

f th int d t y hi t y f th h f th ’
t n
o eo e ro u c or s or o e er o s a er

is noti ble in nn ti n with th f t th t the

cea co ec o e ac a

73
 14 TH E H O LY G RAIL
or de f G il knight i bvi usly int nded to
r o ra s s o o e

suggest th e g eat C u ding O de f th Knights

r r sa r r o e

T m pl
e A th wh l
ar . f this p t f th wo k
s e o e o ar o e r

i s c n ne t d with
o c eg n l gi l l g nd f th a e ea o ca e e o e

Angevin p in e ( u Engli h Pl nt g n t ) nd
r c s o r s a a e e s ,
a

bet ys S uth n F n h ffini tie in th p n l

ra o er re c a s e e rso a

a nd pl a n m es whi h diff
ce -
a g t ly f m t h
, ose i n c er r ea ro

C esti n i t i i mp
r e ,
ibl th t it n b th i n n
s oss e a ca e e ve

tion f th G m n p t wh m u t i n th
o e er p ti
a oe , o s , ese ar

c ul t l
ar s a t be f ll wi ng
eas F en h u e whi h
,
o o a r c so r c ,
c ,

a g i n m t h v bee n v y diff nt f m C estien

a ,
us a e er ere ro r .

Once dmit th xi t n f thi F ench u nd

a e e s e ce o s r so r ce a

it m
se e im pl t ef t i t th e v y i m p t nt
s s er o r er o er or a

diff n b t we n th p ntm n t f t h G il i n
er e ce e e e r ese e o e ra

th tw w k
e o th e th n t
or tt ib ut i t t W lf
s ra r a o a r e o o

ra m With C
. ti n th G il i di sti n tly
re s v ele e ra s c a ess ,

with W lf m stone ; th
o ra f m insi t littl the
a e or er s s e,

l tt mu h upon it f d givi ng p p ti
a er c , In s oo ro er es .

C estien th Fish Ki ng w u nd h n m o l ’
r ,
e er s o as o ra

j u tifi ti n ; in W lf m it i the puni h m nt f

s ca o o ra ,
s s e o

th e ki ng in i n b king h i w I n C ti n th
’
s S rea s vo . r es e ,
e

questi n l t t th e n tu f th t li m n nd
o r e a es o a re o e a s a a

th use t wh i h it i put ; i n W l f m p im ily

e o c s o ra , r ar

t th
o fi e su f m th ff t f in
'

er er ndro ily e e ec s o s ,
s eco ar

to th h e wh n nly tt i n full p
er o f ti n by
o ca o a a er e c o

s ym p th ti m p si n with the uff ing u ed

a e c co as o s er ca s

by in T hi d eep ned nd i nte n ifi d Spi itu l

s . s e a s e r a

i nt p t ti n f th e in id nt nn t b d i ass
er re a o o c e ca o e s o

ciated f om th e C u di ng f
r m ew k nd the r sa ra or a

74
 THE HO LY GRAIL
cous i n — bl dy head in
h e it was had hom e th e oo

th lv ; h in th gui f th hideous d m
e sa er e, e se o e a

sel h d in it d P
,
a du t nt inu
c t h qu t ;
e er e r o co e e es

h h d int v n d in t h
e a h e b d nd t g
er e e e c ss -
oa r a s a

h nt dv ntu to id and in ite P ed u his

u a e r es a c er r,

obj ect b ing th t Pe d u ho ld veng upon

e a re r s u a e

th eS s e f Gl u est th e d t h
orce re s s o f th e o c er ea o

co u i n wh s h dw ied in th s lve nd
ose ea as c arr e a r, a

th e l mn of th e un l
a c e.

T he W l h t l i th u in l ge m
e s a e s l gi l s a ar eas ur e a o ca

and t ightf w d v i n f h
s ra or ng
ar n er s o o a e ro s v e
’
ea ce

u p n up
o n tus l b i ng f th inj u i infli t d
er a ra e s or e r es c e

by th m up n hi kind d A i f qu ntly th
e o s re . s s re e e

ca se, th e up n tu se l b i n g k n w th t t h y
s er a ra e s o a e

m u t ultim t ly
s mb nd
a e i nd d n su cc u ,
a ar e ee co

t i n d t fu ni h m n f
s ra e o th i
r wn und i ng ;
s ea s or e r o o

as i g i n f eq ntly th
s a a r th h ue i p iv e c ase , e er o s a ss e,

alm t d um m y th
os a l p t g ni t b ing n f
,
e r ea ro a o s e o e o

th i nj u d kin m en
e re H d w th to y i n pu
s . a e es r a r er

f m w Sh uld find th t th inj u y f

or e o h i a e r ,
so ar as e s

co nce n d r n i t i n th e n h ntm nt f hid e u

e , co s s s e c a e o o s

and u n xing di gui n n h ntm nt f om wh i h

se s se , a e c a e r c

th n um m ti n
e co s f t h v ng n a n l n f
o o e e ea ce ca a o e ree

hi m Th . bj t f th t li m n i h t min d
e o ec o e a s a s s er e o re

th eh f th w ng d n
er o o nd t e u pply th ro o e a o s e

a v nging w p n P d it will b
e ea o n i lik
. er e u r , e see , s e

M n i in b i n g
a ess er ng n t y p
e nd a ve ea ce s or ur e a

Si m pl nd lik th G w in vi it t the G il tl
e, a e e a a s o ra ca s e

76
 S I R PE R CYVE LL E 17

in Gauti er , in so far as th e hea d n th e sal vero in

th e one case a ns we s t r o th e k night n th bie o e r in
t he ot he r.

S i r P e r c y vel l e English m t i l om n.
— An e r ca r a ce

found in th Th nt n M S w itt n sh tly bef

e or o .
, r e or ore

th e m iddl e of th fifteent h centu y ; to j u dge by

e r

th e l nguag a th e om nce in it
e ex t nt fo m
r a s a r

cann t be m u h
o lde th n th e d t of t ns ip
c o r a a e ra cr

tion .

Th penin g in i d nt e imil t those in

e o c e s ar s ar o

C est i n nd th e W l h Per ed u
r e a but with thi e s r, s

diff n e : in l l th e th e he s fi st dventur
er e c a r e ro
’
r a e

fte eaching Arthu cou t i t sl y knigh t

a r r r s
’
r s o a a

who h d off ere d g i ev u insult ei th e t A th u

a r o s r o r r

o to h is queen in C
r ti n n d in th e W l h res e a e s

t l e little t ess is l id u pon this incident but

a s r a ,

in th e Engl i h m nce it uppli s roth e b kbon a s es ac e

f t he t y (in W lf m t o th e in c id nt i
o s or o ra ,
o ,
e s

mo m p h s is d t h n in O esti n ) This k nigh t

re e a e a r o .
,

kn wn the R d Kn ight had l in Pe y l l

o as e , s a rc ve es
’

f th
a nd been f
er a d m ed t pe i h t the ore oo o r s a

h nd of th vengi ng s n ; mo eove he h
a s e a o r r, as a

witch m othe wh l te ncounte th e he o nd

r o, a r, e rs r a

is l i n by h im
s a nd h h as pe se uted with h i
, a e r c s

enm ity Percyvell u n le and cous i ns

’
T he e
es c . r

m i nd e of th e tory i t ken u p by an i n id en t
a r s s a c

co e ponding to Pe ev l s d eliv e nce f Blan

’
rr s rc a ra o

ch efleu i n C estien and t Pe yvell e

r r j ining, o rc
’
s re o

77 B
18 TH E H O LY GR AIL
h is m ot h
h king h e w s dead h d l t
er , who, t i n a , a os

h e senses
r H e ulti m tel y go to th e H ly
. a es o

L nd nd the dies
a a re .

Th e English r om anc e hing c onta n s i n ot c orr e

sp o n d i ng t o t h e v i i t s t t h fi t u n l
s ( Gon e o e rs c e

m n )a s to th e Fi h e
or King n d m kes s no r ,
a a

m nti n f th G il
e o o f ny th e t lism n
e ra or o a o r a a .

It i s sim pla nd st igh tf e w d v

a i n f ra or ar ers o o a

widely p ea d t l e f vengean u p n ’
-
s r n a o a so s ce o

hi f th Sl y s B ut fo th e fin l t u h f
’
s a er s a er . r a o c o

th he
e g ing t th e Holy Land th e e is n
ro s
’
o o r o

s ugg t i n f es o ligiou l u i ng
o re s co o r .

Bef di u ing the t tements m d by th

or e sc ss s a a e e

co nt i n u ti n af C stien e pecting th e
o s o re igin nd r s or a

n t u e of th e G
a r il nd the t li m n b held by
ra a o r a s a s e

th h e t th Fi h King tl it i dvi bl e
’
e ro a e s er s ca s e, s a sa

to um up th e evid nce n thi p int l e dy l id

s e o s o a r a a

bef e the e de One F en h ve ion (O stion)

or r a r. r c rs re

spe ks a f swo d
o a bl eedi ng l n e nd G il
r ,
a a c ,
a a ra

( av sse l
e
) ; n o th e
( ifa W lf m p oe mr b ega d d o ra
’
s e r r e

as r e r p esentin g l t F en h o igin l ) f w d a os r c r a o s or

a nd l nce a nd G il ( ton ) ; th e W l h t l
a ra a s e e s a e

m ention bleeding l n
s a nd h d in a ce a a ea a

sa lve ; th e E ngl ish

r om nce is Silent conce ni u g r a r

a ny t li m n a s I n t h e ver i n ( Genie d l G
a . r e l s o s e r aa ,

W lf m n d P du ) the t li m n
o ra ,
a er e in som
r , a s a s ar e e

w y onne te d with h ti n t he l th
’
a c c est a ero s r ora o o a

of a kinsm n. From C estien we n nly ur m i e

e . r ca o s s

78
20 TH E H O LY GRAIL
an i m gea L d p ed int B it in th p
of th e or , ass o r a , e ro

m i d l n d with
se a l ge f ll wing Wh n h t f
,
a ar o o . e s or o

f d J seph p y d f th e G i l i n whi h h d
oo o ra e or ra c a

b e n g th d th h ly bl d ; it w s nt nd th
e a er e e o oo a se , a e

co m p ny h d b
a d nd wi n nd m t in pl nty
a r ea a e a ea e .

Af t J ph d th th G il p ss d int th
er ose
’
s ea e ra a e o e

k ping f h i kin f m wh m b th P
ee o s l ,
ro o o erc eva s
’

f th nd th Fi he King w d nd d I n
a er a e s r er e esce e .

a n th e
o unt J ph i u t in d wh il t in p
r a cco ose s s s a e s ca

ti ity by th G il ; wh n
v le s d h h d n
e ra e re a e e as a ve

tu with h th n king E l h n d h i b th
r es a ea e ,
ve ac , a s ro er

in l w S
-
a ph wh m h nv t nd n m
, era s, o e co er s a re- a es

M d in
or rand N i ns Y t n th
a count a sc e s . e a o er ac

d upli t s J ph
ca e ptivity fte h iose iv l in ’
s ca a r s arr a

Engl nd nd th Fi h e Ki ng is d upli t d by
a , a e s r ca e

E l h M d in
ve ac w u nd d f
-
or p um pti n i n
ra s, o e or r es o

a pp h ing t ne th G il nd m i ul u ly
r oa c oo ar e ra ,
a rac o s

k pt liv t be h l d by th be t of ll knigh t
e a e o ea e e s a s

f Jo ph kin
’
o se s .

Th v i u ccount
ese f und in wh t
ar o s a s ar e o a ar e

pl inly th l te t p ti n f th v t m pil t i n
a e a s or o s o e as co a o

kn wn th G ni d l G l nd in v l
o as e e e e r aa ,
a se era ca se s

th i di g
e r m n t with th
sa nt xt
r ee t mp th m e e co e s a s e

as int p l ti n
er o a o s.

In ki ng u l es if th s t t m nt f i th
as o rse v e e s a e e s a

f ully ep nt th t d ipti n i th G il n d
r r ese a esc r o o e ra a

a lli d t li m n whi h we m u t um t h ve
e a s a s, c s a ss e o a

b n in C ti n u e nd which h w ul d h v
ee r es e
’
s so rc a e o a e

re p d u ed h d h fi ni h d hi p em we c nn t
ro c a e s e s o , a o

80
 EVIDEN CE OF EARLY VER S I N S O 21

f il
a to note th e g ra v e and essent a il d iscrep
ancies betwe po tion f the
en th e diff er en t r s o

l gend t k n
e wh ol e
a eWhy if the G i l t lis
as a .
,
ra a

m ns a
a f u h u pas i ng
re o n tity is th
s c use to
s r s sa c ,
e

wh ich t h y p u t
e so pp ntly p
are f n e? Did a ar e ro a

Ch i t send f th H ly V l nd lan t B itain

r s or o esse a ce o r

m e ely th t P ce l might he l hi kinsm a n nd

r a er va a s a

su cceed him in h i king hip G uv in esto e s s , or a a r r

a w st l nd t f tility th t th e dwelle in the

a e a o er ,
or a rs

G il C tl m ight f ed n t he f t f th l n d ?
ra as e e o a o e a

Ag in i it n t ignifi nt th t the ve y p ti n of
a ,
s o s ca a r or o

th e C ni c d l G
o l e which d well m t
r aa s os

l ngthily up n the sacred Ch i ti n n tu e f th e

e o r s a a r o

t l i mans is l o th t whi h pictu es Pe

’
a s , a s ls a c r rceva

cond uct in distinctly non Ch isti n a light as i n

as -
r a

th e Per ed u S i P y ell 2 And h ow if th e

r or r er c v e ,

wh ole sto y t t d f m t h r ed n tu
s ar e f th e ro e sacr a re o

t li m an
a s h ll wed by th i
s, a i ti n with th e
o e r assoc a o

P i n m th W lsh nd English om nces t

ass o ,
ca e e e a r a o

di d th e
sca r d associ ti n t mit th e m st
es sac r e a o s, o o o

sac r ed of th e p ec i us Obj t nd t rub titut o ec s , a o s s e a

sto y f bl ood f u d nd v n g n
r o unmar k d by n
e
ya e ea ce e a

t ce of spi itu l l t l n
ra p ific lly Ch i ti n
r a , e a o e s ec a r s a ,

f eling ? Fin lly wh y d e th e on ve si n

e a ,
o s e r o ,

W lf m whi h i nim t d by deep nd l fty

o ra
’
s, c s a a e a o

spi itu l fe ling n t ep s nt the Grail as th e

r a e , o r re e

eceptacl e of Ch is t blood ? ’
r r s

These questi ns sugge t th answe th t the o s e r a

Chri stian l egend y statem ents about th e G il ar ra

81
22 TH E HO LY GR AIL ;
ta li mans re
s ll y secon da y
a nd inten d d t
rea r , a e o

expla in th e i m p t n tt h ed t th m in th or a ce a ac o e e

st y of thei quest B t before ccepting thi

or r . u a s

a nswe as co rt we m u t note th t Ch i ti n
rr ec s a r s a

sym bolism of m e t i inv lved in ll th q u t so sor s o a e es

sto ies r Thus alik e in C tien Wolf m nd th

. r es , ra ,
a e

P d u is f un d th G d F id y i ncid nt th
er e r o e oo r a e : e

he h ving w nd d l ng nd f nd lost unt f

ro a a er e o a ar a co o

d ys and se son i m et n G d Fr id y by knigh t

a a s, s o oo a a

who reb ukes h im f idi ng m d n su h d y or r ar e o c a a ,

an d bid him t con f s i n nd bsoluti n I n o ess o a a o .

W olf am too th m hi n y by whi h th e m i n

r , , e ac er c t se

l u vi tue of th G il i
o s r t ined is di ti n tiv l y
e ra s su s a s c e

Ch i ti n nd nn t d wi th G d F id y
r s a a co ec e oo r a .

Two lem ent th e m to be p esent s d fi u s see r ,

a e

n it ly C h isti n n d
e p ibly n n Ch isti n n
r a a a oss o - r a o e,

and l th ough th Ch i t i n l m ent i n n f m

a e r s a e e o e or

appea s l te and s nd y y t in som e sh pe

r a eco ar ,
e a or

oth it is p e nt in th v y ld est version f th

er r se e er o so e

t y as a wh le
s or o .

One thing w u ld f ly p t ulate n m ely th t

e co sa e os ,
a ,
a

th di tin ctiv ly C h i t i n l m e nt t ceabl i n th

e s e r s a e e ra e e

C nic del G
o l m u t xi t m ewh e e el
raa in s e s so r se a

m or e he ent nd ti n l f m I n eff t tw
co r a ra o a or . ec ,
o

v ions of u h f m xi t a p se m n
er s s c a or e s : ro ro a ce ,

kn wn s th e G nd S t G l f unkn wn uth
o a ra . r aa , o o a or

ship nd m et i l t il gy d ue to e t in R b t
, a a r ca r o ,
a. c r a o er

d Bo on of whi h nly t h fi t two p ti n

e rr , c o e rs or o s,

J p h f A i n th
ose o nd M li n
r a a e exta nt ea a er ,
ar .

82
 THE HO LY GRAIL
of th e whe eat Ch i t te the In st S upp
one r r s a er .

A t th t t bl e n m pty seat i to b l ft whi h

a a a e s e e , c

m y n t b fil l d un til
a o e n i b n t B ns
e a so s or o ro

a nd E ny
g u i nn w h e t t m
s p t ta s
occu py er o a e s o

i t i w ll w d by th
s s a th
o divin v i e th n
e e ear a e o c e

t ll Jos ph th t n t B n n but h i g nd
’
e s e a o ro S so s ra

so n h ll fil l th e se t
s a B n i t th fih a . ro s s o ca c a s

a nd pl it n th t bl by th v
a ce o l ; by thi e a e e esse s

m ean th e Sinn s e d te te d n d th e ves el i

ers a r e c ,
a s s

ca ll d G e b ing g eabl t th wh
raa as e a re e o ose o

b h ld it I n tim e B n nd Enyg u h v
e o . ro s a e s a e

tw lv e n J ph p ying b f th e ves l
e so s ose ,
ra '
e or e se ,

a nn n es t h t l ev n w ill m
ou c y nd n Al i n
a e e ar r a o e, a ,

re m i n i ngl
a B ut l m t i m m di t ly J
s e. ph a os e a e ose

i hid d n t ll Al i n ll b u t th v
s e e l nd h w
a a a o e esse , a o

f m him th sh ll issu n h i wh i t k p
ro ere a e a e r o s o ee

it ; Al in i t l d h i b eth n we t w d
a s o ea s r re s ar s .

This he does An the of th e mp ny P t u . o r co a ,

e r s
,

is a lso m m nded by th v i t g t th V l
co a e o ce o o o e a e

o f Av n Joseph i f the t ld th t B n i
e ro . s ur r o a ro s s

t k p th e v s l f te hi ( J ph ) d th n d ’
o ee es e a r s ose s ea ,
a

i hid d en in st u t him in th e H ly W d G d
s r c o or s o

p k in th p i n B on i t b kn wn
s a e e r so . r s s o e o as

th Ri h Fi h
e f m the fi h h ught ; h
c s er , ro s e ca e

is t w it f hi nd t giv h im t h
’
o a n n or s so s so a o e e

v esse l wh n th m ni ng f th Blessed T inity

e e ea o e r

Sh l l b kn wn Aft se ing B n put i n

a e o . er e ro s

p ossessi n f G il
o n d h ea d hip P t u
o ra d e a s e r s

p t f ll wed fte t h e d y by B on
ar s, o o a r re a s r s

84
 RO BERT DE BO RRON 25

J ose ph re ma n n i i g i n th e l nd
a in w hi h c h e was
b o rn .

f ll w i mm di t ly in ub tanti l
Th e M er li n o o s e a e , s s a

ag m nt with th th M lin m n up
r ee e e o er er ro a c es

t A th u wi thd w l f th e w d f m th
’
o r r s ra a o s or ro e

an vil wh e th ,
uth t p with ther m k e a or s o s, e re ar

th t h a n n l n ge Sp k f A thu until h
e ca o o r ea o r r e

h t ld f Al i n
as o n f B n wh t m n n
o f a , so o ro s, a a er o

m a n h e was , of hi s ki n, a nd of h ow th e woes of

B i t in we
r a re ca use d .

It Sh uld be n ted th t B o n poem in th

o o a rr o
’
s ,
e

J ph p ti n t le t i bvi u ly b idg d nd
ose or o a as ,
s o o s a r e ,
a ,

p ibly l te d in p t by m l d oit d it
oss ,
a re ar s a a a r e or .

Wh t givea l u t thi u mi i th t in
s co o r o s s r se s a ,

additi n t th igin l m t i l f m th
o o xi t
e or a e r ca or ,
er e e s

l p se v
se ver a i n in wh i h
ro nu m b e
er s o f s, c occ ur a r o

int p l ti n d ign d t b ing th t xt into

er o a o s es e o r e e

conf m ity with l t

or d v l pm nt f t h l g nd a er e e o e s o e e e .

S m o h p
e su c m y l dy h v b g un b f
rocess a a r ea a e e e or e

th e poe m w t u n d int p nd t
as it m y r e o r ose , a o a

be d ue di p n i u h th t Al in vow ed t
scr e a c es s c as a a , o

celib y in n line i m i d l m t in th next

ac o e s ar r e a os e ,

th t n w B n n n w hi g nd n i t ’
or a o ro s so ,
o s ra so ,
s o

achi v the v ntu f th m pty e t nd p e

e e e re o e e s a ,
a , r

sum b ly to be th G
a il k p
,
th t pp ntly e ra - ee e r , or a ,
a are ,

tw d iff nt
o un t f t h G il a iv l in
er e acc o s o e ra
’
s rr a

B it in i n th n
r a ,
in Al i n in t h th
e o e cas e a
’
s, e o er

in B n d i i h v b nf d I
’

gu ro n
Q p s n ar t a ,
a e ee co u se .

85
 THE H OLY G RAIL
is , h v
owe er , po ibl th t th
ss e a ese di scre p i
a nc es ar e

d ue t B o or ron hi m elf nd s ,
a ar e th e resul t of an

un s kilful cont m in ti n
a f a o o two f or ms of th e

Inpit f t hese di p n ies it i n t w thy

s e o scre a c ,
s o e or

th t wit h th e ex pti n f W lf m i al
’
a , P ce o o o ra s ar z v ,

B n
or ro p em i th e nly w k f the y l whi h
’
s o s o or o c c e c

i n t nly n i m t d by Ch i ti n y m b li
s o o a n a e a r s a s o c co

ce pt i n ( o ev e l t h m n
as a r e s
ce ) b u t whi h ra o er r o a s , c

ca rr ie u t th t n pti n in n i ntelligibl
s o a co ce o a e

m nn a by m e n f th in id nt f th t y
er a s o e c e s o e s or .

Thi n pti n m y b b i fly u mm i d
s co ce o a e r e s ar se as

f ll w S in th use f w nt am ng the peopl ;

o o s: , e ca o a o e

se p ti n f pu nd im pu by m e ns of th
ara o o re a re a e

t o» v fi h ( y m b l f Ch i t) ; p un i h m nt f th self
s s o o r s s e o e

will d f l di ipl
e w d f B n s by h g
a se sc f e re ar o ro c ar e o

th G il ; ym b li ing f the T inity by th e th e

e ra s o s o r re

t bl s nd th e th e G il keep s
a e a r e ra -
er .

I n vi w f th kill with whi h the con epti n i

e o e s c c o s

w ked ut it eem m
or o eas n bl
,
t tt ib ut
s s ore r o a e o a r e

th b v n ted di p n i t th xi t n f
e a o e o scr e a c es o e e s e ce o

a n li f m f th l g nd in whi h the e w
ea r er or o e e e c r ere

o nly t w G il k pe f th nd n
o ra un l
- ee rs , a er a so , or c e

a n d n ph w t e f whi h hav p si ted in

e ,
rac es o c e er s

B n
or r o i n ’
s ve rs o .

The G r an d St . G r aal .
— Th e r om a nce th us
ent i tl d i n f e s o e o t he l ngest
o a nd l ates t of th e
c y l All u i n t
c e . s o o an e pi d so e contai ne d in i t ,
a n d
86
 THE HO LY GR A IL ;
di hs is fir st s o h wn
b the in l w to E velach
’
s ro r- - a

( wh roeceiv es t h n m N asci n t b p ti s m ) he a e e s a a e

sa y it pleases h im (li g é ) ntirely hence it i

s r e e , s

ca ll d G é i J ph w un ded by l n e
e r a . ose es , o a a c ,

a nd N asciens bli n d d f pp o ching too n e or a r a ea r

th G il are b th h l d by n ngel th e l n e
e ra ,
o ea e a a ,
a c

head being p ese d it h ll d p blood t th r r ve : s a ro a e

beginning of the W nd f t h H ly G il n d o e rs o e o ra a

th e La n an d bu t
ce , ne m n h uld beh ld th ose o a s o o

m v lar f th e G il nd b t ne oth e he st u k
e s o ra ,
a u o r r c

by the l n e nd h e h uld be th e l st f
a c ,
a s o a o

J seph ki n nd hi h l the achi ve f th

o es
’

,
a s ea er , e r o e

G il w n d s h uld b th l st f N s i n
’
ra o er ,
s o e e a o a c e s

kin .Div rs adv ntu f E el h ( b pti d

e e r es o v ac a ze

M d in ) and N
or ra i n f ll w nd vi i n t
s as c e s o o , a s o s o

N i n s conce ni n g h i d
a sc e end nts l l th ese
r s esc a a

w nd ers
o e t u C h i t Himself wrot th
ar r e , as r s e e

b k f the H ly G il nd ve it n ught el s
oo o o ra ,
a ,
sa ,
a e

but th e L d P y nd th e j udgm ent on th

’
or s ra er a e

w man t k en in
o d ul t y
a N ascien find a er s s

S l m n s swo d nd i w und ed by it Th
’
o o o r a s o . e

t y
s or tu ns t Joseph
re wh o leads
r hi o es, a c o ce

co mp ny to Ga t B i t in H re they find r ea r a . e

N ien son C l id in
asc s
’
Joseph and Jo ph
,
e o e . se es

ar e i m p i on d by King G ud l
r s f N th W l
e r e o or a es,

but d live ed by M d i n t wh m ou L d
e r or r a s, o o r or

a ppears in the liken s f ne ucified bidd in g es o o cr ,

h im g to B it i n
o M d in eti es t r he a . or ra s r r o a r

m it ge buil di ng
a , m n te y fo white m nk a. o as r r o s,

88
 G RAN D ST G . RAAL 29

y the until P cev l nd G l h d

an d sta s re er a a a a a see

him i t ld in th t l
, as s f th e H ly G il W
o e a e o o ra . e

t h n hee f B ns wh ar o
p t n w h ro
as n t b n
, o u o o o ee

m nti n d ; h e b ing hi t w lv
e o e n t J r s s e e so s o ose

p h l e v n
es , e
e m i ed n d t h e tw
ar elf th h vi n g
arr ,
a e a

hos n vi ginity i pp int d gu di n f th

c e r s a o e ar a o e

G il d th Al in fi h ing i ’
t J eph e
’
ra a os s ea . a s s s

desc i bed nd h w h ving ught fi h whi h

r ,
a o ,
a ca a s c

s ufii es t f c d ll th m p ny h e i ll d the
o ee a e co a ,
s ca e

Ri h Fi h c titl e b n
s fte hi m by l l th
er , a or e a r a e

Gr il keep a W e ls t ld f P t u wh
er s . e ar a o o o e r s, o

co nv t nd mer s ies he th n p in
a ar r nd a a e r cess, a

f m wh m d nd Lot f O ni f th f
ro o esc e s o r ca e, a er o

G u v ina Al f G l h d Jo eph n wh m
a . so o a a a ,
s
’
s so , o

th m n of H celi e t k as th i ki ng
e e o n d wh
c a e e r , a o

i n
s a t t Y w in
ces or n f U i n J
o ph nd
a , so o r e . ose a

J ph di nd th l tt
ose es nfid
e a th e G il t e a er co es ra o

Al in A l dly tl hight C b ni
a . or H ly
cas e or e c o

Vess l in Ch lde e i b ilt f ait F el ping s u or . or s ee

in su h h ly pl
c a king i w und d th gh
o ac e a s o e rou

b th thigh At Al i n d th h i b the
o s. a
’
s ea s ro r

J su be m e G il k pe nd fte him ix
o e co s ra ee r, a a r s

ki ngs th e l st of th m P ll n wh e d ught
,
a e e es , o os a er

L n el t f th e L k b get G l h d L n celot
a c o o a e e s a a a , a

b ing himself ighth in d scent from Celi doine

e , ,
e e ,

son of N asciens .

The e xi t thr e s r ee r om a nces w hi h c ar e c on

e ned with th e Q u
c r est of th e Gra il ,
but , nevert h e
89
30 TH E H OLY GRAIL
l
ess , k ned mong the tw E ly
m ust be r ec o a o ar

Hi t y v si n
s or j u t um m i ed with whi h
er o s s s ar s ,
c

th ey a e los ly nne ted On f th th ee

r c e co c . e o e r ,

kn wn the Qui te d l S t G l w f l ng th
o as e . raa , as or o e

m ost f m us w k f th y l
a o nd i t ill th
or n o e c c e, a s s e o e

best known t Engli hm n it w o m b di d s e ,

as as e o e ,

al most enti by M l y in th M a t B ih
re , a or e r s ar ar.

M lo y s w k b ing gene lly

a r
’
or ible th t y e ra access , e s or

n eed nly b giv n b i fly

o e e r e .

Q u é t e d el S t G r aal . .
—It te ll s of L ance ot s l ’

son , had m ing t Ar th u cou t f h i

Gal a , co o
’
r s r , o s

ac hieving th e dv ntu f th S ieg P ill u a e re o e e er o s

a nd th e w d i n t h bl k ; f th
s or ppea n e oc o e a ra ce

o f th e H ly G i l whi h fillo h b h ld
ra , c s eac e o er

with m t u h ea h l ng f s ; cf G u i
asn e o s or o a va
’
s

vo w to g in q u t f it f o y nd d y
es o or a ea r a a a ,

whi h th c th knight f th R un d T bl
e o er s o e o a e

j in in The d v ntu whi h b f ll G l h d

o . a e res c e a a a a

a nd th th e qu est
e o f th e m t p t
r ers are or os ar

s u h c asf t ld in th e G nd St G l
ar e or e o ra . raa ,

a nd m tly x m plify th
os in ef n l l v
e e s o ca r a o e,

a n d th ceti vi t u
e as f G l h d On
c h w r e o a a a . e, o

v
e er , s i gned t
a s L n l t i n t m nti ned o a ce o , s o e o

i n th t om n a L n l t find
r a w un d d
ce : a ce o s a o e

knight eeking l f m the H ly V sel th

s so ac e ro o es ,
e

G il ppears but L n l t
ra a ys n v,
w d a ce o sa e er a or ,

f or whi h fte tim es mu h mi h n w

c a r c sc a ce as

h is when he wak h e i bitt ly rep oache d

a es s er r .

90
 34 TH E H O LY G RAIL ;
hi d m n t xemplify e t in Spi i tu l d gmas
t r a oe c r a r a o ,

a nd th t thi h uld b w ked ut th ugh tain

a s s o e or o ro cer

p n g nd e t in in idents whi h
erso a es a p ifi d
c r a c c ar e s ec e .

N w th e Did t Pe v l l ys lm t as m uch t
o o r ce a a a os s r ess

as th e Gont d l G l up n th e myste iou m l d y

e e r aa o r s a a

o f the Fi h Ki ng but it does n ot exem plify th

s er , e

spi itual d gm
r in i ted up n by B n nd it
o as s s o orro ,
a

n gl t
e mi u nd e t nd th e in ident t whi h
ec s or s rs a s c s o c

he inte nd d to p y p i l tt nti n
e I t i in f t
a s ec a a e o . s, ac ,

u j um bl f hint f m B n w k
’
an i n ng co ro s e o s ro orro s or ,

a nd n fu ed ve i n
a co f th e C nt d l G
s l rs o o o e e r aa .

I t i ntenti n whi h i und ubt d to b

s o ,
qu l c s o e , e a se e

t B rron poem m ke it l m t t i n th t h e
’
o a s s, a s a os c er a a

n ver om pl ted h i t il gy
e c e s r o .

P er c ev al l e G al l oi s — Th e
. t hi d r rom a nc e will
be kn wn t m ny Engli h eade th nk t D
o o a s r r s, a s o r.

S b ti n Ev n exqu i ite E n gli h v i n tyl d

’
e as a a s s s ers o ,
s e

t h e H igh H i t y f th H l y G i l It i
s or l o e o ra . s a so

kn wn o th e P l as u but i t wil l b ner esc a s, e co

ve ni nt t e desi gn te it by the titl giv n it by

o a e e

its fi t d i trs M Ch P tvin P e l i G ll i

e or , . . o ,
erc va s a o s .

I t i in p
s n d w s w itt n f
rose , a e t in J h n a r e or a c r a o ,

L d f N e le in Fl nd wh w living in th
or o s a ers, o as e

y 1225
ear .

Of ll th Q u t om n es thi i th m t
a e es r a c s s e os

onf u ed
c nd im l
s I t p fes a t b w itt n
a ess . ro ses o e r e

by J sephu t th bidding f n ng l I t t ll
o s a e o a a e . e s

of the good kn igh t d e cend ed by hi m ot he s s r

94
 PERCEVAL LE GALLO IS 35

fr m J ph d Ah i m i wh kept the l n e
o ose
’
ar ac e , o a c

wherewith Cb ist w pie ed nd th H li t r as rc ,

a e o es

Ve l in whi h H i bl d w g thered On h i
sse c s oo as a . s

f tha ide th g d knight w descend d f m

er s s
’
e oo as e ro

N i d m u ; h i m th b th w th Fi he ’
co e s s o er s ro er as e s r

Ki ng King P lle,
n d th King f C tl e s, a e o as e

D dly I n h i y th h m t th C u t f
ea . s ou e ca e o e o r o

th e Ri h Fi h but m i tted t
c sk w h m ne er, o o as o o

ser ved with th H li t G il wh n w en ued e o es ra ,

e ce a rs s

a nd th Kin g f ll i nt Si kn
e Aft w d b t h
e o c ess . er ar s o

G w in nd L n l t
a a a me t th G il C tl a ce o ca o e ra as e.

G w i n fi t t th e C tl e f E nqu i y whe e th e
a a rs o as o r , r

sw d is p
or e ve d w h ewi th J h n th e B pt i t
r es r er o a s

w s b he d d
a eG w in i a il nt in the G il
e . a a s s e ra

C tle whe e he beh old G il nd l n

as ,
r s ra a a ce .

L n l t m y n t e th G i l n ount f hi
a ce o a o se e ra o acc o s

si nful love t Gui n ve Th Fi h King di

o e re . e s er es,

and h i l nd i i d by h i b th King f
s a s se z e s ro er , o

C tl D dly wh i
as e ea h e th n ; P ,
l o s a a e erceva s
’

t u ggl
s r g in t h im hi vi t y nd winnin g f
e a a s ,
s c or a o

th G il C tl
e ra t ld t g t l ngth
as H i
e ar e o a r ea e . e s

vi it d by A thu L n l t nd G w i n A thu
s e r r, a ce o ,
a a a . r r

b h ld th fi my t i u t n f m ti n f
e o s e ve s er o s ra s or a o s o

th G il
e b ut whi h m y n m n pe k f
ra ,
a o c a o a s a ,
or

th et
e secr f th e m ent h ll n m n d is
s o sacra s a o a .

close v G d giv him p w th t Th

sa e o e o er er e o .
’
e

t y doe not nd h
s or sbut t ll f m ny th
e er e , e s o a o er

ad entu Of P v l wh fin lly il w y n
v r es erce a o a sa s a a o

a ship wi th whi t ai l n whi h is figu d d e s o c re a re

95
36 TH E H O LY G RAIL ;
li no v has m n lea nt wh t becam e of h im
,
ne er a r a .
’

Thi t y w itt n in L tin ( f m wh i h it w

s s or ,
r e a ro c as

t n l t d int F n h ) w
ra s a e f und in th i l nd o re c ,
as o e s a

Av ll n in h ly h u f G d n th h e
a o ,
a o o se o o o e s or s

of th M dv ntu u wh
e A th u nd
oor a e ro s, er e r r a

Gui n v b id
e er e ar e ur e .

A p ilf s ec a ea tu r e of hi m n e i th in i
t s ro a c s e s s

up n P vi ginity I t i m ke d
’
ten ce o erceva l s r . s as ar

a f tu in hi
ea re s cas e as i t h t f G l h d i n th
s a o a a a e

Qu étc .

The diff ere nce in ton e a nd sent im en t be tween

t h e se r om anc es a nd t h ose of th e fir st c la ss is so

ma r k d t m k the asd f lh h b nt n
o a e e r ea er ee e as ee ra s

p t d t n th w ld Th hiv l i i h e
or e o a o er or . e c a r c s re

sub din t d t th Ch i ti n sceti l m nt T u

or a e o e r s a a c e e e . r e,

th h p w i i n i t d up n i n t n n
'

e ero s ro ess s s s e o se co ve

ti n l te m
o a but th ntr f i nt t i
s, hift d e ce re o er es s s e

f m h i p s n lity nd f m th feat nd en
ro s er o a a ro e s a v

tu by whi h it i m nif sted t th ym b li

r es c s a e o e s o c

m hi ne y f th p eci u ves l nd its ac m p i

ac r o e r o s se a co an

m ent C nt t th tw m n e in whi h th
s . o ras e o ro a c s c e

s pi it l el m nt w d ly d m in te W lf m
r ua e e av o e o a s : o ra
’
s

P i l nd th Quét d l S t G
ar z va a l I n th f m e e e . r aa . e or er

th p s n lty f th h
e er o i th m in thi ng ; w
a o e ero s e a e

f ll w th e i p ning t ngth n ng n n bling

o o r e ,
s re e i ,
e o

d l pm nt f g nui n m n n wh uff
ev e o e o a e e a , o e o s ers

a nd in but whs l lv s, nd nd u i o a so o es a e res , s

t un h n d t u e
s a c nd wh pu ifi d by the d i
a r , a o, r e s

96
38 TH E HOLY G RAIL
N ow i n t wo ve si n r o s
( Did ot P er ceval and P . ls
Gal loi s ) b l n gi n
e og t o thi s cl a ss th e h ero is Per
ceval , as i n th e first l
c as s , and i n th e Quete,
Pe ev l i
rc a s on ly second to th e m ai n he r o. Ag ai n

one, th e Did ot Per ceval , re p od uce

r s m an y of th e
adventu r es of th e Gon te d el Gr a al , w hil st th e Quéte
als h o as dventu es t th Fishe
th e central a r a e r

King tl th ugh g
’
s cas tly l t
e, d nd ttached
o r ea a e re a a

to sa nd y pe n g L nc l t Th in fe en e
eco ar rso a e, a e o . e r c

i u nm i t k bl e ; th Q uest p ti ons f th
s s a a econ d e or o e s

l
c ass o f G il m n ces rain p t b ro d u pon nd a are ar as e a

de iv d f m Q u st st y Si m ila t th t f und in
r e ro a e or r o a o

th e C nt d l G o l nd l li d e sion
e e T un de
r aa a a e v r s. o r

st nd th
a l ignific n f the Que t in id nts
e re a s a ce o s c e

we m u t dd ess urs lves fi tly nd hi fly t th e

s a r o e rs a c e o

ro m n a f t h e fi st l
c es o H w does i t t nd with r c ass . o s a

th e oth p ti n f th l g nd th E ly Hist ry
er or o o e e e , e ar o

o f the G il ? Th e l t ra p tions f th G nt d el a er or o e e s

G l
r aa nt in we saw f
co gm nt f n E ly Hi t y
a , ,
ra e so a ar s or

s u bst nti lly th e sam e

a th t f und in G nd S t
a as a o ra .

l nd Quete W lf m P th e
’
G i l n th
‘
r aa a . o ra s a rz va , o e o r

h nd nt in n E ly Hi t y whi h i b lutely
a , co a s a ar s or c s a so

a nd enti ly diff ent R m mbe ing th t those

re er . e e r a

p tion f th G nte d l G l whi h d yi ld th is

or s o e o e ra a c o e

E l y Hi t y e d em n t bly th e l t t in d te
ar s or ar o s ra a es a

o f th t v t a m pil ti n n ti ng th t th y b
as co th e a o ,
o a e ea r

trac e s f b in g Obvi uo nd e t ti m es i n n i t nt in o sa a co s s e

te p lati n t h fu th
r o o inf nce i if n t t in
s, e r er er e s, o ce r a ,

a t l as t highly p b bl th t th e Ea ly Hi t y f
e ro a e, a r s or o

98
 C ON VERSI ON LEG EN D 39

th e Gonte d el Gr aal is base d up on and d iv d f

er e rom

one a kin t th t f
d in the Gr nd S t G l nd
o a ou n a . ra a a

the Quétc In th e w d. e c h secti n o f t he r or s, a o o

leg nd has b r owed f m the the features nd

e o r ro o r a

in ident in nsistent with it re l essence Th

c s co s a . e

f t th t C tien continu t h d to tu n f
ac a res
’
s a or s a r or

inf m ti n t wo ks nim ted by u h d ifl erent

'

or a o o r a a s c a

sp i it j u tifies t h e u m i
r s th t th y f und n thing s r se a e o o

o f Si mil n tu in h i u ce nd th t s in th
a ar a re s so r ,
a a ,
a e

inte vening l pse f tim pe i l Ch i ti n

r a o un t ea s c a r s a acco

of th G il h d b
e ram th p p ul ane t h y f lt
eco e e o ar o , e e

co n t in d t l um il y ub titu t thi d min nt

s ra e o c s s s e s o a

v rsi n f th t of Cre tien urce

e o or a s
’
s so .

If wh t m y b ll d th e Joseph f A i m thea
a a e ca e o r a

E ly H i t y be conside ed l ly it wil l b seen

ar s or r c ose , e

th t in b th i t tw m in f m s it i essenti ll y
a o s o a or s a a

l gend f th C nve si n f B it in B th f m
e o e o r o o r a . o or s

t t with Jose ph bu t t
s ar l t t g g wid ly , a a a er s a e o e

as u nd In B
er . n it i kin m n f J ph or ro s s e o ose ,

B n ro A l in
s, or P t u wh a th l de
, or f e r s, o are e ea rs o

t h ev ngeli i ng emi g ti n it i t th m th t th
e a s ra o , s o e a e

H ly Vessel i nfided I n th G nd S t G l
o s co . e ra . ra a

Q u t v
‘

e e si n J se
er ph s son Jos
o ph es io th e l d i ng ’
, e , s ea

s pi i t nd th f tunes f the G il
r ,
a e bound up
or o ra ar e

with t h se f J ph d i ec t descend nt with

o o ose
’
s r a s or

th c nv t d heath en M d i n nd N s i n n d
e o er e s or ra sa a c e sa

t h i ki n
e r Thi econ d is th popul v i n th e
. s s e ar ers o ,

o ne whi h ffected th l t
c a t ges of the C nt e a er s a o e

d l G
e l Th f t t h t wh t m y be
r aa . e ll d th
ac a a a ca e e

99
 TH E H O LY G R AI L ;
V ulg t E ly Hi t y (wh th in it B n
a e ar s or e er s ro s or

J ph f m ) i in lity C nve i n f B it in
ose es or s r ea a o rs o o r a

l g nd i im p t nt wh n w
e e ,
s ll t th t th
or a e e r ec o ec a e

p n ge f th C n te d l G l nd alli d v i n
erso a s o e o e r aa a e er s o s

( th ld
e o t f m f t
esh Q t )
or B i ti h o n d t h t e ues ar e r s ,
a a

th scen e f th t y i B it in
e o l th t th e
e s or s r a , as a so a

W lf m E ly Hi to y i
o ra ar t d t be d iv d s r s asser e o er e

f m h ni l f th Ang vi n p in th l d
ro a c ro c e o e e r ces , e or s

o f B it in th u gh ut th f m tive pe i d f th
r a ro o e or a r o o e

G il y l
ra Th
c m n
c e. f thi y l b l ng by
e ro a ces o s c c e e o ,

th i e ri gin th i p u p t
or ,
n d th i e r nt nt to r or ,
a e r co e ,

E ngl nd nd n t t F n
a a f t b u df u
o o ra c e, a ac o sc re or s

by th i b i ng w itt n l m t nti ly in F en h
e r e r e a os e re r c ,

a nd t l go a xt nt by F n h w it
ar e e e nd n ly re c r er s, a o

int lligibl wh n w
e e ll th t th ugh ut th
e e r eca a ro o e

twelfth entu y F en h w c lm st m u h th
r r c as a o as c e

l ng u g f wh t i n w E ngl nd as f wh t i n w
a a e o a s o a o a s o

F n ra nd th t t h
c e, a ugh ut l ge part f th e
a ro o a ar o

centu y th e M tie
r r e de B t gne w a th e f shi n bl re a as a o a e

a n d i nfl uenti l m n f l l th t was ul tu ed in
a ro a ce or a a c r

W t n Ch ist nd m I t l I think put ut

es e r r e o . a so , , s o

o f u t
co l l ttem pt t d iv thi g
r a a t b dy f s o er e s rea o o

ro m n a f m th num u H ly V l f un d
ce ro e er o s o esse s o

o n th C ntin nt Sin th Fi t C u d nd f
e o e ce e rs r sa e, a o

whi h th S
c G ti n e f G n acr a w th m ta o o e oa as e os

fm
a o us Th l g nd
. nn t d with th em h v
e e e s co ec e a e

n n o f th m ny nn t i n wi th B it in
e o e a co ec o r a .

B ut if th E ly Hi t y f th G il b th us
e ar s or o e ra e

a nve ion
co f B it i n l g n d wh n e d es it
rs o r a e e , e c o

10 0
 THE H OLY G RAI L
an ything in th e m nce in it ea lie nd ro a s, as s r r a

simpl f m th er i n m ntion f th e H ly
or er e s o e o o

V el it i h d t see h ow th Gl t nbu y
ess , s ar o e as o r

l gend an be eg ded
e c n ut m f th e G i l
r ar as a o co e o ra

ro m n e a Th b l nce f p b bility t ngly

c s. e a a o ro a s ro

in lin es to th vi w th t dive
c n d i nd ep n d ent
e e a rs a e

l gend f Jo ph onv i n f B it in igi

e s o se
’
s c ers o o r a or

n ted i n tw lft h
a ntu y E ngl nd nd th t th ei
e ce r a ,
a a r

origi n nd p pul ity w s in m w y nn ct d

a o ar a so e a co e e

wit h th ly nd wid p e d in E ngland f th

e ea r a e s r a o e

a p y ph l t xt whi h h d J s ph thei he
ocr a e s c a o e as r ro .

Gl s t n b u y w
a n t nly
o ent r f l as o o a c re o e cc e

i sti l l g nd d m j
s a ca m gl i m B i t uni
e e but
a a ore or a/ r a/ te ,

l f th l ng nd p i t nt ff t f th
a so o e o a er s s e e or s o e

Angevin l d of E ngland t uti li th A thu

or o se e r r

l g nd f hi wn pu p se in wi nning ov hi
e e or s o r o er s

C lti feud t i
e c H in l 19 1 w f und th
a or es . er e as o e

t m b f A thu
o nd G uin ve
o di v y int nd d
r r a e re , a sco e r e e

t give th e coup d g ac to th e h pe f A th u
’
o c r e o s o r r s

retu n n d vi t
r i u h m pi n hip f Cym i
a c or o s c a o s o a r c

re v l t G l t nbu y l b m s i t d i n t h
o . as o r a so eca e as oc a e e

tw lf t h
e nt u y with Av l n ceth l d C el ti
r a o ,
e o c

ove sea p di e ; in wh t m nn nd at how

r -
ar a s a a er a

ea lyr d t thi ss i ti n igin ted e till

a a e s a oc a o or a ar s

m tt a f di put
e rs o It h b n ggest d th t it
s e. as ee su e a

ar ose p eci ly th gh th G il m n ; but

r se r ou e ra ro a ces

wh n it ie ll t d h w u l i th ll u i n in
s r eco ec e o cas a s e a s o

B n
orr o p m t th V l f Av l n th g l f
’
s oe o e a es o a o ,
e oa o

G il m p ny w n d i ng th ugge ti n
’
th e . ra co a s a er s, e s s o

t o:
 GL AS TON BURY 43

l acks p babili ty Th e i y t n th
all ro m t . er s e a o er r e o e

and i n di ect onn ti n between Gl tonbu y nd

r c ec o as r a

t h e t d iti n l ra unt f th e G il l g nd
o a A
a cco o ra e e .

p i t nt t diti n ea hi ng b k t the ly
ers s e ra o , r c ac o ear

thi te nth centu y h

r e ibed the uth h ip f r ,
a s asc r a or s o

m ny f th A t hu i n p
a o e m n t W lt
r r a r ose ro a ces o a er

M p th e t u ted
a , unsell f H n y II t h
r s co or o e r .
, e

Angevin L d f E ngl n d wh or eff t to utili

o a ose or s se

th e A th u i n rm n f hi
r a wn bj e t h v
ro a c es or s o o c s a e

been m nti n d This t d iti n l

e o e ipti n is
. ra o a asc r o

p i lly d finite eg d th e L ncel t y le in

es ec a e as r ar s a o c c ,

whi h th sec nd y v
c i n of th Q uest th se
e o ar er s o s e ,
o

whi h m ke G l h d
c a n f L n el t it he a a a , so o a c o , s ro,

mu t b s k n d Th fin l w d f the Quéte
e rec o e . e a or s o

d l S t Gw l
e sse t ing t h t
. a W l te M p m de
, a r a a r a a

th b k fe th l v
oo f h i l d Ki ng H n y wh
or e o e o s or , e r , o

h d th t y t n l ted f om L ti n int F n h
”
a e s or ra s a r a o re c ,

h v l dy been qu ted All th f t t l t

a e a rea o . ese ac s , a eas ,

hint t d t min d ttem pt m d e du ing th

a e er e a s a r e

sec nd h lf
o f th e tw lftha n tu y t
o l im f th e ce r o c a or e

Chu h in B it i n n igin well nigh illu t i u

rc r a a or -
as s r o s

as th t f ny Chu h nd f
a o a t h l n d f B it i n rc ,
a or e a o r a

a peci l an tity
s a th e biding pl
s c f th as a ace o e

h li t
o f Ch isti n eli ; th ese
es o ttem pts
r a
e r cs a ar

i next i bly b und up with the A th u l egend nd

r ca o r r ,
a

are i n p t t d iti n l ly
ar i t d with th t u t d
ra o a assoc a e e r s e

a dvi fs er king wh o w a kn w ught t o, as e o , so o

u tili th t l g n d f
se hia wn nd e e They igin te or s o e s . or a

di tly
rec oc i ted indi ect ly wit h
,
or ar e ass fam u a r ,
a o s

m3
 TH E HO LY GR A IL

To r ealise th e f
divi i n f th G il
ac t tha t bot h s o s o e ra

l egend h v the i ou ce i n tw l fth centu y Engl n d

a e r s r e r a

r aise f e h the questi n wh the th y e eally

s a r s o e r e ar r

p a t
r s of n e h m n i u
o s w h l pa tsar eq u lo in o o e, r a

age nd im p t ?
a A um e f nor m m nt that ss or o e o e

t h y re
e nd l t u endea v u
a , a t e li
e wh t w
s o r o r a se a as

t he intenti n f t h e l g n d w it o ond in wh t e e -
r er , a a

w y h p posed t
a e y ut th t intenti n H
ro o car r o a o . e

sought i t is e id n t to gl
, ify hi own untry
v e , or s co , a

l n d ble sed
a b v l l the by th p esence f
s ,
a o e a o rs, e r o

Ch i t f ithf ul d i ipl nd f th
r s
’
s a ed li
sc es a o e sacr re cs

of th e P si n Th e h li ness f th
as o . elics th o o ese r , e

is n d ém f th wh l l egen d m u t w w u ld
’
r az o o e o e , s , e o

expect be in i te d u n f m th fi t Wh t
, p s s
e o ro rs . a ,

th en u ld be his
, co bj t in d vi ing n u nt f
o ec e s a acco o

wh t h ppened to th li ft th y h d saf ly
a a e re cs a er e a e

rea h d B it i n
c e T xpl in why th y w e n
r a o e a e er o

l nge found th ? To desc ib h w th G il

o r er e r e o e ra

keepe f ll f m th i high est te nd w

rs e ro e r a , a er e

ul ti m tely arest ed th ret ? Su h n

or bj ct e o c a o e

w uld be i ntell ig bl n y m e woul d be the nly

o i e, a or ,
o

o ne whi h f cas w , n so e uld h v

ar e ca se , co a e

occ u ed torr w iter wh pl n n d th e wh l l g nd

a r o a e o e e e

with delibe te f ight C n it b p tend d ra ores . a e re e

that it i i d ut in the Q ue t po ti n f th e
s carr e o s r o o

legend True th Qui t del S t Gw l does ssert the ,

e e . a a

104
46 THE H O LY G RAIL
t h e mse lv
ve n thing Ch i ti n in vit bly be
es ha o r s a , e a

c ar ried in hal f h ted nd in on i tent w y t

a -
ear a c s s a a

th be t ? W uld n t th n tu e nd int n i ty f
e s o o e a r a e s o

th Ch i ti n t n f m ti n p
e r s a ra v y s or d a o r ocess ar ac cor

i ng t th n tu o nd e l f th in dividu l w ite ?
a re a z ea o e a r r

W ul d not u h p ti n
o lent th m l l ss
s c or o s as e se ves e

e dily to th
r a n tity f assoc i ti n with Ch i t b
e sa c o a o r s e

t eated with littl ce em ny

r nd h p d t th
e r o ,
a r es a e a e

to s f n y ? C uld w xp t ny t ng
’
n arra r a c o e e ec a s ro

re a r
g d f t h igi n
or l i n id n ts f
e or m w i t ta c e ro r er s o

wh m t h y we e
o nly of v l u
e ft
r th y h d
o a e a er e a

received Ch i ti n gl m u h fe li ng f
f
a r s a th oss, or c e or e

p tinen y f th t gl
er c p vid d it Ch i ti n
o a oss , ro e s r s a

c h t we uffi i ntly decided ? A gum nts f

arac er re s c e r e o

thi kind c nn t b d i m i
s a d of n pe i i s sse as o a a r or

n tua ;ret h y e base d ne t h e di

ar n y w ki ng f o or ar or o

th e hu m n m ind Ev y f m f im gin ti
a . er or o a a

n arrati howeve f nt sti h w v d t hed

ve , r a a c, o e er e ac

f m reality has its wn l gi t whi h it inevit

ro ,
o o c, o c

a bly conf m s l ng as it d v l p n tu lly I t

or s o o e e o s a ra .

i be use th e
s ca i l gi l di re d betwe n th
s o ca saccor e e

v i u ecti ns f th e G il legend
ar o s s o o we h v ra s, as a e

th m th t w
e , e j u ti fi d i n asse ti ng they c n
a e ar s e r a

n v e h v f m ed p t f ne h m ni u wh l
er a e or ar s o o ar o o s o e.

Th l gi l i n on i ten y i
e o ca v n m e fl g nt if
c s s c s e e or a ra ,

tu ni ng f m th e l g n d
r ro wh l th n tu e nd e e as a o e, e a r a

a tt ibutes f th e H ly V s l its l f b
r o n id o ed e se e e co s er

I n th l te e t g a f the ycl it i
r s a we h v
es o c e s , as a e

see n n bj ect f th e u tm
, a o t n ti ty by its o igin
o os sa c r ,

10 6
 HETE RO DOXY O F LE GEN D 47

i tsp pe ti it eff t up n it d vote it pp

ro r es, s ec o s e es, a er

t in t wh t i h li t in Ch i ti n ity
a s o a s o nd y t it
es r s a , a e

t in t th e v y nd tt ibutes whi h
re a s o er e pu ly a r c are re

m t i l
a er a nd w h i h
,
a uld n t h v b l ng d t it
c co o a e e o e o ,

h d it b n f m th e ut t th S ac m nt l Vesse l
a ee ro o se e ra e a

and n t hing o l E n th m t d finit ly nd

e se . ve e os e e a

f v ntly pi itu l f th m n es th P i l nd
er e s r a o e ro a c , e arz va a

th Q u
e ét d w ll‘
tc,
ong l y u p n ei t f d
s rp d u i ng o s oo -
ro c

q u litia es .

B ef p or e din g t ex min th lde v i n

rocee o a e e o r er s o s

of th e Q u t n th e s um pti n f it
es o igin l n n
a s o o s or a o

C h i ti n h t
r s a ct in p t f the specifi
ar ac er , cer a as ec s o c

Ch i ti n p ti n f th d v l ped l g nd l im
r s a or o o e e e o e e c a

atte nt i n As we s w thi h
o . its u ea in ,
s as so rc s

apo yph l f m e th n in n ni l S iptu

cr a ar or a ca o ca cr re

as w h v ass um ed it i up i m p
e a e d up n n n
, ss er ose o a o

Ch i ti n ba i Littl w nd th n if we n t
r s a s s. e o er , e , o e

a di n t ing un th d x pe t t b f un d
sco cer , or o o as c o e o

n who el t m y kn wl dg
er e se , oin th v t m a o e e, e as ss

of m edi v l l g nd ae a f di tin tiv ly Ch i ti n

e e o a s c e r s a

ch t arac e r . Aft m ki ng v y ll w n h w er a e er a o a ce , o

v f th t w f t they f il I h old t
e er , or ese o ac ors a , , o

acc ount f ul ly f th eff t p d u ce d

or n effect nly
e ec ro , a o

t b
o ea li ed by e ding th e
e r s m n r a s wh l ro a ces a a o e .

Ap yph l lege nd i ft n pue il ften t i nted

ocr a s o e r e, o a

by qu t i n bl my ti i m de iv d f m Gn ti
a es o a e s c s r e ro os c

sou ce ; th
r s d pt ti n by unskil ful h nds f n n
e a a a o a o o

Ch i ti n i n id nt t Ch i ti n h m f inte
r s a c e s o a r s a sc e e o r

t ti n m u st ne d s yi ld i n l e u l t f n
pre a o ccas e o o a res s o a

10 7
48 THE H O LY GRAIL
u nort hdx h
o o c hi h th
ar ac ter . B ut th e sense in w c e

G il om nces
ra r un th od x
a th nti
a re or o ,
or ra er a

or th d x i f
o o m ,
d p t d nd th ugh
s ar ore ee -
sea e a oro .

Th y n t nly l im f th Ch u h f B it in n
e o o c a or e rc o r a a

or igi n m ill u t i u th n ny t whi h it h d

ore s r o s a a o c a

p t nd d b f e th tw lfth e ntu y n whi h if

re e e e or e e c r ,
o e c ,

i u ly m int in d w uld h
ser o s a be n m t un
a e ,
o av e e os

wel m co to th e e hi f lesia ti l uth ity f c e ecc s ca a or o

Ch i t nd m they l t up kind f un n ni l
r s e o , a so se a o ca o ca

chu h with
rc am ent un x pti n bl it m y
sac r s, e ce o a e a

b f m th e pu ly d gm ti t n dp i nt but p n
e ro re o a c s a o , o e

oth wise t th e m t se i u
er o bje ti n Wh t os r o s o c o s . a

m y ba lled th e G il Chu h h in ith f m

e ca ra rc as e er or

of th E ly Hi t y n
e ar i gi n nly l d th n
s or a or o ess sacr e a

th t f t h
a o ffi i l Chu h f Ch i t nd m n y
e o — c a rc o r s e o a ,

in th Sac m nt l V
e l f m (B n G nd S t
ra e a esse or ar ro ,
ra .

G l Quét ) it xcel th t Ch u h as possessing

r aa c e s a rc

th e m t s c d relics f th e f i th
os a re Th uth o f o a . e a r o

th e G nd S t G ra ? is fully n i u s of thi when

. r aa co sc o s

h e t i tly l im h is rom nce th w k of Ch i t

ac c a s a ,
e or r s

Him lf s up i t G p l
se ,
a s er or o os e .

I n end e v u ing t u nt f
a th
o r m k bl e o ac c o or e re ar a

l i m put f wa d f
c a s th G il Ch u h n d it
or r or e ra rc a s

S ipt u
cr tw point m y b n t d I n th e
r es o s a e o e .

P i l f m
arz va f th E ly Hi t y th G il
or o e ar s or e ra

Chu h i e t inly em ini c nt f nd m d lled

rc s c r a r s e o ,
a o e

u p n th o g n i
o ,
ti n f th Knight T m pl
e r a In
sa o o e s e ar .

th e G nd S t Gr ra ? th t wo m t p m in n t pe
. aa e os ro e r

son g s afte J ose ph

a e ,
th c n ve ted h eathen
r es, ar e e o r

108
50 T H E H O LY G RAIL ;
Th t p ti n of th G il omances whi h w
a or o e ra r c e

h v e seen reason t
a g d as igin l ly n n o re ar or a o

Ch i ti n now cl i m n x m in tion A nd he
r s a a s a e a a . re

w m u t bea in m ind th e nte ced ent p b bil ity

e s r a ro a

th t a well as th e C h i ti n p tion it h been

,
as r s a or , as

m odi fi d by sso i ti n with lien concepti n

e a nd c a o a o sa

in id nt I n no in t n n t ev n in th
c e s. s a c e, o e e cas e

of th e Per ed wr or S ir P er cyvcl lc, can we be s ur e

th at f tu es nd in id nt h ve n t been disto t d
ea r a c e s a o r e

in d to fit th em int
or er Ch i ti n f m w k o a r s a ra e or .

A ll wi ng f
o thi p ibili ty nd consid i ng th
or s oss , a er e

Q u t
es v si ons as er w h l we d etect tw m in a o e, o a

th m e i n the om pli at d m ss f dv ntu

es c f c e a o a e re o

whi h th ey
c f m d C t i n ve i n
ar e or w e . er a rs o s , as e

sa w ,
e ar t i
ve pu e nd i m pl S i s or es r a s e, r

P er c ve
y llc f i nst n ,
n d M
or n i s n l uai n ce, a a ess er
’
co c s o

tien po m ; in th P ed u t he v ng n
’
t C
o r es s e e er r e ea ce

co n p ti n p ed m i n t but we not oth nd

ce o r o a es , e er a

i n n i tent lem nt Tw f th e m yste i u t li

co s s e e s . o o r o s a s

m ns h uld it w uld e m b refe

a s o ,
d t thi o s e ,
e rr e o s,

th n
e ve g e n e t h m — ath bl ed ing l n
c
( e le e e a ce as a r u e

th w p n with whi h th h e o s inj u d ki n m n

’
e ea o c e r re s a

has b n l i n w und d ) nd th e b k n w d
ee s a or o e ,
a ro e s or

u l e th e w p n with which th e in j u y is t
( as a r ea o r o

b
e a v n ged) I n u h t y the e woul d seem t
e . s c a s or r o

b n
e oom fo th G
o r il th f od p odu ing ve sel
r e ra ,
e o -
r c s .

B ut w h ve m o th n n ve i n f P cev i
’
e a re a o e rs o o er a s

vi i t t th e
s stl e f t h
o T l i m ns and w s w
ca o e a s a , , as e a ,

hi s m rade G w i n lik ewi e essays nd p tly

co a a s a ar

11o
 C O MPON EN T ELEMEN TS OF Q UEST 51

ac hieves th e v ntu A m ight be xpe ted th

e re. s e c ,
e

G w i n ve ion i m
a a p im itiv in tone l
rs s ore r e , ess

a ffe t d by Ch i ti n ym b li m th n th t in whi h
c e r s a s o s a a c

P v l figu es I n one f m (f und in G m n

erc e a r . or o a er a

p em Di u C n by H in i h v d Tii lin whi h

o ,
r o e, e r c . . r ,
c

re p duro l t F en h igin l) th inm tes f

ces a os r c or a ,
e a o

th e castl in Death i n Lif t n

e ar e f m whi h
a e ra ce ro c

th h vi it l s s th m in n th th p ti l
’
e er o s s r e ea e e a o er e ar a

ac hi vem nt f th v ntu
e e u es t h
o h tf e e re ca s e e re o or e

d t l n d t bl m nd bl m f esh T th i
eser a o oo a osso a r . o s

th m th e e,le e f m n h ntm nt un p lling

e re as ro e c a e or s e

q t as w m y l l it th myst i u v ss l f
ues e a ca , e er o s e e o

in e
cr eas nd pl enty (th e Ga il ) nd the que ti n ra a s o

ar e , it w uld em efe ble o Th e G il h e e pl ys

se ,
r ra . ra r a

a t wof l d p t ; i t in xh u stibl food p du i ng

o ar s e a e - ro c

qu l iti m y b th m n wh by th li fe f th
a es a e e ea s er e e o e

l d f th
or o tl i p l ng d unt il th e dv nt f
e cas e s ro o e a e o

h is u s ss l
cc e hi m f m h is vigil
or re ease s g in ro , or a a ,

i t m y be a g dd f t ili ty t lism n f m
re ar e as a er a a ro

whi h th l n d i d b
c ed u ntil h d tin d h o
a s e a rre t e es e er

a ppea I n ith e
rs . ase th esu lt is t
e
p ut t h
r c e r o e

he o di ectly in di tl y in pos essi n f f tile

r ,
r or rec , s o o a er

l nd nd th questi n is th hief m e n by whi h

a ,
a e o e c a s c

th e sul t is
re ttai ned a

Thus t th e b k f ou p snt G ail Q ue t

a ac o r re i r s

s to i li
r es w m y conje tm
e , as si mpl e t l es
e f a c e, a o

whi h P rcev l
c nd G w in ( n W elsh P ed u
e a a a a l ,
er r

n d G w lc h m i e th e h e
a
) w a es a I n o
,n t h er ro . e e

hero avenged th sl ying f h is f th nd th e a o a er a e

1 11
52 THE HOLY GR AI L
h ar m d one to yp f S i his un c e l ( t h e p rotot e o r

P c yvcllc) ; i n n t h
rc by m ean f l nce nd a o er , s o a a

w d h e v ng d th w ng d n t u n l
,

s or a e nd
e e ro o e o c e a

u in p yp f ) h ld
co s
( t t th P
ro o d w ; an t e t e o e ar e r o r o

h w p n t ti ng t
o , e m gi c tl withi n
e ra w te o a a c as e a as

and d ese t e l m h be rm m t r a of w nde , e ca e as er a o r

w king t l i m n f fe tili ty nd t ed pl nty

or a s a o r ,
a r es or e

t th e l nd in n th
o a by id f th m t li a o er , a o e sa e a s

m n h
a ith e t d kin m n t he l th
e e er r s or e a s a o a or

rel d h im f m up n tu lly p l nged l ife

ease ro s er a ra ro o ,

and t k h i placeoo s .

At n ly t g f th i d v l pment th ese
a ear s a e o e r e e o

t i
s or es, cr y t lli ing th y di d un d th s me
s a s as e ro e a

h w uld h ve t nden y t i nfl u n e h the

er o, o a a e c o e ce ac o r,

t b
o m e on fu d F m ut t h m ss f v yin g
eco c se . ro o e a o ar ,

b ut nly lightly va ying n

o s tives fe w m in r arra , a a

f m w uld m g diff nti ted by g e t

or s o e er e, er e a r a e1 or

l in i tence u p n th venge nce th e un pel l

ess s s o e a or s

ing theme but b t ying as ,

ul th e m ixt u f
e ra ,
a r e, re o

b th Th e un p lling c ncepti n a th m o e
o . s e
/
o o ,
s e r

definitely mythi f th tw would uffe m ost

”

c o e o, s r

ch nge ; th m o e e ondi te ig nifi n f the l d

a e r r c s ca ce o o

myt hi t lism n f in c a nd plenty w ul d tend

a o crease a o

to di ppea ; it m t i l food p od u i ng p p ti
sa r s a er a - r c ro er es

w uld sub i t nd thi h t i tic

o s s ,
m tte
a s c ar ac er s , as a a r

of f t is f u n d in ve y v e i n i n whi h th e
ac ,
o e r rs o c

G ail ppe s i n C
r a ti n in W lf m in th e
ar ,
r es e as o ra ,

Q u é tc
‘
i n P as l l G flo is Th e eco n di te
er ceva c a . r

signifi n of th m hine y (the questi n) by

ca ce e ac r o

1 12
54 THE H O LY G RAI L
di pp ; n tu lly l l th t el tes t th e
sa ea r a ra ,
a a r a o

f tility t li m n it l f (n w fully id ntified with

er a s a se o e

th e ment l vessel ) i m gni fi d ; n tu l ly

sac ra a s a e a ra ,

th e u nint lligibl qu ti n i l m t nti ly

e e es o s a os e re

d pp d B ut till th ugh ca ught up to v y

ro e . s ,
o er

h ven though filled wi th th es en f divi nity

ea ,
e s ce o ,

s till th e G i l t in th m te i l h ac te i t ic
ra re a f s e a r a c ar r s s o

a n in se nd pl nty t li m n
cr ea a e a s a .

I n assum in g th exist n e f n igin l masse e c o a or a

o f non Ch i ti n n - tiv
r s f om whi h the xi t
a arra es r c e s

i ng mances h ve d ived a con i d able po ti n

ro a er s er r o

o f th i ubj ect m tte

e r s we ly th ugh not lely a r, re , o so ,

upon t he existen e f th e P du n d t h e Si
c o ere r a r

Pm y el l vIf th e d not ep ent t ge in

c. es o r re s a s a

th e v l uti n
e o f th e G il Q ue t
o mances lde
o ra s ro o r

th n n d i ndepend nt of th e C nt d l G
a a l th y e o c e r aa , e

m u t n d b d ived f m th t w k
s ee s e H w in
er ro a or . o

that case unt f th l s of th f ti lity t l i

acco or e o s e er a s

m n i n the n t le (P ed u ) n d f everything
a o e a er r a o

re al ting t th un pelling q u t in th the ?

o e s es e o r

G iven com m on n nd b n of p j udi ese se a a se ce re c ,

th e questi n n w itsel f B ut v n if these

o a s ers . e e

t w v sion h d di ppea ed th assum pti n I

o er s a sa r e o

h v m d w uld be l gitim te Th G il Q uest

a e a e o e a . e ra

ro m n es a e
c i n t hei ext nt f m in xt i a bly
ar ,
r a or e r c

b und up with th A thur legend

o wh le nd e r as a o ,
a

th e A th u l egend e ts fo
r r v y l ge pa t r s r a er ar r

up n o b sis of C l ti f lk nd h e
a a t l ep e
e c o a ro a es, r r

s e nta ti es of whi h m y til l be f und i n th

v c ld a s o e o er

1 14
 CELTI C ELEMEN T S 55

he oic r b th b n h f th C lti
r oman ces of o ra c es o e e c

rac e th e I i h
,
nd th e Wel h O f th se th I i h
r s a s . e , e r s

i by f the lde nd i h
s ar nd th ld t po ti n
o r a r c er , a eo es r o

o f th W l h i e l s ly nne t d with I i h
e s s so c o e co c e r s

l g nd t giv l u t th hyp th i th t it
e e as o e co o r o e o es s a

i s really d u to n I i h p pul ti n ettl ed in

e a r s o a o s

W l e in p hi to i tim es nd g du lly d i n
a s re s r c ,
a ra a r ve

o ut ubj ug ted by th
or i n ming W l hm n
s a e co e s e ,

I t i i n thi
s ld h i nd mythi m n th t s o e ro c a c ro a ce a

th l t p ll l
e c oses f un d t n um u in i ara e s ar e o o er o s c

d nt nd q u n es f in ident f quently m et
e s a se e c o c s re

with in th F n h A thu i n t i e f th t w lfth

e re c r r a s or so e e

centu y nd wh at is v en m
r , ae ign i fi nt th n
, e or s ca a

pa lleli m of incident th i p lleli sm f t ne

ra s ,
e re s a ra o o ,

o f tmosph e
a of th e m od es of n i ving
re, nd co ce a

p es nti ng the t y
r e whole I n n e ti n f s or as a . o s c o o

A t h i n om nces
r ur a e th e m i n r p l l li m s fa ar or a ra e s o

in id nt with th ld Celti l gend m e

c e e o er c e s or

f qu n t th n i n t h G il Q
re e t t i
a i th e ra u es s or es , or s e

p ll li m f
a ra nti l
e n ep t i n m
s o e inti m te
esse a co c o or a

a n d t iking s r .

Th us ld C l ti om nce ( I i h
,
o W l h ) is
e c r a r s or e s

l g ly n ned wit h
ar e co cer e f upe n tu l a rac o s r a ra

b ing th g d f th ea li t C lti P nth n

e s, e o s o e r es e c a eo ,

a n d th e m y t i us wonde l nd in whi h th y s er o r a c e

d well I n Irel n d they h ve et i n d m i divi ne

. a a r a e a se -

as pect nd tt i butes th y ca n h ift sh p t will

a a r , e s a e a ,

t h y are undying ; in W l s th y h ve
e m d wn a e e a co e o

t t h l v l f p w f ul m gi i n
o e e e o Thi i in
o er a c a s. s r ace s

1 15
 56 THE H O LY G RAIL
possession of m vell us t lism n th hi f f ar o a a s, e c e o

wh i h ic y mb l f f tility nd in ease in th
s a s o o er a cr e

s h pa f
e o ul d n whi h yi ld
a ca n in xh u tible
ro c e s a e a s

s upply f f d t th t te f eac h p t ke
o oo o In
e as o ar a r .

I i h m yth thi t li m n th
r s uld
s n f th
a s a , e ca ro o e

D gd
a a com p ny u a d n t ve t g w y f m
a se o e r o oa a ro

it uns ti fi d — i d finit ly i ted with th ee

”
a s e , s e e assoc a r

o th e t li m n
r a ths w d
a f Lu g t h L n g
s, e s or o e o

H nd d (th I i h un g d ) th p Lug u d
a e
”
e r s s -
o , e s ear se

in b ttl a n d th e, L i F il
a St n f D t in y
e a a ,
or o e o es

( n w
o i n th C n t i ne t t W est
or om i n t a o sea a s er

Abb y ) th f u p i u bj t whi h the g d

e as e o r r ec o s o ec s c o

rac e b ught wi th th m wh n t hey fi t cam t

ro e e rs e o

I l nd A ul d n im il t th t f th e D gd
re a . ca ro s ar o a o a a

( th eI i h Z r s
) i l p t
e us f th g ea s f a so ar o e r o

M n nn n m Li (th e I i h se g d ) nd f
a a a ac r r s a- o ,
a o

Ang u n f th D gd the m t pot nt m gi i n

s, so o e a a, os e a c a

o f th i m m t l
e Th d w lli n g pl es f th e
or a r ac e . e e ac o es

myst i us n d p w ful b i ng m y l ik th e G il
er o a o er e s a , e ra

C tl b
as e, hed by m t l but nly h ncewis
e r ea c or a s, o c a e

a n d if t h in m t s e e willi ng ; li k th G
a e aril C tl e e ra as e

th ey u dd nly di pp
s e f m th e k n f th m t l
sa ea r ro e o e or a

vi i t wh find him lf lying on the b hillsid e

s or , o s se ar e

wi th n t o f th plend u s h has witnessed

race o e s o r e

A in th G il C tl th visit
s e ra i f e s ted
as y lly
e, e or s a ro a .

In W l h m nc
e s th ro m e m g i ca uld n
a e e sa a c ro

a pp ears I n n case it b l n g t B n
. o e n f e o s o ra , so o

LIy ( W l h ep es nt tiv f th I i h g d
r a e s r r e ) a eo e r s o race ,

a nd h e e its h e li ng nd l ife e t
r aing p w ae -r s or o ers ar

1 16
58 RAIL ; TH E HO LY G

within it P yd i nd h is l n d
,
r d live ed by
er a a are e r

M n wydd n son of Lly (th e Wel h unte par t

a a a ,
r s co r

o f th I i h sea g d )
e r s -
o .

In im il w y th n pti n f he u ged
a s ar a e co ce o o a ro r

t the
o mpli h m nt f h i t k by
acco kin m n
s e o s as a s a

lying und n h ntm ent until it ier e m pli h d

c a s acco s e

is al s f m ilia in
o a ly I i h m nce I t i in d d
r ear r s ro a . s ee

a co ncepti n f w ld wid op d but the C lti

o or -
e s rea ,
e c

p esentm nt h di ting uishing feature A lu ky

r e as s s . c

acc ident h p e v d th f a gm nt f n I i h
as r ser e e r e o a r s

f lk st y d ting ba k t th tenth entu y t the

o or a c o e c r a

l te t in whi h th be p ll d kinsm n ppea in

a s ,
c e s e e a a rs

a hid u guise d e cribed in te m whi h t iki ngly

eo s s r s c s r

r ecal l th e hid eous d mse l f th C n i d l G ? a o e o c e raa

(t h e h cousin as w l ea n f
er o s
’
m th e P e ed u ), e r ro r r .

I t goes with ut ying th t n h i tate ofo sa a a arc a c s

soc iety suc h as th t f m edi v l I el nd a nd W l es

a o ae a r a a

laid th e utmost stress u pon the d uty f bl d o oo

v nge nce nd th t st ies with thi th m e are

e a ,
a a or s e

c omm on A f m u I i h ex m pl i th t l e
. a o s r s a e s e a

entitle d Th e F te f t h e C h ild en of Tu nn ”
a o r re ,

whi h ec u nts th e ta k s i m p sed by Lug th

c r o s o e

Long H nded (th e I ish sun g d ) up n the l ye

-
a r - o o s a rs

o f h is f th Am ong these ta k w th e winning

a er . s s as

o f p i n us i istible p
a o so o r r es s ea r .

R fe en to the e ly Celtic tale suppli s th

e r ce s ear s e e

o nly hint f n explan ti n whi h h

o a
y t bee n a o c as e

suggested f th e m y t i u q uesti n Th ei heroes

o s er o s o . r

ar e comm nly ubj t t my te i u

o pell con
s ec o s r o s s s

1 18
 C ELTIC ELEMEN TS 59

i g them to d c t in ctions o f bidding

strai n n o er a a ,
r or

th em f m oth ers und e pen l ty of di s ter

ro , r a sa or

de th i f they i nf inge th spell With th e I ish

a r e . r

sto y telle
r t h e gei s
- th p ll is c l led pl ys
r ,
as e s e a , a

m u h th e c m e p t as N m is in G eek m yt h ;
sa ar e es r

i t is th e nt olli ng ve m st ing p we
co r It , o r- a er o r.

may b nj ectured th t n i nj unction of thi ki nd

e co a a s

was l id up n th e q u ting h o in one f th e

a o es er o

t l es ut f w hi h th e
a o m n es h ve g wn th t
o c ro a c a ro a

h e was nstra ined to u co e tain fo m liti in se c r r a es

th e ac compli h ment of hi task or ha d im posed

s s ,

m isunde rstoo d
inevit bly woul d be by twelfth
as it a

centur y sto y tel l ers i efl ected in th e questi n

r -
, s r o

incid ent as we have it .

This se ie of pa all els c uld be greatly extended

r s r o

i f passing f om the salien t i nci d ents of the G i l

,
r ra

Q u testo w hi h,
l ne I h v h e
c bee n a oble t ll a e er a o ca

a ttenti n th e second y t i t
o ,
nd epis des f th e ar ra s a o o

rom n a w e ma d th e u bj ect of
ces er m pa i on e s co r s .

As m ight b xpected th h ve been less ff cted

e e , ese a a e

by int uding Christian sym b li m nd in onsa

r o s , a c

q u en e th ey
c betray t h ei l o e a fi n ity to th e r c s

arc h ic I i h a nd Wel h tal es in a most m a ked

r s a s r

manne B ut enough h
r. b en instanced I t ust as e , r ,

t d m onst te t hat the textu e th e col uring t h e

o e ra r ,
o ,

essenti l nception f th e ld e Grail Q uest st ies

a co o o r or ,

can b parall eled from

e ly Celtic mythic mance ear ro ,

a nd I m y dd f m n the cont m p r y
, a a , ro o o r e o ar

1 19
60 THE H O LY GRAIL ;
Europe lite ture if th refe ence to C lti
an ra e r e c

ro m nce be dis
a d d but ne lte n tive em in
car e ,
o a r a r a s,

n m ly that th e F e n h st
a e ,
y telle s f th e tw lfth
r c or -
r o e

c ent u y ma d e u p thi f nt
r ti A th u i n e lm f s a as c r r a r a o

e i
e r e gl m u ut f th i wn head
a o r o o e r o s .

W e m y thus feel asu ed th t th e talism n as r a a s

th emsel ves th t th e qu e t f ,
th em and th u
a s or , e se

to which th ey w e put xi t d in storie ld er ,

e s e s o er

th n a nd u n ff te d by Ch ist iani ty
a a W n te
ec r . e o

th e ig nifi nt f t t h t t w of th e talismans vessel

s ca ac a o ,

o f plenty and d e th d ling p a e pa t f th

a -
ea s ear , r r o e

g ear of th e early C elti g d g ds wh o lso figu c o s, o a re

as ngaged i n l yi ng un d
e te ilisi ng p ll th e
a er s r s e s

real m of th ei
s pp n nt whethe f thei wn
r o o e s, r o r o

divine e o bel nging to th at of men I n

rac r o . so

f aras th ese obj ct uld bef e th ei eCh isti n

s co , or r r a

t nsf orm ation b

ra h g d wi th myste i ou nd
, e c ar e r s a

a we i n pi i ng p tency in so f
-
s r th ese t l es f
o , ar as a o

m gi st i fe could be i nvested wi th t adi t i n l

a c r r o a

sa nctity this w th e case

,
I t was n as sim pl . o e

pe s ant tale th t m ultim tely into th h nd

a
’
s a ca e a e a s

o f t he Ch isti n t y t ll r but ne el b
a t d by
s or - e er , o a ora e

th bardi l
e th j l u gu dian lik in
c c ass , e ea o s ar s, a e

I l nd nd in W l
re a a f t h e aci l m ythi nd
a es, o r a c a

h oi t diti n
er c ra o s.

W e h ve n w b i fly u veyed th e
a o p u f
r e s r cor s o

G ilra man s nd h v f un d it to
ro ce a n i t f a e o co s s o

Celtic p Ch i ti n m ythi tales (involving ulti

re r s a c

m tely th e f tes nd t u ggl es of god s nd demi

a a a s r a

12 0
62 THE HO LY G RAIL
b f e th t fusi n t k plac ? If wh t w th
e or a o oo e so , a as e

f m which th e c nv si n l gend h d umed

or o er o e a ass ,

a n d h ow was it ffected by nd h w did it ff t a , a o a ec

th e quest t y ft th e tw in h d be n w ld ed
s or a er a a e e

i nto ne ?
o

Th e conversion l gend st rte d i t i u ged with e a , s r ,

Joseph Th e f ty ye solit y ptivity is n

. or a rs
’
ar ca a

ess e nti l f ture f th J

a ea ph leg nd The qu o e ose e . es

ti n n t u lly
o a ose — h w w h k pt in lif ? by
ra ar o as e e e

a w nde ful f od pr d uci ng v

o r l f th kind
o -
o esse o e

f m il i in th e f l klo f ne ly ve y
a ar o re o ar e r r ace, a

v l n tu lly nd p g e ively id ntifi d with

esse a ra a ro r ss e e

ecep t l e f Ch ist bl d with th e di h nd ’

th e r ac o r s oo , s ,
a

th n wit h th
e up f th L t S upp
e c T gu d o e as er . o ar

s u hc p i u reli nd t exhibit like the m y

a rec o s c a o a s

te ies f th T ini ty nd th S r m nt th e th
r o e r a e ac a e , re e

G il k p
ra - were im gin ed
ee er s J ph B ns th a : ose ,
ro , e

g n
ra d son f B rons ; th o t h ee t bl s we e i n ti e r a e r s

tuted th t f th e L t S upp e with it pl

: a o l ft as r s a ce e

em pty by J ud bet y l ; J seph s table n whi h

’ ’
as ra a o , o c

figures th e G il ; Arth u T ble R un d with its ’

ra r s a o ,

em pty seat t be fill d nly by th l t f the

o e o e as o

G il k ep e
ra -
e rs .

Su h l g nd would n tu l ly ten d to cent

c a e e a ra re

r oun d th p iou ves el to ex lt it more nd

e rec s s , a a

m reo Wh n l ucky h nce suggested the id enti

. e a c a

fi tion of t h last G i l keepe th fill e of th e

ca e ra -
r, e r

e m pty seat th e fin l cc m plishe

, f th e d m t i a a o r o ra a c

ac ti n t t d
o nt u i
s ar eb f in P l tin withce r es e or e a es e,

12 2
 DE VELOPMEN T OF LEGEN D 63

th e yg h e o who qu t d fo th in sea h h e
ou n r es e r rc , ,

too f , opreci us vessel nd the by delive d h is

a o , a re re

kin m n and l sed th i l nd f m en h nt

s e r e ea e r a ro c a

m ent th e tw v
, ls ( in th i ultim te igin the
o esse e r a or

sa m ) we e l
e fully id entified with th e ult of
r a so , r es

stren gth ning u h n n Ch isti n ch racte i ti cs

e s c o -
r a a r s

as t ill
s u viv d in th e Ch istian i ed vessel f th e
s r e r s o

conv si n l egen d
er o Th en nw d th e l gen d
. ce o ar s, e

devel ped s h individu l w it w s tt ted

o a eac a r er a a r ac

by th ligi u e re by t h knightly dventurous

o s or e a

el em nt e nd i n cco d n
,
a with h is capac i ty to
a r a ce

sha pe t h ese diffe ent elem en ts so s to set fo t h h i

r a r s

con ption
ce .

Ing ni us s th is hypothesis i it lea ves ut f

e o a s, o o

accou nt why th onv e i n l egend w s associ ted

e c rs o a a

with p rson g f the A th u i n y le R the

e a es o r r a c c . a r,

I think m ust th e p eci us vessel be g d d

, r o re a r e as

f ign t th e J ph c nv sion l g nd until fte

ore o ose o er e e a r

this i ti n h d t k n pl c
assoc a o Wh t th en
a a e a e. a , ,

ga ve i e t i
r s t ? I n onol y p i nt u t t h t ca o o a

Bo n
rro f m f th e nve sion l gend bet y
’
s or o co r e ra s

not l n a oC elti fi niti (th t inevit bly f l l wed

e c a es a a o o

once th evangelisers set foot i n Celti B it i n) but

e c r a ,

speci fic A th u i n afi niti s r in th m ention of

r a e e

Av l n as th g l of th e Grail host mention

a o e oa ,
a

whi h B ron him self did not unde stand s that

c or r , o

ev en if th e A th u i n m hin ery f th e M li n
r r a ac o ar

th e e t blishm nt f th R und T bl in im itation

s a e o e o a e

of th t a —
f t e G il table be asc ibe d to B ron
h o ra r or ,

12 3
 64 THE HOLY G RAIL ;
ye t fusion of onve i n nd A th u legend
th e c rs o a r r s

m u t h v b gun b f h i ti m Aval n is th ‘

s a e e e or e s e. o e

W l h f m f th e l d C lti Elysi um f whi h

e s or o o e c , o c

vivid nd detail ed des ipti ns hav su viv d in

a cr o e r e

I i h lite ture ; n Ely i um losel y lli d t th

r s ra a s c a e o e

d w lling pl ace f th e C lti g d ra e th wn

e -
s o e c o -
c , e o er s

o f th in xh u tibl f d
e e u ld a n f th D gd
s e oo ca ro o e a a

o f t h Sp end S w d f Lug the

ea r a ep or o ,
rac e r re

se nt d in W l s by th
e Child n f Llyr nd D n
a e e re o a o

Se n d nl y in im p t n e t J oseph in B
’
co o n or a c o orr o s

p m oe h is ki nsm n B n
ar e n d Al in wh h e ,
ro s a a ,
o ea r

di tin tiv ly C lti n mes B ns ec ll th W l h

s c e e c a . ro r a s e e s

B n ra n ,
f Lly p
so in t h e W l h t l
o r, f ossessor , e s a e o

B nw n f cauld n f h lin g nd j uv n ti n
ra e ,
o a ro o ea a re e a o ,

him lf t n p t d ft hi d th on th t n
se ra s or e a er s ea ea r o a

Ely ium whe e h ntin d my ti lif ; wh n

s ,
r e co ue a s c e e

l in in b ttle hi s
s a m d a t h i biddin g
,
t ff
co ra es, a s , cu o

hi h d
s nd with it
ea ,
ti e t Gw l es in P n
a re r o a e vr o,

wh they pass f u
er e ye rs un n i u f o r scor e a , co sc o s o

h ving pent a tim m j y u nd m i thful

a s e or e o o sa r

it was n t m o e i ks m t th m h vi ng th h ead
o r r o e o e a e

with t h em than if Bl d B n had b n with esse ra ee

th m hi m lf
e A t th nd
se f th e f u s
. ye e e o o r cor e ar s

i nf inging n injun tion whi h B n h d l id up n

r a c
’

c ra a a o

th m nd becom ing w
e , a f th e fligh t f ti m e n d a a re o o a

f ll t h i p st w th y b u y t h i l d h e d
’
o a e r a oe, e r e r or s a

n ear L ndon nd so l ng it em ined n e l d

o , a o as r a co c a e

th e i l e f B it in w
s o f ee from in v i n A t
r a as r as o .

a. date which is unce tain but of whi ch t least r , , a ,

13 4
66 THE HO LY G RA I L
form of i ts power he b ught into pl y ; th e
is t re ro a

m er est f g m nt
ra e of W l h m ythi m nce has
e s c ro a

com e d wn t u
o o s, a nd it i f lly t gu if what
s o o ar e as

we d o n ot find in th t f gm ent cann t h ve

a ra o a

e xi t d
s e .

ion f th tw nve si n leg nd w uld

The f us o e o co r o e s o

u nd u bt d ly b
o f ilit ted by th f t f the
e e ac a e ac o

l li ti n f th Joseph legend t Glastonbu y

oca sa o o e a r

Thi n ient se t f B itish Ch i ti nity w t

s a c a o r r s a as a

s m
o u nkn wn d te identified wit h Av l n ; th e
e o a a o

t xt whi h h ve p ese ved t hi id ntifi ti n

e s c a e r r s e ca o ar

co mp tiv ly l te
ar a nd th
e id ntifi ti n h
a , a e e ca o as

be n e ib d t th i nfl u n f th e m nces
asc r e o e e ce o ro a .

Und ubt dly th e t y w h v it b

o e t s
s or as e a e ea rs race

f th ff t m d d u i n g H n y t h S nd s ’
o e e or s a e r e r e eco

re ign t utilise th C lti l g nd f p liti l

o e e c e e s or o ca

p u poses B ut th fi t ge m f th
r . n pti n
e rs r o e co ce o

th t a ven ble n tu y of th Ch i ti n f ith

a er a sa c ar e r s a a

i n B i t in h d u
r a ed ed a it w t th e tt i
s cc e ,
as ere , o a r

b ut f th w n d l nd f th Celti g d mu t
es o e o er a o e c o s s

b f e ld th n H n y s eign—olde in d ed
ar o er a e r
’
r r, e ,

t h n th tw lfth
a ent u y e ce r .

Th fu i n f e B n nd J ph nv si n
s o o a ro s a a ose co er o

l g nd ( f i n b it n t d whi h uld t k place

e e a us o ,
e o e , c co a e

i n B it in nd i n B it i n l n ) w uld n t nly
r a a r a a o e o o o

p mit th int d u ti n f th p eci u v l into

er e ro c o o e r o s esse

th l tte it w u ld l m t i n vit bly b ing it into

e a r, o a os e a r

co nt t with th
ac A th u y l Th l tt is e r r c c e. e a er

l gely m d up f h i i ed ve si n f them es
ar a e o ero c s r o s o

126
 DEVELOPMEN T O F LEGEN D 67

a nd in id nt whi h h d figu d t n lie d te

c e s c a re a a ear r a

i n m ythi m nce n d i t h d d wn m ny f th e
c ro a , a a ra a o

p n ges f th ld m ythi w ld within its

erso a o e o er c or

g p I n thi w y th nn ti n b tween th e
ras . s a e co ec o e

h l g nd f A t hu d f nd f B it in g inst
er o e e o r r, e e er o r a a a

h t h n in d
ea e n d th
va ligi u l gen d f th e
ers , a e re o s e o

e v ngelis
a f B i t in w uld b
er s o t bli h ed
r a o e es a s

n tua lly n d
ra ,
t a ll w f n y t invite
so as o a o o ,
a ,
o ,

fu the d v l pm nt
r r e e o e .

A um ing th n th t p i t C eati on tim e

ss , e ,
a r or o r
’
s ,

th tw po ti n
e o f t h l g n d h d been w ld ed
r o s o e e e a e

int o a m less com p t whol nd th t th e

or e or ac e, a a

Q u e t st li m n a h ad t hs e by a q u is d Ch i t i n er ac re r s a

a tt ibute
r nd p p ties th qu ti n i e h w
s a ro er , e es o ar s s o

f ar th p ocess f fu i n h d b n
e r o i d nd in s o a ee ca rr e ,
a

wh t w y i t w ff t d by C ti n w k Did ’
a a as a ec e r es e s or .

t h e Fr n h p t fin d in h i
e c u oee ny u h h nt s so rc a s c co er e

acco un t f t h ly hi t y f th e G i l nd l n e
o e ear s or o ra a a c

as i yi ld d ith
s e by R b t d B n by
e e er o er e orr o ,
or

th e riv l v i n f th G nd S t G l Quéte
a ers o o e ra . r aa

If C ti n res ntin u t
e
’

g st t h ei
co i n f m t i n a ors o r or a o

f m h i u e th t u m u t lik wise h ve
ro s so r c ,
a so r ce s e a

be n th f unt i n h d f the G nd S t G !
e e o a - ea o ra . r aa

Q n é te C . ti n w u ld
resin t h t e e ee m t o h v e a cas s o a

delibe t ly l ft in b y n e th d finite ligi us

ra e e a e a c e e re o

e lem ent f h i u e nd t h v d ted him lf

o s so rc , a o a e ev o se

t o t h e el b ti n f th kn igh tly dv ntu us

a ora o o e a e ro

p ti n F v n if t h is h
or o . or , e secon d vi it t
e a er o s
’
s o

t h e G il C tl h h d gi ven th e i nf m tion w
ra as e e a or a e

12 7
 68 THE H OLY GRAIL
n ow find i n h is igi u pect f
c ont inua tors, th e rel o s as o

h i w k w uld till b p l
s or o nd light in m
s e a e a s co

p i
a r so n w i th t h d n t u u B u t
e w ah t h ve t h ro s. e er e

ont i nu t f C sti n did e t t t h latte

’
c a ors o re e r sor o e r s

sou ce i r xt em ly d u btf l in vi w f th m
s e r e o kd u e o e ar e

d ive g n e i n th e
r e c nd t f th e to y b t w n co uc o s r e ee

b th M n
o i a nd G b t nd th p t whos
ess er a er er , a e oe e

w k th y w
or m pl ting N
e er e n th
co qu e . or ca e es

t i n b d id d w ith t eferen W lf m ’
o e ec e t ou r ce o o ra s

u
s o r c e, th e l t F n h poem f G ui t T w hyp
os re c o o . o o

th eses r s e pecting t hi p ibl I t m y h ve s ar e oss e . a a

b n s i n w m re
ee , a s m m nlyo um d o m co o ass e , co

pose d wi t hi n f w y ea s ft a C e tie n d t h r a er res

’
s ea

w i th vi w t gi i ng
a e m pl t v
o vi n f th e a co e e ers o o

t y h
s or h d l f t in m pl t
e a If e nd i f co e e . s o, a

C ti n h d nt i n d ithe f m f
’
r es eu s so rce a co a e e r or o

t h e E ly Hi t y i n ar n dv n d t g f
s or as a a a ce s a e o

d e ve o l pm n t in R b t d B
e as n t G nd
o er e or ro ,
or o ra

St G . l w uld
ra a ,
ld G i t h v di d d it ?
o , or co u u o a e sca r e

H e co u ld h v e m d it ub
a ient t th e g t
a e s se rv o rea e r

g l ory f t h o A n g vi n p in e ily
e th r ce s as eas as e

v ers oi n whi h h ff h c uld h v

e o d pt d it
er s e co a e a a e

a s r ea dily t th m l nd pi itu l n pt i n
o e ora a s r a co ce o s

wh i h ni m t h i w k
c a a eIf n th th h nd
s or .
, o e o er a ,

G i tu o p m i ld th n th t f C ti n it i
’
s oe s o er a a o r es e , s

p b bly n
ro a t th mm n
ear er u o f b th i n
e co o so r ce o o

it l
s esser in i t n p n th C h i ti n m hin y
s s e ce u o e r s a ac er

d iv d f m th
er e C n v i n l g nd l th gh
ro e o e rs o e e ,
a ou ,

t h n ks t t he p t p n lity it i nim ted ’

a o oe s e r so a ,
s a a

12 8
70 TH E H O LY G RAIL
in F rance as soon as F nh ylh u h d th e re c ro a o se a

g t
o t h b tt o
e f it f em id bl iv
er l H d i t
s b nor a e r a s. a ee

o th wi er h d H n y II b n u
se , a d d by e n
r . ee s ccee e a so

wi se nd bl a him lf n d E ngl nd th by
a e as se ,
a a ere

se u c d th h eg m ny f th F n h p kin g
re e e o o e re c -
s ea

w ld G ui t in t d f C ti n m ight h v
or , o . s ea o r es e ,
a e

yi ld d th t n d d th d m i n nt
e e e s a in f ar ,
e o a v e rs o o

th Q e t A it i w m t t l
u es . t b t h nkf l
s s, e us a eas e a u

th t h i w k f ll i nt th h n d
a s or f e m n w ll o e a s o a a as e

fi tt d e w W lf m t pp i t i t m l nd
as as o ra o a r ec a e s ora a

s pi itu l im
r a a s.

We n m u
ca th vi nd
eas d by th
re e ser ce re ere ese

tw g o t p t t th
r ea t y f th G il Q u t by
oe s o e s or o e ra es

c mpo ing t h i w k with th

ar i m l nd m bling
e r or e a ess a ra

j um bl f di nn t d dv ntu f nd in th
e o sco ec e a e r es ou e

co nti nu ti n f C
a ti n o s o r es e .

Th ft d v l pm nt f th y le th u gh p
e a er e e o e o e c c ,
o re

s nti ng n um b
e l p bl m f d t il i y t f i ly
e r ess ro e s o e a , s e a r

l in i t m in utlin C ti n nd Gui t m d
c ear s a o e. r es e a o a e

th G il Q
e t t y f hi n bl
ra ues m u h by th i
s or as o a e as c e r

s kill in l ting th m v ll u f t nd v ntu f

re a e ar e o s ea s a e re s o

th e h by th m l nd pi itu l i m f th i
er o as e ora a s r a a o e r

w k On
or . t f f ll wing w i t
e se im ply w k d
o o o r e rs s or e

su h v in
c f th k nigh tly d nt
e s o em in a ve u rou s e as

h ve b n l f t u n xpl it d by th t w g
a ee e t p t ;
e o e e o r ea oe s

oth e l b t d th di tin tiv ly C h i ti n po

rs e a ora e e s c e r s a r

t i n th e E ly Hi t y ; th
o , ar g in fus d th s or o ers , a a , e e

tw m
o, le m l d itly B ut th n m l
ore or ss a a ro . e or a

d v l pm nt f th e y l w p f undly m difi d
e e o e o c c e as ro o o e

130
 DEVELOPMEN T O F L E GE N D 71

by in fl uen e whi h w c s m difying th c nt i er e o e e re

b dy f A th u i n om n
o o r T un d e t nd th
r a r a c e. o rs a e

l ta er ve i n f th e Q u t w m u t li th e
rs o s o es e s rea se

n tua f th se influ nce

re o e e s.

I n th ear li t t g e f th e A th u i n y l th
es s a es o r r a c c e e

p re -em in e nt h i G w i n w h
ero i l s n d a n ly a ,
o s a so seco o

t P vl h f th Q u st t y l
’
o erce a as ero o P e e s or . e rceva s

r n k i n th e l tt
a g v h im a p
er i t i n i n a th e a os o e

A thu i n w ld g ne ll y infe i nly t th t

r r a or , e ra ,
r or o o a

of G w in a At l t
a . st g b th w sup d d
a a er a e o ere er se e

by L n l t who b
a ce o m th
, kn wl dged m i e ca e e ac o e rror

a nd x m pl
e e f hiv l y ar T o tt in thi p i
c a r . o a a s os

ti n G w in h d t
o a a b d g d d nd a o u e e ra e ,
a a s re

test f th
o
g e f e n y giv
a en A t h u
o i n t
a x t r r a e

i yielded by th vi w it p f G w in
’
s nts e e r ese o a a s

ch t
a rac er . L n l t wed h i a
p ce o
e e m i n n o t s r - e ce o

t h e f t th t h b m th e Q lv ’
ac a e n
eca e, as uee s o er ,

th e ex m pla r of th id
e l f tly l ve e B t thi
ea o co u r o . u s

v er y id l p v k d wh t m y b l l d P u i t n
ea ro o e a a e ca e a r a

r eac ti n m ng
o a tai n sect i n
o a f m n e
ce r o o ro a c

w i te wh
r rs , g ly ght t wh t v m igh t
o ea er sou ou a e er

y i eld m tte fa n pp
r i n g id
or a l f o t i lif os ea o asc e c e .

Th P ev l Que t w thu
e erc a w itt n by th
s as s re r e e

a uth o f Pr o v l l G ll i in
erce a pi it f m ilit nt
e a o s a s r o a

ti i m ; th h vi ginity i in i t d up n ’
asce c s e er o s r s s s e o

a gg essiv ly B ut th p g s f L n l t t w d
r e . e ro res o a ce o o ar s

th h e d hip
e a fte A thu f th A th i n w ld
s ,
a r r r, o e r ur a or

ke pt p ce with th e i n e s ing f v u h wn t w d
a cr a a o r s o o ar s

t h e G i l Quest th e most m vell ou b nh ”

ra as ar s ra c

131
72 TH E HOLY G RAIL ;
of h l A thu i n y le A tim m u t natu
th e w o e r r a c c . e s

ra lly m e wh n A th u m ightiest h
co e uld nr r s
’
ero c o o

l ng b k pt ut f th hi f v ntu f A thu
o er e e o o e c e e re o r r s
’

C u t Y t wh n th t t im
o r . e m e th Pu it n
e a e ca e r a

r eac ti n h d fix d
o d p h sm b tween t he t w
a e a ee c a e o

set sf t n d n y exhi bited in th

o e e c —
y l th e c c e e

knightly m u nd th pi i tu l asc ti H w
a or o s a e s r a e c . o

uld L n l t th Q u n l v b p m itt d ’
co a ce o , e ee s o er , e er e

eve n t vi w m u h l
o et b com p
,
e e d f th e
c ess o e e oss ss o ,
.

h ly vessel int whi h by th i tim th ful l

o o c s e e

p t n y f s c m nt l m y ti i m h d b n p u ed
o e c o a ra e a s c s a ee o r

uld h p tt n f knighth d be ex
.

Y t h w
e o co e, a er o oo ,

cl ud d f m i t bl ssing ? Th dil mm was

e ro s e s e e a

so lv d t h h m w b idg d by th e ti n f
e , e c as as r e e cr a o o

L n l t n G l h d in wh m w x m pli fied
a ce o
’
s so a a a ,
o as e e

in y t ma eun m p m i i ng y t m
or e inh um n
co ro s ,
e or e a

spi it th id l f m ilit nt sceti i m im p f tly

r e ea o a a c s e r ec

et f t h by th uth f P l l G ll i In
‘

s or e a or o er ceva e a o s .

th i w y s nd t
a k h p th G l h d Q u t
a r ose a oo s a e e a a a es

o f th e G n d S t G ra l Quet I t i p ssibl t h t
. r aa -
e . s o e a

th e w it f th es
r m n
ers o m y h v m b di d
e ro a ces a a e e o e

s m
o li f tu p i bl th t th y m y h v
e ea r er ea res, oss e a e a a e

bu ilt up th i h un d t h p
e r n l ity f
ero ro m e e erso a o so

f g tt n h
or o f t h A th i n y l ; but i n h i
e ero o e r ur a c c e s

v y er n as in th m j o p
esse ce ,t f h i d ventu es e a r ar o s a r ,

G l h d i
a a m ph ti lly th l t st om
a s e i n th e
a ca e a e c er

w ld f A th i n
or o m nc r ur a ro a e .

Only w d n d be id b ut S i Pe cy ellc
a or ee sa a o r r v

132
74 THE HO LY GR AIL
most d esir ed . I ts b
y i n t exh usted th ugh
ount s o a o

c ou ntless gene ti ns h v f d f m i t
ra o a e With in
e ro .

the las t fif ty ye thi m ll u legend has

ars s ar v e o s

p v d f til in th e m in d f genius s it w
ro e as er e o ,
a as

e igh t h un d red y s g to t f th nd
ear a o, se or a

t h e l ngings n d ideal
o a f hum nity
s o a .
 N OTES

bj p
T H E o ec t of th e resent Seri es of Po ul ar St ud i es is as p
m uc h to assist th ose wh o are a nxi ous to ursue a s e c ia l p p
y
l i ne of st ud a s to gi ve an a c c ura t e sum mar of any pa r y
bj
t i c ula r su ec t to t h ose wh o d o not wis h f or m ore t h a n a
k
g eneral no wl ed g e of i t I n t h e resent i nstanc e t h e p
p b
.

second i ntention is al m ost i m ossi l e to r eal ise i n vi e w

o f t h e enorm ous m ass and g rea t c om l exi t of th e su ec t p y bj

matter All th e m ore t h e re fore, d o trust th a t m ay I I
b y k
.
,

b e a l e to ind uc e ma n of m y read ers to ta e up t h e

stud y of th e Grail c yc l e h ere i s onl one wa y of se tti ng T y
b
.

a out th is, and th at i s t o rea d t h e r om anc es th em se l ves

ky
Luc il , several of t h e m ost i m orta nt are easil acce s p y
b
s i l e t o th e E ngl is h rea d e r Th e PE B E DUB , th e m ost
y
.

a rc h ai c f orm of t h e Q uest s tor , m ay b e r ea d i n m y

ed i tion of t h e M a bin ogi on W ol fram s Pa nzrva n, th e

’

p
finest exam l e of t h e Q uest stor as transf orm ed y by
C hri stian n i fl i Mi W transl ati on ( 2 vol s .
’
uenc e, n ss es ton s

103 6d ) th e PER CEVAL LE GALL OI S th e transiti onal

b k igh l y h
.
.
, ,

b ri d ge et ween h t e f n t e ro o C resti en-G ui ot

Dr E vans
’
a nd th e as c eti c h ero of t h e l a ter l eg end , i n .

exq uisi te transl ati on ( Th e H ig h H is tor y f

o th e H ol y G r a il .

2 vol s !4s ) and th e Q Ufi r n S T GR '

, th e fiDU
nal out AAL
P
. . .

c om e of uri tan a sc et ic i sm , i n Ma l ory s H ar te D Ar thwr

’ '

( b
est rea d in Dr Somm er s
'
fa ithf ul re pi r nt of Caxto n
’
s

pi k
.

te xt , 2 vol s. 7s 6d in whic h i t occ u es Boo s 13

b
. .
,

W hen th ese f our versi ons h a ve een mastered , th e ma i n

I 3S
76 N OTE S
l i nes of d evel o m ent wi ll b e p c l ea r, a nd a ttention can be
i
g en
v t o th e rem ai ning wor s y Of h h k of t h e c cl e t e se , t e

G A DS G d h DI D O T PE CEVAL ibl
.

R N T . BAAL a n t e R a re a c c ess e

L S i G ! t J p h d A i m hi 3
’ ’
i H h
n uc er s e a nt- r aa l on o ose r at e, vo s

y m i l E gli h
.
,

1 87 5 7 8 -
10 A fif 8h tee nt -c e n t ur e tr c a n s

d p f h G A D S G AAL h li k wi b
.

a a i tat on o t e R N T. R as e se een

e d i d by D F
te i ll S y Gr. l
urn va h S k Ry l e nt r aa or , t e an a

1861 63 ( p i h R b g h Cl b ) b
,

2 l
vo s. , — df r nte or hi t e ox ur e u ut t s

ly f l g l ib
,

i s on i bl f q
a c c es s e to rei ; m
ue nters o ar e rar es ore

o ve r, h t d wh h
e rea f i k wl d g
er o f m d
as a a r no e e o o ern

F h will f
re nc f w d y w k fi d h
a te r a e h ir a h s
’
or n t e t te ent
yp f h F
, ,

c ent ur rose o h igi tl i

e d
ren c d or na eas er to un erstan

t h h fif
an t e h y
te ent f h E gli h d p
-c e ntur i
verse o t e n s a a ta t on.

B orr on s p m i p i d i F i ll S y G l
’
oe s r nt e n urn va
’
s e nt r aa

i bl i H l l i w l l
.

di i
’
S PIB i
E B CY VE L L E s a c cess e n a e s e t on

Th Th e R m
or nto n 1884 p i o d fa nces, h C md r nte or t e a en

S i y ly h hi f w k f h
,

oc e t U f n ort unate y l
t e h c e or o t e c c e, t e

C O T E DEL G AA i p i l ly i i bl l y 100
.

N R L, s ra c t c a na c c ess e, on

co pi h i g b p i d f h ly d i i h f
es av n e en r nte o t e on e t on, t at o

M P i 6
ot v n. l M 1866 71
vo s — P f on s.B i i ro essor a st s

p
. . .
,

en ag g d e u w d i
on a i R d
ne wh e t onl ea er s o can c onsu t
pi
.

one o f h f w t e e i E gl
co d d wh h
es exta nt n n an an o a ve a

f i k wl d g F h wil l t fi d C i
,

a r no f m d e e o o e rn renc no n rest e n

y d iffi l l
,

v er cu h t, i Ch e ss so h t an
g w l
s l a uc er to t e avera e e

e d d E gl i h m
uc a te n s a n.

A gs red h l i
ar s t f e h bj h
terat ure o l y t e su ec t , t ere a re on

t w w k o or wh i h h s to d b
c f d f
t e f ll
rea der c a n e re erre or u an

a c c urate sum m a r i es of t h e rom a nc es : Bi rc h - H i rsc h f el d ,

’

Die Sage co m Gr al , 187 7, and m y own S tu d i es on the

Legend of the H ol y Gr a il , 1888 h is l a tter, t h e onl work T y
bl
.

a c cessi e to wi th Germa n, is now

read ers unac q ua i nted

f p i
T h e onl ot h er wor d eal i ng wi th th e y k !
o ut o r nt

y P
.

c c l e a s a wh ol e, rof R H einz e l s
’
Die f ra nz osischm ‘

y
. .

Gra l r oma ne , a m onum ent of e r ud i tion a nd ing e nui t ,

i s use l ess t o a l l b ut a d va nc ed st ud ents, th e sen ior

Dr E W ec h ssl er has d one

'

wrangl ers of t h e st ud v . . .

136
78 N OTES
a ter mi nu s ad quem f or th e G A D S
R N T. GR AAL or for i ts
p
,

sourc e . Dr
E va ns, H igh H i stor y , i i 29 3, h as shown

b
. . .

tha t H el i nand us wr ote a out 1220 .

PE CEVAL LE GAL O IS ( P g jst )

R L . a e

T his h as b ly d i d by D Ni
een rec ent st u e r. tze, The old

Fr ench Gr a i l Roma nce of P er lewa nc . Bal ti more, 1902 .

EGE D ( P g THE J oss r rr L N . a e

Th hi f d i i
e c f th G l e b yl g d sc uss on o e aston ur e en i s that
of P f G B i Z i
ro h if fii R m P hil l gi
. . a s t, e tsc r t r o . o o e, xix.

P f W iil k
ro D E mg l i m N i d m i i d c er, ar va e n eo e n er aband

ly k
.

l di h
ci n Li 87 h h w h ter atu r , 1 2, nt no wl ed g e
’

se en as s o e ear

of hi p yph l w k i E gl d
t s a ocr a or n n an .

G LAST O BU Y N R AN D A VALO N . P
( g a e

Of M Ferd L ot
. . : Gla stonbu ry et Aval on, i n R oma nia ,
vol xxvii . .

THE G AI L K I GH T S R N AN D T H E TE LA S MP R .
( Page
Th p i l m d ifi i
e s ec a o ca t on of th e G rai l Q uest wi th a vi e w

o f c onnec ti ng it m ore cl osel y wi h t T mpl k igh h d

th e e e n t oo
f ound i n G ui ot-W ol f ram i s und ou te b d l y b d p wi h oun u t a

b
n um er of O riental t ra i ts a nd f ea ures t ly m wi h i on et t n

t h e Parz iva l Th e se l e nd c ol our t oh h yp h i t h e ot es s t at

b d b
.

G ui ot h ad h i m sel f een in t h eE t mas an e co e

yE
,

ac q ua i nted with m an astern le g d

en d l h h
s, a n a so t at e

was in som e wa y a ttac h e d t o t h e e e or er T m pl d

T O P i l h mi l d
.

h ese ri enta l tra its i n th e a rz va a ve s e

c erta i n sc h ola rs i nto i m ag ining a n as tern or n E igi f h or t e

Gra il l egend Th e l ast s ta te m ent o t s v e f hi i wi P f A s ro

P
. . .

W esse l ovsky s Arc h i v f Sl av h i l ol og i e, 19 01

’

PHg bl
. . .

Of Dr Der Gr al
’
. . . a en s val ua e , 19 00 .

1 38
 O TE S N

C E M THE G LE GE D
E LT I C LE E Nr s IN EAI L N .

( P g 55 a es

I my S d i
n I hi fly d w l p th I i h l gi
tu es c e e t u on e r s ana o es
d p
an ll l P f Rh y i hi A h i L g d 189 1
ara e s. ro s n s r t ur a n e en

b gh i t p m i th W l h p bl y th
. , ,

rou t n o ll l ro nence e e s ara e s, nota e

e nchantm ent of Pryd eri l and wi th th e wasti ng of th e

’
s

real m of t h e Fish er King ( Perceval ’

s uncl e ) .

THE B ES ELLED D AI D I G KI SM A ( P g
P AN N N N . a e

Thi i s f m C m
nstanc e, Gl ro y I i h or m ac s
’
ossa r , an r s co

pi l i f
a t on oh l o h l l
t e h i t i -
i d t d di d
c entur es, s c te an sc uss e

by m W if d S y f C l i T d i i 189 0 l ii
e, a s an tr a s o e t c ra t on, vo

p 467
. . ,
,

. .

T Q UES TI O HE (P g N. a e

My pl ti f hi d t mi d t d i g f
ex a na on o t s as ue o sun ers a n n o
a n or i gi l g i ( p na e sd g ) ironounce g h d by t h ess s stren t ene e

ki h ip b w h L h g i (Sw K ight) d G il
ns et een t e o en r n an n an ra

t y
s or F . i L h g i
or n h p t lh i d
o en r n t e su erna ura ero s un er

a g i t t
e s no l hi m
o re vea d th i f i g m s na f thi e. an e n r n e ent o s

t b
a u ensures h i wi h d w l t h i s w l d
t ra N w h a o s o n an o t e
k w i t p t l
.

old est no n f h h m
ns anc e f o t e t e e o a su erna ura

wif h b d wh
e , or us an im p i j ti o h i f i g os e s n unc ons t e n r n e
I l d i h w ll
,

m f wh i h i f t l i f
ent o c d i
s a a s oun n re an n t e e

k w y itl d N i a Ul d ( h F bl
, ,

no n stor ent e a n f th oa a t e ee eness o e

Ul t m )s er en

H l l C h ll i S g p 96
.

Cf Mi
’
. ss u s uc u u a a, . .

P
( g 62 a es ,

Th tw p p y D W ’
e g o h ara ra m m f s are a su h l ar o r. ec ss er s

ar u
g m t S g en h il O
a l
e u.pp 12 — 1 8
e I g wi
rath th a ree e

I p
. .
, .
,

ar ug m w h
ent . sa ve d i t
en f m i t e x res s ssen ro .

G UI O T AN D CE E sr I E N '
. P
( g
a e

Miss W eston is th e c hi ef a d voca te of Gui ot s

’
p i ityr or .

I thi k n sh e i s righ t .
80 N OTES
L AN CELo r ( Pag es 71,
'
.

Of Miss W eston 8 Legend of S ir La ncel ot d a La c

. 19 01,
’

p p b
.

on wh ich this aragra h 18 a sed

'

( Pg a e

I all ud e of course, to Ric ha rd Wagner s Pa r sif al ’

.

P rinted by B
L A A LL
ond on
N TY N E ,

ér’ E d mburg h
H A N SO N Co
.
 P R E FA C E

THE a im Of
dy i t h w h w th
th e pr es e n t stu s o s o o e

m di v l
e e g f Di t i h Of B n g du lly
a sa a O e r c er ra a

d v l ped f m it igi n i n Hi t y nd Myth

e e o ro s or s s or a

l gy nd t th m tim e t giv th
o o ,
a a d e sa e o e e r ea er

so m id e f th h t
ea o Of th v i u p m e c a r a c er e ar o s oe s

wh i h t g th
c wi th th Thi d k
,
o e
g m
er p i e re ssa a, co r se

t h Di t i h Cy l
e e r c c e.

O wing to th und si bility f n um b ing e e ra o e c er

with f t n t p p l t dy u h
oo -
o es a thi i o u ar s u s c as s s

m nt t b e I h v
ea o f i n d n th n h n d
,
a e r e ra e o e o e a

f m t
ro h ing n v i ou c int ti ng but f m y o a r ou s er es ,
or

i m m di t p p un nti l p i nt n d n th
e a e ur o se es s e a ,
o s, a o e

o th f m q ti ng i n h
er ro th i nv tig t
uo ea c ca se e es a ors

wh fi t pu t f w d th t h
o rs i h d pt d
or ar e eor e s er e a o e .

I m u t th f t k thi pp t nity f xp
s er e or e a e s o or u o e r ess

i ng m y i n d bt d n t b th e nt n d Ol d
e e ss o o r ece a er

h nd m
r es ea r c p i lly t th w k m n
, a or e e s ec a o e or s e

t i n d i n th
o e Bibli g ph y Th Bibli g phy e o ra . e o ra

d nt hwv
oe s o im t ,
m pl t n
o i n thi
e er , a a co e e e ss s

or nya th p t bu t h b n l e t d
o er r es ec ,
as ee se c e

m ly with vi w t Op n ing th d t ny wh
er e a e o e e oor oa o

I 4S

1 6 33 19
iv PRE FAC E
m ay d i t pu es r e th u bj t f th
o Al l r su e e s ec ur er .

h will find th f ll t p ibl bibli g phi l

su c e u es oss e o ra ca

inf m ti n in th w k q t d
or a o e or s uo e .

My b t th nk es l d t P f a s ar e a so ue o ro essor

Fi dl D B ul nd M Alf d N tt f
e er , r . re ,
a r . re u , or

ding th p f nd m ki ng m n y v l u bl
r ea e r oo s a a a a a e

sugg ti n
es o s .

F E S AN DB ACH . . .

B I I GHA
RM N M UN IVE ITY RS ,

N ovember 27 , 1905 .
 THE HER O IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

an lly in t tiv ex m pl f th g wth

u nu sua s r uc e a e o e ro

Of g i n g n l
sa a e e ra .

Th nk t th n i ent hi st i n w
a s o t l e a c or a s e ar e o er

ably w ll inf m d b t Th d i S lif

e h t
or e a ou eo er c e, a s or

outli n e Of wh i h m t f m th b i f n y tu dy
c us or e as s or a s

Of th Di t i h y l
e e r c c c e .

O n th ell p Of th H n ni h E m pi ft
co a se e u s re a er

Attil d th in 45 3 A D th O t g th nd
a s
’
ea . .
, e s ro o s, u er

th i ki ng W l m
e r Of th y l Am lung a a er , e ro a e ra ce ,

b m n m
ec a e i nd p nd nt D w lli ng in
o ce or e e e e . e

P nn ni b tw n th D n b nd th D v
a o a, e ee e a u e a e ra e,

th i e r t it y b d d t h t f t h E t n
er r or or er e a O e a s er

E m pi n d th
re, a Em p M i n f nd i t d e e r or arc a ou a

i bl t n l ud t ty by th t m f wh i h
v sa e o co c e a r ea , e er s o c

W l m a a nd h i ertw b th a Th d m nd s o ro er s , eo e er a

W id m e u nd t k t
er , p t t th f nti i n er oo o r o ec e ro er

m n y ub idy M ’
re tu n fr or a n o e s s . ar ci a s su cc ess or

L h w v
e o, t pp d th e p ym nt Of th i
o e er , s o b e a e s su

s idy nd i n 462 W l m i nv d d I lly i A

,
a a a er a e r a. S

a lt th e t ty w
r e su n w d nd W l mr ea as re e e ,
a a a er

h nd d v
a e h t g f th f l fil m nt f
o er , as a os a e or e u e O

h i p t Of th b g in h i n ph w Th d i
s ar e ar a , s e e eo or c ,

t h n igh t y
e e Of g ear s a e .

F t ny
or Th d ie m i n d t th B y n
ear s eo e r c r e a e a e za

ti n t wh
e c our h i d R m n ed ti n
,
er e e r ec e v e a o a u ca o

a nd l n d t
ea r pp i t th dv nt g f ivi
e o a r ec a e e a a a es o c

l i ti n ; but i n 47 2 h
sa o t n d t hi wn e r e ur e o s o

co un t y whr hi f th
,
Th d m h d u
er e s a er eo e er a s c

146
 DIETRICH O F BE R N 7

ce e d e d W a l a m er . Two y l t th O t g t h
ea r s a er e s ro o s

l ft P nn ni nd
e a o a a se ttl d in M
e d n i und ace o a er

th e E t n Em p a s er er or s
’
p t ti n nd in th
ro ec o ,
a e

s m
a y e Th d m ear eo e er di d nd w u d d
e a as s cc ee e

by hi n s so .

Th Op ning y Of Th d i ign g v ’
e e ear s eo er c s re a e

littl p m i f it fin l pl nd
e ro send w o s a s e our , a er e

s p nt f th m t pa t in m ig ti n f m p
e , or e os r ,
ra o ro ro

vi n t p vin nd ntin u l figh ting n w n

ce o ro ce a co a ,
o o

on id n w n th th in th
e s e, o i f i il o e o er , e ser e s O c v

w th t f ll w d th
a rs a i n Of th Em p
o o e e ac c es s o e er or

Z n At l t h w v with Th d i h lp
e o . as , o e er , eo er c s
’
e ,

Z n m d hi p iti n fin lly u
e o a e nd w s os o a s ec r e, a as

a bl t t n hi tt nti n t th W t n E m pi
e o ur s a e o o e e s er re .

Si n thce k f R m by th V nd l u nd r
e sa c o o e e a a s e

G n e i th e W t n E m p
ser c h d b n m e s er er or s a ee er e

pupp t in th h nd f th i G m ni g n l
e s e a s o e r er a c e er a s,

a nd t h l t f th m R m l A g t l h d
e as O e ,
o u us u us u u s, a

b n d p d i n 48 0 by Od
ee e os e wh h d f m oa c
er , o a ro

th t ti m
a l d i n I t ly en in d
p n d n
ru e t k i n g a as a e e e .

H h d in d d
e a gn i d t h j t i f Z n
,
ee ,
r e co se e us ce o e o s
’

l im t th W t n th n n d h d
c a o e m d es er ro e, a a a s su e

th ti tl
e f P t i i n f t h E t n E m pi
e o b t
a r c a o e as er re, u

m or eth n thi n m i n l a gni ti n f u i n ty s o a r e co o o s z era

Z n h d n t y t b n bl t xt t
e o a o e ee a e o e or .

I n 48 8 t h f h m m i i n d Th d i
, er e or e, e co ss o e eo er c

t wo t It ly f m th
r es p Mu h d d
a ro e u s ur er . c re uc e

in nu m b b t till f m id bl th O t g th
er s, u s or a e, e s ro o s

se t t ou m qu t ,
f m illi n m n w m n
so e a r er O a o e , o e ,

14 7
 THE HERO IC SAGA CYC L E OF -

a nd hild en n th i l ng nd diffi ult m arc h

c r ,
o e r o a c

f m M si t It ly F qu ntl y d l y d by
ro oe a o a . re e e a e

Si kn nd by th h tility f th t i b s th ug h
c e ss a e os o e r e ro

wh u n t i e th y h d t
ose co p it w n t until
r s e a o a ss, as o

th e mm su f th e n x t y
er th t th y
o ss d e ea r a e cr o e

th Alp nd ived t th I n Od ’
’

e s a a rr a e so z o, oa c er s

f nti
ro I n Aug u t 48 9 th y f
er . d th p s g s e or c e e as a e

o f th iv e nd r m nth l te
er , infli t d n
a a o a r c e o

Od e nd d f
oacer a s co t i n t h b ttl Of V n e ea e a e er o a .

Od n w t
oac er k f g in th f tr o Ofoo re u e e or ess

R v nn whil l g n m b e Of hi f ll w
a e a. , e ar e u rs s o o er s

d t d t Th de i Am ng th s w Tuf
e ser e o eo r c . o e e as a,

wh h vi ng u
o, a d d i n winning th Vi t
s cc e e e e c or s
’

co nfi d n Off d t l d t ng f
e ce , er e g in t o ea a s ro or ce a a s

hi f m
s orm t By h i wn d i h w
er a s er . s o es r e e as

a cc om p ni d by a v l Of Th d i p i n ip l
e se era eo er c s
’
r c a

Offi b t n m ti ng O d
c ers , u o t F n i h ee oa c er a a ve z a e

re tu n d t h i Old ll gi n
r e o nd nt th
s Ot a e a ce a se e s ro

g th Offi
o i n h in t R v nn
cer s Th th
c a s o a e a . e o er

d t f m Od
eser er s my n w fl k d b k
ro oa c er s a r
’
o oc e ac

t th i f m t nd d Situ ’
o e r or n d Th d ier s a ar ,
a eo er c s a

ti n b
o m d p t Od
eca e h d ind d es era e . oa cer a ,
ee ,

s u d d i n h utting h im i n in P vi wh n
cc e e e s a a e

a n m y Of Vi ig th f m
ar u th n G sl m o s ro so er au ca e

to hi itns Th
a ss s a ig w i d nd
ce . e s e e as r a se ,
a

Od d f t d i n b ttl n th b nk Of
oa cer , e ea e a a e o e a s

th eAdd w f d t t k f g n m
a, as or c e o a e re u e o ce or e

in R v nn a F e tw y a th
. f t h ld
or o ea r s e or r e ss e

ou t b t i t fin lly
,
u pi t l t d in 493 By tha ca u a e . e

[ 4 8
10 TH E HERO IC SAG A CYC L E O F -

S uc hi s, in bif
y Of Th d i th
r e ,
th e hi stor eo or c e

G t
r ea f
,
l it
so n n u h
ar a s T hi
co wn
c er s s er e . O s o

p pl
eo h we d e v dly asn t i n l
es erh n ed n a a o a ero, a o

d ubt hi xpl it p i lly th b l ngi ng t

o s e o s, e s ec a ose e o o

th e th i ty m
r y or f xil n d w nd
or e i ng
ea r s O e e a a er

b tw n hi d p t
e ee f
s th e By nti n
ar ur e t or e za e c our

a nd h i fin l vi t y t R
s a nn f m d th
c or a av e a, or e e

th m e Of pi
es ng eB ut p p l
c so t diti n s . o u ar ra o

n v e m in l ng i n t i t
er r e a s od wi th hi t y s r c ac cor s or .

Th p pu l
e o i m gin ti n i v
ar a dy t a it o s e er r ea o se e s

h e roesi n th m t f v e bl light ; i t h n
os a oura e as o

a ccu t m m y f
ra e d t il i t m
e or or m m e a s re ove s r e e

b d h t
er e c nd nt f
a r a c er s a m th i f g tt n ev e s ro e r or o e

hi t i l
s or c a tti ng nd f
se m n w nd h i t i l l y
, a or s e a s or ca

im p ibl nn ti n I n th
oss e co ec f uo sg . e ca se o o r sa a

th eset nd n i e w e n t u t d by th
c es er eub acc e a e e s se

q ntue f hi t y
cour se o With in l th n thi tys or . ess a r

y f
ea r s m T h
ro d i d th t
eoh E t n Em
er c s
’
ea e a s er

p J
e r or u t i n i n h ds n qau d I t lya T h r eco er e a . e

g t
r eam j i t y Of
a orth O t g th p i h d i n
e t h s ro o s er s e e

cour es Of th w n d th e m i nd
ar , a w i th e re a er er e e er

a b b d in th I t li n p p l ti n t k f g
sor e e a a o u a o or oo re u e

i n n ig h be ing G m ni ki ngd m F m th i
ou r er a c o s . ro s

ti m n th
e o f th g w d i t d v l pm ent
,
e r e or e , e sa a o e s e e o

t t ib
o r t wh m i t n
es o l ng o p n t d th o o er re r e se e e

1
A f ul l e r a c c o unt w l l b e f o und i n E G i . bb on s c l assi ca l
’

H istory o f the Decl in e a nd Fa ll f

o th e Roma n Emp i r e, i n
w h ic h t h e c hi e f a ut h or i ti e s a r e q u ote d ; in H
B ra d l e , T he y
y TH k
.

Goths S to r Of th e N a t io ns S er ies ) ; a nd i n o d g i n,

H
.

Theod or i c j he Goth e roe s O f th e N a t io n S e ri es )

I5
.

0
 DIETRI CH O F BERN 11

na t ona i l hi s tor y, w t i h th e r es u l t th at in Of
c our se

i
t m e th e ac tua lf a c ts wer e di t ted
s or al m os t b y nd
e o

g i ti n
r e co n o .

Th Old t v si n
e f th
es g f wh i h w
er o o e sa a o c e

h v a ny
e vid n i th t whi h f m th
a e e ce s a c or s e

b kg u nd t th f gm nt y H i l d b nd l i d
ac ro o e ra e ar e ra s e ,

th e n o m n nt w
e p
re Of th On
a i h e osse s s e . ce r c

t
s or e Of n i nt G m n h a c e ng Th t er a er o-so s. e r es ,

i n l ding v n C h l m gn
c u e e ll ti n Of ar e a e s
’
co ec o

F nki h b ll d w
ra s u th l
a ly d t y d by
a s, er e r ess es r o e

th l
e z ea ou s Ch i ti n l gy ; n d bt w w r s a c er o ou e o e

th e l m t m i ul u p
a os v ti n f th i n
ra c o s r eser a o O s o e

f gm n t t th f tu n t
ra e o h n th t
e ly in
or a e c a ce a ,
ea r

th n i n th
e nt y tw Ful d m nks m d
ce ur ,
o e se o a e a

co py f it n th i n id v f p ye b k
o o e s e co er o a ra r- oo .

W h th y w e i n t k n wn but it i
o e re su i o o ,
s a c r ou s

co in id n th t th
c e ce w t F uld
a t th t er e er e a a a a

t im t w m nk n m d H il tib n t nd H d p n t
e o o s a e ra a a u ra .

P ibl y th y f lt Sp i l int t i n th i
oss e e a ec a eres e r

n m a k i n t h p m nd d
e sa es th e d it oe a ese r v e e cr e

for it p s ti nr eserv a o .

Th H il d b nd li d
e lik th Angl S x n
e ra s e ,
e e o- a o

B wulf i
eo ,
m n nt f th
s a n i nt G
re m ni a o e a c e er a c

a llit tiv p t y n d h f it th m lik

er a e oe r ,
a as or s e e, e

th e P i n t y Of S h b nd R t m th
ers a s or o ra a us e , e

m ting Of f th
ee nd n in m a t l mb t
er a so or a co a .

Thi t y wh i h pp
s s or ,
t h v b n k n wn
c a ea r s o a e ee o

to a l l th I nd Eu p n n ti n
e O nd wh i h i
-
ro ea a o s, a c s

th f p b bly ld th n th i
e r e or e ro a p ti n o er a e r se ar a o

15 1
12 THE HERO I C S AG A CYC L E - OF

f m th p
ro e a r en t stoc k, was or i gi na lly i nd epen
d n t bu t w
e , a s, in G er m a n y ,
a tta c hd e to th e sa g a

Of Th d i eo er c .

i ty y
I t i s th th p m t ll u in
r ear s , e oe e s s, s ce

Di t i h (th High G m n q i l nt Of Th
e r c e er a e u va e eo

d i ) wa d iv n f m hi wn ki ngd m by
er c s r e ro s o o

Ot h ac ( O d )
er n d m p n i d
oac er by h i a ,
a cc o a e s

f i th f l l Hild b nd t k f g t Attil ’
a u va ssa e ra , oo re u e a a s

co u t N w t l t h
r . o t n ,
t th
a h d Of
as , e r e ur s a e ea

a p w f l m y t wi n b k h i p s i n ; h i
o er u ar o ac s o sess o s s

forc e s m t th Of O t h
ee n d H ild b
ose nd ac er , a e ra

fi nd h im lf f
s t f w i th h i
se n H d b
a ce nt o ace s so a u ra ,

wh h d b n l ft b h i nd i n h i m th
’
o a ee e e s o e r s car e .

l I d b nt
a u fu ra t b li v th t th g d
re se s o e e e a e a e

w i
a rr or i i nd d h i f t h s n w eef wh s a er , e s o os e

d th h h s h d f m
ea e a f Inear in ro s ea a r er s . va

d oes Hild b nd tt m pt t e n vi n
ra hi na e o co ce s so

O f th t uth ; ev n th Off Of g ld n m l t
r e e e er o e ar e s

e x it in th y th m i nd nly
c es e pi i n Of
ou
’
s o a sus c o

tr ea ch y n d t h Ol d er ,
m n a th t t g dy
e er a se es a a ra e

ca n n l ng b v t d Th m b t b gin
o o er e a er e . e co a e s .

Wi th l v ll d l n th y e e e h t g th a th n c es e cr a s o e er , e

di m unt nd figh t with w d nd hi ld ; th y

s o a s or a s e e

h w g t pi f m h h b kl — nd
’
e r ea t e c es ro ea c o er s uc er s a

th th f g m n t n d
er e e ra e e s .

C on fli ct i n g i v e ws ha v e b ee n he ld as to th e
o utc om e Of th e fi htg . But t h ou gh in l a te r

1
5 2
14 THE HERO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

Of g w d e n t t th Ost g th th m
th e sa a as u o o e ro o s e

se lv — th y h d
es d t xi t
e a n ti n
c ea s e o e s as a a o

wi th in th i ty y Of Th e d i d th — but t ’
r ea r s o er c s ea o

o th G m ni
er er T t h m Th d i w
a c r ac es . O e eo er c as

th eh Of pi ng nd n thi ng m ; in
er o e c so s, a o or e

O t g th i h i t y th y h d littl n int t
s ro o c s or e a e or o e r es ,

a nd h i l t d f t
suc h n d t b
so a e m m ac s a s c a ce o e re e

b d w uld b nn t d with th d v l pi ng
er e o e co ec e e e e o

sa g in wh t ev w y e m d m t it bl
a a er a s e e os su a e,

a n d with t mu h oug d t h n l gy W c r e ar o c ro o o . e

s h uld th fo n tu lly xp t t find th

o er e re a ra e ec o e

sa g n id bly t v i n with h i t y Th
a co s er a a ar a ce s or . e

f t th t it b m
ac a t y Of expul i n exi l
eca e a s or s o ,
e,

a nd t u n — th m
re r m m n n gh i n h o
a e e co o e ou er

sa g —m y b
a a i b d wi th m u h p b bility
e a sc r e ,
c ro a ,

to a v gu a ll ti n f t l t th e hi t i l
e r eco ec o o a ea s re s or ca

f ct ( 1) Od c s d p iti n f th l st
a s : oa er
’
e os o o e a

W e t n Em p
s er ; 2) t h e t ib u t y
er or l ti n r ar re a o

s hip i th Ost g th t th Hun until Attil

O e ro o s o e s
’
a s

d th ; (3) th int v l f thi ty y a b tw n

ea e er a o r e rs e ee

Th d ieo d ep tu e f m h m t th By n
er c s
’
ar r ro o e o e za

ti n e u t nd hi
co r q i i t i
a n Of ki ngd m by
s ac u s o a o

h i fin l vi t y v
s a Od c or t R v nn o er oac er a a e a.

Of th th hi t i l f t th l t tw
ese r ee s or ca ac s e as o

m y h v
a gg t d th id
a e su nd d t
es e m in d e ea a e er e

th epl ( A t til
a ce u t) nd th d u
a s
’
t i n f co r a e ra o o

Di t i h xil e whil th fi t Off

e r c
’
s e ,
p ibl e e rs er s a oss e

e xpl n ti n f th g wth Of t diti n f xpul

a a o o e ro a ra o O e

i n f ll w d by
s o o o p i d f xi le nd v nt l ly
e a er o o e a e e ua

I
S4
 DI ETRI CH O F BERN 15

by Di t i h vi t i u
e r c tu n
’
sTh e mp c or o s re r . e er or

d p d by O d
e ose w m b y oth wi
oac er as a er e o ,
er se

u nk n wn t o hi t y W m y um e th f
o s or . e a a ss , er e or e ,

th t h w
a e n f g tt n nd th t th n f t
a s soo or o e ,
a a e o e ac

re m mb e d w th t O d
ere h d g in d hi
as a oa c e r a a e s

th n ro by e p ti n A th pius ur ng n
a o . s e e c so s ar

t i ng Th d i t uggl wi th O d d
’
ra eo er c sp s r e oa c er s r ea

f m th O t g th t th t ib n th ing
ro e s ro o s o o er r es, o

w ld b m
ou lik ly th n th t Th d i h ld
e or e e a a eo or c s ou

h v b n id ntifi d with th vi tim Of Od

a e ee e e e c oa cer s
’

u sur p ti n nd lo ked up n
a o a v nt u lly v o o as e e a r eco er

i ng wh t W ightfull y h i wn Pos ibly t

a as r s o . s ,
oo ,

th g n e l b li f in th
e era tness Of th i v
e e e corr ec s er

i n Of th u e f nm ity b tw en Th d i
s o e ca s o e e e eo er c

a nd O d w s st ng th n ed by th e t diti n
oa cer a re e ra o

o f ap vi us G thi ttl m nt in It ly ( b s d
re o o c se e e a a e

n Al i i nv i n ly in th fifth ntu y)
’
o ar c s as o ea r e ce r .

I n vi w Of t hi t di ti n th id
e th t O d
s ra o e ea a oac er

h d di p
a d n t R m n but G t hi
s oss ess e o a o a , a o c

l w ul d dily m t with
r u er , o pt n
r ea ee a cc e a c e.

Wh th th e b i th t u xpl n ti n Of
e er a ov e s e r e e a a o

th e ly d ev l pm nt f th Di t i h g
ea r e o e o e e r c sa a, or

wh th e th t d v l p m n t w
er ad u p tly e e o e as e ar or

e nt i ly t
re tend n y t dj u t n ew h
o a g e c o a s er o-sa as

t o l dy xi sting typ it e m quit l

a r ea e es, s e s e c ea r

th t Th d o i
a n d Di t i h
eo e id enti
r c l nda e r c ar ca ,
a

fu th r vi dence in f v u f thi vi w will

er e a o r o s e

a pp ea rwe nti nu
as t f ll w ut t h e g wt h
co e o o o o ro

Of th g Thei id n tity has h w v b n

e sa a . r e ,
o e er , ee
I
SS
16 THE HERO I C S AGA CYC L E O F -

di put d by s m
s e o e sc h o a rs , a nd a l Sh or t dig r ess on i
m t h
us b m d er e e a e t o not i ce th e i
v e w Ofs one Of
th m J G
e ,
n H . . vo ah n .

Som e of ig t
th e f G m ni
ear l e r i in v e st a or s o er a c

h er o-sag h v n d H g n nd T ut tt
a, su c as o er a e a ra ve er ,

w er e l d by th e t iki ng di p n i b tw n
e s r scr e a c es e ee

th e ct l li
a Of Th d i nd th r h i t i l
ua v es eo er c a o e s or ca

ch t arac er s a n d th f tu n e f t h i nt p t
e or s o e r co u er ar s

in g t fv
sa a m y th i l
o a t n mi l
our a ca or a s ro o ca

ra th th n
er hi t i l a igi n F ll wi ng in
a s or ca or . o o

th i f t t p s H h n i n hi S g wi
e r oo s e ,n ha fl l i h a s a sse sc c e

S tud i n (J ne 18 7 6) w nt e f
a, t d eny e SO ar as o

th e xi t n Of ny h i t i l b i wh t v
e s e ce a s or ca as s a e er

e ith f th Di t i h f ny th
er or e ga I n
e r c or or a o er sa .

h i vi w Di t i h w
s e nly i n n m
e r c id nti l wi th as o a e e ca

th e gr t Th od i whea ctu l h i t
e y w
er c , ose a a s or as

e nti ly f g tt n nd t wh m w e tt ib t d
re or o e , a o o er a r u e

th d d
e eef n n i nt m ythi l
s o a n h a Th c e ca su -
er o . e

s g a a i t lf h h ld t p nt n tu e m yth
se e e o re r e se a a r ,

th e fli ght Of th su m m n b f th ed k er su e or e e ar

pw o er s f w i nt Ond i t v nt l tu n i n
e r, a s e e ua re r

sp ing
r .

S t t in g wi th th
ar u m pti n t h t ll s g e a ss o a a a as

re p e nt n tu m yth igin ti ng in th p
r se a re s or a e re

h i to i p i d b f
s r c th I nd E p n p e pl
er o e or e e o - uro ea o es

l f t th i
e mm n h m
e r H hn p
co dd t
o o e, a roc e e e o

co mp th
ar e G ek R m n Ge m ni P e re i n , o a , r a c, er s a ,

a n d I n di n g with vi w t t bli hi ng
a sa as a e o es a s

th i e r comm n i gin H o ng d th i n divid

or l e arr a e e ua

I 56
.
18 THE HERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

wi th . For th e p r esen t it is enou gh to r em ar k

th while we d
at tu lly fin d l l th e f tu
o ac a a ea r es

enum rated und e th f u th h ding and m o t er e o r ea ,

s

Of th e unde th thi d th
os und e
r th fi t e r ,
ose r e rs

tw e
o ar l m o t nti ly w nting Thi d ifi ul ty
a s e re a . s c

H hn ing ni usl y m t by b ldly as um ing th t

a e o e o s a

th sto i e
e f th bi th nd y uth of W it g
r s o e r a o e e,

on f th
e o ub idi y h t b l ng by ight
e s s ar c arac er s , e o r

t Di et i h
o B ut r c m tt Of f t th e e t i as a a er ac s s or es

ag with the f m ul nly

r ee eg d W it g
or a o as r ar s e e s
’

bi th nd n t in n
r , a nti l p int as
o ega d o e ess e a o r r s

hi y uth M v w h l l e th t th
s o . or eo er , e s a se a e

f tu und th f u th he ding we e pp
ea r es er e o r a r a a

re ntl y i nt d u ed int th Di t i h s g by
ro c o e e r c a a

co nt m i n tion with
a th
a Em n i g nd e r a ar c sa a, a

in t thi by nt m i n ti n with th e H l n g
o s co a a o ar u

sa g th mythi l igin Of whi h i not di put d

a, e ca or c s s e .

St i tly p e ki ng th
r c s nly p i nt i n whi h th
a , e o o s c e

Di t i h g g
e r c wi th th f m ul
sa a a r e esth t e or a ar e a

th h o e tu n in t ium ph t h i
er re r wn
s nt y r o s o cou r ,

ul u ity ft hi n m y d th nd t ’
r in
es s ec r a er s e e s ea ,
a a

l t m t with n xt di n y
as ee s t ny
a t e r a or ar ,
or a a ra e

my t i u d th h im lf Th m ed i v l p m
s er o s, ea se . e e a oe s

t ll l
e f n un
a so o ful tt m pt t d iv ut
a su cc e ss a e o r e o

th u u pe but thi i p b bly

s r er , l te dditi n s s ro a a a r a o

t th e sto y
o I n S pit th r f e f th e ing n ity
. e, er e or , o e u

and l e ni ng di pl y d by H hn i n
ar ivi ng
s a e a ar r

at hi e ul ts w
s r f d t th e on l u i n
s ,
e ar e orc e o c c s o

th t th a Di et i h g nn t f i ly be l im d
e r c sa a ca o a r c a e

I 58
 DIETRIC H O F BERN 19

as an e x am pl Of th A y
l Of Exp u
e e r an F or m u a os r e

and R tu n T h m t th t
e rn b e d m i tt d i
. e os a ca a e s

th e p ibility th t th f m ul
oss th th a e or a , or ra er o er

t i
s or e s b d n it m y h v i nfl u n d t m
as e o ,
a a e e ce o so e

ext nt th l t d v l pm nt f th Di t i h g
e e a er e e o e o e e r c sa a.

U n h k n th n i n
s a b li f in th hi t i l
e ,
e ,
ou r e e e s or ca

origin Of th Di t i h g w n n w e m e r c sa a, e ca o r esu e

u
o r t udy Of it d v l p m nt f m th
s i m pl s e e o e ro e s e

f m
or gni bl s th b kg und f th
r eco sa e a e ac ro o e

H i l d ebr and sli ed .

Th at th i f sly d t wid ly
or m wa s at an ea r a e e

kn wn i tt t d by th Angl S x n p m
o s a es e e o- a o oe

D L m nt i n wh i h n l l i n i m d t
’
eor s a e ,
c a a us o s a e o

Di t i h thi ty y
e r c
’
Of xil n d ub q nt
s r ea r s e e a s se ue

re tu n but it i i m p
r ibl t y with ny s oss e o sa a c er

t in ty t whi h Of th G m n i t ib
a o c w w e er a c r es e o e

th d v l p m nt Of th
e e e o g t thi t g Jud g
e e sa a o s s a e .

i ng h w v
,
f m i t f th d v l p m n t i t
o e er , ro s ur er e e o e ,

se e m t h s b n m o p i lly m ng th
av e ee or e es ec a a o e

Al m n a n th a n th n Sid
s o f th Al p th t e or er e o e s a

Di t i h b m f v it h
e r c ec aTh i Sp i l e a a our e er o . e r ec a

i nt t in th g w uld b d u p tly t th
er es e sa a o e e ar o e

f t t t
ac h t h y w a t h n ighb u — Of
e t n th er e e e o rs e e

a lli — f th
es O t g th d ing Th d i
O e s ro o s ur eo er c s
’

re ign nd u ntil th a nq u t f I t ly by e r eco es o a

B li i ; nd p tly p h p t th f t th t
e sar u s a ar , er a s, o e ac a

Di t i h f m d
e r c nt t t
or n li O te a co ra s o a ear er s ro

g thi ki ng E m n i th
o c nt ,l fig Of r a ar c , e ce ra ur e

a n th
o g whi h th gh l wid ly kn wn
er sa a, c ,
ou a so e o ,

I
S9
20 THE HER O IC S AG A CYC L E -
OF

owe d its d e v l pm e o ent m or e p i l ly

a r t cu ar to th e
A l a m a ns .

Th e hit i l Em n i s or ca mp d by som r a a r c, co ar e e

R m n hi to i n with Al x nd th G t w
o a s r a s e a er e r ea ,
as

a v y di ff ent h t f m th E m n i Of
er er c ar a c e r ro e r a ar c

sa g Aft b il ding p m ighty G thi em pi

a. er u u a o c re

wh i h xt n d d f m th Bl k S
c e e t th G u lf
e ro e ac ea o e

Of B thn i h w in h i Old g tt k d by
o a, e as s a e a ac e

th eHun n th i fi t pp n i n E p
s o e r rs a ea r a ce ur o e .

U n bl t ind u h i bj t t fl ny ff tu l
a e o ce s su ec s o O er a e ec a

i t n
r es s a t th ce fi nd t ibl f
o h ese er c e a err e oes , e

co m m i tt d u i id i n 37 5 A D
e s c e . .

T diti n h w v
ra o ign d h im diff nt
, o e er , a ss e a er e

end A
. ly th ixth c ntu y th hi t i n
S ear as e s e r e s or a

J d n h im lf G th l t
or a es ,
1
th Ob c ly
se a o ,
r e a es ra er s ur e

th t E m n i
a r th w i
a th n bl t Of th
ar c , o er se e o es e

Am l ung e v n ge d t h t
s, n f an Of h i
e e r ea so o o e s

v l by h vi ng h is wi f S unil d to n und
a ssa s a e a r as er

by wild h Sh w in h
or ses tu n v ng d . e as er r a e e

by h b th er wh i nfli t d n th king
ro er s , o c e o e a

w un d th t c nt ib ut d t hi d th
o a o r e o s ea .

G d lly th e E m n i f g b
ra ua m th typ r a ar c o sa a eca e e e

Of u lty nd ty n ny nd with h im w
cr e a ra , a a s a sso

i t d n
c a e il n ell B ikk wh t
a ev ng th
c ou s or , a, o, o a ve e e

d th Of l tiv Of h i wn in it d hi m t t
ea re a es s o ,
c e s a s er o

fu th
r t er iti m n g th em t h
a r oc x uti n f e s, a o e e ec o o

hi s nlyo n A ding t m Of th e N
so . ccor o so e orse

1
Jord an ia Geti ca ( c h a p ed i ted by M m m o se n in
p
.

vol . v. , a rt i .
, of th e M onu menta Ger ma nic: H istorica .

I 6O
22 THE HERO IC S AG A CYCLE O F -

an d Of E m n i p w ful g pi ng u l th
r a ar c , o er , ra s ,
cr e ,
e

mu d r Of hi own kith nd kin xi t d Sid

er er s a ,
e s e e

by id B t th tw G th i king b th Of th
s e. u ese o o c s, o e

Am lung r v y n t lly m t b th gh t
e ac e , er a ur a ca e o e ou

O f kin m n nd by th t nth nt y th
as s e ,
a e l e ce ur e

t dit i n h d b n f m d th t i t w
ra o a th nuee or e a as e

scr u pul u E m n i wh h d d iven hi n ph w

o s r a ar c o a r s e e

Di t i h int xil nd i d hi p s i n
e r c o e e a se z e s o s e ss o s .

Od di pp d f m th t y nd with
oace r sa ea r e ro e s or ,
a

th i sh ng th c ag h d th
e t g whi h
e sa a r eac e e s a e c

f m th
or b i Of th m di v l p m f th
s e as s e e e a oe s o e

Di t i h y l
e r c Di t i h wh e pit l w
c c e : e r c , os ca a as

B n V n th fi t im p t nt I t li n ity
er er o a, e rs or a a a c

r ea ch d in e ing f m th n th n t th i
cros s ro e or ei o e

sou th n id er f th Alp s nd th e of th b t e s, a er e or e e es

kn wn t th Al m n ) i xp ll d f m h i
o o e e a s ,
s e e e ro s

r igh tf l p ui n by h i n l E m n i h ( th
osse ss o s s u c e r a r c e

H igh G m n f m f E m n i )
er a nd g orint o r a ar c ,
a oes o

e xil t Attil
e a u t A t th nd f th i t y
a s
’

co r . e e o r

(so m u e so
y th i ty tw ) y
r c es sa h t n t r -
o ea r s e r e ur s a

th eh d Of eap w f ul m y t nqu
a hi o er ar o r eco er s

o wn E m n i h i
. d f t d t th b ttl Of
r e r c s e ea e a e a e

R v nn nd ft h i d th Di t i h ul n
a e a, a a er s ea e r c r es o ce

m or ein u i ty v h i wn l nd
sec r o er s o a s .

Th gh w h v n di t p f th t t thi
ou e a e o r ec r oo a a s

t g
s a f th d v l p m n t f th
e o e g Em nih
e e o e o e sa a r e r c

m t n t n ly with d f t b t l
e o o with d th t e ea ,
u a so ea , a

Di t i h h n d th i i u t th
e r c
’
s a n fli t w s, s ss e o e co c as

d m nd d by p ti j ti
e a e nd w t i n ly
oe c us c e, a as c er a

1 62
 DIETRICH O F BER N 23

c u r r e nt at a h t l t p i d A ding
s om e w a a er er o : c c or

to a L ow G er m n p m p in t d i n t h Si xt nth
a oe r e e ee

c entu ry but , b d n m h Old b ll d nd

a se o a uc er a a ,
a

gen l ly kn wn s E m n i h T d E m n i h
er a o a r e r c s o ,
r e r c

e scap d ft hi d f t nd f l n g
e a er f lly
s e ea , a or o su cc e ss u

l d d hi pu ue
e u e At l t h w v
s rs Di t i h rs. as , o e er , e r c

di v d th
sco er e tl e i n whi h h h d t k n
e cas c
“

e
'

a a e

f g nd h ing nly l v n f ll w s t ff
re u e, a ,
c oos o e e e o o er ,
se o

to co m pl t h i v ng H vin g g i n f
e e s re e e. a a a r r so o

35 0 m n i n h i e tl nd ing h i n ph w s ca s e, a see s e e

a pp ntly in hi p w E m n i h d d th
ar e s o er , r e r c or er e e

g t t b th wn p n wh p n Di t i h
a es o e ro o e , er e u o e r c

r ush d in with h i m p ni n t d wn l l wh
e s co a o s, cu o a o

b d hi w y n d with n t ibl bl w l w
arr e s a , a o e er r e o s e

hi t s h u n my
r ea c er o s e e .

Unf tun t ly n n Of th th p m f th
or a e o e e o er oe s O e

Di t i h y l g with th i
e r c c i n Th i i
c e a r ee s v er s o . s s

d u t th f t th t l t
e o e n nac pti n a a er o a co ce o ar ose

(f
c p 3.0) t h . t Di t i h n t lly
a t n d t h ie r c ev e ua r e ur e o s

o wn nt y n pp
c ou d Th i w uld f u
r u o ose . s o , O co r se ,

h v b n i m p ibl ntil ft E m n i h d th
a e ee oss e u a er r e r c
’
s ea ,

wh i h w cth f as nt d f in v i u w y
er e or e a c c ou e or ar o s a s.

I n th ll d Anh ng um H l d nbu h E k h t
e S O-ca e a z e e c c e ar

kill h im t v ng th m u d Of th H l ung
s o a e e e r er e ar s,

whil di ng t th Th i d k g h di Of n
e a ccor o e re ssa a e es a

in bl di
c u ra I n m t f th p m h w
e sea se . os o e oe s, o ev er ,

h i d e th i p
s a d v e in il n s a sse o r s e c e.

Th fu th e d v l pm nt f th Di t i h g
r er e e o e o e e r c sa a

w asd t m in d hi fly by th e n t nt nd e v u
e er e c e co s a e a o r
1 63
24 TH E H E RO IC SAGA CYCL E - OF

to ad d Di t i h f m by
to ibing t h im l l
e r c
’
s a e ascr o a

m nna f v li n t d d
er o Additi ns f thi ki nd
a a ee s. o o s

w er e , in de d, lm t d m nd d t count f th
e a os e a e o ac or e

t diti n l thi ty y f i n ti i ty t Atti l

’
ra o a r ear s o ac v a a s

co ru t ; f it w in dibl th t f m us he
or as cr e e a SO a o a ro

as Diet i h h uld h v p iv ely ndu ed l ng

r c s o a e a ss e r so o

a n xil e th t h
e, Sh u ld h v f il d t t k
or a e o a e a e o a e

p art i n A ttil w n d t m k e
’
a som t u n ar s a o a s e re r

by h i v l u f th e h pit lity h enj y d H i

s a o r or os a e o e . s

co nn ti n with Attil
ec o th u m t b Of th a s ca e o e e

g te t im p t n fo th e fu th d vel pm nt
r ea s or a ce r r er e o e

o f th g wi th th e ult th t th igin l b i
e sa a, r es a e or a as s

o f xp l i n
e xil nd tu n th ugh n t f
u s o , e e, a re r ,
o o or

g tt n f ll int th b kg und whil th m in

o e , e o e ac ro ,
e e a

in t t nt ed in int p l t d pi d
er e s ce r A d er o a e e so es. c cor

in g t th m di v l
o e g h m k n un u es
e e a sa a e a es a s cc s

f ul ttem pt with th h lp Of t p l nt by Attil

a , e e r oo s e a,

t o nqu
r eco hi wn i n t h er u s f whi h
s o ,
e co r e o c

mp ign Attil t th i d th ; h e
’
ca a tw n m a s o so s ee e r ea

r i d th n igh b u h d Of Attil
e e e u t Of
o r m n oo
’
a s co r a a

e t i ng g ; h p v h i v l u in Attil w ’
a o re e r o es s a o r a s ar s

wi th S l v n i t ib ; h m
a o i H t th n i
c r es e a rr es arr a ,
e ec e

o f A ttil n t H l h ; h i th
’
a s co l d f
sor e c e e s e ea er o

th tw lv kn igh t wh j u n y t W
e e e m u nd s o o r e o or s, er

At til p t n g t m u th m l v wit h
a s
’
a ro a e, o ea s re e se es

K i m hild tw lv h m pi n ; nd h i t i wh
’
r e s e e c a o s a e s o

fi n lly a nq s th
co B gundi n hu er Gunth e ur a er oes , er

nd H g n wh n l l A ttil v l h v been ’
a a e , e a a s assa s a e

s la i n.
26 THE HER O IC SA GA CYCLE O F -

a ll b ttl e Th m t m k bl d v l p
h is a s. e os re ar a e e e o

m nt e f th i o n pti n i f n d in Di t i h
s co ce o s ou e r c s

Flu h t c b i f um m y Of wh i h wil l v if
,
a r e s ar c ser e,

w die g d th m ul tipli ti n Of hi i t i
sr e ar e ca o s v c o r es

a nd b q nt tu n in t xil t giv
su se ue re ug h r s o e e, o e a ro

id Of th f m f th g t k n f g nt d by
ea e or o e sa a a e or ra e

th th
e o p m Of th y l
er oe s e c c e.

H in i h d V gl th uth
e r c er f Di tfl h o er , e a or o e c s

Fl u h t p n with l ng n d f n i ful g n l gy i n
c , o e s a o a a c e ea o

th em t pp v d m di v l tyl
os a ro H e nn t e e a s e . e co ec s

wi th th h Of th w ll
’
hi h s n t
er o s a ce s or s e e r oe s o er e

kn wn go sa nt m ny f t h i
a s , r ec ou dv ntu s a O e r a e r es

a nd
p l i t
eX nd O t l tS, m t a Di t i h a as co es o e r c
’
s

f th Di tm
a er nd hie n l ar,E m n i h a nd s u c es r e r c a

Di th th f th f th H l ng p in
e er , e a er oH e ar u r c es . e

th n t ll h w S ib h
e e s ( th o G m n p n tec e e er a re r e se a

t iv Of th N
e B ikk ) in i t
e E m n i h t th
or se a c es r e r c o e

m d ur f t h t w H l u ng p i n
er o e nd t on in ar r c es a o a

f m pl t g in t Di t i h s lif F t n t ly
a ou s o a a s e r c
’
e . or u a e

Di t i h i w n d nd v d f m f ll ing in t
e r c s ar e a sa e ro a o

th t p
e t f
ra h im wh
se pn Em nih l
or ,
er eu o r e r c co

l t g t m y n d m h n B n Th gh
ec s a r ea ar a ar c es o er . ou

p i ng v tly inf i f
ossess a asDi t i h d er or or c e , e r c su cce e s

i n t ki ng E m n i h by
a rpi nd e m pl t ly
r c sur r se , a co e e

d f t him t king p i n h i n F i d i h
e ea s ,
a r so er s so r e r c .

D i i ng t
es r w d hi f l l w o f re th i ar s o o er s or e r

v l u Di t i h n d
a o r, e r c pi k d b dy Of th m se s a c e o e

to e scort t B n l g t u but th y
o er a ar e r ea s r e , e ar e

a m b h d n th i
us e tu n j u n y by
o e r l g re r o r e a ar e
I 66
 DIETRICH O F BER N 27

f orce Of Er m enr ich

’
s m en a nd c arr e id O ff as

pi r son er s . E r m enr ich n ow th r ea t ens t o h nga

th em a ll in re v nge e for h i s df e ea t . Th e re

m in d er h t at his Di t i h
son F i ed i h
r r c i s in e r c
’
s

pw o er f il
t m v h im
a s ond Di t i h i
o e m ,
a e r c s co

p ell d et p h
o t h i liv
ur c by
a se u n d in g e r es s rr e er

h i kin gd m n d g i ng i nt
s o a xil o o e e .

Aft m ny y er aOf xil t Attil ear s u t e e a a s

’
co r

n w m th t Di t i h p ty h v v d ’
e s co es a e r c s ar a e r ec o er e

p i n Of Be n H tu n d f t n th
osse ss o r . e re r s, e ea s a o er

ar my nt g i n t him by E m en i h nd ft
se a a s r r c , a , a er

a pp i nting t u ty v l
o r s gv n f thas sa s as o er ors o e

v i u p vi n Of h i kingd m l d b k t
ar o s ro c es s o ,
ea s ac o

Attil af a f Hu n l nt f
or c e o th m p ig n s e or e ca a .

D i ng h i b n W it g yi ld t b ib y
ur s a se ce e e e s o r er ,

g e v t E m n i h ( Tuf did t Od
o s o er o r a r c
) as a o oa c er ,

a nd nd
s ur r e t h i m th i m p t nt f t
er s o f e or a or r e ss o

R v n n With n w m y f H n Di t i h
a e a. -
a e ar o u s, e r c

t n
r e ur n s om nd
ce g in d f t E m n i h
or e , a a a e ea s r e r c ,

wh t k o a f ug i n B l g n
es r e B ut Di t i h h
e o o a . e r c as

l t m ny f h i b t w i th t i g i
os so a O s es a rr or s a a s e e s

im p ibl nd oss e,li ing th t h

a ,
n
r ea nj y n s a e ca e o o

sa ef ty in B n wh il hi un l li h n m
er e s c e v es, e o ce or e

t n t Attil
r e ur s o a .

At th i p i nt H i n i h d
s o V gl pp ntly
e r c er o er , a ar e

ti i n g Of h i
r ubj t sn l ud
s h i t di ec n ,
co c es s e ou s ar

ra ti ; vebu t i n n d p m a t h R b n
s ec o hl h t oe ,
e a e sc ac

( B ttl
a f R
e o v nn
) h pa vid e t f
a ,
q u l e ro e s a sor o se e .

Thi n i t in n th vi t i u m p ign in
s co s s s a o er c or o s ca a ,

1 67
28 THE HEROIC S AG A CYC L E O F -

th e cou r se of w hi ch , h owe v Di t i h b th
er , e r c
’
s ro er

a nd Attil a s
’
two son s ar e s a l i n B t i t i i n th i
. u s s

tra g d y th
e at th e in t e r e st of th e R a benschl a ch t
ce ntr e s, a n d ft t lli ng Of Di t i h
th e a uth or , a er e e r c
’
s

th i dr t n t o A ttil wi th h i
r e ur d n w i n a s sa e s, s co

t nt t
e m it ll m n ti n Of th fin l
o o a v y f e o e a r eco er o

h i ki ngd m nd Of E m n i h d th
’
s o a r e r c s ea .

I n dditi n t th
a u m pti n th t Di t i h
o o e a ss o a e r c

t k p t i n A ttil w wi th th S l v nd t
’
oo ar a s ars e a s, a o

t h i nv n t i n f n
e e m o n O f l tt m pt
o e or or e u succ e ss u a e s

to re g in h i th n
a w l m s pp tuni ty f
ro e, a e co e o or o

a d d i ng t Di t i h f m nd w lling th l i t
o e r c
’
s a e a s e e s

O f xpl i t p f m d d i n g th ti m
e o s e r or f xil e ur e e o e e

Off d it l f in nn ti n w ith th N ib l ng n
er e se co ec o e e u e

t g dy
ra eT di ti n h i ng fix d th
. ra n f th i
o av e e sc e e o s

g t t t ph in wh i h th B g ndi n
r ea ca a s r o e, c e ur u a s

p ih t
er s m n fig h ti ng g in t v w h l m i ng
o a a a a s o er e

Odd in Attil
s, pit l th inf n th t Di t
a s
’
ca a ,
e er e ce a e

i h pl y d l ding p t i n th nfli t m t
r c a e a ea ar e co c us

h ave b n i i tibl t th m di v l m i n d I t
ee rr es s e o e e e a .

w as u nd bt dly d wn nd dily
ou e pt d b t ra a r ea a cc e e , u ,

i ly n gh i t i nly t h N i b l ung nl i d
c ur ou s e ou ,
‘

s o e e e e ,

a nd p ti n f th Thid k g b d n th
a or o O e re ssa a a se o e

N i b l ng nli d th t h
e u e p e d th
,
l ti nga a ve r e s er v e e r e su

t y f hi t dy but d i i
s or o s i n t v nt i n I t
ar ec s v e er e o .

q it vid n t h w v f m th h t i
u e e e ,
o e er , ro e c a r a c er

sa ti n o f Di t i h
o nd hi f ll we r c p i lly a s o o er s, es ec a

Hild b n d nd W l fh t th t th Di t i h
e ra a o ar ,
a e e r c

e pi d i n th N ib l ung nl i d p nt
so e e l t e e e re r e se s a os

1 68
30 THE HERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

( p h p
er a s in igin l v i n
th e i n th or a er s o , as e

T hi d k g
re ssa a Di t i h ) n
,
g d t ee r cb v ,
e ra e o se a ra e

w i di
a r r or h m ful d th sp ing f w d
e so s a e a ea ,
r s or ar

a nd kill h st Th n
er ding t th Kl ug
oo. e ,
a ccor o e e,

l ving Attil
ea t f ll Of m u n i ng f
a s
’
cou r th u o r or e

d th Of m ny v li nt m n Di t i h nd Hil
ea SO a a a e ,
e r c a

d b nd th m lv
e ra ,
w igh d d wn with
e se es w e e o sorr o ,

se t t f
ou B n or er .

Thi snn ti n Of Di t i h w i t h th
co ec o N ib e r c e e

l ng n t t ph i n t nly fin ly m tiv t d
u e ca a s r o e s o o e o a e

a n d in t ti ng in i t l f but i
e r es l i m p t nt se ,
s a so or a

as h vi n g b ugh t b t
a ro h ng i n th g n a l ou a c a e e e er a

ou tli n Of th
e Di t i h g : F h ving l t
e e r c sa a or , a os

a ll h i f ll w
s o x pt Hild b n d Di t i h
o er s e ce e ra ,
e r c

co u ld n l ng b pp d t h v v nt lly
o o er e su ose o a e e e ua

r eco v d hi wn by f
er e s o f m H n it or ce o ar s. e ce

i th t i n l l th
s a xt nt m edi v l p m ( x pt
a e e a e a oe s e ce

E m n i h Tod ) h i
r e r c s tu n if llu d d t i s re r ,
a e o, s

re p nt d
r es e t ki ng pl
e as wit h ut Opp iti n
a ace o os o

a nd ft E m n i h d t h
a er r e r c
’
s ea .

Sl w to ng o a b t t ibl nd i nvi n ibl i n

er , u er r e a c e

th e g f b ttl l y l nd g n
ra e o a t v e, l o a a e e r ou s o assa s

a n d f i nd r e t df t i n m i f t n
s, s ea Di t i h as s or u e, e r c

p d j t th qu liti t m k him
os sess e us e a es o a e a

f v
a it with th
ou r e ldi y n d p n t y wh e so er a ea sa r o

f m d th
or e di n e f th au w n d i ng m i n
e c es o e a er

t l
s re s nd l th gh t h Di t i h g w n v
a a ou e e r c sa a as e er

w r ought int m pl t o pi lik th N i b

a co e e e c e e e

l ung nli d th
e e i n d b t th t lik S i gf i d
er e s o ou a e e r e
,

I7 0
,
 DIETRICH OF BERN 31

i n th e Rhine unt y Di et i h w by f th co r , r c as ar e

m ost p pul h o f s g in
ar uth t n ero o a a so e as er
-
,

a nd p h p l in n t h w t n G m n y
er a s a so or -
es e r ,
er a .

F m th tim Of hi int du ti n int th

ro e e s ro c o o e

N i belung nl i d h nd S i gf i d w u ld n tu
e e e lly a e r e o a ra

b th ugh t Of
e o nt m p i du ing th i as co e orar es r e r

y uth nd th m tiv Of
o , a nt t b tw n
e o e a co es e ee

th tw in vin ibl h
e o w ld dily ugg t
c e er oe s ou r ea s es

i t lf to Sing i n
se h f m thi ng n w with
er s sear c o so e e

wh i h t c u th o int t of th i h
sec re e er e s e r ear er s .

A s m tt
a f f t w a h v th
er di ti n t
o ac e a e r ee s c

tr eatm nt Of th i th m e I n th Yh i d k g
s s e e . e r e ssa a,

S i gf i d
e th
r e b nn b , as Of King I ung
e a er -
ea r er s

o f B t ng l n d figh ts with
er a nd i
a a ,m a s ov er co e,

th gh nly th ugh t i k y by Di t i h ; in
ou o ro r c er , e r c

B it olf er g t battl b tw en th Rh ni h
a r ea e e e e e s

h m ng th m S i gf i d
er oe s, a o nd t h Au t e e r e , a e s ro

B i n h
a va r a m n g th m Di t i h
e r o e s, a nd in o e e r c , e s

th ed f t Of th f m ; in th R nga t n
e ea e or er e ose r e

e u W m (D org Rs ng t n ) Keri m h ild r osse ose ar e r e

’
s

tw lv e h m pi n
e in l uding Si gf i d
c a o n s, c e r e ,
ar e o e

by n w t d in i ngl om b t by tw lv Of
o e or s e s e c a e e

E t l knigh t nd th l d h ip Of Di t i h
’
ze s s u er e ea er s e r c .

Th l t tw
e t i
as m y f ly b o ig n d t
s or e s a sa e e a ss e o

Au t B i n uth j l u f th f m f
s ro- a va r a a or s ea o s or e a e o

th i n t i n l h
e r a wh il in th fi t n A u t
o a er o, e e rs a s ro

B v i n igi n l m t h
a ar a or b n t mp da se e s o a ve ee a er e

wi th in S i gf i d f v u by th n d t’
e n r e s a o r a or er re a c or .

I n dditi n h w va t wh t m y b t m d
o , o e er , o a a e er e
1
7 I
32 THE HE RO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

its own or g nia c d vel pm e nt

e o ,
a gr eat a nd

p pul
o g h
ar sa a tt ti ng t as th p w Of
e o er a ra c o

it lf th l
se o er nd h t
e ss d vlp d g
e e o e sa as a s or er

e pi c ng th
so nt n t
s, f wh i h v nt lly e co e s o c e e ua

f m pi d e in th
or e som pl t g W h v
s e co e e sa a . e a e

l dy Se n h w th p i m iti v t y Of m t l
a r ea e o e r e s or or a

co n fli t b tw c n f th e nd n w eei n G m ny a er a so as, er a ,

a tt h d t
ac th
e Di t i h g nd b m n
o e e r c sa a a e ca e a

e pi d in th
so e tu n f m xil S im ile re r ro e e. ar

e pi d so igin lly f ign t th

es, or g u
a or e o e sa a, occ r

i n th l t e p m f th y l i n th n tiv
a er oe s o e c c e e arr a es

Of Al ph t d th nd f th t gi f t th t
ar
’
s ea a o e ra c a e a

b f ll E t l n nd Di t i h b th
e e ze
’
s so s a e r c
’
s ro er .

F th orl tt t y th e i hi t i l f n
e a er s or re s s or ca ou

d ti n i n
a o f n Of Attil
so on did
ar as o e a s
’
s s

t
ac ua lly f ll i n b ttl with th G th nd
a a a e e o s, a

n o d ubt t h v nt n e f m d th ubj t
o e e e o c or e e s ec

o f pie ng c In so
u f t im s h w v. co r se o e, o e er ,

it w t d wi th Di t i h fu l ’
nn
as co un u
ec e e r c s s c c e ss

a tt m pt t
e n qu h i kingd m wit h t h
o r ec o er s o e

h lp Of At til
e H n nd it pp a s b th in
’
u s, a a ear s o

th e R a bensch l a ch t a nd i n th e Thid rekssaga as an

e pi d Of th b ttl f R v nn Th d t h
so e e a e o a e a . e ea

o f Di t i h b th r did n t f m p t Of th
e r c
’
s ro e o or ar e

or igin l t y b t w
a dd d l t p h ps
s or ,
u as a e a er , er a

t o li v Di t i h Of n y u pici n f h ving
re e e e r c a s s o o a

f il d t
a e t k d oOf th y ung p in
a e ue c ar e e o r c e s,

nd t m t h th w y t E t l f giv n
’
a o s oo e a o ze s or e ess .

Et l w ze t ld i n th
, R b n hl a h t h d
e ar e o e a e sc c , a

I 7 z
34 THE HERO IC SAGA CYCLE O F -

th e be uty f a h ey pi d
o th e sc ene , w h en t s e

r iding t w d th m o kn ight in full m u

ar s e a ar o r.

It w W it g
as Di th qu i kly w nd
e e, as e er c sa ,
a

th y e t n a d t m in d t t nt him with
o ce e er e o au

hi d s ti n f m Di t i h
es er o nd h ll ng h im
ro e r c a c a e e

to figh t Unwilli ng t t in h i h nd with

. o s a s a s

th bl d
e f m oo t ipling W i t g p ti n tl y
o er e s r s, e e a e

b th i p h nd did l l in h i p w
or e e r re roa c es a a s o er

t di u d
o th m f m th i
ss a e pu p but w
e ro e r r ose , as

a t l t tt k d by S h f
as a nd f
ac d t kill
e c ar a orc e o

h im in lf d f n O t n w u h d in t
se -
e e ce . r o r s e o

a v ng h is b th
e e but th ugh h rof ugh t er , o e o

v li ntly h w n m t h f W iteg I n
a a e as o a c or e .

v in did th l tt du ing p u f
a e a t er , r a a se or r es ,

e xh t hi pp n nt t giv p th un qu l
or s o o e o e u e e a

t; b f l ng O t h d Sh d h i b th ’
co nt es e or e o r a ar e s ro er s

f t Th
a e . w n w nl y Di th
er e l e ftas D o o e er . e

t m in d
er ith t v eng hi m d
e e er t o a e s co ra es or o

d i him lf h f ught wi th W it g th
e se ,
e gh u to e e ro u o

th d y b t t l st h
e a ,
t uw v m nd
a a e, oo , as o erc o e, a

th t h e y uth ll l y d d m ng th h th
r ee o s a a ea a o e ea er .

W und d nd xh t d W it g l y d wn t
o e a e aus e ,
e e a o o

r est n t f f m th
o n ar f th n fli t but
ro e sce e o e co c ,

b f l ng Di t i h wh h d m nwhil g in d
e or e o e r c ,
o a ea e a e

a d i ive vi t y m u p n th e en At fi t
ec s c or ,
ca e o sc e. rs

h w e v wh lm d by g i f nd flung h im lf
as o er e e r e ,
a se

d wn b id th de d b di but th n m th
o es e e a o e s, e ca e e

th ght Of v ng n
ou Th w un d h e w m u st
e ea ce . e o s, sa ,

h a veb en ma d by W it g
e w d M im u n g e e e s
’
s or ,

I 74
 DIETRICH O F BER N 35

a nd j u st a s he n ot c e i d thi s a cr y ar ose fr om his

f ll
o ower s, for him lf
n ot , fa r a wa y wa s W iteg e se

m unti ng h i h
o t p A h t pu uit
s or s e o e sca e. o rs

f ll w d in whi h Di t i h n utdi t n d hi
o o e ,
c e r c soo o s a ce s

co m p n i n b t v n th n n t unts
a o s, u in ult e e e o a or s s

uld i nd u th fugitiv t tu n nd f h i ‘

co ce e e o r a a ce s

f m l d On th y
or er or d till th y
. h d th e ra ce e r ea c e e

seash e nd Di t i h w
or a t l t n th e p i nt e r c as a as o o

Of ng hi
sec ur i v ng n wh n W it g d i p s e ea c e, e e e sa

p d b f h i v y y pi it d w y by th
ee r e e or e s er e e s, s r e a a e

m m id W h il d
er a hi n t ac e, s a c es r e ss .

A m wh t Sim il t y t thi p si bly in

so e a ar s or o s, os

d d im it ti n f it i th t f Al ph t d th
ee ah a o o , s a o ar
’
s ea ,

f equ ntly ll ud ed t in th p m Of th y l
r e a o e oe s e c c e,

bu t t ld in d t il nl y in Alp ha t Tod
o e a Th o r s . e

p m Opens wi th d l r ti n f w
oe i d by a ec a a o o ar ca rr e

H i m f m E m n i h t Di t i h A soon
e e ro r e r c o e r c . s as

th m e ng h d idd n ff g in
ess e er co ncil Of
a r e o a a , a u

w arw h ld nd Al ph t th m t p m i ing
as e , a ar , e os ro s

Of th y ung w i
e o nd b l v d er lik by a rr or s, a e o e a e

y ung nd Old fl d t g ut nd w t h f
o a ,
O er e o o o a a c or

th e nem y pp h wh il Di t i h ll t d
’
e s a r oac e e r c co ec e

hi fs I n v in did hi b th
orces. \ W l fh t nda s ro er o ar a

h i u n l Hild b nd n d v u t di u d h im
s c e e ra e ea o r o ss a e

h l im d th ight t b giv n n pp tunity

e c a e e r O. e e a o or

of p ving hi v l u
ro nd t l st w n Di t i h
s a o r, a a a o e r c
’
s

p m i ssi n t und t k th d ng us d uty

er o o er a e e a ero .

Full of nfid n in h i t ngth nd p we

co e ce s s re a ro ss,

h d nn ed h i s
e o m u gi t n h i s wo d nd
ar de o r, r o s r ,
a ro

I
75
36 THE HERO IC S A A CYCLE OF
G -

O ff to a h ill d by whi h
comman di n g th e r oa c

E m n i h m u t dv n
r e r c B f l ng h s w s a a ce. e or e o e a

a pp hing n f E rmen i h kni ght with

r oac o e o r c
’
s s a

co m p ny Of igh ty m n nd ea g ly h al l en g d
a e e , a er c e

hi m t ingl e m b t A th y m e tog th t
o s co a . s e ca e er a

ful l g l l p Al ph t l n p d th ugh h i
a o ,
ar
’
s a ce a sse ro s

o ppon nt b dy and Of th ighty m n t m

e
’
s o ,
e e e a ar s

wh ttem pt d t
o a v nge th eir l ad igh t only
e o a e e er e

esc a p d nd t n d w und d to th m in rm y
e a r e ur e o e e a a .

F r a tim e no th e Of E m en ich knigh t

’
o o r r r s s

w ul d v ntu to f e th y ung nd unknown

o e re ac e o a

w r ior but t l ast W itege V l unte e ed t g

ar ,
a o r o o .

O n th way h is e ur g nk bu t t hav turned

co a e sa , o e

b ck w uld have b ught him l if long di sg ac e

a o ro e r ,

and h s oo n
e f n d h h l f n th e rpou
e t wn se o co s -s re

h ill . A Sh rt pa l y en u d in which Al phart

o r e s e ,

re pro ch d W iteg f hi di l yalty t Di et i h

a e e or s s o o r c ,

a nd th en th c m b t b g n e o a e a .

W i t g quickl y di v d th t h i s pp n nt
e e sco er e a o o e
’
s

p row e h d b
ss n by n ma n ex gg t
ee d b y o ea s a er a e

t h e f ugi tiv H w un h s d
es . t th fi t e as or e a e rs

s h koc nd , aft a h p fight n f t f und

,
er a s ar o oo , o

him lf t t h ed n th e g und b n th hi
se s re c o ro e ea s

Sh i ld n ti ely t A l ph t s m e y Th
’
e an d ,
e r a ar rc . e

l tte h w v
a r, hiv l u ly f i n d f m
o e er , c a ro s r e ra e ro

t ki ng dv n t g Of h i f
a a ; buta he p u d
a e s oe ,
as a se ,

W it g e f i nd H im wh had cr tl y f l
’
e s r e e e, o se e o

l wed
o n d w t h d th e figh t
a u sh d
a c u t fr m e ,
r e o o

b h in d
e t nd m de th
a M pud nt ugg
r ee, a a e e s es

176
38 TH E H ER O IC S AGA CYCLE -
OF

a nd soon f ll t th g ound xh u t d
Al phar t e o e r e a s e

and d f n l ss Th n W it g th ust h i w d
e e ce e . e e e r s s or

th gh th Slit in h i m u
r ou e B e w d s ar o r. as co ar s,

m n with ut h n u l
e oi d th e y uthful w i
o o r cr e o ar r or ,

and xpi ed e r .

Th th p m l dy u mm i ed Di t i h
e ree oe s a r ea s ar s , e r c s

Fl ucht, th e R a benschl a c ht, and Alp harts Tod , ar e

b d n th s m i hi t i l t diti n f Di t i h
a se o e e - s or ca ra o o er c
’
s

exp l i n xil nd tu n but ll th m in

u s o ,
e e, a re r a e re a

ing p m Of th e y l
oe s Of tot l ly diff nt c c e ar e a a er e

ch t nd d
ar a c er , l with h i e li
a dventu
ea s ar er a r es

am ng giant d w f d g n
o nd
s, th p a r s, ra o s, a o er re ro

sent ti a f d eb d m yth l gy I t i n t
ves o a ase o o . s o

n y t ssum th t th e igin l h
ec essar o a f e a or a er o o

th t ie w s
e se s or m ythi l Di t i h
s a W h v a ca e r c . e a e

m pl t tim ony f th hi t i l Di t i h p pu
’
a e es o e s or ca e r c s o

l ity m ong th e pe
ar a n t y Of n ly ll p t f a sa r ear a ar s o

G m ny nd kn w t h t m ng th m t i
er a ,
a Of
o a a o e s or es

Di t i h we e u nt f
e r c r ve l entu i
c rr eIt or se ra c r es .

w as m ng th e p
a o nt y Of ou th t th easa r , c r se , a e

an i nt m yth
c e l ng t u viv d nd it i quit
s o es s r e ,
a s e

p b bl e th t m e Of th t i in qu ti n w
ro a a so e s or es es o er e

ac tu lly m yth
a i n whi h Di t i h h d s, pl ed c e r c a re ac

th e igi n l h
or B ut h weve th t m y b i t
a er o . o r a a e,

s eem l th t w w th m ythi l Di t i h
s c ear a e o e e ca e r c

p m to w nd ing m in t l wh tu n d t
oe s a er s re s o r e o

a ccount th u ti m yth n d Di t i h t
e r s i c m s a e r c s or es , co

bin d t h m
e it e it d th i pu p
as nd sudd d e e r r ose s, a a e

t th m i m il
o e pi d f th i wn i nv nti n
s ar e so es o e r o e o

I 78
.
 DIETRICH O F BER N 39

Th e m yt ca c a r a cter hi l h
th e stor i es n whi h Of o c

som e , a t a n
y r a t e,Of
th e m e e a di v l p m oe s ar e

b d i m t vid nt in th v i u
a se s os e in e e ar o s v er s o s

o f Di t i h e r ci t y v th gi nt E k nd
’
s v c or o er e a s c e a

F l t Th
a so . n b n d bt th t E k w
er e ca e o ou a c e as a

t m Spi i t
s or nd th igin l m yth t m m yth
r ,
a e or a a s or ,

re p nting th vi t y Of n tu l f
r ese f i endly
e c or a ra or c es r

t
o m nki nd a v th d t tiv f y Of th o er e e s r uc e ur e

l m nt I n E k him lf wh e n m e i x
e e e s . c e se ,
os a s e

pl i n d m ni ng Th T i fi
a e as ea w l ly e err er ,
”
e c ea r

r eco g ni pe n ifi ti n f th t m wh n w
se a r so ca o o e s or e e

r ea d h w hi p g th ugh th f t b ght
o s a ssa e ro e or e s r ou

th e b nh ra hi ng f m th t
c es c r a s nd h w ro e r e es, a o

bi d nd b t fl d in t
r s a t hi
ea s s pp h e err or a s a r oac .

H i b th
s roF s lt t er pp ina o Si m il ,
oo, r ea ear s a ar

c h t in n Old weath h m in whi h h

a r ac er a er c ar c e

is ll d p n t d iv w y th t m p t ; th
ca e u o o r e a a e e es e

th e p i n
re i n th
r tl f J h g im m wh
c ess es e ca s e o oc r , o

se nd ut E k
o n hi qu t Of Di t i h
c e o n s es e r c ,
are o

d bt id nti l wi th th th
ou e n i n t wi t h
ca e r ee a c e c es

Of th m d n Ty l f i y t l wh b w b d
e o er r o es e a r a e, o re a

w th ea n th um m i t Of J
er o h g i m m m un t i n
e s oc r o a

a nd th m id n h un t d th ugh th f
e a e t by e ro e or es

F lt nd h i h und w n
aso a w d nym ph
s o s as o ce a oo -

fl i n g f m th t m
ee ro e s or .

Th igin l nq
e or Of th s t m gi nt
a co u er or e e s or a s

m t vid n tly h v b n n t Di t i h but

us e e a m e ee o e r c ,
so e

m yth i c l h a g d v y p
er o oribly Uhl n do , er oss , as a

fi t ugg t d D n
rs s
( t h
es ee G m n n m
,
f o ar er a a e or

I 79
40 THE HERO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

Th ) th Th und
or ,
e wh s m b t with t h
er er , o e co a s e

gi nt
a w l l k n wn fr m S ndin vi n m yth
s ar e e o o ca a a

l gy I n th t
o o . w m y pp th t ft
a ca se e a su ose a ,
a er

th i nt od u ti n f Ch i ti n ity i n t th di t i t
e r c o o r s a o e s r c

wh th m yth w nt th h th n g d ’
er e eu as c rr e ,
e ea e o s

pl in th t y w t k n by Di t i h Of B n
a ce e s or as a e e r c er ,

wh ose p p l ity nd t diti n l i nvi n ibility

o u ar a ra o a c

m d h im th b t p
a e ibl ub ti tut
e es o ss e s s e .

O igin ting f m pu ly l l Ty l m yth

r a ro a re oca r o e se ,

th e t y Of t h
s or l yin g Of E k by Di t i h e s a c e e r c

p um bly t u k th f n y f m w nd i ng
r es a s r c e a c o so e a er

gl m n wh w k d it p int p ti f m nd
ee a o or e u o oe c or a

sa ng it d it t m ny f e h udi n
or r ec e oh a r s a e c es a s e

co n ti nu d h i t v le At ny s t rah w v it e s . a ra e , o e er

ca m eb t th t y w w ll kn wn by th
a ou , e s or as e o e

m iddl Of th thi t nth ntu y n t nly in

e e r ee ce r ,
o o

so uth n bu ter l in n th n G m n y wh a so or er er a , er e

i t f un d
o n w h m a n d wh ne ft being
o e, a e c e, a er

l li d f h i n W tph li i t w
oca se a r es idt es a a, as car r e o

N w y t b m d u
or a ,
o Of by th m pil Of
e a e se e co er

th e T hid ks g I n th
re sa Of it w nd
a . e c o ur se s a er

ing it n t lly nd w nt m ny l t ti n n d
s a ur a u er e a a era o s a

r e ceiv d m ny dditi n with th

e a au l t th t th o s, e r es a e

High G m n i n till x t n t n t nly diff e

er a v er s o s s e a o o r

wid ly f m th
e u n t g i v n i n th
ro Thi d k
e a c co
g e e r e ssa a,

b t
u l a so y n id bl
var y m n g t hco m lvs er a a o e se es.

Th f ll wi ng b i f
e o o nt i b dly p u
r e ac c ou s r oa re r e so

t ti
a Of th High G m n v i n
ve e er a er s o s .

I n th tl f J h g i m m th
e ca s e d w l t th
o oc r er e e ree

180
42 THE HERO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

wh e n Ek c e tr id e to r ou se h im by r ecou ntin g th e

vi r tu es of d nd m u h w uld win if
th e swor a ar o r e o

vi to i u
c Di t i h qui tly d ecl d th t it w uld
r o s, e r c e ar e a o

b m dn
e a n hi p t t figh t g in t u h
ess o s ar o a a s s c

w ea n B ut E k w ld n t b d eni d ; h
s. ou
p o c e o e e e

t d l ng by Di t i h id n de v u ing by ’
s ro e a o e r c s s e, e a o r

tau nt n d i n ul t
s t
a u hi ng s nd t s o ro se s a er , a a

l ngth x l i m d th t h w d t m in d t figh t
e e c a e a e as e er e o

e v n th gh G d Hi m lf h uld id Di t i h
e ou o se s o a e r c .

It i l th t y
s c ear t i d f lif pli d
a ou are re o e,
”
re e

th l tt i G d h l p y ’
e ;
a n yeru g n t m s
s e u
ce o ra e o , o r

d th i u
ea Ths mb t b g n
s r e.
”
nd l t d e co a e a ,
a as e

f in t th n xt d y ; but t l t Di t i h
’
ar o e e a a as e r c s

b ttl fu y m p n h im nd l osi ng with

a e- r ca e u o ,
a , c

hi s pp n nt h th w h im t th e g und
o o e , e re o ro .

Th ugh n w in hi n m y p w E k b ti
o o s e e
’
s o er , c e o s

n tel y
a fu d l l ff re f m se y nd v n f a o er s o er c a e e o

co m d e hip n d Di t i h w
ra s ,
m p lle d t giv
a e r c as co e o e

hi m th e d e gr ace
coup .

Di i etr ch n ow str ipped h im of h is ar m our a nd

cut off h i s h ea d to t a ke to th e p in r ce ss wh o
h ad se nt h im on h is ftl
a a err a nd P . r oc eed

i ng on h is wa y,fiy he ca m e u on p a w te
a r - a r

l ping
s ee p i ng nd ft h e h d dre d
by a s r , a a er s a sse

h i w nds nd w n d h im
ou f th sp il h a ar e o e er s e

w uld n
o nt h t fl fe t h l n d f th
c ou er , e se o or e a o e

gi nt O n d y
a s h w. iding th ugh th
e a , as e as r ro e

f t h
or es m p n m id n fl ing f h
,
e ca e u o a a e ee or er

lif f m E k b th F l t nd h i h nd
e ro c e s
’
ro er a so a s ou s .

18 2
 DI ETRICH OF BERN 43

Di t i h t n t k h und r hi p t ti n
e r c a o ce oo er e s ro ec o ,

a nd ft,
v m i ng h p u u m d h i m
a er o e r co er rs er , a e

s w ll gi n nd f ed him t l e d th w y
ea r a e a ce a or c o a e a

to J h g imm Moc th n
r n F lt t i d
. or e a o ce a so r e

to a v ng h i b th nd g in h i l ib ty by
e e s ro er a re a s er

tr ea ch y ; n d s th y iv d b f th
er a tl a e arr e e or e e ca s e

h e l l but
a d d f th t d b f
succ e e th e ,
or e r e s oo e or e e

e nt n
ra tw w n d f l t t
ce f lly m d th t
o o er u s a u es, u ar e ,
a

t u k t l l wh
s r c p d b tw n N t u p t
a a o a ss e e ee . o s s ec

i ng th t p Di t i h od
e t ight n
ra , nd b ly
e r c r e s ra o , a ar e

esca p d th t ibl bl w m nt t d t y him

e e err e o s ea o es r o .

Th n h ing l in F l t f th i fin l t f
e ,
av s a a so or s a ac o

tr ea ch y h nt
er d th , tl nd m d
e e hi er e e ca s e, a a e s

w y t th g e t h ll wh e
a o th th e p in
e r a a re e re r c ess es

we h lding th i b il li nt u t
re o Y u wi h d
e r r a co r . o s e

t s
o Di t i h f B n h i d
ee e r c H h i o er ,
”
e cr e . er e e s,

th g etin g f y ng
”
a nd h er e m e reAn d o our esse er .

wit h th t h fl ng E k h d t th i f t l f t ’
a e u c e s ea a e r ee ,
e

th h l l wi th t fu th e w d
e a nd d hm
ou r r or s, a ro e o e

t B n
o er .

Diet i h w h w v n t lw y
r c u
a s, fu l o e er , o a a s so s c c ess

in h i om b t wi th t h
s c gi nt f th a s xi t d e a s, or er e e s e

a n ld o n d wid p d t diti n th t h n
a es r ea ra o a e o ce

f ll i n t th i p w
e o nd w h ld ptiv until
e r o er a as e ca e

d by h i f ll w
r e sc u e Th ld t vi d n
s o o er s . e o es e e ce

o f th xi t n f thi t diti n u
e e s e ce ly o s ra o occ r s a s ear

as th ni n th e nt y i n th e nd W ld ce ur e s co a er e

F gm nt
ra — m n nt f n Angl S x n v
e a re in a o a o - a o er s o

o f th S th G m n
e g f W l t f Aq uit in
ou er a sa a o a er o a e

18 3
44 TH E H E R O IC S AG A CYCLE
-
OF

-
wh ere we d th t Widi ( W iteg ) n et
ar e tol a a e o ce s

Di et ich f r nd n bl d him t es a p e f
r ee a em th a e o c ro e

l nd f th gi nts
a o eTh t y h e
a f d t . e s or er r e err e o,

or th o l ik e i t
e rs v id ntly l iv d n , m ng th
e e e o a o e

p nt y ; f th
ea sa r n pti n on whi h it i
or e co ce o c s

b d pp
a se r eain v i f m in th Middl
ear s a r o us or s e e

High G m n p m f S ig not Vi ginal nd

er a oe s o e ,
r , a

p h p L u i n l l f whi h lik th E k d i d
er a s a r ,
a o c , e e c a c ,

h v d v l p d f m t i
a e e e o e f Ty l ro ig i n s or e s o ro ese or .

I n S igenot n d n i n l Di t i h i f
a t i m th e a e r c s or a e

ca ptiv f th gi nt in L u in f th dw f
e o e a s, a r o e a r s.

I n S ig not h i e d by Hild b nd in Vi
e s r escu e e ra ,
r

gi nal by n u m b a f hi f ll w m
er n g t ho m s o o er s, a o e

Hild b nd n d W it g (th gh n ll u i n i n
e ra a e e ou a a s o

Alp ha t T d r : m t o h w th t in th igin l
s ee s o s o a e or a

o f th Vi gi n l t y it w s W it g
e r a l n wh
s or a e e a o e o

u d
r e sc b th Di t i h nd H im ) whil in
e o e r c a e e , e

M rin it i t th h lp f
a s om id n wh h d e e o a a e o a

b n ee i d fi by th dw f th t Di t i h nd
carr e o e ar a e r c a

h i m en w th i d liv
s o e n T h i l t m ti
e r e era c e. s as o ve

a pp l in Vi gina wh th i t f Duk
ea r s a so r ,
er e e s s er o e

N i tg t wh m th g i nt
er , o o ubj e t f u st at
e a s ar e s c ,
r r es

th i t t m pt n th i p i lif ’
e r a e n
s o e r r so er s e .

I n th ld ve i n f S ig not w ad h w
e o er rs o o e e re o

Di t i h w
e r c n d y idi ng l n th ugh
as o e a r a o e ro a

f est n B n wh n h
or ear m
er u dd nly u p n e e ca e s e o

th gi nt S ig n t
e a nd l p B ing i n
e o sou h a s ee . e s ea r c

of dv nt u
a eh w k n d th gi n t n n t
r es , e a e e e a o e oo

g ntl y ( with ki k
e ding t th l t
a c ,
acc or o e a er ver

18 4
46 TH E HERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

ma id n f m th i l ut h
e ro in th e rF lt c c es , as e aso

e pis d f th E k nl i d nd i n E f l H f h l tung
o e o e c e e a ze s o a

(cf p. P. i bly t h e m p f
o ss V i g i na l co oser o r

did n t kn w th t y i n i t igi n l im pl
o o e s or s or a s e

f rm ; but i n wh t v f m h did kn w i t
o , a e er or e o ,

h e u nd ubt dly dd d t nd lt d it v y
o e a e o a a er e er

ex t n si v ly in
e d t p d e f or t i l
er o ro uc e or cou r c rc es

a t
sor f i m i t ti n f th e A thu i n
o a m n
o o r r a ro a c es .

Th e e ult i r s f th m t pa t t dis a, or is e os r e ou s , se r e

o f dv ntu
a nde f ti vi ti l o ly t ung
r es a es es os e s r

t g th
o e nd n t i n i ng n um
er a ou co lf n t a er s se -c o ra

di ti n whi h m y h w v b d u t lt
c o s, c a ,
o e er , e e o a er a

ti n m d e by l te
o s a ed t a r r a c or s.

A Vi gina l
s n i sts r f up w d f
co s o ar s o

lin p
es, d n t p
s ac e m it f ful l
oe s u nt o er o a a cco

o f its cont nt b ing giv n e nd th s f l l wing

e e ,
a e o o

b i f indi ti n f th hi f pi d m u t
r e ca o o e c e e so es s

s ufli e N ws
c . m t B n th t th e m id en
e co es o er a a

Q u ee n Vi gi n ] o f J r
pu n t i ha d p t t era s s ar u o

it t d f nd h
o l m g in t th S
e e er n
r ea a a s e a r ac e

O ki r nd
se ,h b n f c d t p y nnu l
a as ee or e o a a a

t ibut
r i n th e h p f m id n f m h e s a e o a a e ro er

co u t Di t i h nd Hild b nd t ut t f
r . e r c a e ra se o o ree

h er f m h pp
ro I n ther f t th y
o r e ssor . e or es e

se p t nd Hildeb nd m e p n ne f
ar a e , a ra co s u o o o

Vi gin l s m id n wh h s j u t be n b ught
r a
’
a e s o a s e ro

t tho p t g d up n with th S
e s o a r ee n nd o e a ra ce a

l ft f him t
e or y ff S oon h pp o ca r r o . e a e a r s,

fight wit h Hild b nd

s nd i l in eM n ra ,
a s s a . ea

1 86
 DIETRICH O F BERN 47

w hil Di t i h h b m m b il d wi th
e e r c as ec o e e ro e a

n um b f O ki f ll w but Hild b nd
’
er o r se s o o er s , e ra

co m t es h i h lp o nd th i nfid l
s e p t t a e e s ar e u o

flight Th m i d n th n h t n b k t Vi
. e a e e as e s ac o r

gin l u t wi th th g d n w nd th queen
a
’
s co r e oo e s, a e

se nd by th dw f B ibung
s e di l invi t ti on
ar a cor a a

to h d liv
er B u t th ey
e d tin d to
er e r s . ar e es e

m t wi th m ny
ee dv ntu bf a hing a e r es e or e r eac

J p nt Th y
era S u . tt k d by d g n
e ar e a ac e ra o s,

f m th j w f ne f whi h th y
ro e a s o ue o o c e r esc a

knight n m d R ntwi n Aft a e xte mi n tinge . er e r a

th e wh l b d th y
o e m p ny R ntwi n t
roo , e a c co a e o

h i f th e tl e wh e th ey est
’
s a r s ca s nd m k ,
re r a a e

m e y till th i woun d
rr e he l d e r Th y th n s ar a e . e e

s et ut o f J punt ccom p ni ed by th i
or er a s ,
a a e r

l t h t nd Diet i h in hi g n ss ide
a e os s, a r c s ea er e r s

o n h d f hi m p ni n B ut h l
a ea o s co hi a o s. e oses s

w y nd
a a iv n th arr tl f D k e N itge
es ear e ca s e o u r.

M ting n f th d k gi nt h k h i
ee o e o e u e s
’
a s, e as s s

w y t
a Vi gin lo u t b utr h t n
a
’
st co r ,
as e ur s o

r et c ra ehi t p th gi nt f ll h im with hi
s s e s, e a e s s

t l
s ee l ub nd c i h i m ff a pi n
ca r r es o as a r so er

t oth tl e Duk N itg wh i

ca s e. tu lly e er , o s ac a

m ore f id f h i gi nt th n th y
a ra o f s a s a e ar e o

h im h , t t k as h g f Di t i h p endin g
o a e c ar e o e r c

hi s n m
ra M eanwhil h w v th gi nt
so . e, o e er, e a s

m k a tt m p t
e a n Diet i h
e lif nd it is nly
s o r c
’
s e, a o

th nk t th ki ndn e f N i tg i st th t ’
a s o e ss o er s s er a

th i pl n
e r f il d At l st Hild b nd
a s are o e . a e ra ,

18 7
48 THE HERO IC S AGA CYCLE -
OF

w th i a l g B n n d th
ar e ar m lm yf r om er a o er r ea s

wh ose w r l
f i n dly t Di t i h
u er s iv
er e r e o e r c ,
arr es

b f th
e or e tl Th gi n t twelv in n m b
e ca s e . e a s, e u er ,

l in by tw lv f th b i g h m pi n ’
a re s a e e o e es e ers c a o s

( n o f ewh m w o D i t i h seot f f t h as e r c ,
r ee or e

pu p ) nd N itg h ving b n p d n d
r ose , a er a ee ar o e

f hi
or it k ll t u t f J p u n t
s s s er s
’
sa e, a se o or eras .

O n th w y th y ng g
e i n fu th
a mb t
e e a e r er co a s

with d g n nd g i
ra n t b
o u t fisn lly a i a s, a ar r v e

f nd oun d t Vi gi n l astl wh th y
sa e a s a r a
’
s c e, er e e

a e w l com ed
r nth usi sti
e l ly nd ent et in d a ca a er a e

by l ng a un d f festi vities
o ro A co ding t o . c r o

Dietn clw Ausf ahr t a nd Dish ich

- und
'

crate seine

Gesel le n, Di etri c h ta kes hom e Virgi na] to B er n

as h is b idr e .

I n th e E ckenl ied , S i genot, a nd Vi rgi na l , g ants i

ar e D i h p i ip l pp
i etr c s r nc a o on ents , but in La mi n
’

( or Der kl ei ne Rosenga rten) a nd i n Gold emar we

see h t t diti n
t a ib d t him qu lly
ra o asc r e o e a

m v ll u
ar dv ntu in dw f l nd P ibly
e o s a e res ar - a . oss

b th th
o p m b d n n nd th
e se oe s ar e a se o o e a e

s m a n i nt m yt h
e a f th c e pt f m id n o e ca ur e o a a e

by dw f lv nd h
ar s, ventu l l e
or e es, a er e a re eas

by h wh
a m ke h er o h i w if If u ho a s er s e . s c

was th th m f th erigi n l t y i t pp
e e o e o a s or ,
a ears

t h o be n m
av e l ly d h d t in G ld
e or e c ose a er e o o e

m th n i n L au in
ar but
a w p s nly r as e os e ss o

f gm nts f a G ld m po m by
ra e o t in o e ar e ,
a c er a

Al b ht v n K m en t n nd
r ec o upl f e a e ,
a a co e o

r88
50 THE H ERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

and a rr i v e d up ju st on Di t i h th e scene as e r c

a nd L u i n w a l v ll ing th i l n f th
r er e e e e r a c es or e

c h g ar On h i
e . dvi Di t i h in tea d f s a c e, e r c ,
s o

th t in g i n
r us knigh tl y f hi n b ugh t h i as o , ro s

w p n h vily d w n n h i Op p n nt h d ’
ea o ea o o s o e s ea

b t b f
u h uld
e or e p t th bl w th dw f
e co re ea e o e ar

p t
u n hi o ta m k pp ( s l k w hi-h nad d e a c oa c re er e

th ew e invi ibl lik th t w n by Si gf i d

ea r r s e, e a o e r e

f m th dw f Alb i h in th Nib l ng n
ro e ar er c e e u e

t y)
s or n d Di t i h n w
a ived w un d ft
e r c o r ec e o a er

w u nd f m h i u n e n f
o ro B ut g in Hild
s se oe . a a e

b n d m t hi h lp Aft p e u ding
ra ca e o s e . er rs a

L u in t d id th
a r o nt t by
ec w
e tl i n g e co es a r es

m t h h
a c ,
tl y e dvi d Di t i h t w en h
sec r e a se e r c o r c

o ff th gi dl th t g v h i dv
e r e y th a a e s a er sa r e

t ngth
s re f tw lv m no n d th e dw f e n e ,
a e ar soo

f und him lf t Di t i h m y H h d j t
o se a e r c
’
s erc . e a us

giv en p l l f l t wh n h n ti d m n g
u a or os e e o ce a o

th eby t nd Di tl ib f Sty i wh
s a er s eit e o r a, os e s s er

Kunh il d h h d i d ff Up t th t m m nt
e a ca rr e o . o a o e

n n o k n w by wh m wh ith
e e h h d b no , or er , s e a ee

s pi it d w y nd wh n Di tl ib h d him se lf
r e a a , a e e e ea r

a pp l d t by th dw f
ea e o h i b th in l w
e ar as s ro er - -
a

he w as v j y d t di v ing t
so o er o e f a sc o er a rac e o

hi s it nd
s s er , n xi u a t find nd so l a o s o a r e ea se

h th t h
er , int v n d n L u i n b h lf nd
a e er e e o a r
’
s e a , a

Di t i h w t l t p u d d t Sp hi lif
e r c as a as er s a e o ar e s e .

L u i n n w i n vi t d th m ll t
a r o m p ny hi m
e e a o acc o a

i nt th m unt in nd i n p t hi t u
o e o a a It s ec s r ea s r es .

19 0
 DIETRICH O F BER N 51

was net wi th he y that th ey f l

ou t
'

f ear of tr ea c r o

l w d him but n in id th ey f got l l d ng

o e , o ce s e or a a er

i n won d i ng t th we l th t h t
er n d d t h em
a e a a su rr ou e ,

i n d in king th d li i
r m d n d wi n tb f
e e c ou s ea a e se e or e

t h m i n w t hing th
e , dn nd t
a c n m nt e a c es a ou r a e s,

a nd i n li t n i ng t th m u i
s e nd ng f th i o e s c a so s o e r

h t os bj t On by n Di t i h nd hi m n
’
s su ec s . e o e e r c a s e

w er e v m by th t ng win nd wh n
o er co e e s ro e, a e

a ll w h lp ler e L u i n h d th m di
e m d
e ss a r a e sar e ,

b u n d nd
o , t i nt
a d p d ung n Th
cas o a ee eo . er e

th y w ul d p b bly h v l i n till th y p i h d
e o ro a a e a e er s e

o f h ung h d n t Kii nh ild

er , t f a h b th o se r ee er ro er ,

wh w o im p i n d p t f m th
as t
r so nd e a ar ro e r es , a

b ught h im l l th weap ns H e t n hu i d
ro a e o . a o ce rr e

hi m p ni n dunge n nd s t th em f ’
t o s co a o s o a e r e e,

but i t w n ly ft a h d fight in whi h

as o a er ar , c

th y w h lp d by Kii nh il d h m ’
e er e u nt
e e s co er -c ar s

a g in t th m gi f th dw f th t th y v
a s e a c o e ar s , a e o er

ca m L e i n nd h i f l l w
au r a s o o er s .

Th m i nd
e re f th p m t lli ng f th
a tu n
er o e oe , e o e re r

t B n wi th th dw f kin g
o er th i p i n e f ar -
as e r r so er , o

Kii nh il d d p t e f ’
s Sty i w ith h
e b th
ar u r or r a er ro er ,

f L u in tm nt d u i ng h i ptivity h i
’
o at r s r ea e r s ca , s

e v ntu l nv i n to C h i ti nity hi s
e a co er s o n r s a , r eco

c ili ti n with Di t i h nd h i tu n t h i
a o e r c a s re r o s

o wn kingd m i vid ently f o mp ,tiv ly l t

s e o co a ra e a e

or igin ; nd f till l te i th c ntinuation i n

a o s a r s e o

whi h w c d h w W lb n ll ted n im
e r ea o a er a co ec a

m n e m y f dw f
se ar nd m h d t B n t
o ar s a arc e o er o
19 1
52 THE HERO IC S AGA CY OLE O F -

set L u in f e but n h i
a r r e, i l f un d Di et i h o s a rr va o r c

a nd L u i n a rn il d r eco c e .

With L u i n w a rn l ud u u v ye f th co c e o r s r e o e

p m f th Diet i h y l nd th
oe s o e r c m in c c e, a er e re a s

o n ly th e p Th i d k
r ose g t wh i h i n
re ssal a, o c occa s o a

f n h b n m d but wh i h h
r e er e ce as ee f a e, c as so ar

r ec eiv d n fu the n ti
e o Th
r Th id kr
g o ce . e r e ssa a

w as igi n lly m p d in N w y b ut th
or a co ose or a a o e

m iddl f t h th i t n t h
e o e nt y by n I l ndi
r ee ce ur a ce a c

sa g w it wh d w h i m t i l f m ng
a- r er , o re s a er a ro so s

a nd t i th n u nt in N th G m ny H i
s or es e c rr e or er a . s

w k w
or t nd l
a s r ec as gely xp nd d by na ar e a e o e or

m d t
or e r e a c or s , and i in it p nt f m ihs, s r e se or ,
a r c

tr ea sur y f G m n i g I n it nu m b f
o er a c sa a . a er o

th G m ni
e er g h v b n b gh t i n t n
a c sa as a e ee rou o co

n ti n wi th th
ec o Di t i h g nd e h th ;e e r c sa a a ac o er

but i n Spit f thi it he o f q u ntly p s vd as re e r eser e

f tu s f th igi n l g th t
ea re o e or w nti ng in a sa as a ar e a

th S u th G m n pi
e o er a e cs .

Th fl id k aga p n wi th wh t p f
e r e ss o t e s a ro es ses o

f Di t i h t y b gi nni n g
’
b e n a u nt
ac co n o e r c s a c es r ,
e

wi th th hi t y f h i g n df th
e s or oS m n th s ra a er a so ,
e

h f
er o o F nki h g S m n w l n l f t
a ra s sa a . a so , e ear ,
e

n d Di tm i n th
tw n
o so E m n i h
s, r e ( t
r c t a e ar o re a e

Middl High G m n f m f th n m f th
e er a or s o e a es or e

sa k f l n
e o nd
c ea r n if m i ty) th l tt
ess a f u or , e a er o

wh m w Di t i h f th Th n f ll w n ’
o as e r c s a er . e o o s a

n t f Di t i h y th in whi h w t ld
’
acc ou o e r c s ou , c e ar e o

f Hild b n d iv l t Di tm u t d u i ng
’ ’
o e ra s ar r a a e a r s co r r

19 2
54 THE HERO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

a d g ra on, r es c u n i g f m th ro e la tte r Hild b e ra n d ’

s

kin m n S int
s a h tu n t B n
ra m with wh m
,
o e re r s o er .

Di t i h f m ntinu t tt t n h
e r c
’
s a e co es o a ra c o e er o

af te n th
r ta B n th o iv l f Di tl ib
er o er ,
e a rr a o e e

p ovidi ng th e pp tunity f w kin g in th

r o or o or e

t y f B ite lf
s or o nd Di etl i b nd t h
ro du l f a e , a e e o

th l tte with W l t
e a f Aqui t in e
r In u a er o a . co rs e

of ti m Ki ng Di tm e di nd i su d d by e ar es a s c ce e e

Di t i h wh b m th lly f Attila in n w
e r c , o eco es e a o a e

w arwi th O nt ix S h tly ft satu ni ng h om r . or a er r e r e

h e ng g e i n n th a xp diti n t
es i t hi
a o er e e o o a ss s s

un l E m n i h i n p ni hi ng B im t i n by wh m
c e r e r c u s s e , o

th t ibut e d u h d be n
e r fu d e a e re se .

H n w dig
er e a i n i m d t b i ng in th
e r e ss o s a e o r e

an t y bi th
c es r nd y th f l xpl it
,
r f S i gf i d
,
a ou u e o s o e r e ,

th h e f th N ib l ung n
er o o g up t h i in e e e sa a, o s

t l m nt
s a et nd d b t
as King I ung f
s a ar -
ea r er o s o

B t ng l n d
er a H ing f Si gf i d p w
a a . ear o e r e
’
s ro ess ,

Di t i h t t with tw lve h n w i t
e r c se s ou e c ose a r r ors o

B t ng l nd wh
er a a a i f d u l t k pl ,
e r e a s e r es o e s a es a ce

b tw n h i nd I ng h m pi n L t f l l
e ee s a su
’
s c a o s . as o a

Di t i h m ts S i gf i d wh h wev tip l t
e r c ee e r e ,
o, o er , s u a es

th t h ia pp n nt h ll n t us W it g
s o o w de s a o e e e s s
’
or

M im ung F tw d y th y figh t with ut ith

. or o a s e o e er

w n din g th
ou th but n th thi d d y Di t i h
e o er , o e r a e r c ,

d ivi ng S i gf i d by quibbl u M im ung

ec e e r e a e, s es

and g in th adv nt g wh up n S i gf i d
s e a a a e, er e o e r e

ex h ng f m I ng int h i
c a es rovi O n th su
’
a o s se r ce . e

w y h m th y i it W m s nd t h
a o e e ppo tuni ty
v s or a e o r

I9 4
,
 DIETRICH O F BE R N 55

is i d se z e to w i gf i d s
or k in th e stor es i of S e r e
’

m ig
ar r a with K i m hil d
e nd G nth with r e ,
a u er s
’

B unh il d
r Th . f ll w d by th g f
ese a r e o o e e sa as o

H b t nd Hild
er or W lta f Aq i t in nd e, a er o u a e a

H il d gu nde nd I n nd Ap l l n i u
, a ft whi h
ro a o o s, a er c

th ft n b ken th ead f th Di et i h g i s
e so o e ro r o e r c sa a

o n m
ce t k n up
or e a e .

E m n i h h ving ut ged th wif f Sib h e

r a r c a o ra e e o ec

( w h p
o c orr es n d t t h e N e B ikk
o
) th
s l t t o or s a
,
e a er

se st hi m lf t v ng hi h n u by b inging
se o a e e s o o r r

a b ut th e d th fi t f E m n i h th son
o ea rs o r e r c
’
s r ee s,

th n f hi tw
e o n ph w th
s y ng H l ung
o e e s, e ou ar

p in
r by m n f vil un l nd f l e
ce s, ea s o e co se s a a s

a cc u ti ns
sa Fin lly h p u d E m en i h t
o . a e er s a es r r c o

d m nd t ibut f m Di t i h
e a r t t of h i
e ro e r c as a es s

l y l ty On h i
o a . fu l n m y m h s ren sa a ar a rc es o

B n nd Di t i h t k
er ,
a f g wi th Attil
e r c a es re u e a.

H e g in t k p t i n w
a a a with O nt ix
es ar ars sa r ,

wh d th d u i ng th l t m p ign i v
os e ea r e as ca a s o er

l k d nd g in t King W ld m
oo e ,
a a af R i s a e ar o u ss a

a nd h i l ly Di t i h f G
s a Af t tw nty
e r c o r eec e . er e

y ear s of x i l A ttil el n d him en m y f H n a e s a ar o u s

for hi fi t s tt m p t t rs v h i th n
a e o r e co er s ro e.

m y i d f t d but Attil
’

E m n i h
r e r c
’
s ar tw s e ea e ,
a s o

nd Di t i h un g b h ng
’
so n s a y t
e r ce m s o er ro r ar e a o

th e l in wh eu p n Di t i h etu n with th e
s a ,
er o e r c r r s

sa d n w t th l n d f th H un
e s o e a o e s .

H th Di t i h g i y t g i n int upted
er e e e r c sa a s e a a err ,

thi tim e i n f v u
s f th e Nib l ungen a o rg o e sa a .

19 5
56 THE H ER O IC S AGA CYC L E -
OF

B egi nni n g wi th th e q uarr el betwe en B r u nh il d

a nd Kr i em hild
,
t h e w o e st or hl
y of S e r i e d ’
s i gf
d ea t h a nd Kri e m hil d v ng ’

s e ea nce is t l d i n o a

for m th a t a
gr e es ,
i n th e m a i n with th v
,
i e er s o n

th e final ph d ifi ers nl y in mi n p int

ca ta str o e o or o s

f m th e p t h pl y in th Middl High G
ro ar e a s e e er

m n pi
a He
e fu to l nd hims lf t K i m
c . re ses e e o r e

h ild pl n nd h ld l o f t fi t f m th
’
s a s, a o s a o , a rs , ro e

co n fli t ; b tc n th d th f hi f i nd R iid ig
u o e ea o s r e er

h j in i n th f y
e o snd hi m s lf t k e pi n ra , a e a es r so er

H g n th l t u viv
a e ,
f th
e Bu gun di n
as s r or o e r a s .

Wh n ll i v h t u n t B n
e a s o er mp ni d e re r s o er , a cco a e

o n ly by h i w if H t n d t h f i thf ul Hil d
s e er r a a e a e

b n d f l l hi m n h v b n l i n On th
ra , or a s e a e ee s a . e

w y th y h
a th t E m n i h h
e di d nd th t
ea r a r e r c as e a a

Si b h h ec i d th th n b t th t Hil d
e as se z e e ro e, u a e

b n d n Al b nd i h lding B n f Di t i h
ra
’
s so e ra s o er or e r c

On iving n
arr B n Hild b n d m t nd ea r er e ra ee s a

figh t wi th Al b nd
s nd ft f i ng him t
e ra , a ,
a er or c o

t l l hi n m
e p s h i lif
a J yft w l m d
e, s a r es s e . o e co e

i n B n Di t i h m
er ,
h g in t Sibi h wh i
e r c a rc es a a s c ,
o s

d f t d nd l in ft whi h th m i nd f
e ea e a s a , a er c e re a er o

th eb k n i t p tly f m
oo co xp di ti n
s s s ar o or e e e o s

a g in t d g n n d gi nt p tly f
a s ra o s unts a a s, ar o a cc o

o f th d th e f Hild b n d Attil
ea H im nd
s o e ra , a, e e, a

l tl y Di t i h hi m lf
as e r c se .

I n thi m m y f th Thid k aga w h v

s su ar o e r e ss e a e

h d u nd f n e onl y t Di t i h rigin ’
a o r se co r e ere c o e r c s o

19 6
58 THE HERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

A c cor ding t diti n d iv d

o t he m t y hi cal tr a o , er e ,

p e um
r s a bly f
m Di t i h m yth i l
, 61ro e r c
’
s ca r e as

co n qu f th gi nt
er or o nd t h dw fs hi bi th e a s a e ar ,
s r ,

l ik th t f e m ny h
a of g w myso a er o e s o sa a, as s

t i u
er o nd h i s, l f th w n t Di tm
a s r ea a er as o e ar,

b t u m up
so n tu l b ing Of th d tail f
e s er a ra e . e e s o

th et y w s or kn w n thing but i t exi t nce o o , s s e e

i hi nt d t in th Thi d k ag
s e a nd nfi m d e re ss a a co r e

by th m difi d v i n f u nd i n th e Anh ng
e o e er s o o a

z um H l d nbu h wh e n evil pi it n m dc , er e a e s r a e

M hm t ac M h m t) th ugh n t tu ll y
e a o e , o o ac a

D i t i h f th e x i e n h i m p n t l
e r c
’
s a r, e erc s s o a re - a a

infl u n e ce .

C n ning Di t i h nd m t f th p m
o c er e r c
’
s e os o e oe s

o f th yl e cil nt ; b t f m tw f th m
c e ar e s e u ro o o e , as

w lle f m th Thid k ga nd th
as ro ue r e ssa a o er so r c e s,

w kn w th t t diti n t ld f hi m y t i u d i
e o a ra o o o s s er o s s

a pp n ea ra A ly th ixth ntu y th t in
ce . s ea r as e s ce r , a

whi h Th e d i d th t k pl t y w
’
c o er c s ea oo ac e, a s or as

nt to th ff t th t ft hi d th Th d i
’
c urr e e e ec a a er s ea eo or c s

b dy w
o i d fi by th d vil nd t int
a s car r e o e e a ca s o

th t f
e cra e r o v l n Thi t y inv nted by a o ca o. s s or ,
e

th It li n l e gy t d t y th p pula ity f
e a a c r o es r o e o r o

th g t ki ng wh m th y eg d d
e r ea h ti o e r ar e as a er e c

a n d th mu d e f B th iu p d b y nd
r er er o oe s, s r ea e o

I t l y nd
a ppa in l t n tu i
r ea in v i u ea r s a er ce r es ar o s

f m A tw lfth entu y h ni l Ott

or s. e n c r c ro c er , o vo

F i i ng n m n t i n
re s e t di ti n th t Di t i h
,
e o s a ra o a e r c

di d n n t l d th b t d liv e t h l l n
e o a ur a ea ,
u ro e a o e o

19 8
 DIETRICH O F BER N 59

h or se b ki il t thi i th t y in th
ac . S m ar o s s e s or e

Th i d k ag whi h t ll h w n d y
r e ss a, h w c e s o o e a , as e as

b th in g Di t i h
a ,
w t g n t f
e r c w y nd sa a s a o ar a a a

w as im m di t ly fil l d with g t d i t
e a e e a r ea es r e o

p u su r i t S uedd n ly . l bl k t ed pp d e a coa - ac s e a ea r e ,

b ut wh n Di t i h h d m
, e nt d i t i d him
e r c a ou e ,
ca rr e

o ff wi th h p d th t n n ul d f l l w I t
su c s ee a o e co o o .

w a s,i n f t th d vil hi m lfac nd Di t i h w

, e e se ,
a e r c as

n v e er n g in Th
see m to y f m th
a a . e sa e s r or s e

s u bj t f ec li f in V n nd w l u nt
o a re e e ro a, a as a so c rr e

i n th f u t nth e n tu y in
o r ee lightly diff nt ce r a s er e

f m i n S p in
or a .

Th id e h w v th t Di t i h w
ea , o i d e er , a e r c a s car r e

o ff b dily t h ll m t h v b n v y un p l t
o o e us a e ee er a a

a bl t h i m di v l dm i
e o s nd i t i
e p b bly e a a r er s, a s ro a

t thi f t th t we w th
o s ac n id bl diff
a o e e co s era e er

e n b tw n th m i ni ng t diti n nd th
ce s e ee e re a ra o s a os e

j t m nti n d A ding t E t l H f h l t ng
us e o e . ccor o ze s o a u

th e d il in th h p f bl k h
ev id
e s a e o a ac or se ca rr e

h i m ff n t t h ll b t t th d
o o t f Rum n i
o e , u o e e s er o e c ,

th t
er e figh t with d g n till th
o Dy f ra o s e a o

J udgm nt ; th Sw di h Did i k g t ll h w
e e e s i ssa a e s o

h e d wy
ro e tly na bl k h
a t t k
s ec r e o a ac or se o a e

v ng n n W iteg l w th t it but di d
e ea ce o e, s e e ra or , e

o f hi w n d s n th ouh m w d j u n y ; in th
s o e o e ar o r e e

Anh ng um H l d enbu h h i l d w y by
a z e c e s e a a a

d w f int
ar h ll w m u nt in nd n v e n
o a o o o a a e er s e

a g in ; nd in th p pul b li f h h b m
a a e o ar e e e as eco e

o n f W d n Wil d Hunt m n
e o o a
’
s s e .

I 99
60 THE HERO IC S AGA CYC L E O F -

Ap ar t f
Di t i h th f u m t im p t n t
r om e r c e o r os or a

fig u re s f th e o g E m n i h Hild b n d
sa a ar e r e r c , e ra ,

W it g e nd H im
e, a O f th E m n i h p
e e . ese r e r c re re

se nt s, we h v
as n m bin ti n
a e f thse e , a co a o o e

h i st i l E m n i
or ca nd Od r a F ar cHil d e a oac e r . or

b nd t o t l t i n hi h t f tu t nd
ra , o ,
a ea s s c a rac er o or a

gu di n w h ve h i t i l p l l l in Gensi
ar a , e a a s o r ca ar a e

m u nd whos l y l d v ti n t Th d i f th e ’
, e o a e o o o eo er c s a r

a nd n l e d u i ng th i
u c s m i n i ty p
r v d th e m e r or r e ser e

th i e r i n he i t n Th rdi ff na f n m e is
ce. e er e ce o a

s ufli i ntl
c e nt d f by
ac cout h e ly i n epo or ear cor ra
y
t i n i n th e Di t i h
o g f th p G m ni e r c sa a o e r e- er a c

t y f om b t b tw n f th e
s or o c a nd n e Th ee a r a so . e

H i l d b nd sli d h w th t th e f th
e ra e s oi n th s a a er , e

G m ni v e i n f th
er a c to y b
rs o th nam
o e s r , or e e e

o f Hild b n d ; e ft h i i nt odu ti n i nto th e

ra a er s r c o

Di t i h ag h e w p um bly id ntifi d with

e r c s a as re s a e e

th e h g d gu di n nd in t u t whos
er o s a
’
e ar a a s r c or , e

r ea l n m e b ecam p fl us nd di pp d
a e su er uo a sa ear e .

An th e p tly h i t i l figu i W it ge
o r ar s or ca re s e

id nti l i n h i p ity f E m n i h v l
e ca ,
s ca ac o r e r c
’
s a ssa ,

wi th th Vid igoi
e G thor d m f m ti i mu a, wh o
' '
ss s, o

a c cor ding t J d n v m e t h S m ti n
o or a es, o er ca e ar a a s

by guil nd w th h e a f pi as ng I n his
e ero o e c so s.

d ti n f om Di t i h to E m en i h w hav
eser o r e r c r r c e e,

p h p
er a m i ni
s, a r e n f Tu f d ti n fr m
sc e ce o a s
’
es er o o

Th d i t Odo
eo or c whil e h i
o hi f t f
a c er , s c e ac o

t h y th e u end f R v nn
r ea c er , s gg t
rr er o a e a, su es s

co n fu i n wi th th
s o i n m petent king W itigi e co s,
zoo
62 THE HERO IC S AGA CYCLE O F -

th e ma ny parat Di et ich p m and st ies

se e r oe s or ,

and by th , i nt odu ti n f suit ble m tives m

e r c o o a o , co

binod th m into a h m n i us wh le Thi ta k

e ar o o o . s s

was in d d , tte m pt d by th e
ee ,igin l utho f
a e or a a r o

th e Th id eks g a b ut h i wo k w
r di fig u ed by
sa , s r as s r

a l t ed to m e mpil e wh int du d
a er r ac r, a er co r o ro ce

s o mu h xt ane u m tt th t t h e Thid r k sag

c e r o s a er a e s a ,

as we kn w it i th e o m p endium of G
, s ra r a co er

mani h c g th n Diet i h pi Hein i h

er o sa a a a r c e c. r c

d erV gl too th
o uth o
er , f Di et i h H uch t
,
e a r o r c s

a nd th R b m hl h t e em s ta e h ve im ed tc ac ,
se o a a a

un iti ng th hi t i l Di et i h t diti n int

e s or ca r c ra o s o a

continu u epi c u n d e
o th e ti tl
s Das B u k van r e c

B ern bu t h is p we nd p ti n proved un o rs a a e ce

e qu l t th t sk H i wo k i in m plete nd
a o e a . s r s co a

t di u
e wh il e hi s ty l e l ck both t h
o s, ti ti s a s e ar s c

fini h f th C ou t Epi
s o nd th e Sp ightliness f r c a e r o

th P p u l
e Epi H i two poem
o ar in f t c . s s ar e, ac ,

aesth ti ll y the l
e ca t ti f t y f all th ea s sa s ac or o e

poem f th e cy l N n f th m it m u t h
s o c e . o e o e ,
s e

conf d n l y l im t mu h ti tic fini h

e sse , ca a c a o c ar s s

a nd t i nt but ll x pt Di t i h Fiu ht nd
r es r a ,
a e ce e r c : c a

th e R b m hla cht a e t l east g d

c x m pl f ar e a oo e a es o

th e a t f th e w nd ing gl eem n
r o T h E ck nl i d
a er e . e e e

a nd S igenot h v th m it f lif nd acti n e nd e er o e a a o , a

so, t h v th e p m
oo, a f th e Vi gi na l g up in
e oe s o r ro ,

spite f th ei prolixity ; th Ros ng ten u W m

o r e e ar z or s

a boun d in hum u — f som wh t g t qu nd

s o r o a e a r o es e a

p im itiv n tu e it i t u ; L u in i n t wi th
r e a r , s r e a r s o

20 2
 DIETRICH O F BERN 63

hum ou
ou t yp besides d e iptiv
r of th e sa m e t e, scr e

p sg f
as a mu h h m
es o n d t u h es c f ou t
c ar a o c o c r

refin em nt nd Alp h
e t Tod r
,
a h h igh ar s eac es a

t n d d in it di
s a ar tn t g dy s n d p th s
r ec e ss, ra e ,
a a o .

B y nd th M id k ga h weve nd H i n i h
e o e r e ssa , o r, a e r c

d V gl e B u k van B e n w kn w f n m di v l
er o r s
’
c r e o o o e e a

a tt m pt t e u f g
o t e p
se i th pl
or n d i da r ea c e s e

m te i l ff ed by th
a r a o to i er nd p m f th e s r es a oe s o e

Di t i h g And yet thi s g whi h h d f

e r c sa a. s a a, c a or

it s ce nt l figu ra n bl ki ng though f u
re a o e ,
o s r

p i
a ssn g v l u l w ya ol w t rd wa th wa d s s o o ra e s or ,

a nd th ugh b l v d by hi
o u bj e o t f e d int s s ec s or c e o

e xile by th t h y f hi n m i nd by hi e r ea c er o s e e es a s

o wn hiv l u c e lf sac i fi
a ro ; t hi s g whi h
s -
r ce s sa a, c

w asf ll f d m ti itu ti n nd n t l king i n

u o ra a c s a o s a o ac

su h c t iking figu e
s r E m en i h th typ r s as f r r c , e e o

cr u l ty e nd g d Sib h hi evil un ll
a r ee ,
ec e s co se or ,

Hild b nd th f ithful gu d i n in pit f h i

e ra , e a ar a ,
s e o s

y ear s on f Di et i h
e d gh t i t w i
o r c nd
’
s ou es a rr or s , a

al w ys a dy with dvi
r ea nd h lp W l fh at ce a e ,
o ar ,

u ng
o h t h d d ov -
t hi t
ea i ng f e t h f ey er rs or e ra
y , , ,

an d W it g u nni ng e nde, m c n y tu n d a er ce ar ,
r e

t itra f or th sa kor f g ld ; thi e g with it e o o s sa a s

re cord f dv ntu o m ng gi nt
a e nd dwr es f a o a s a ar s

and d g n f l ng ye
ra o s, f xil e fil l d wi th
o o ars o e e

v li nt d d nd f vi t i u tu n t l t
a a ee s, a o c or o s re r a as ,

se em t h v s l l th e
o an ti l e f a G m n e ss e a s or a er a

O dy y th t m igh t h v b n m p i n with
ss e a a e or e co ar so

th t y f Uly
e s or it l f
o sses se .

20 3
L l sT O F THE M O RE IMPO RTAN T PO EMS
OF THE DI ETRICH CYCLE
l Th e H itd ebm p b by
dd icd , ro a l of Low Germ an orig in,
b ut b roug h t to Ful d a ( Ea t F
ranconia ) i n th e e igh th

c entur y
by H
.

zfi m hizh
wr itten an Aus tria n , ein
. t u
r ich d er V og l e r , toward s th e end
c t’
of th e t h irteenth c e ntur y
p p
.

4 Alp ha r t: Tod , a Ba varia n oe m f r om th e la tte r a rt

y
.

of th e th i rte enth c e ntur

b
.

5 Da s Eckm l i cd well known i n Nort h ern

oth a nd

yi y b bly
.
,

S outh ern Germa n n th e th i rt e e nth c e ntur Pro a

Ty
.

of r ol ese orig i n.

6 S ig enot, a H ig h Ger ma n p oe m , d at n i g p h p f m
er a s ro

p y P b bl y f
.

th e la tter a rt of th e th i rteenth c entur ro a o

Ty
.

rol e se ori g in.

7 Vi rg in al , Dietr ich: an te Ausf a hr t, a nd Diet/ri ch und

y y y
.

sei ne Gesdl m , var ing versi ons of a T rol ese stor and

p b by
ro a l d ating as oe m s fr om th e p end of th e th irtee nth
y
c e nt ur .

8 La ur im, or Der kl ei ne Rosenga r ten d a ti ng f rom th e end

y Ty
.
,

of th e th irte e nth c e nt ur a nd of rol es e orig in .

p by
,

9Gold ema r , a f ra g m ent of a oe m wri tte n a c e rtai n

b y
.

Al rec h t von Ke m e na ten i n th e t h i rteenth c entur and

b Ty
as ed on a yrol e se sto r

p y p
.

10 Th Thid k g i e re u a a, n rose, or ig inall c om osed in

N w y b h m id d l f y by
.

or a a out t e e o th e th i rte enth c ent ur

I l d i g w i wh p
, ,

an ce a n c sa a - r te r ose sourc es w e re oem s and

20 4
 B I BLI O G R A P H Y

ED ITIO N S of t h e p oe m s me nt i one d in th e f oregoing list

N o 1 ha s b e en f re q uentl y ed i te d a nd re pi r nte d Th e
b
. .

est text s ar e in K Mii ll enh ofi u nd W Sc h erer s Deni : ’

by
. .

mdl er d eutecher Poet i c a nd Pr om (3rd ed , re vi se d

’

y
.

Ste inm e e r , Berli n , a nd i n W Braune s Al thoeh ’

H p
.

d eutechea Lesebuch ( 5 t h e d all e , A r e rint,

ac c om pa ni ed by
a G er m a n tra nsl a t i on , w ill al so be f ound

i n Ma x Mul l er s Ger ma n Cl a ssi cs, v ol i ( 2nd ed

’
xf ord , O
b
. .

Cla re nd on Press, wh ic h c onta i ns al so an a stra c t

of t h e Th id r ekseag a versi on an d a art ial r e ri nt of th e p p
Young er H ild ebra nd el ied An E ng l i sh all i terative tra ns
b pb pby H H p
.

l ati on of t h e oe m h as e e n u l i s h ed A es e n . .

sh d i M d
a e L g g N
n l
o er n i i 35 3 it d h
a n ua e otes, v o x an as

b pi di MA P
.
. , ,

S h b d B m (G i m
’
e en re r nte n otte r s o ra an a ste r m
y
. .

Li b y ra r w hi h d i h i l h h mc f sc usses ex a u st v e t e t e e o

mb
,

th F h
e d S
at er-a n -
on co a t.

N 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( Vi g i l ) 8
os . 11 di d i h r na 9, ar e e te n t e

Th i w k i i
, , . , , , ,

D euteehee H ld b h B li 1866—7 8e ea u e er n, s or s n

p f wh i h P
, .

fi ve a rts , 1 oi N 8 ( d K c art c onta ns os e

d 11 ( d 0 J i k ) P
. . . .

M ll h if )
ii en o an 11 i e an c e art c onta ns

i ) P V
. . .
,

N 2 3
os . d 4 ( ll d E M
, , an i a e . . art n , a rt . c onta ns

N 5 6 7
os . d 9 ( ll d J Z pi )an a e u tza
N 4 wi h p Di i h pi
. .
, , , .

o . i ,
f h t wil l l
or t ons o ot er et r c e c s, a so

b f e d i
oun h S mml g G / n t l 10e b a un aze ten , vo

b di d m l y by G H l H ll
. .

N 8 h o. as een e te ore re c ent . o z, a e,

189 7
b d i d by U g Ch i i i 853
.

N 10 ho. as e en e te n er , r st a n a , 1
by A R m i Di
,

an d l d i
tra ns a te G m nto er an asz a nn n e

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20 6
 BIB L I OGRAPHY 67

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f ol l ow up th e re f e r e nc e s t h e r e
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k
.

w ill t h ere b e f ound to t h e ol d e r sta nd a r d w or s , su c h as

W Gri m m s Die d eutsche H el d em ag e ( 3rd c d , Gu tersl oh ,
’
. .

20 7
 BIBLI OG RAPHY
K Mtill e nh oif s Zeug ni sce a nd Eweur ee zur d eu tsch en
.
’

H eld em age ( B erl i n Uhla nd s S chr ifl en zw

’
L , .
'

Geschichte d er Di chtung a n d Sag e ( S tuttgart, W

H b
.

Mull e r s M ythol og ie d er d eu tsche n H eld em age ( e il ronn

’

V
,

18 86) R H ei nz el s Uber d ie ostg othi sche H el d em ag e ( i en na

’
. ,

I n th ese a nd i n K Goed e ke s Gr un d r i ss zu r
’
&c
pp bb
.
.
,

Geschic hte d er deu tschen Dic htwng ( 19 1 f ul l i li o

ph i p
.

g ra cal inf orm ati on is rovi d ed .

J ir icz e k h as g i ven a ppl o u ar trea tm ent of th e su bj ec t in

Die d eu tsche H el d em age (Sam ml ung Ooec/um N o wh i c h
b by Mi k
.
,

has e en trans la ted i nto Engl i sh ss M B e ntinc

.

Sm i t h i n e N
h r or the r n H er o-Le end s Lond on
g ( one of

ylp P im
,

De nt s c o aed i c
’
C r e rs .

Th e Di etric h sa g a h as h a d b ut l ittl e in fl uence on

Mod e rn Ge rm a n l i t era ture Menti on m a y, h owever, b e

H pi F
.

ma d e of Li ngg
’
Die Vol ker wa nd er ung e l ix
' ‘

e e c,

b ll
.
,

Dah n s Die Amel ung en a nd of Karl S im roc k s

’
ad
’
a

p p bli h
, ,

a tte m t in h is Am l u ng en l i ed , u s ed in hi s H el d en
buch , vol s iv —vi
write a ne w Di etri c h e i c re to p
p
. .
.
,

re sent in g th e ori g i nal f orm of th e sa ga Ernst v on

y
.

W il d e b h
’
Konig L -
m i a ( B erl in, 1902) c an h ard l b e
‘

n r u c s a

sa i d t o h a ve any c onnec ti on a t al l wi th th e Di etri ch sa g a

p I y
.

I t d eal s wi th th e fal l of th e Goth i c ower in tal , an d

th e r ef erenc es to La urin are a ll e
g ori cal . Di etri ch
h im sel f , a nd som e of h i s m e n, fig ure , of c our se, in
su c h k W J d N ib l w g (P I
m od ern wor s as or an s
’
e n e a rt

S igf id g P II H il d b H im k h ) d F i d i h
.

r sa e, a rt e r a nts e e r an r e r c

H bb l Di N i b l d p
,
.
,
'

e e sb h e h e ung en ut t ese are ra t er a a ta

ti f h Nib l
ons o g ht f h Di
e i h g F li e un en t an o t e e tr c sa a. e x
B h a Km f m R m l
u s
’
p wi h
a p fu o a so o e ns t an a c c ount o

Di etr ic h ’
s d ea th .

Pn nted by B ALLA N TYN E , H A N SON 00 .

b
Ed i n urg h 67: Lo nd on
 P R E FA C E

TH E P p l Vuh i th N w W ld i h t
o o s e e or
’
s r c es

m yth l gi l m i n
o o N
ca t n l ti n e.f it h o ra s a o o as a s

y te pp a d i n E n
eare gli h n d n d q u t t n l s ,
a o a e a e ra s a

ti n i n
o ny E u p n l ngu g
a It h
ro b n
ea a a e . as ee

n gle t d tec e t in xt nt b
o a ce r a f th u n e e ec a u se o e

th inki ng t i tu p d up n it uth nti i ty

s r c r es asse o s a e c .

Th t th m nu ipt xi t in Gu t m l th n
a o er a scr s e s a e a a a

th n di
e o e d by Xim ne nd t n ib d by
sc over e e s a ra sc r e

S h c nd B
er ze r eu d
a B u b u g i p b bl
rass r e o r o r s ro a e.

S t h gh t B i n t n n d th p
o ou r nt w it
o h
,
a e rese r er s ar es

h i b li f
s e A nd e . it i t l t it w uld b well
e re s oo a e o e

t h t th
a — th esenl y d f the f ith f th
e o re c or s o a o e

build f t h m y ti
ers o in d nd d t d iti f
e s c ru e a eser e c es o

C nt l Am i — h ld b
e ra e r ca v d Thi i s ou e r eco er e . s s

n t o m tta th t h uld b l ft t th e en te p i
a er a s o e e o r r se

o f i ndi id u l v bu t n whi h h uld eng g t h

a s, o e c s o a e e

co n id s ti n f i nt
er a o t d g v n m nt ; f
o wh t
er es e o er e s or a

i m y th t d y i
s fte n hi t y t m w
o a s o s or o -
orr o .

LEWI S SPEN CE .

J ul y 1908 .
6 THE PO PO L VUH

m t yh hl
s a re as th p i l m t i l h
wor t ess a s e r ce ess a er a s e

un th d
ea r v l u bl ) d pl d i n l tt t th
e ar e a a e e ore ,
a e er o e

Du d V l my th
e e upp a d l f th
,
!
P p l e s ose oss o e c o

V h whi h h w
u ,
w c h d b n m d e f as a a re a ee a e u se o

ea rly i n th ni n t nth entu y by e t in D n

e ee c r a ce r a o

F lix C b
e D C S h
a r e ra . n Au t i n r . . c e r z er , a s r a

h l th u m d f it v l p id vi i t
'

sc o ar , w s a e a ar e o s a ue , a a s

t oth R pub li f G t m l in 18 5 4 18 5 5
e e c o ua e a a or ,

a nd w u f l in t in g th m i i ng m n u
as s ccess u rac e ss a

sc ript i n th li b y f th U ni it f S ne r ar o e ve r s v o a

C l i n th i ty f G u t m l I t w ft
a r os e c o a e a a . as a er

w d ar t i n d th t i t
s a sc er a h l i t Xi m n e h d a s sc o as ,
e es, a

d p it d it i n th li b y f hi
e os e n v nt t e ra r o s co e a

C hi hi t n ng wh n i t p d t th S n
c cas e a o, e ce a sse o e a

C l lib y in 18 30
ar os ra r .

S h c t n m d
er z er apy f th Sp ni h
o ce a e a co o e a s

t n l ti n f th m n u
ra s a o ipt whi h h p ubli h d
o e a sc r ,
c e s e

a t Vie nn in 18 5 6 u nd a t h ti tl f L Hi t i er e eo as s or a s

d l e ig n d l I ndi d G u t m l p l R P
or e e os os e a e a a, ar e . .

F F n i Xi m ne
. ra c sc o T h Abbé B eu l e s.
”
e rass r a so

t k
oo py f th igi n l w h i h h p bli h d t
a co o e or a , c e u s e a

P i i n 18 61 with th titl V h P p l L e
ar s ,
e e
“
u o o :

Liv S é d Q i h é t l Mythe d l A nti

re ac r e u c s, e es s e
’

quité Am é i i n I n thi r ca w k th Ki h ée.

”
s or e c

or igi n l nd th Abb F n h t n l ti n
a a e t e 8 re c ra s a o ar e se

f th id by id
or s Unf t n t ly b t h th
e s e. or u a e o e

S p ni h nd t h
a s F n h t n l ti n l v m u h
a e re c ra s a o s ea e c

t b d i ed
o e f es rth i u yi n nd
so a r as e r ac c r ac s co ce r e ,

M e xi c o, O c t . 15 , 18 5 0 .

2 14
 TH E POPO L VUH 7

a nd hy t e d f little u by
a r e r en n d
f th eer e o se r eas o o

m i l d in g n
s ea t whi h m p ny th m
o es c a cc o a e .

Th n m e P p l Vuh ig ni fi s R d f
a e
“
o o s e
“
ecor o

th eC m m nity nd it li t l t n l ti n i
o u ,
”
a s e ra ra s a o s

B k f th M t f m th Ki h e w d p p
oo o e a ,
”
ro e c or s o
”

or ppl m t o ug
o ,f w v n u h
a b k
a or r o o e r s es or ar

n wh i h th n t i e f m ily s t
“ ”
o c nd
e uhe r a a a y or

u h u pp ,
”
b k f m u h t w it
a er or oo ,
ro oc o r e.

Th P p l Vuh i n x mpl f w ld wid

e o o s a e a e o a or -
e

gn
e — re typ f nn l
a f wh i h th e fi t p ti n
e o a a s o c rs or o

i p
s m yth l gy w h i h g d l l y h d
ur e o o ff in t ,
c ra ua s a e
s o o

pu hi t y ev lving f m th h m yth f g
re s or , o ro e er o- s o sa a

t th
o it l f th de d f th nti p n g
e r ec a o e e s o au e c er s o a es .

I t m y in f t b l
a , d with th H eim k ingl f
ac , e c asse e s r a o

Sn th e D ni h Hi t y f S x G m m ti u
or r e , a s s or o a o - ra a c s,

th eChin Hi t y in t h Fiv B k th
ese s or e e oo s, e

J p nes N ih ngi nd f
a a e it f u th b k
o ,
”
a , so ar a s s o r oo

is co n n d it c er m wh t e m bles th Pi ti h
, so e a r ese e c s

Ch ni l ro c e .

Th l ng u g in wh i h t h
e a Ppl Y h w
a e c e o o u as

w it t n w
r e h , b n id th Ki h e di l t
as , a s as ee sa , e c , a a ec

o f th g t M y Ki h e t ng u
e r ea p k n t th a a- c o e s o e a e

ti m f th Conqu t f m t h b d
e o e f M xi es ro e or er s o e co

o n th n th t t h
e f th p
or nt S t t f
o ose o e r ese a e o

Ni gu n th uth ; bu t wh
ca ra a o th M y n e so er eas e a a

w poken in Y u t n p p
as s nd t h St t f ca a ro er , a e a e o

C hi p t h Ki h é w
a as, t h t ng e f th p pl
c as e o ue o e eo es

o f th t p t f C nt l A m e i
a ar n w o upi d by e ra r ca o occ e

th S t tes of G u t m l
e a H nd u nd S n a e a a, o r as a a

21
5
 8 THE PO P O L VUE

Sa l d
va he it i till u d by th e n tive
or , w re s s se a s.

I t i tot lly d iff e nt t th e N h u tl th l ng u g

s a re o a a ,
e a a e

of th peeple f An hu
e s Mexi b th
o a ac or c o, o as

re g d its igin nd t u tu
ar s or n d it ffi ni ti
a s r c re , a s a es

with th o A m i n t n gu
er e even l
e r ca distin t o es ar ess c

t h n th
a betw en th S l v ni nd T ut ni
ose e e a o c a e o c

g u p Of thi tongue th
ro s. P p l Vuh i
s e o o s

p ti lly th nly m num nt ; t l l vent th

rac ca e o o e a a e s e

o nly w k by n tiv f t h di t i t in whi h it

or a a e o e s r c c

w as u d A gn t di l t th C k hiqu l
se . co a e a ec ,
e a c e ,

p d d th e Ann l f th t p pl th wi
ro u ce a s o a eo e, o er se

kn wn o T h B k f Chil n B l m
as
“
e w k
oo o a a a ,
”
a or

pu ly f gen l gi l int t whi h m y b

re o ea o ca e r es ,
c a e

co n ult d i n th
s ed m i bl t n l ti n f th l te
e a ra e ra s a o o e a

D ni l G B i nt n
a e . r o .

T h e Ki h e p pl t t h ti m
c f th i di
eo v y
e a e e o e r sc o e r ,

whi h w c im m di t ly b qu nt t th f ll f
as e a e su se e o e a o

M xi h d in p t l t t h t ul tu wh i h w
e co, a ar os a c re c as

c h te i tic f the M y n
ar a c r s o th m n nt f a a r ace , e re a s o

whi h h v ex ited univ l w nd in th uin

c a e c e r sa o er e r s

o f th e v t d e t i ti s f C nt l Am i
as es r c eAt o e ra e r ca

a p i d n t f di t nt f m t h C nqu t t he n
er o o ar s a ro e o es o ce

ce nt li ed G v nm nt f th M y n p pl h d
ra s o er e o e a a eo es a

b n b k n up int p tty St t n d C nf d i
ee ro e o e a es a o e erac es ,

whi h i n t h i
c h t ll th ity t tes f
e r c ar ac e r r eca e c -s a o

m di e l I t ly I n ll p b bili ty th ivili ti n
aeva a . a ro a e c sa o

p ossessed by the p pl h d be n b ught th m se eo es a e ro e

by f m M xi
a r ac e rol l d th T l t e wh
c o ca e e o e cs o

t ugh t th m t h
a t e f buildi ng i n t n
e ar s nd o s o e a
10 TH E P PO O L VUH

m an was pply the defi ien y th e divin

not . To su c c e

b i ngs esolv d to c
e r te m n niki nse ved ut f r ea a car o o

w d oo B ut th e
. n in u d th di pl u e f se soo c rr e e s eas r o

th g d e wh i it ted by t h i l k f
o s, o, v nc
rr a e r ac o re ere e,

l ed t dest y th m Th n by t h will f
re so v o ro e . e e o

H h n th H t f H ven t h w t w
a ra a ,
e ea r o ea ,
e a ers ere

s w ll n n d
o e g t fl d m e up n th m nnikin
,
a a rea oo ca o e a s

o f w d ooT h y w e d wn d nd thi k e i n
. e er ro e a a c r s

f ll f m h v n Th bi d X ecot
e ro ea e h t . ut e r c ovac ore o

t h ei y ; th bi d C m ul t ut ff th i h d ;
r e es e r a a z c o e r ea s

t h bi d C t b l m d v u d th i fl h ; th bi d
e r o z a a e o re e r es e r

T u mb l m b k e th i b n s nd
ec a a inew nd
ro e r o e a s s a

g und th m i nt p wd
ro Bec u th y h d n t
e o o er . a se e a o

th gh t n H u k n the f e th f
ou o f th
ra a ,
r e or e ace o e

ea r th g w d k n d re p u i ng in mm n d
ar , a a o r ra co e ce ,

ra ini ng by d y nd by night Th n l l ts f a a . e a sor o

b ing g t nd m ll g the d t g th t bu
e s, r ea a s a ,
a re o e er o a se

t h m n t th i f es
e e T h v y h ou h ld uten il
o e r ac . e er se o s s

a nd ni m l ja d t th m th ei m ill t nes th i
a s ee re a e ,
r -
s o ,
e r

pl t s th i up thei d g th i h n S id th
a e , e r c s, r o s, e r e s. a e

d g nd h n V y b dly h v y u t t d us
o s a e s, er a a e o r ea e ,

a nd y u h v o bitten u N w w bit y u i n
a e s. o e e o

tu n r S id th m ill t n
. a
( m e t t eV y -
s o es a es er

m h w uc w t m nt d by y u
er e n d d ily d ily
e or e e o ,
a a ,
a ,

n igh t n d d y it w k h h l f ‘ '
a q a ,
as s u ea , screec ,
scr eec ,
or

L arg e h ol l owe d stones use dby t h e wom en f or

b r ui si n
g m a i ze

m t p
.

Th e Kic h e word s a re ono a o oe ti c — “

h ol i , h ol i ,
”
b uq i , b uq i .
 TH E P O PO L VU H 11

y o u r sa k e . N ow yo u s h ll a fee l ou r str en g th ,
a nd

we w ll gr n i
ou r esh a n d m a i d y fl k m l e ea of y ou r

b di
o es A nd th e d o s u ra e
. n niki n g pb id d th e m a s

b u th y h d n t b n f d n d t t h u n
e ca se e a o ee e ,
a or e e

h ppy i m g with th i t th And th p nd

a a es e r ee . e cu s a

d i hes id P in nd m i y y g v u m k
s sa , a a se r ou a e s, s o

i ng u t p o nd idr king
o s a th fi s e s , c oo u s o ve r e r e,

b ning nd h u ting u
ur a if w h d n f ling r s as e a o ee .

N w it i y
o t n nd ys h l l bu n
our Th n ur , a ou s a r .
”
e

ra n t h m n ni ki n e h i th n d th i th
a in d sp i s er a er e a r.

Th y li m b d t th
e c f f th h au
e b t th
o e r oo s o e ses , u e

h u o m bl d u nd
ses cr u th i f t ; th y t i d t
e er e r ee e r e o

m un t t th t p
o f th to b t th t
e e h lds o e r e e s, u e ree s ur e

th m f m th m ; th y
e ro ugh t fug in th
e e so re e e

ca v n but th e v n l d b f th m Th u
er s, ca er s c ose e or e e . s

w m pli h d th
as acco ui n f thi s d ti n d t
e e r o s ra ce , es e o

b v th wn And it i id th t t h i p t ity
e o er ro . s sa a e r os er

a re t h li ttl m n k y wh liv in t h w d
e e o e s o e e oo s.

TH E M Y TH or V UKUB -CAKI X

Af t thier t t ph
s ca a s ro e , er e ye t th e e arth wa s q uit e

r e co v d f m th w
e re ro e r a th o f the g d th
o s, er e e xi t d s e

a m n a ful l f p id “
o r e, wh ose na m e was Vuk ub
Ca ki x . T he ignifi
na m e S v n ti m th s es e e -
es - e

l
co our of - - fi re , V y b illi nt nd w j ti
or er r a a as us

fi ed by th e f t th t i t
ac wn y w
a f s o er 8 e es er e o

s il ve r , h is tee th f m ld nd th p t f h i
o e er a , a o er ar s o s

a n ato m y of p i u m t l I n hi wn pi ni n
r ec o s e a s. s o o o

2 19
 12 THE P O PO L VUE

V ukub-Cakix s ex stence ren

’
i
d e d unnecessa y th at re r

of th e sun and th e m o n n d t his egoism so dis o , a

gu ted th
s e gods th at th ey esolved upon hi v r s o er

th w ro H i t wo son
. Zip n snd C b k n s, ac a a a ra a

( e t h
ar h e pe
()
l - nd e a thq ua ke) w
re d ily a ar ,
re a

e m pl y d t he on in h e pi ng up m ount in
o e ,
nd e a a s, a

th eth e i n dem oli hing th m

o r nd th se l s e ,
a e a so

in u ed th e w th f th e i mmo tals S h tly

c rr ra o r . or

a ft th e d i i n f th e d iti the twin h g d

er ec s o o e es er o -
o s

H un Ah pu nd X b l nq ue
- m e to ea th wit h t h
a a a ca r e

int nti n f h ti ing th

e o g n e f Vukub
o c as s e a r ro a c o

C kix nd h i p geny
a a s ro .

N w Vukub C kix h d g eat t ee of th e v i ty

o - a a a r r ar e

kn wn in C nt l Am i
o n n ee t p l
ra er ca as e z or
“
a a ,

b ing f uit und y ll w nd om ti nd

ea r a r ro ,
e o ,
a ar a c, a

up n t h i
o f uit h e d p nd d f his d ily u t n
s r e e e or a s s e

a nce On e d y on g i ng t p t ke f it f
. a hi o o ar a o or s

m ning m eal h e m oun t d t i ts umm it i n

or d e o s or er

t py the h icest f uit wh n t h is g t i nd ig

o es c o r s, e o rea

n ti n h
a o disc ve ed th t H un Ahpu nd X b
e o r a - a a

l nqu h d been bef

a e h im
a nd h d l m ost or e ,
a a a

d n d d th e t ee f it p d u e The h g d
e u e r o s ro c . ero- o s,

wh l y on eal ed withi n th f li g
o a c c n w dd d e o a e, o a e

i nj u y t th ft by h u ling t Vukub C kix d t

r o e r a - a a ar

f m bl w pip whi h h d th eff t f p ipi

ro a o -
e, c a e ec o r ec

t tin g hi m f m th
a um m i t f th e t ro t th e s o r ee o e

Zipac sig nifies Coc kp s ur, a nd I k ta e th e na m e t o

s ig n i f y a l so
“
Th ro wer-up of e ar th . Th e c onnec ti on is
o bi
v ous.

2 20
14 TH E P O PO L VUH

r ec o v er e d ,
re afli xed
-
to h i s s hould e r , a nd all en dd e

sa ti f ily fo the h
s actor r ero- o g ds .

B ut th ei m i ssi n w s n r o a ot y e t co m plete . Th e sons

of Vu u
k b-Cakix, Zipacna a nd Cabrakan, rem ai ned
to be accounte for Zi pacna consented , at th e d . .

e n trea ty f f u h und d y uths i ncited by th e

o o r re o ,

he g d to assist th m i n t n p ting hug

r o- o s, e ra s or a e

t wh i h w d e tin d f
r ee c th e as f t ee f h u
s e or roo -
r o a o se

th y w e b uilding W hilst i ti ng them h w

er e . ass s e as

b guil d by the m int nt i ng g e t dit h whi h

e e o e er a r a c c

th y h d d ug f
e a th p p f dest oyin g him
or e ur ose o r ,

a n d w h n once h e d nd d w ve wh lmed e esce e as o r e

by t t u nk by hi t h u c qu intan
re e -
r s s r ea c ero s a a c es ,

wh i m gi n d h i m t be l i n B ut h t k
o a e f g o s a . e oo re u e

in id tun nel f th x v ti n cut off h i h i

a s e -
o e e ca a o ,
s a r

a nd n il f th e nt t
a s or y up to hi n m ie a s o carr s e e s

as a s ign f h i de th w it d unt i l t h y th h d
o s a ,
a e e ou s a

b m i nt xi ted with p ulq ue be u e f j y t

eco e o ca ca s o o a

h i u pp ed d mi
s s os nd th n m e gi ng f m th e
e se , a e , e r ro

p it h ,
k s t h e h u
oo t h t th y u t h h d
o b uilt se a e o s a

v hi b dy b ut th i h d so th t l l w e
o er s o a o e r ea s, a a er

d t y d in it ui n
es r o e s r s.

B t H un A h pu nd X b l nq u e w
u -
givd a a a ere r e e

th t t ha f u hu nd d h d p i hed nd l id
e o r re a er s ,
a a

a m ffi
or e ei u t p f Zip n Th m n
ca c o s ra or ac a. e ou

t in b
a -
yi n
ea re r ,g t h m un t
ca rr i n by n igh t e o a s .

so u gh t h i u t n n by d y by th e h
s s s e a f th ce a s or e o e

riv wh h liv d up n fi h nd b Th
er , ere e e o s a cra s . e

h gd
er o -
n t u t d
o s nco t ifi i l
s r b whi h
c e a ar c a c ra c
 THE P OP O L VO H 15

th ey pl d in ace ve n t t h b t t m f d e p
a ca r a e o o o a e

r av in Th e hung y tit n d nd d t th ve
e. r a esce e o e ca ,

wh i h h c nt d n ll f u
e e B ut
er e n ighb u
o a -
o rs. a e o r

i ng m un t in h d b n u nd m in d by t h divi n
o a a ee er e e e

b thro nd i t b ulk w
ers , a t p n h ism Th u as ca s u o . s

a t th f t f M u nt M v n p e i h d t h p u d
e oo o o ea a r s e e ro

M unt i n M k
o awh p w t u n ed
a er , ose cor se as r

i nt t n by th t t ph e
o s o e e ca as r o .

O f th f m ily f b t e a nl y C b k n o oa s er s o a ra a re

m in d Di
a e v d by th h g d t h i f v u
. sco er e e e ro -
o sa s a o r

i t p ti m
e asf v t ni ng t h hill
e o th y nti d
o er u r e s, e e ce

him in n t ly di a ti n h ll nging him t

eas er r ec o ,
c a e o

v th w p ti ul ly high m unt in On t h
o er ro a ar c ar o a . e

w y th y h t
a bi d with th i bl w pip n d
e s o a r e r o -
es , a

p i ned it wi th th Thi th ey gav t C b

o so ear . s e o a ra

k n to
a t Aft p t ki ng f th p i n d f
ea . er ar a o e o so e ar e

hi s t n g th d
s re t d him nd f ili n g t
eser e m v , a a o o e

th e m n t in h w
ou b und nd bu i d by th
a e as o a r e e

vi t i h g d
c or ou s ero o s.

TH E SE CO D B N oox

My t y v il t h m m n m n t f th S nd
s er e s e co e ce e o e ec o

B k f th P p l Vuh Th th m i th bi th
oo o e o o .
”
e e e s e r

and f m ily f H n A h pu nd X b l nq u
a o nd th u -
a a a e, a e

ib i nti m t th t nly h lf i t be t ld n
scr e a es a o a s o o co

n in g th hi t
c er y f th i f th
e X piy nd
s or o e r a er . a coc a

X mu n th f the
ca n d m th
e, d iti h d tw
e a r a o er e es, a o

sons, H u nh un A h pu - a nd Vuku b H unah pu , -

th e
22
3
16 TH E PO PO L VUH

first be i n g , so fa r as ca n be g th e d
a re , a bi -se xu l a

pe rso a n ge . H e ha d by a w ife , X bakiya l o, t wo son s ,

H u nbat z a nd i d m nd
H u nc h oue n , m e n full of w s o a

ar ti ti g ni u
s c All f th m w e ddi t d t th
e s. o e er a c e o e

r ec ti n f di i ng
rea o nd pl yi ng o t ball ndc a a a ,
a a

sp t t
e c a or f th i p t i m e w V th e m
o e r as s as oc , es

sen g f H u k n X b kiy l h ving di d H un

er o ra a . a a o a e ,

h u n A hpu
- nd V kub H un h pu l ea ving th
a u -
a , e

f m
or n b hi nd pl y d
’
er s so g m f b ll whi h in
s e ,
a e a a eo a c

it p g
s ro to k th m i nt th vi i nity f th
r ess o lm e o e c o e r ea

o f X ib l b (th un d w ld )
a a This eached t h
e er or . r e

e f th m n
a rs o h f th t pl H un C m nd
e o a rc s o a ace , -
a e a

Vuku b C m wh -
ft a n u lt ing th i
e, un lo, a e r co s e r co se

l
ors , c h ll ng d th t ng t g m f b ll with
a e e e s ra er s o a a e o a ,

th bj t f d f ting nd di g ing th m
e o ec o e ea a s r ac e .

F thi p u p e th y di p t h d f u m e se n
or s r os e s a c e o r s

ge in th e h p f wl The b th
rs s a pt d
e o o s . ro er s acce e

th h ll ng ft
e c a et u hing f ew ll with t h i
e, a er a o c ar e e r

m th o X mu n
er nd th i n n d neph ew
ca nd
e, a e r so s a s, a

f ll wed th f th d h ld d wn th e teep
o o e ea er e er a s o s

in lin t X ib l b f m th e pl yg un d t N inx
c e o a a ro a ro a or

C h h
arc a Aft n m in u
.
‘ ing v iv
er a o o s c r oss o er a r er

o f bl d th ey
oo m t th iden e f th king f
ca e o e r es c o e s o

X i b l b wh e th y u nd e w n t t h m tifi ti n
a a, er e r e e or ca o

o f m i t ki ng tw w d n figu
s a f th m n o h oo e r es or e o arc s .

I nvite d t it n th ot f h ns th y d i
o e sea o o ou r , e s

v d it t b
co er e d h t t n o n d th nt
e a re - o s o e, a e co or

ti n w h i h
o s ul t d f m th i
c u e f ul t i k
r es e ro e r s cc ss r c

N e ar Ve ra Paz .

2 24
18 TH E PO P O L V UH

not a t beli ve h e t l B ut X quiq ppe l d

fir st e r a e. a a e

t o th e g d and pe f
o s, m ed m i cle by g t h e i ng r or a ra a r

a b ket f m i e where no m i e grew nd th u

as o a z a z ,
a s

g i
a ned h e c on fi d n r
ce e .

S h t ly fte w d X q uiq b
or a m e th e m th
r ar f s eca o er o

t win boy th e h e oes of th

s, Fi t Bo k H un r e rs o ,

Ah pu nd X b l nq ue
,
a Th s did not find f ou
a a . e e av r

i n th e y of e X m u ne th i
es
g n d m th ca , e r ra o er .

Th i i nf ntil e ies
e r a used th e w a th cr f t hi a ro r o s

v n bl p rson nd h v nt d it upon th m by
e era e e , a s e e e e

tu n in g th em out f d oo
r Th y speed ily t k t o rs . e oo o

a n u td oo
o li fe h w ve nd becam e m igh ty
r ,
o e r, a

h nte nd xpe t in th u f thei blowpip

u rs, a e r e se o r es ,

with whi h th ey sh t bi d c nd th e m ll g m o r s a o r s a a e.

Th e ill t e tm ent whi h t h y

- r a e eiv d f m c e r c e ro

H unb t n d H un h u n
a z a u d th m t l t to c o e ca se e a as

t li t e
re a nd th
a ,
wh
a h d m ade th i liv os e o a e r es

m i e ble we e p un i h d by bei ng t n f m ed by
s ra r s e ra s or

t h e divin hild en int pes Th e ven ble

e c r o a . era

X m n e fill d wi th g i f
uca ,
t th e m et m ph i
e r e a a or os s

a nd fl igh t o f h e ill t d g nd n wh h d r -
s ar re ra so s, o a

m d a h e h m e j y u with th i singing nd
er o o o s e r a

fl t pl yi ng w
u e - a t ld th t h w uld be p m itt d
,
as o a s e o er e

t b h ld th ei f e
o e o n e m if h e c uld d
r ac s o c or e s o o so

wi th u t l i ng h
o g vity but th i nti nd
os er ra , e r a cs a

g imr u d h
ac e s ca ch m im nt th t n th
se er su er r e a o r ee

se p t c i n h w n bl t
ara e o ca s o t in h
s s e as u a e o res ra er

l ugh t nd th e m n m nk y pp e ed n m
a er a e -
o e s a ar o or e .

H un A h pu nd X b l n q u n w bec m
- a xp t a a e o a e e er

226
 TH E PO PO L V UH ~
19

m us ii c a ns , a nd one of it i w th t t e hi fv r a our e a rs as a

m nk y f H n A h pu
”
o f H n A h pu q y thu - o , e o e o u -
.

Th divine t win w
e n w ld n u gh t u n d s er e o o e o o er

t k l b u in th fi ld
a e a o r n d th i fi t t k w e e ,
a e r rs as as

th l ing f m ilp
e c ea r m i pl nt ti n Th y
o a a or z
a e -
a a o . e

w p er e d f m gi t l whi h h d th m it
ossesse o a c oo s, c a e er

o f w ki ng t h m lv
or i n th b n f th y u n g
e se es e a se ce o e o

h unte t th rs h a n d th th y f un d
e c a se , a ose e o a

ca p i t l u b tit ut f
a s t h i sw n di ti ng pe n or e r o r ec r ese ce

up n t ho fi t d y e R tu nin g t n ig ht f m
rs a . e r a ro

h ntin g th ey m d th i f
u ,
nd h n d w i th
s ea r e e r ac es a a s

di t r th t X m u n
so m i gh t b
a d i d int ca e e ece ve o

i m gi ning th t th y h d b n h d t w k i n th
a a e a ee ar a or e

m i fi ld
a z e- e B ut d u i n g th nigh t th wild b
. t r e e eas s

m et nd pl d l l th
a re t nd
ace h b whi h a e roo s a s ru s c

th e b th —ro th th i
er s m gi t l h d
or — ra er e r a c oo s a

re m v d o Th t wi n
e . lv d t w t h f th m
e s r eso e o a c or e

o n th n ui ng n ig h t but d
e e s pit l l th i ff t , es e a e r e or s

th eni m l a d d in m king g d th i
a s s u c c ee e a oo e r

e sc a p e, n thsa v e t wh i h w o ug h t i n
e, e ra , c as ca a

h ndk hi f Th bbit nd d l t th i t il
a erc e . e ra a ee r os e r a s

i n g tti n g w y
e Th t i n g ti t u d t h t t h y
a a . e ra ,
ra e a e

h d p
a d it lif t ld th m f t h gl i u d d
s ar e s e, o e o e or o s ee s

o f th i g t f th
e r nd un l
r ea th i a gm t er s a c es , e r a es a

b ll nd f th xi t n f
a ,
a o t f i m pl m nt
e e s e ce o a se o e e s

n y t pl y th g m whi h th y h d l ft i n
ec essa r o a e a e c e a e

th e h u Th y di v d th
o se . nd w n t t
e sc o ere ese , a e o

pl y i n th b ll g nd f th i f th
a e a -
r ou o e r a ers .

It w n t l ng h w v
as o u ntil H u n C m
o nd
, o e er - a e a
20 THE PO PO L VUH

Vukub-Cam e , th e p in f X ib l b h d th m r ces o a a, ea r e

a t pl y nd d e i d ed t
a , a l u th m t t h U n d
c o re e o e er

w ldor t h y h d l u d t h i f th
as e a M ess ng re e r a ers. e ers

we e d p t h d t t h h u
r es a c f X m u n wh
e o e o se o ca e, o,

fill d with l m d p t h d
e a ar lu t ,
y th
es a c e a o se o ca r r e

m g to h g nd n Th l u wi hi ng t
essa e er ra so s. e o se , s o

en u s g t pe d t
re r ea er h th b th
s e n o r eac e ro er s , c o

se nt d t e b w ll wed by
o e s t d th t d by
a o a oa ,
e oa a

ser p nt nd th
e ,
a p nt by t h g t bi d V
e ser e e r ea r oc .

Th th
e o n i m l d ly lib
er a ted n n oth
a s bu t
u e ra o e a er

d pit h i utm t ff t th e t d uld n t g t

es e s os e or s, oa co o e

ri d f th l u
o wh h d pl y d hi m
e o se , t i k by o a a e a r c

l dging in h i gu m nd h d n t b n w ll w d
o s s, a a o ee s a o e

a t ll a Th m . ge h w v w d uly d liv d
e essa , o e er , as e er e ,

a n d th pl y e tu n d h m
a t t k l v
er s r e f r e o e o a e ea e o

t h i g n d m th
e r ra n d m th o B f th i d
er a o er . e or e e r e

p t th y h pl nt d
a r ur e e n i n th
eac m iddl f
a e a ca e e e o

th eh u whi h w t qu int th th y l ft
o se , c as o ac a ose e e

b hi nd with th i w lf
e i n it w uld with if
e r e ar e , s ce o er

a ny f t l i um t n
a a b f l th m
c rc s a ce e e e .

P i ng t h
ur s u t th i f th h d f ll w d
e r ou e e r a er s a o o e ,

th y p e d th iv
a sse f bl d nd t h
e r iv er o oo a e r er

P p hy
a u B ut th y
a. nt n n i m l ll d X n
e se a a a ca e a as

a va nt u i wi th
co d t p i k ll th Kib l b n
r er or ers o r c a e e a s

wi th h i f m H un A h p u l g t h u d i i ng
’
a a r ro -
s e , s x
sc over

th f t h d w ll
ose o i n th U nd w ld wh w
e e er s e er or o er e

m d a f w d — th
e o wh m th i f t h
oo h d un
ose o e r a er s a

wi ttin gly b w d t m n
o — nd e l l ni ng t h
o as e a a so ea r e

n m a f th
es o th by t h i i n qui i nd xpl n
e o er s e r r es a e a a

228
22 THE PO POL VUH

h d bei ng ut ff by C m t Rul f B t
ea c o a azo z , er o a s,

wh u dd nly
o s pp d f m b vee a ea r e ro a o .

T h be h di ng f H un Ah pu d
e ea n t h w v o - oes o ,
o e er ,

a ppe t h v t m i n t d f t lly b t wing t

ar o a e er a e a a ,
u o o

t h u ni nt lligi bl e n tu
e ef th t xt t thi j un a re o e e a s c

tu it i i m p
r e, i bl t s t i n i n wh t m n ne
oss e o asce r a a a r

h w e u d f u h l th l w und T h i epis d
as c re o s c a e a o . s o e

i f ll w d by n
s o o m bl g
e f ll th ni m l
a a sse a e o a e a a s,

a nd n th a nt to t b ll pl yi ng
er ft wh i h
co es a a -
a ,
a er c

th b th
e m g d u ni nj u d f m
ro e rs e l l th e er e re ro a

o de l
r f th X ib lb n
a s o e a a s.

B ut i n d t f u th t un d th i
or er host o r er a s o e r s,

H un Ah pu -
nd X b l nq u nfid d a t tw a a e co e o o

e
sor c r e rs n m d X lu nd P w th t th a e u a aca a e

X i b l b n h d f il d b
a a s th a nim l w a e eca u se e a a s er e

n t o n th i o id nd di ting them wh t to
e r s e, a r ec a

d o wi th th i b n t h y t t h d them le r o es , e s re c e se v es

u p n f n l pil nd di d t g th
o a u era Thei e a e o e er . r

b n w b t n t p wd nd th wn int th
o es e re ea e o o er a ro o e

r iv wh th y nk nd w t n f m d into
er , er e e sa ,
a er e ra s or e

y ng m n On th fifth d y th y e pp d lik
ou e . e a e r a ea r e e

m n fi he -
nd s n t he ixth in th f
es , a m f ogg d s e or o ra e

o l d m n d n ing b u n ing nd
e ,
a t in g h u e
c ,
r a r es or o s s,

killi ng nd t ing h th t lif with th

a r es or eac o er o e, o er

w ndo Th p in e
er s . f X ib l b h i n g f th i
e r c s o a a, ea r o e r

s kill q t d th m t xhibit th i m gi l
,
re u es e e o e e r a ca

p w o wh i h th y did by bu ning th e
er s, c yl e r ro a

pl a ac e and t in g it killin g n d res or u i t ti ng , a r es sc a

th king d g nd utti ng m n in pi
e
’
s o , a nd c a a eces , a

z 30
 TH E PO P O L VUH 23

b inging
r h im to l if e a
ga n i . Th e monarc hs of

X i bal ba , x iou to xp i nce th e novel s n ti n

an s e er e e sa o

o f te m po
a y d th q uested t be l i n nd
r ar ea ,
re o s a a

r es usc i tated Th y w pe dily kill ed but th

. e er e s e ,
e

b the s ef ained f m u it ting th i

ro r r r h
ro r es sc a e r arc

e nem i e s.

Announcing th i l n m es the b oth p

e r r ea a ,
r ers ro

c eed ed t p uni h th p in es of X ib l b
o s Th
e r c a a. e

g am e o f b ll was f bidd
a n th e m th ey w e
or t e ,
re o

p f m meni l t k nd only the bea ts f th

er or a as s, a s o e

f est we e they t h ld in v ss l ge They pp

or r o o a a a . a e ar

a ft this t chi v Sp i f d ubtful distin ti n

er o a e ea ec es o o c o

as pl utoni c d eiti d m n They e d ib d

es or e o s ar e sc r e

as w like ugly
ar wl i n p ng evil nd disco d
, as o s, s i ri a r .

Th i faces we e p inted bl ck and white to h w

e r r a a s o

th ei f i thl ess natu e

r a r .

X m u ne w i tin g t h m f
ca ,
ath e b oth e w a o e or r rs , as

a l t n t ly fill d with j y nd g ief as th n

er a e e o a r e ca es

g w g n nd wi th d
re ree a di ng t th e v yinger e , ac cor o ar

f tune f h g nd n These young m n

or s o er ra so s. e

we bu ied at X i b l b with p ying fitti ng fun l

re s a a a e ra

h n urs to thei f th nd u n l who now m un t d

o o r a er a c e, o e

t h ven and b
o ea m th un nd m oon whil t
eca e e s a ,
s

th fou h und d y uth

e r l i n by Zip cn b m
re o s s a a a eca e

t h e ta s s Th us n l ud es th e e ond book
r . co c s c .

T H I RD Boon TH E

T he begi nni ng f th thi d b k find s th g do e r oo e o s

o n e m
c e in orun il I n th e d k nes t h y
co c ar s e

2 31
24 TH E PO PO L VUH

co mm u ne concer n n i g th e c rea t on i of m an . Th e
C t nd F m m d f u
r ea or a t m n Th
or er a e o r p f er e c e . ese

b i ng w e wh lly
e s t d f m y ll w n d wh it
er o crea e ro e o a e

m i a ze . Th i n m w B l m Q uit é ( Tig
e r a es er e e e -
z er

wi th th S w t S m il ) B l m Ag b ( Tig
e ee f th e , a a - a er o e

N igh t) M h u ut h (Th ,
Di ting ui h d N m )
a c a e s s e a e ,

a nd I q i B l m ( Ti g -
f th M n ) Th y h d
a a er o e oo . e a

n i th
e f th e n m th n ith w th y m d e
er a r or o er , e er ere e a

by th o din y gents in th w k f
e r ar ti n a e or o c rea o .

Th i ti n w
e r c r ea mi l f th F m o “ as a r ac e o e or er .

B ut H u k n w n t lt g th s ti fi d with
ra a as o a o e er a s e

hi s h ndiw k Th a m n w e t or p f t . ese e er oo er ec

Th y k n w v m u h Th f e th g d t k
e e o er c . er e or e o s oo

co un l s t h ow t p ed with m n Th y
se a o o r oc e a . e

mu t n t b
s m o g d (n t h e th C h i ti n
eco e as o s o e er e r s a

influ n ) L t u n w nt t thei ight th t

e ce . e s o co ra c r s so a

th y m y n l y b
e bl t s
a op ti n f th th e a e o ee a or o o e ear

a nd b nt n te id th g d Then H u k n
co e ,
sa e o s. ra a

b thed
r ea l ud v th i y whi h b cam
a c o o er e r e es , c e e

p ti lly v il d Th n th f u m n l pt nd
ar a e e . e e o r e s e ,
a

f u w m n w m d C h P l um (F lli ng
o r o e e re a e, a a -
a a a

W t ) Ch im h (B utiful W t ) T ununi h
a er ,
o a ea a er ,
z a

( H u eo f ths W t ) o n d C k ix ( W t
e f A as a er ,
a a a a er o r

or P t ) wh b m th wiv f th m en in
a rr o s , o eca e e es o e

th i p tiv d
e r r es m n ti n d b v
ec e or er as e o e a o e .

Th s w th n te e f th Ki h és nly
er e e a ces or s o e c o .

Th n w e t d th n t
er e cr ea e f th p pl e a c es or s o o er eo es .

Th y w e ign nt f th m th ods f w hip

e er ora o e e o or s ,

H ur a ka n .

2 32
26 THE POPO L VU H

w hi h th y lled H i t ft ne f thei g d
c e ca aca v z, a er o o r o s,

a nd h th y
ere t d f h e they h d b n
e r es e , or er a ee

in t u t d th t th y should e th un A nd th
s r c e a e se e s . e

s un pp d Ani m l nd m en w e t n p ted
a ear e . a sa er ra s or

wi th d ligh t All the el ti l b d ies w n w

e . c es a o er e o

e t bli h d
s a s B ut th e sun w
e n t
. it i t d y as o as s o - a .

H w e n t trong bu t
as o flected i n mi
s ,
as re a r ror .

A h s se t h e th ee t ib l g d
e ar o w tu n d r r a o s e re r e

i nto t n s o w th e g d —
e, p b bly t tem
as er e o s ro a o s

co nnected wi th t h wild ni m l T h n se th e a a s. e aro e

fi t Ki h e i ty
rs c c .

A ti m p g
s ed th efi t m n g ow l d
ro nd ;
r ess e rs e r o ,
a

im p ll d by vi i n th y b g n t ff h um n
e e s o s, e e a o o er a

sa crifi F thi p u p
ces . th y id d th vill g
or s r ose e ra e e a es

o f th e n igh b u i ng p pl
e wh t li t d
o B ut
r eo es , o re a a e .

by th m i ul u id f h d f w p nd
e r ac o s a o a or e o as s a

h net th Ki h é u tt ly ut d thei n mi
or s e c s er ro e r e e es .

A nd th li n be m t ibut y t them
e a e s ca e r or o .

N w ito m nigh th e d th ti m ca f th e fi t
e ea -
e o rs

m n n d th y
e ,
a ll d th ei d nd nt t g th t
e ca e r e sce a s o e er o

h k n unt th i l t u n l I n th ngui h
ea r e o e r as co se s . e a s

o f th i h t t h ey
e r ng t h K m u u th e ng
ea r s sa e a c ,
so

W se e th t th y h d su ng wh n it fi t be m e
e, a e a e rs ca

light T hen th y t k le v f th i wive nd

. e oo a e o e r s a

so n n
s, o by n A nd sudd nly th y w n t
e o e . e e er e o .

B u t in th i pl w h g bundl whi h w
e r a ce as a u e e, c as

n v e er u n f ld d A nd i t w s
o ll d th M j ty
e . a ca e e a es

E n v l p d A nd
e o e di d th fi t m n f th
. so e e rs e o e

Kic h és .
 TH E P O PO L VUE 27

FO U TH Boo n TH E R

Th F th B k b i g
e ou r d wn t wh t ioo r n s us o o ~
a s

p um bly h i t y W
r es a
y p u m
s or bly b . e sa r es a ,
”
e

ca u we h v
se n ly t h b testi m ny f th
a e o e ar e o o e

P p l Vu h t g
c o pn W ”
n n t o th in o u o . e ca o e er e

th v l uti n f th Ki h e peopl f m
e e o o o mp e c e ro a co a ra

ti l y im pl
ve nd p
s to l t t e f a i ty t as ra s a e o soc e o a.

p liti l nditi n f n id bl
o ca co m pl xi ty
o o co s er a e co e .

Thi ccount f th l t p i d i xt m ly
s a o e a er er o s s e re e

co nf u d nd th n m f m ny f th Ki h é
se ,
a as e a es o a o e c

m n o h arc th ms a re th f th g d i t i
e sa e as ose o e o s, s

oft n di ffi ul t t d i im i n t betw n g nd
e c o scr a e ee sa a a

hi t y I nte m in bl nfli t e th ubj t f

s or . r a e co c s ar e s ec o

m t f this b k n d by th e ti m e th t n
os o oo ,
ibe
a e ra scr r

re h d th e tw lfth h pte h e see m t h v ti ed

ac e e c a r s o a e r

of hi l b u s nd t
a h o m d u p h i m in d t
rs a o a ve a e s o

co n l d c u w it h g n l gi l li t f t h Ki h é
e a e ea o ca s o e c

king H h e t s. the g n l gi re f th r a c es e e ea o es o e

th e r e yl h u ro f G v k N ih i b
a o n d Ah u
ses o a o ,
a ,
a a

Ki h é T h
c t t
. f t n i ti n nd t u m il i n
e s a e o ra s o a r o

whi h th e c nt y w f m ny y
c ou f t th
r as or a ea rs a er e

co n qu st m u t h ve t n d ed t t h e di pp
s a n e e o sa eara ce

o f n tiv a d f ny ki nd nd u uth d
e recor s o a , a o r a or oes

n t o pp at h ve b n
ea r w ll v o ed i n th e
a ee as e ers

hi t y f hi unt y wh i h immedi t ly p ed d
s or o s co r c a e r ec e

hi wn ti m
s o h w in h e m yt h l gy n d
as e as er o o a

leg nd e A o ding t
s. t diti n
cc r it d by o a ra o r ec e

D n Dom ing J u
o i n hi oHi t y f th a rr os s s or o e
28 THE PO PO L VUH

Ki ngd om of T lt
G uatem a l
m ig t d a, th e o ec s e ra e

f m th n igh b u ho d f T l in M xi by
ro e e o r o o u a e co

di ct i n f n
re o l i n n q n f th g t
o a or a c e , co se ue ce o e r ea

in f p p ul ti n i n th
cr eas e o o ig n f N im q ui h é
a o e re o a c ,

fifth Ki ng f th T lt o I n p f m i ng th i
e o ecs . er or s

j u n y th y xp nd d m ny y
o r e e e e nd eu ff d a ea r s a s er e

ext di n y h d hip
ra or ar N im q ui h é w
ar s u s .
”
a c as s c

c eed d by hi
e n A x pil f m wh m w
s so e o ,
ro o as

d nd d Ki b T nuh th
esce e ca
'
nt m p a y f ,
e co e or a r o

M nt um II Thi d n t t ll g wi th
o ez a . s oes o a a a r ee

t he P p l Vuh o o unt acco .

30 THE PO PO L VUH

Biblical g ny th e o igin l m yth would pp

cos mo o r a a ear

t b th
o e um f m e th n on
e s n tiv o ti n or a e a e c rea o

t y
s or W h ve h
. num b
e f b i ng
a h f er e a er o e s , eac o

wh om ppea in a m m nne t exe ise th e f un

r so e a r o rc c

ti n f
o o e to nd i t m igh t b
a cr a
g th d f
r, a m e a er e ro

t his t h t th e ccoun t n w b f re u was p d u d

a a o e o s ro ce

by th fu i n nd e n ili ti n f m o
s o a th n n r ec o c a o o re a o e

legend nn ct d with th co ti n
e — econ il i
e e cr ea o a r c a

ti n f e ly iv l f it h
o o ar W e h v to gu id u in
r a a s . a e e s

t hi th s p v d f ts f
e ro om p it P u vi n
e ac o a c os e er a

co sm g ny Th
o o uli ng I n . t kilf ul ly w lde d
e r ca cas e s e

tog th e n le s th n f u ea ly eati n m yths

er o s a o r r cr o -
,

r es ving f thei wn di in n e t s th e h d
er or r o v e a c s or ea

s hip i th hea ven An d it i n t un e n bl

o e s . s o r a so a e

t b li v t h t th dive s
o e e e th nol gi l l m nts f
a e r e e o ca e e e o

whi h t h M y Ki h e p pl w
c e un d u btedly
a a- c eo e e re o

com p d p ss d dive g nt m g ni whi h

ose o e sse r e c os o o es, c

w n il d t
e re r ec o ne n th e in th e l t
c e t di
o o a o r a er ra

ti n l v
o a i ns of th P p l Vuh
e rs o e c o .

Thi w uld l d t th e fu th upp iti n th t

s o ea o r er s os o a

th P p l Vu h i m n m nt f v y n id
e o o s a o u e o er co s er

a bl ntiquity Th fu i n f ligi u b li f i
e a . e s o o re o s e e s s,

e ven with s v g w k f m n y g n ti n
a a es , a or o a e er a o s.

I t w uld b o h t ttem pt t di v e ras ny o a o sc o er a

a pp xi m t d t f th
ro a e igin l n pti n f
a e or e or a co ce o o

th eP p l Vuh Th nly v i n wh i h w
o o . e o ers o c e

p ossessi t h t n w un d s vi w nd th l k
a o er re e ,
a as e ac

o f n a li v i n m k
ea r m p i n i mp
er er s o ibl a es c o ar so oss e,

w t h u wi th ut t h g u id n
e a re s wi th wh i h th o e a ce c e

2 38
 TH E PO PO L VUE 31

cr ite ia of phil l gy w uld und ubtedly f u ni h u

r o o o o r s s .

Th t the M y n i ili ti n was f ve y c nside

a a a c v sa o o r o r

a bl ntiquity i p ible lthough no d qu te

e a s oss ,
a a e a

p of exists f th
ro um p tion Thi m u h i
or e ass . s c s

e t in
c r a th t t th
: p i d f the Conquest
a a e er o o

w i tten l ngu g w
r till in
a st te of t
a n iti n
e as s a a ra s o

f m th e pictog phi t th e phonetic ide g phi

ro ra c o -
o ra c

st ge
a n d th at th
,
a f n v ion of th e P0p l er e or e o e rs o

V h whi h h d be n fix d by its receiving li t

a c a y e e erar

f m could h v l ng xist d I t i m u h m
or a e o e e . s c ore

p b ble th t it xi t d f m ny gene ti n by
ro a a e s e or a ra o s

b ing h nd d d wn f m m uth to m th—

e a e o ro o ou a

m nna f lite y p e e v ti n exceed ingly m m n

er o rar r s r a o co o

with th e Ame ic n p pl es Th e m e m ies f th

r a eo . or o e

n tive
a f Am e is o we nd sti ll a e m ttr ca fo re a r a er r

as toni sh m ent fo ll wh m e i nto cont ct with

r a o co a

th m e The C nq ui t d e w e stound ed t th
. o s a or s er a a e

ea se with whi h th M xi n uld

c ec it p m e e ca s co r e oe s

a nd ti ns f tup nd u l ngt h
or a o o nd n um
s u e o s e ,
a ero s

i n t nces f I nd i n f t f m nem nics

s a o na ea s o o a re o

e o d
r c r .

I t is w o th y f n ti e th t th e Ki h é myth
r o o c a c

e m b dies th e g n
o l b iginal idea f eati n e era a or o cr o

whi h p ev il d i n t h N w W ld
c r a e I n m ny f e e or . a o

th e m th e ent l id f eati n is suppli d by

c ra ea o cr o e

th b roodi ng of
e g t bi d v the d k p im v l a r ea r o er ar r e a

w t as e of w te s Thu the Ath p ans th ught

a r . s a asc o

th t a mighty a ven with y f fi e nd win g ra , e es o r a s

whose cl pping w a th th unde descended to as as e r,

2 39
32 THE PO PO L VUH

t he d t h rt h t i t u f
ocea n a nd ra is e Th e ea o s s r a ce !
“ e

M u ki b li ved th t
sc o s e u pl e
e f pig n kim a a co o eo s, s

m i ng th e u f f th d p
s r a cepi d bl d f o e ee , es e a a e o

g rassu p n i t uo f w hi h s sl w ly v l d i
r ac e ,n t c s o e o ve o

th d y l n d ?
e r T he Zuiii i m gin d th t A w n
a s a e a o a

wil n th All f th
o a, e i m p gn t d t h w t
- a er , so re a e e a er s

th t a s um
a ppe d up n t h i u f whi h
c a ar e o e r s r ace c

b c m th
e a e th nd e ky : earTh I qu i id a s e ro o s sa

th t th i f m l e n
a e r t e xp ll d f m h v n
a a c es or , e e e ro ea e

by h ng y
er p u l nd d up n th
a r s o f m
se, a e o e sea , ro

wh i h m ud t n
c a Th Mixt
, o i m gin d
ce ar ose . e ecs a e

th t tw win d
a —oth f th N i n S p nt
s nd
o se o e e er e s a

th N in C v n
e e — un d a th g ier fs bi d nd er e u se o a r a

a wi ng d p nt p tiv ly u d th w t
e se r e r es ec e , ca se e a er s

to b id nd th l nd t pp
su s e a Th C t
e a o a ea r . e os a

Ri n G ym i l t d
ca ua ding t M l nd th t
s re a e ,
accor o e e ez , a

N n m l w d d i n t th
o co a a w t
a n d m t th
e o e a er a e e

w t nym ph R t h
a er -
wh b h im t wi n th
u e, un o or e s, e s

a nd m n In
oo l l th. u nt s f m wid ly
a ese a c co ,
ro e

di g nt n ti n it i
ver e a p i in g t n t
o s, h s su r r s o o e s uc

u n n i m i ty
a f b li f ; nd wh n th t n i ty f
o e e a e e e ac o

l g n d i b n in m i nd i t i p h p n t t
e e s or e h , s er a s o oo r as

t t t
o s a e a b li f in n igi n l A m i n
e e ti n
a or a er ca c r ea o

m yth whi h , m n n th l
c see p ibl wh n th
s o e e ess oss e e e

f t f th
ac o th n l gi l u n ity m ng th A m i n
e e o o ca a o e er ca

t ib
r ies m mbs re d e er e .

H i s tor y of t h e Fur T ra d e, Mac k e nz i e , p 83 .

I T ib p
.

”
1 S c h ool c ra f t,
'
nd ia n r es, i 266
y
. . .

I C as h i ng , Zufi i Cre a tio n M t h s .

”

2 40
34 THE POPO L VU H

to it th t if m d n h l hip is u n bl t
c red a o er sc o ars a e o

p p ly t n l t the w k th t f the ighte nth

ro er ra s a e or , a o e e

centu y w r u n bl e t as t it ; n Eu p n
a o c r ea e o ro ea

o f th t epoch wa suffi i ntly v se d i n Ki h e

as c e er c

th eology nd h i to y ta mp in f ultl
s r o co ose a ess

Ki h é such wo k
c t he P pol Vuh b thing
a r as o ,
”
rea

as i t d oe in v y li ne n i nti m t
s e nd n tu
er l a a e a a ra

ac qu i nt n e wit h the ntiq uiti s f Gu tem l

a a c a e o a a a.

Th e P p l Y uh i n t th e nly m ythi h i
o o s o o -
s

t i l w k
or ca mp d by n b igin l Am i n
or co ose a a or a er ca .

I n M xi I xt li lx h it]
e co nd i n P u G iloc d ,
a er arc asso e

l V g w te exh u tive t eati e

a e a, ro p n th hi a s r s s u o e s

t y
or nd a t m f th i n tive count ym n
c us o s o e r a r e

sh tly ft th nqu t f Mexi nd P u nd

or a er e co es s o co a er ,
a

hi glyphi
er o d u h th W l l m Olum
c r ecor s, s c as e a a ,

ar e n t un k n wn
o m ng th N th Am e i n
o a o e or r ca

I ndi n I n f t th i nt llig n whi h f il t

a s. ac , e e e ce c a s o

re g d th P p l Vuh
ar e genuin b igin l
c o as a e a or a

p du tion m u t be m e p tic l th n c itical

ro c s or sce a a r .

KI C H E
MEX I CAN M YT H O LOG Y AN D

Th nn ti n
e co f Ki h e n d M y n m yth l gy
ec o o c a a a o o

wi th th t f M xi i a bvi u but n t l t g th
o e co s o o s, o a o e er

p v n I t i po ibl th t th m in lin f th
ro e . s ss e a e a es o e

th ree
y t m w s i m il
s e ; th t t
s i n g ter e s ar a c er a r ea

d iti lik G m t w
e es e mm n t ll b t
uc u a z e re co o o a ,
u

t h t th
a in l i n f l e l g d l nt v y d i f
c us o o oca o s e a er

for ent m pl xi n t th t h
co myth l gi
e o It o e r ee o o es.

24 2
 TH E P O PO L VUH 35

l
a so seem s n ot bl t upp th t th
u nreasona e o s ose a e

Ki h e pe pl e m ust h ve b n m
c o li bl t in a ee or e a e o

flu n e f m th uth th t i f m th n th f
ce ro e so ,
a s, ro e or o

S uth A m i
o Th i n l u i n f
e r ca . n Ant ille n c s o o a ea

d ity ( H u k n) in thei p nth n p ti lly

e ra a r a eo rac ca

p oves th t they we e nd thei l tiv p xim ity

r a r ,
a r re a e ro

t th e C i bs—t h g e t m i ti m e
o ar ef Am e i
r a ar race o r ca

— lead to th e um pti n th t t h ey m y h v be n
s ass o a a a e e

i nflu n d by th
e ce ving m e h nts n d il
ose r o rc a a sa or s

m les p f undly Thi h w ve n nly

or e or s ro o . s, o e r , ca o

be m tte f a u mi r nd h w v t n g th
or s r se , a ,
o e er s ro e

p b biliti s m i n f v u f u h th y p f
ro a e see a o r o s c a eor ,
r oo

i w nti ng t
s a t ength n it o s r e .
TH E PAN TH EON O F THE “
P O PO L VU H

I T m ust be d th t we e d l i ng wi th
r em em be re a ar ea

Ki h e nd n t with M y n m yth l gy Alth ugh

c a o a a o o . o

the two h d m u h i n a mm n it w u ld b m t
c co o , o e os

un f in th e p
sa e ent t t f k n wl dge to tt m pt
r es s a eo o e a e

to id ntify Ki h é with M y n d iti ; su h n

e c a a e es c a

att mpt w uld i nd

e o d m th b ulk f
, ee f , ass u e e o a or

m i d bl t
a eti S h l
r ea hip t th p e nt tim
se . c o a rs a e r se e

h it t t d esign t th p nt ti n f M y n
es a es o a e e re r ese a o s o a a

g d n th e w ll f bu i d iti th wi th n
o s o a s o r e c es o er se a

by lett f th e lph b t nd it i th f wi
a er o a a e ,
a s ere or e se

t th ough ly ign
o or th qu ti n f M y n di n i
or e e es o o a a a

ti es i n d eali ng wi th m yth p ly Ki he Thi s ure c . s

d not pply t th Ki h é M xi n ffiniti

oes a o e c -
e ca a es .

M exi n nd Ki he d iti
ca a m tly kn wn
c e es a re os o

qu ntiti but thi nn t b id f th i M y n

a es, s ca o e sa o e r a a

co ng n e Th
ors . n f t hi i
e t h t u nti
r ea so l or s s a

M y n myth i e n il d wi th th vid n f
a a s r co c e e e e ce o

th M y n m num nt n ce titud
e a a o n b e iv d
s o r e ca e arr e

a t . Thi nn t w ll b hi v d ntil th M y n
s ca o e e ac e e u e a a

hi glyph giv u p th i
ero s t e nting n y f e r sec r e ,
a co e c o

whi h th i n i m m di t l ik l ih d Be in g
c er e s o e a e e oo .
ar

thi i n m i nd w m y p
s ,
d t b i f n id
e a r oc ee o a r e co s era
 THE PO PO I . Y UH

h im p ray n i gt o an d r en d in g h
er om a e g to H ur a kan ,
th e H t f H v n W e l find th l tte
e ar o ea e . a so e a r

l ng wi th X piy
a o X m n nd T p u j i ntly a coc , uca e a e e o

a nd v l ly p n i bl f th
se er a ti n f th
r es o s e or e c r ea o o e

m nnikin if n t f th wh l
a s, m l gi l h m o or e o e cos o o ca sc e e .

Thi f u s, b s ut th e assum pti n f

o co rse , e ar o o o a

co mp it igin f th
os e ti n m yth i n t h
or o e crea o - e

P p l Vuh but it i neve theless t ng t

o o ,
”
s r s ra e o

fi nd E n k n w h m we m u t e k n n li n
re a ,
o s r c o a a e

d i ty t th e h d f th Oly m pi un il
e ,
a ea o ese c co c s.

G u um t i c n nd th e sam e with th
a z s oN hu e a e a a

tl u—
a ca m p p ly Spe king T l t n
or , or e ro er a , o eca

Q u t l h u tl T h n m e i
e z a co a mp un d d f m
. e a s co o e ro

t w Ki h é w d ignifying F th e d S p nt ”
o c or s s ea re er e ,

a n d it m ni ng in th N h u tl i p
s ea isely th e a a s rec e

sa m C n ning th n tu f thi d i ty th e
e. o cer e a re o s e , er

i p b bly m
s ro a di ff n e f pinion th n in th
o re er e c o o a e

case o f ny oth kn wn t mp tive m yth l gy

a er o o co ar a o o .

S t ng ly en ugh
ra el th ugh u nqu ti n bly n
o ,
a o es o a a

a li n i n the myth l gy f th A te n b n h f
e o o o e z ca ra c o

th N h u tl a h b lk m
e a a l g l y in th myth
ac ,
e u s or e ar e e s

o f th t p pl th n i n th e l g n d
a eo e f th e Ki h é a e e s o c s.

T th A t s h
o e m t h v
z ec pp d e se e s o a e a ea r e as a.

h l f f i ndly B l t w hip
a -
r e il aading ,
o ors or re v e ac cor

to th pp t uni m f n ti n l f tune If h
e o or s o a o a or . e

w er e h t b d l t with
ere hi imp t n
o e ea as s or a ce

d m nd th li mit f thi m n g ph w uld

e a s e s o s o o ra o

s p dily b u p d Alth ugh unq u ti n bl y

ee e s r as se . o es o a

th m g d t b th M xi n
e sa e on d Ki h é h h d
o o e ca s a c s, e a

2 4 6
 THE PO PO L VU H 39

ac q i d ig nifi
u re a s ca nc e in A z teca n e y es q itu e out

o f l l p p ti n
a ro o r o to h is Kich é or My a an im
p or ta nc e. ind h w
To th e ul t A z te ca n m e as a c ur e

h un l t
ero , bly i t d with th n nd with
a e ra a ssoc a e e su , a

th igi n f th i ivili ti n T th T lt h
e or s o e r c sa o . o e o ecs e

w asth M n f th S un t h t v ll
e
“
a wh
o e ,
”
e ra e er , o,

with t ff i n h nd ym b li d t h d ily j u n y f
s a a ,
s o se e a o r e o

th S n g d
e uI n l l lik lih d Q t l h u tl w
-
o . a e oo ue za co a as

ev l d up n M xi n il by th T lt c p h p
o ve o e ca so e o e s, er a s

ad pt d f m ome ld ul tu by th m H was
o e ro s o er c s e . e

at l eas t w s h ip ped d ul u ly by b igin l

or se o s a or a or

p er A t -
n t ib e
z eca i n A n h u M rP y n s a ac . r. a e

w it r Th e f t th t th w
es : hip f Q u t l ac a e ors o e za

co h u tl un de th e n m
a f C ul n r G um t a e o uc ca or uc a z

w xtensiv ely p ev lent i n Y u t n nd Cen t l

as e r a ca a a ra

Am i wh il n t e i f und f the w hi p f
er ca , e o rac s o o or s o

T tlip
e z ca t ngly ugg t t h t t h e f un d
oca , s r o f s es s a o e rs o

th C nt l A m i n p u bl
e e ra
( t h T l t ) w
e r ca e os e o ec s e r e,

in f t d v tac f Q t l h u tl wh p fe
,
e o ees o d ue za co a , o re rre

exil nd d nt in t ng l nd t
e a a ve pti ng
ur e s ra e a s o acc e a

re ligi u i nn v tion whi h w s intol e ble t

o s o a c a ra o

th m
”
e .

Th t Q u t l hu tl was n t n b igin l M y
a e za co a o a a or a a a

Ki h e d ity i p v d by t he l tive i m p t n
c e s ro e re a or a ce

nt d h i m by
e p eople — th eA t i — t wh ma h z ec a
’
o
g ra o e

w as li n nd th t th y eg ded him
a e a th a e r ar as e

ab igin l g d f An h u p x ll nce i indi

or a o o a ac ar e ce e s s

pu ta bl e .

a “
H istor y of t h e Ne w W orl d .

247
40 THE POPOL VUH

H urakan , t h e w n iv p w i th e i gd e c r eat e o er , s

wi nd f th e tem pe to I n t h e P p l Vuh h 8 s .
’
o o e 1

de ign t d Th H t f H v n
s a e e He i ea r o ea e . s

p ll l with if n t id nti l t th e A t n d ity

ara e o e ca o z e ca e

T tlip wh i n h is v i nt of Y l li h tl
ezca oca , o ar a oa -
e eca

( th e Wi n d f N igh t ) w s u ppli
o t d by t h e A t e s as ca e z c .

as t h lif b e th s? El s wh e w h v hint d th t
e- r ea e er e a e e a

T tlip m y h ve b en an ice g d 1 M P yn
ez ca oca a a e -
o , r. a e

s ee i n him
s n l bo ti n of th e vi i n of d th
a e a ra o s o ea

in p li he d
a o ying t ne whi h seem po ibl
s sc r -
s o ,
c s ss e

but ely p
sca r c b ble H u k n wa i n l l lik l i
ro a . ra a s a e

hood d ived f m n igin l d ity f th Antill

er ro a or a e o e es .

Th t m h u x n e i
e er id t h v igin t d
rr c a
”
s sa o a e o r a e

f m th n m e f thi g d nd l th ugh th e di ect

ro e a o s o ,
a a o r

e vid n f thi i
e ce nty
or th e i um t n es
s s sca , o r c rc s a c

pl a ce th nn ti n b y nd
e co n bl
ec d u bto e o r eas o a e o .

Hu k n i ra l ll ud d t in th P p l Vuh
a s a so a e o e o o ,
”
as

T h e St ng S pe nt ro nd H e wh o h u ls
er , a r

bl we o f i ng t h i p e ence in th lightning
,
r e err o s r s e .

B int n i f pi ni n th t th n me B u k n
r o s o o o a e a ra a

s ign ifi gi nt but th equen f p f i n t

es a ,
e s ce o r oo s o

a lt g th
o e nvin ing H u
er co k n h d th c i t nce . ra a a e ass s a

o f th d mi u g nam ed p ctiv ly C kul h

r ee e r es, res e e a a

H u k n (lightni ng ) Chipi C kul ha (ligh tni ng

ra a ,
-
a

fi h ) nd R x C kulh (t
as ,
a k f th e lightning)
a a- a a rac -o - -
.

O vied o, H istoria d el l I nd ie,

’ ”
li b . vi . c ap . ii i .

1 Sah ag un l ib i i ch ii
‘

yh P
, . . . .

I
“
M t ol og i es of Anci ent Mexico a nd eru Re
l i g i ons An c i e nt a nd M od e r n seri es )
O b
.

vi e d o, B ra sse ur d e B our ourg .

2 48
42 THE PO PO L VUH

s ignifi n e Th t th y w
ca c . f t h e th a t uly e er e o e ar as r

as w th e J tun f S nd i n vi n m yth l gy
er e o s o ca a a o o

th er ec n be n a d ubt Lik th J tun o th

o . e e o s or e

Tit ns Vukub C ki x nd h i p g ny
a ,
- am d a s ro e ar e a e

f m
ro t h e t h n d t h
e ar p en t gi ,
n tai livi n g e ar a s a

re p en t ti n f it u f
res a o X piy
o nd s s r ace . ac oc a

X m u ne em v h i em
ca r ld t th nd pl e
o e s era ee ,
a re ac

t h m wi th m i e g i n
e — u ]y
a z m ythi l i ntra s s re a ca er

p t ti n
ro a ll g y f th m v l f t h g n
o or a e or o e re o a o e r ee

vi gi n tu f f th
r r th o nd i t pl ment by th
e ea r ,
a s re ace e

m i a ze ee d I t i f u th
s . w thy f n ti s th t r er or o o ce a

th m i i pl ed i n Vu kub C kix m uth by

’
e a ze s -
ac a s o

di in b i ng I n th th i d b k f th P p l
v e e s . e r oo o e
“
o o

V h i t i t t d t h t th g d g v m i t m n
u s s a e a e o s a e a ze o a .

It w i nd d b ught t e th f m h v n by
as , ee ,
ro o ar ro ea e

th d ni m l
e sa c re a a s.

II CO MMENTED U ON
B oon . P

Th e S nd B k f th P p l Vuh i th
ec o oo o e o o s e

m t i nt
os ting f t h f u f m
eres m yth l gi l
o e o r ro a o o ca

p i nt f vi w Th t it t t f th d ling f
o o e . a r ea s o e ea s o

t h Ki h é wi th th
e c b igi n l p pl f th d i
s e a or a eo e o e s

t i t th y ft w d
r c e i nh bit d i n t unl ik ly
a er ar s a e s o e .

Alth ugh th e pi ni n f B
o u t h t X ib l b
o o o r asse r a a a

w as a p hi t i t t whi h h d P l nq f it
re s or c s a e c a a e ue or s

ca pi t l i n x gg ti n f wh t
a s a e k nl f
a er a o o a sove r er e o

f t m y b nt in d i n th m yth y t i t i n t
ac a e co a e e , e s o

u n l ik l y t h t th
e Abbé wh a ft n t ni h e , o so o e as o s es

wi th t i ll m i n ti ng h
ou i n th i i n t n
u a m , as s s a ce co e

2 5 0
 THE PO PO L VUH 43

nea r th e tr ut h liff d w lling f M xi nd

. Th e c - e s o e co a

C l d h v fl t y
o ora o a u d Spe l ti n
e o a e ea rs a r o se cu a o as

t th
o b igi n l di e tly p ehi t i p ples f
e a or a or r c r s or c eo o

t he i P p l V d i ly “ ”
se r e
g n T h o ush . fi n t d e o o e e e

scr i b X i b lbes th m t p li a f na U nd e
as e e ro o s o a r

w ldor n d wi t h u h a x m pl th t f th s c e a es a s a o e

Cli fi P l C n n in C l d b f it i d i th
'

a ace a o o ora o e or e u s , s

c ult t th i nk th t ll i n i n t m d
o t ma a us o s o a e o so e

s uc h mi und e g un d b d Th th l ivi n g
se -
r ro a o e. er e e

r ock h b n ex v t d t
as ee n id bl di t n
ca a e o a co s er a e s a ce ,

a dv nt g b i ng t k n f h ug n t l
a a e e t a e o a e a ur a r ec ess o

secu g eat d pth th n c ul d p ibly h v be n

re r er e a o oss a e e

a tt i n d by h u m n g n y
a e nd i n thi im m n a a e c ,
a s e se

l ve th ui n f v i t ble ity m y till b

a co e r s o a er a c a s e

se ne l m st as w ll p e ved in t h d y f i t
,
a o e r es r as e a s o s

v u ti n it t w
e ac a o b ttl m nt nd h use
,
s o er s , a e e s a o s

b ing well m k d n d
e as pl i nly di n ibl ar e a as a sc er e

as th
ar e in f Ph il e ru I t i th n n t u n s o ae. s e o

r ea so n bl t a u pp e th t i n o sm n th ly ose a a or e or er

h m t h R i h e m y h v w d with
o e e c s a a e a rr e a ra c e

whi h d w l t i n
c m u h
e ub t n n l oc lity
so e s c s erra ea a .

A pe pl id e f n th w ld i ft n
o
’
e s a. o a o er or s o e

l d by th e nfigu ti n f th ei wn count y
c o our e co ra o o r o r .

On thi ng i ce t i n a h ll
e n bd fbd
s r a : e ,
a a o e o a

s pi i t d i ting ui h d f m b nefic nt g d X i b l b
r s as s s e ro e e o s, a a

w as n t T h e A m i n I ndi n w s i nnoc nt f
o . er c a a a e o

th id e f m l fi nt d iti s pitted i n e
ea o a e l ti ng ce e e ver as

w f e
a r ar g i n t g d nd li f givi ng g d u ntil
a a s oo a e- o s

co nt t with t h
ac wh i t l u d hi myth l gy e es co o re s o o
 44 THE PO PO L VUH

w ti h thei idea f th du l n tu f up n tu l
r o e a a re o s er a ra

b ings Th e t nsc ibe f th P p l Vuh

e .
’
ra r r o e o o

m k es thi s l ea
a f Ki h ebeli ef w nt Dim ly
c r so ar as c e .

consc ious th t th P p l Vuh was l u d by

a e o o co o re

hi s ag n y wi th th pi ni n f l t ly d pt d
e c e o o s o a a e a o e

Ch i ti nity h e y f the L d f X ib lb H un
r s a , sa so or s o a a,

C m e nd Vukub C m e I n th ld tim th y
a a -
a : e o es e

did n t h v m u h p we Th y we e b ut nn y
o a e c o r. e r a o e rs

a nd pp se f m n nd in t uth th y w n t
o o rs o e ,
a ,
r ,
e er e o

r e ar
g d d ged I f
asn ot re g d do s. g d th”
n ar e as o s, e ,

wh t w th y 2
a er e e

The d vil y C g ll ud of th M yas i

“ ” “
e , sa s o o o e a ,
s

ca lled by th m X ibilb whi h m e n h wh e a, c a s e o

di pp
sa ni h
ea r s or va Th d iv t i n f X i b l b s es. e er a o o a a

i f m t m ea ni ng f f m wh i h ”
s ro a t r oo o ear , ro c

co m th n m f
es egh t ph nt m X ib l b
a e or a os or a o . a a

w as ,th n th Pl e of Ph nt m
,
eB ut it w ace a o s . as

n t th
o Pl e f T m ent th ace b d f d vil
o or ,
e a o e o a e

wh p esid ed v
o r puni hm ent Th id f in i o er s . e ea o s s

we k i n th s v g m i nd
a n d th id e
e a f p u ni h
a e a e a o s

m nt fo
e in in futu t te i unkn wn in p
r s a re s a s o re

Ch i ti n Am i n m yth l gy
r s a er c a o o .

Und th i nfl uence f Ch i ti n t hi ing

er e o r s a ca ec s ,

sa y B int n th Q ui h e l g nd p t y thi
s r o ,
e c e e s or ra s

r ea lly pl
as f t m ent
a nd i t ul
ac e
'

o or , a s r ers as

m lign nt nd p w f ul ; but
a a a I hv bf o er as a e e or e

p i nt d ut they d p te ting th t u h w n t
o e o o so ro s a s c as o

th n i nt b lief
e a c e nd t h y l et f ll n w
e d th t
,
a e a o or a

S ee B ri nton, “
M yh t s of t h e N ew W orl d , ch a p . ii .

2
5 z
46 THE PO PO L VUE

in h bita nts of the unt y th y h d conq ue d

a co r e a re

co uld ea dily be m ul tiplied

r T be t i k d th . o r c e e

b b i n reg d s as
ar ar a m or t l i ndignity as wi tnes
ar a a ,
s

the wra th f Tho in J t unh eim com p

o bl with r o ,
a ra e

th e se n i tiv ness f H un A h pu nd X b l nq u
s e o -
a a a e

l e t th ey sh ould be outwitted by th e X ibal b n

s a s.

Tm : H a a nr m e or X I B ALB A

The d ings
o of H un Ah pu -
a nd X bal a nq ue , i n
X ibal ba , ma y be re
ga r d d it h e
e e r as th e Ki ch é
accou nt of th e a dventu
v it ble h om e res of two er a s

i n n w l nd
a e s th visit ti n f divi n b ing
a ,
or a e a o o e e s

to H d f th xp
a es pu pose f nque i ng
or e e ress r o co r

death B ut by th pe i d f th e fo m ti n f th e
. e r o o r a o o

my th i t i p b bl th t X i b lb h d be m
s ro a n e a a a a co e co

f und d with th Pl
o e f th D d nd w e ac e o e ea ,
a as

re g ddar fit th t
e f
as a th e p digi es of ft ea r e or ro cra

a nd v l u f th e y ung h
a o r g d The Ki hé
o o e ro -
o s . c

H d e h d i n f t v l d f m th e l d n th n
a s a ,
ac , e o ve ro o or er

h m ex tly h d the M xi n M i tl n whi h

o e, ac as a e ca c a , c ,

a l th ugh o ubte nea n la l ity ws l nd r ra oca , as a so , a

p t ly n th n unt y A m pl t Pl
se a ra e ,
a or er co r . co e e a ce

o f th D d h d b n est bli hed n d th e g d t

e ea a ee a s ,
a o s, o

s h w th i ntempt f d th m u t d nd th to
o e r co o ea , s esce er e

a nd m g t i um ph nt
e er Th id
e f m t mp y
r a . e ea o e e s

c h i w
os s k n wn t th A m i n b igin l m ind
as o o e er ca a or a .

\V I ndi n h l l n t fo
e a d i ; v n th g i n
s s a o r e v er e e e e ra s

o f n w
cor p t u n d t h e t h g w u
up nd er e ea r ro a

2 54
 THE P OPO L VUH 47

b ecom e living i
ble nd t u hing
t h ngs, is t h e no a o c

re ply f hi f t th int g ti n f M
o a c e o e e r ro a o o a or a

vi n B th
a eg
ro ding the n tive beli f i n
er , r ar a e

im m t lity M n m u t h ve the x mpl f the

or a .
’
a s a e a e o

g d if h wishes t liv in pe c nd quiet u

o s, e o e a e a ass r

an f i m m t lity
ce o A nd j ust
or a we b liev t h t . as e e a

o u G d d
r oen d d i nt H ell nd v nqui hed Sin
esc e o a a s

a nd D th eadid these impl pe pl g in

,
so s e o e a

t ng th t f ce Ete n ity from th t h ught t h t

s re o a r e o a

th y h d b n p
e a d d in th d k j u n y by the
ee rec e e e ar o r e

Im m t l or a s .

It i vid nt th t th divine b the s f d

s e e a e ro r ea re

ridi l nd p fiting f m th dis ste f thei

cu e, a ro ro e a rs o r

f th nd un l m d u f kn wi ng th n m es
a er a c e a e s re o o e a

o f th hief X ib l b n e th y s t ut I n like
e c a a s er e e o .

m nn a th y v id d m ki ng n beisan
er e a o to t h e e a a o ce

d um m y figu to whi h thei p d e s h dr es c r re ec ssor a

b w d p f u ndly Th Ame i n v ge g v
o e so ro o . e r ca sa a ,
ra e

a nd v d nn t bid idi ule H e h i nk

r eser e ,
ca o a e r c . s r s

f m it i n m nn whi h les elf eg d ing

ro a a er c a s s -
r ar or

a m e or lf u d pe pl
se -
nn t
as s m p h nd
re o e ca o co re e .

Th th
e o t t — th e
er Hou f Tig
es s nd th se o ers ,
”
a e

H u f C ld nd th v i u t m nt men
o se o o ,
a e ar o s or e s

t i n d i n th e S
o e nd B k m u h wh t m ight
ec o oo ar e c a

b e xp d f m b b i n id f d th n
et ec e ro — a ar ar a ea o ea o

m h
or e ibl p h p th n th E u pe n id f
or r e, er a s, a e ro a ea o

H ll i n th Middl Ag
e e t inl y n t m f e es, ce r a o or e ea r

co m p l lin g th n th pict u
e f D nte a e re o a .

Loski el . Ges d er Mi ss d cr
. e va ng . B rii d e r .
48 TH E PO P O L VUE

Th e American peopl es e t one in th ei be l i f ar a r e

in P di e Pl
a ara f J y if n t of Re w d
s ,
a a ce o o , o ar .

Th ei H d s ppea s to h ve been ese ved l m t

r a e a r a r r a os

enti ely fo r th e unillust iou r Pa ad i e in s m r s. r s o e

Am ic n myth l gi s n tably i n th t f M xi o
er a o o e , o a o e c ,

a nd pe h ps i n th t f P
r a u i n thing m o th n a o er ,
s o re a

a p ese ve of th g t ; the p m ight n t ent

r r e r ea oor o er

th e i n n
re m th n m ight th
, o w d por e a e co ar ass

th e g te f tha N e V l h l l I t w to
s o e ors a a a. as

M i tl nc S up y th n th t t h
a or p pul m in d a , e ,
a e o ar

tu n d H ow did th A m e i n pe ples eg d t hi
r e . e r ca o r ar s

d ea b d ? To ente it ne m u t
r r a o e s d p r o s c ros a ee

a nd wift i ve by m n
s f b i d ge f m ed f
r r ea s o a r or o a

l nd t e s id th H u n nd I qu i t th e
s e er r e, a e ro s a ro o s o

fi t mi i n i
rs On th i f il p
ss o ge th e ul
ar es . s ra assa so

m u t d f nd i t lf f m th
s e e tt ks of vg dg
se " ro ea ac a sa a e o .
t

Th Ch p w y n Ath p
e e e n t ld f a g at w te
a a as ca s o o a re a r

wh i h th c oul m u t ein ston n th s c ross a s e ca oe e

Ch ili ns f weste n sea whe e t ll m u t b gi ven

a ,
o a r , r o s e

t o a n vil h g whe pl u k d out n ye if p ym nt

a ,
o c e a e a e

w e n t f th m in g ; th Alg nqu in
er o or f t
co m e o s, o a s rea

b idg d by n en m u n ke Th A t
r e a ll dor o s s a . e z ecs ca e

th i iv Chi un p th N in Riv wh e th
s r er c oa a, e e ers , er e

d p t d m u t p y t ll t
e ar e d g nd s d g n It a o o a o a a ra o .

will b ll t d th t th b th s in th P p l
e r eco ec e a e ro er e o o

V h a , iv f bl d Th is l m t t i nly
c ross a r er o oo . a os cer a

a l l ud t th es n und o th d b m f th
e ocea t er e re ea s o e se

ti ng u n t w d whi h ll th
s ,
o vyg ar em ds c a ese o a es a r a e.

Rel d e l a Nouv Fra nc e,

. .
”
1636 .

2 56
50 THE PO POL VU E

eac h f two th ee pl ye
o I t w s in f t n t
or r a rs . a ,
ac ,
o

u n like hoc k ey Thi g me f b ll b tween th e

. s a o a e

Pw o f Light nd t h P we
e rs o f D kn i a e o rs o ar ess s

so m wh t e m i ni nt
a f th t between O mu d
re sce o a r z

a nd A h im n i n Pe i n m yth
r a Th g m e Of rs a . e a

t l h tl i
ac h d ym b li efe en e t t l l
a a s o c r r c o s e ar

m oti n o s.
°

BOO K III CO MMENTED UPO N .

W h ng g d wi th th
e a re p bl m whi h
e re e a e e ro e c

th igin f m n p e nt d t th Ki h é m ind
e or o a r se e o e c ,

a nd w h ll find th t i t oluti n b
e s a m k a s s o ears a r e ar

a bl lik n t th t f imi l A m i n myth

e e ess o a o s ar er ca s.

W ldom h
e se f n fi t t d b i ng
ear oI n th e o e rs -
c r ea e e .

cr eati n m y th f th N w Wo ld f u b th
o -
s o e e e r o r ro ers a r

u u lly th e p
s a g nit s f th e hum n race M n
ro e or o a . a

i n th m y th i n ea ly l w y ea th b n
ese s He s r a a s r - or .

a nd hi f ll w m ge f m s m
s e o v n s e ub er ro o e ca er or s

terra n n pl fully g wn nd fully m d Thus

ea ac e , ro a ar e .

th e Bl kf t I ndi n em e g d f m N i n
ac oo t hn a s r e ro a -s a ,

a p k i n the R ki
ea I n th c nt Of N unn e oc es . e e re

Ch h th e High Hill w
a a, v n the h use f ,
as a ca er ,
o o

th M t e f B e th wh n
as e r o m th C h t w r a , e ce ca e e oc a s.

Th P uvi n
e m erf m P i T m b u th
a s ca e ro e ca r a , e

H u f th D wn n C u
o se o nd e n n i en ta ,
ea r z c o, a a a c

l g n d f th A t & t t th t th y m e f m
e e o e z ec s a es a e ca ro

J W Fe wkes i n Jour A mer Fol k-l ore, 189 2,p 33 ;

F H pl 189 2 p
. . . . .

“ ”
. . C a sh i ng i n Am e r . Anth ro o og i s t , , . 803
et seq .
 THE P O PO L VUE 51

Ch icom oz toc , th e Se v en C vea rns, to the n or t h of

W e find the first peed ily eng ged M a

ya n m en s a

i n m ig ti n ra S u h m u t l w y b th life of th e
o . c s a a s e e

u n ettl d
s n d u n g i u l tu
e a l vg H m ul a r c ra sa a e . e

tipli G ds
es . giv n to ea h t ib These h e
o ar e e c r e .

be t ar s n ew oun t y a I n f t w h a ve co r . ac e a

co m pl t m ig ti n m yt h i n th Th i d B k f
e e ra o e r oo o

th eP p l Vuh nd the e re n t wanting

o o ,
”
a r a o

s ign t h w th t th i m ig ti n t k pl ce f m
s o s o a s ra o oo a ro

th ld n th to th e w m south Th p incip l
e co or ar . e r a

item f p oof in f v u of su h th y i f
o r a o r c a. eor s, o

co u t h e statem ent t h t th e un was

rse , not t a s a

fi tb n nd t h t t l te st g f th j ou n y
”
rs or , a a a a a r a e o e r e ,

wh n h i beams ppe d up n th h i n it w
e s a are o e or z o , as

a s w ke
a nd dim m
ea l um in y th t h seemed
r a er ar a e

t t h w n dere s th n i n ft
o e a yea Th ll u i n
r a a er rs . e a s o

to h i ni ng san d by th i d f whi h t h y c o sed

“ ”
s ,
e a o c e r s

r iv m y m n t h t t h ey f d d th m wh en
ers , a ea a or e e

v d with i e T h wh le m yth i
c o ere c t iki ngl y
. e o s so s r

a kin t th A te an m ig tion myth given in th

o e z c ra -
e

M exi n M S in th B tu ini C ll ti n (N 14
ca . e o r o ec o O. ,

sec viii ) th t we
. nn t e f
. ain f om ppending ca o r ra r a a

sh t p s ge f om th l tte
or a sa r e a r

Th is i th e b gi nning f the r d Of th e
s e o ecor

co m i ng f th e M exi n f m th e pl e c ll d
o ca s ro ac a e

A tl n I t i by m e n f th w te that they
z a . s a s o e a r

c m a thi w y bei n g f u t ibes

e s a nd i n com in g
,
o r r ,
a

th ey wed i n b t
ro They b uilt th i h ut n oa s . e r s o

2
59
52 THE PO P O L VUH

piles pl ce ll d th e G tt f Q uine y n
at th e a ca e ro o o va a .

I t i th e e f m w hi h t he eigh t t ib
s r ro i ued c r es ss .

Th e fi t t ib is th t f th H uex t i nc
rs r e th e a o e o z os,

se on d t i be th e Ch l
c r th e thi d th X hi a cas , r e oc

m il th e f u th th
cas , C uitl av th e fif th th
o r e acas , e

M l li n l cas th e ix th th C hi im c
a a ,
th event h
s e c e as , e s

th e T p n th e igh th th M tl t in
e a ecas , It i e e a a z ca s . s

th e e wh r th ey we f unded in C lhu c n
er e re o o a a .

Th y w the l ni t f it in th ey l nd d
e er e co o s s o s ce a e

th e m ing f m A tl n
r e , co I t i th th t
ro z a . s er e a

th y e n ft w d w n t w y f m
soo a er yin g ar s e a a ro , ca r r

bef th m th g d Vit ill p htl i whi h th y

or e e e o z o oc ,
c e

h d d p ted f
a a th i g d
o They m ut Of
or e r o . ca e o

f u pl
o r wh n th y w n t f w d t v lli ng thi
ac e s, e e e or ar ra e s

w y a .Th th ight t ib Op n d up u er e e e r es e e o r

o d by w te
”
r a a r .

W fi nd ei m il m yth in th W ll m Olum o
a s ar e a a , r

p i nt d
a d f th e L n pe I ndi ns
e r ecor s o Aft e a a .
“
er

th fl d ys thi ec d th e Len pe with th

”
e oo ,
sa s r or , a e

m nly t u tl e b ing d wel t l s t g th e

a r t th
e s c o e o e r a e

ca v h u nd d welling Of T l li
e o se a Th y w a . e sa

th t th e n k
a l nd w b ight nd w l thy
s a e a as r a ea .

H vi ng ll g d th y w nt ve the w t f th
a a a r ee ,
e e o r a er o e

f n
r oz e t p sea th l n d o I t w w nd f u
ossessl e a . as o er

wh n th y l l w nt v
e e th e m th d ep w te
a e f o er s oo e a r o

I n th e M e xi can text th e S p a ni sh word d ia l ob has

b ee n i nter p l d by o a te
”
the Mexic a n sc ri b e s , a s no Mexic a n
word for d il ev e xi s ts The s c ri b e wa s, of c ours e ,

y fl b
.

“ ”
und e r p i l
r e sti n uenc e h enc e th e d ia l o .

2 60
 54 THE P O PO L VUH

ar e ,h w ve m t v l u bl f the tud y f
o e r, os a a e or s o

M y n myth l gy p p
a a nd fo m pl t u n d
o o ro er , a r co e e er

st n di ng
a f th P p l Y uh
o n d Of Ki h é
e o o a c

m yth l gy in g n e l k n wl dge Of M y n m yt h
o o e ra , o e a a

is nec s y es a r .

METR ICAL CoMr osI T ON

EVIDEN CE or I

Th i n t w nti ng vid n
er e s t
o h w th t a e e ce o s o a ,

lik m t b b u m p iti n whi h d p nd d

e os ar aro s co os o s c e e e

f orth i p p ul i ty u p n th
e r o wi th whi h th y
ar o e ea se c e

co uld b m m is d th P p l Vuh w
e e or igin
e ,
e o o a s or

a lly m p d in m t
co ose P g h e nd th e re . assa es re a er e

sh w d ided m t i l t nd n y
o a ec e r ca e e c ,
as

Am a x -u c h ux r i
’
V a ch

Ve , x-c h a ri m a m a .

Ta chi xa q ui nic

Q ua i e ta c hi g e kum arc h i c

Ca h m ul xa q ui n ri m am a
Ca xa q uin- V ach ca c h a vina k xa c a m ic .

wh ihi c s trans l a te d
I s t h e d a wn a b out to be ?
Yes , a n s wer ed th e ol d m an
Th p p
.

en he s rea d a ar t h i s l eg s
k pp
.

Ag a i n t h e d ar ne ss a e a re d

p
.

Fo ur ti m e s th e Ol d m an s rea d h i s l eg s
p
.

No w th e O oss u m sprea d s h is l eg s
S a y th e p pl
eo e .
‘

Th i p
s a ssa g e O b i l y ppl i
v ous a es to a p
d esc ri ti ve d a nc e
em bl em a ti c o f s unri se.
 THE PO PO L Y UH 55

T he first lin
l m t n in i m bi ( Engli h
e a os sca s a cs s

styl ) end th fi f th i p
,
a f t x pt f th t un
e s er ec ,
e ce or e r

ca ti n in th f u t h f t Th e oth
o e o pp t u
r oo . er s a ear o s

t o n i t Of th t
co s s lt n ti n f t in d f t
a a er a o o s us a e ee

—m u i lly s ca p s nt d by re mi b v —
re e with e a se re e

py h i wh i h i h t i ti f n ly ll
rr cs , c s c a ra c e r s c o ea r a

sa v g d n p t y F th C t
a e a ce -
mi i n y
oe r . a er o o, a ss o ar ,

Obs v th t th n tives w f nd f t lling l ng

er es a e a er e o o e o

t i
s or es a nd f p ting h nt k ping tim t
o re ea c a s, ee e o

t h m i n t h e d n es f whi h l l th Am i n
e os a c o c a e e r ca

a b i gin l p pl pp t h v b n f nd
or a eo es a e ar o a e ee so o

a nd stil l , B n N
ar e d n kj ld
as h e n
a rotly or e s o as r ec

di v d in th Aym
sco er e u nt y The h nt a ra co r . ese c a s

w e r e call d nugum t i h
e g l nd f w d z ,
or
“
ar a s O or s,
”

a nd l th ugh th n tiv
a o m pil f th e Ppl a e co er o e o o

Vuh pp t h ve b n u n bl t
a ea rs o ll t t h
a ee a e o r eco ec e

p e is hyth m f th e wh l m ny p ss g tt t
r c e r o o e, a a a es a es

it s origi n l Od i h t a c c a r ac e r .

N O T —Th E p i ti f
e i Ki h é
ronunc a
q l i on o re n c e ua s s c

p
.

“
Clo i s ronounc ed h a rd , as i n th e Sc ottish l oc h ,
”
a nd 0

h a rd , l i ke k .
 58 BIBLI OG RAPHICAL A PP EN DIX
Th i s exh a usts th e l ist of wor k s wri t ten e xcl usi ve l y
c oncerni ng th e P plVh
o o u . Th e o th er wor k s of

B ra sse ur a nd those of B ri nton c onta i n m ore or l es s

nume rous a l l usi ons to i t, b ut ref erenc es to i t i n sta nd a r d

wor k s of y
m th ol og y are e xc eed i ng l y rare Th e onl y oth e r

k b ig p bj
.

wor s wh ic h h a ve a ea r n u on th e su e c t a re t h os e
u on p y Ma a n an d Ki h é m y h l g y
c t o o or wh ic h , a m ong oth e r

p li i l f
,

m a tter, hi stor c a i l or o t ca re er to i t in a ny way . Th e

t im p
,

m os orta nt of t h es e are

DR O . TTO TOL S
”
L E t h nog raph ic d er Re p blik G
u uat e

m al a
I di
.

E thnol og ie d er n a ner S tamm e von G ua te mal a

S CHER ZE R I di
.

—“
Die n aner von S ant a Ca ta l ina I s tl a
”
va c a n .

M il L L E R Gesc h ic h te d er Am eri k a nisc h e n Ur

rel ig ion

E y
FOB S T E M AN N Com m enta r on th e Ma ya Manu
ip R y Pb b y
.

scr i h t,
”
n t e o al u lic L i ra r of Dresd e n
T l i f m h G m n by S W
.

ra ns a t on ro t e er a e ssel h oef t a nd

A M P k (H i y
.

d U i ar er a rvar n vers t

E S ELEB Ub U p
. .
,

. d g d M i er en rs r un er tte l am erika n
Kul turen
E i n W i ntersem ester i n Mexi c o und Yuc ata n
( 903L
1
“
Cod ex Fej ervary -Ma y er (B erl in,
P S R p i
CH E L L H AS e re senta t on of De i t ies of th e
M y M ip d by
.

a a l a nusc r ts, tra ns a te S W esselh oe ft a nd

A M P k ( C m b id g M
.

ar er a r e, as s

C Y US TH O AS— Th M y Y
. .
,

R M “
e a a ea r,
”
Wa shi ngton 189 4
p
, .

Not e s on M a ya a nd Mexi ca n Ma nu sc ri ts .
”

W . FE W KE S Th e God ‘
D ’
in t h e Cod ex Cor te
sia nus, W
( ash i ng ton,

A ll th ese wor k s re l a te m ore or l es s e nti rel y tO J l I a g

/a n
2 66
 BIBLI OG RAPHICA L APPE N DIX 59

m y th ol og y and a re c hi e fl y va l ua bl e as i l l ustrati ng th e
b y m y h l gi
,

c o nnec ti on e twee n th e Kic hé a nd Ma an t o o es .

I m t b ustd d h t hi i
e un ers too li f w k t a t s s not a st O or s

l i g
re a t n M y to iq i i ab an ly li
a nt f h u t es , ut on a st o suc

w k or sf as h m
re e r im M y
at t d Ki h é
e sa e t e to a a n an c

m y h l gy
t o o

Th b i f y f h l P f M M ll p
.

e r e e s sa o t e a te ro essor ax u er u o n

th P p l V h i f li l
e
“
o o u
”
l s op tt e or no va ue e xc e t as a

m
s ta te i f e nt f i n h ti i ty
a vour o I gi li l
ts a ut en c t ve s tt e or

w k
.

no i f m i n or i g h
a t on d i
c onc e rn n i d d t e or an s, n ee ,

h i fly i i y
,

c e d wi h h
c onc erne h d t f
t e a ut ent c t an na ture o

N h Am i
ort pi d wi g
er ca n ct ure - ra n s.

T he p i ip l w k
r nc a or s of t h e ol d er S pa nis h a uth ors, wh ic h

in a ny wa y re l a te to th e m yth s of Ma y a- Ki c h é p pleo es ,

L AS CASAS H i i d l I d i s tor a e os n as

COGO LLUD O Hi i d Y h s tor a e uc a t an

DI O DE L A DA— R l i
EG d l C dNY “
e a c on e os osas e uc a

ta n ( l d i
tra ns F h d d i d by B
a te nto
) r e nc an e te ra ss e u r

X I E ES H i i d l ig e d l
, .

M E N li al sc o as os st or a s e or n e os

I d i ( Ci
n os rca

P LACI OS D s ip i d l P i i d G
A e cr t on e a ro v nc a e ua te

C mp
”
m l a a( i h llh ti fT
t e c o ec ) on o e rna ux- o a ns

H
.

J UAB B O S is tori a d e G uati mal a .

”
62 N OTE S
p
m a iz e la nt Th e k wl d g f hi t pl h i f p d no e eo t ss a e, e n ers, s r ea

pid ly m g th p pl
.

ra a on h e nort d i d d th m t ern eo es, an n uc e e o

h asten th i h
e r so ut l i i b i d
er n c o on sa t on, pp ut t oes not a ea r

to p b bl h hi w l d b i d m t
us ro a e t at t s ou e an n uc e e nt o a

sa va
g fl he i g p pl
es -ea t n li f f g i l
eo l
e a verse to a e o a r cu t ura
l b
a Th
o ur. wh l qe i f p
o e h i t i A m
uest on i o re - s or c er c a n

m ig i d f h g d l i ili
ra t on, an o i
t e by m i f h ra ua c v sa t on a ze o t e

p pl wh m with i i
eo es o ca ei m d m i bl y d i
n ts z one, s ost a ra s

c usse d i l i
n vo f Th H i x x y f N h Am i by
o
“
e stor o ort er c a ,

d Cy T h m ( Ph il d l ph i G g
. .

W J M g a ee a n rus o as a e a, eor e

p b k
. .

B i
a rr e a nd S ) l i h
ons d M h 1908 u T h w
s l ed g ar c e no e e

hi w k i
, .

i d i m l i f im
’
c o nt a ne n t h s f or s t e o ut c o e o a et e s

l b
a i th U S B
o ur n e f E h l gy d it l
urea u o d t no o an s ea rne

b d ly p d d m m t l t i
. .
,

a uth h
ors d a ve un o u te ro uc e a onu en a reat s e

wh i h i wil l
c t k m y g ti f ta e an h a ene ra on o researc to
p d if i d d h t i p i bl
su erse e, , n ee , t a s oss e.

NO TE 3 ( P g 9) . a e

Th th i i
e au f orth t t l m
es t f h or T lt i e se t e en o t e o ec s n

Y uca ta n a re h T t eh i l I l l
ez c uc an hi l d c r on c e r xt i xoc t an

T q m d wh b th ll g h t th i mmig t w
,

or ue a a, o o a e e t a e ran s ent

t C mp
o a hy d h
eac than t e sou .

NO TE 4 ( P g 13) . a e

Th pp t b g d f b l i i g th t h
ere a ea r o e roun s or e ev n a t e

p t d iti X piy
aren e es d X m b
ac oc an d i ti uca ne are ut er va ons

f m G
ro m t uc u d p
a z, h m l
an d f m l
re res ent t e a e an e a e

ib t p y ”
a ttr f h
u es o g d I
t h
at P l Y o h h n t e o o u t e a re

pk f big
.

s o en o as d wi h g
e n f “
h c o ve re h t re e n ea t ers. t e

us ua l d ip i es c rf G t m on ; b t i i o f uc u a tz u t s, o c ourse ,

p i bl h h y m y h
o ss e t at t e i d m af hi t ia ve r ec e ve so e O s a tr

b i h g l j mbl f my h whi h w h
ute s n t e e nera u e o t s c e a ve

mp d t h w h fi t b k
,

a tt e te ios i o G
e x st s m t i n t e rs oo . uc u a z, t
m mb
,

wil l b e re d i Q
e ere l h li ,
th f m
s ue tza c od ua t n ano er or , an

z 70
 N OTES 63

t h e l atter i s of te n re p res ented i n th e p py i

a r as h aving a

woma n s i tti ng O pp osi te to h i m S h e d oes not , h owever,

pp t b t ll l g
.

a ea r o e a a ana o ous to Messrs FOrstem ann

. an d

S h llh
c e G dd I wh
as e
’
o ess
"
om I k t p
ta e o re resent th e
M y
,

a q i
an l f X m
e u va ent o uc ane , an d wh w o ea rs on h er
h d ea h k d p t e notte ser ent, a re p il h t
t e c arac eri stic of

Q uetzal c oh ua tl .

N O TE 5 .
(P age 5 3)

Th e W ai la m -Ol um ( pai nted rec ord s ) of th e Leni L ena e p

I nd ia ns h a ve of ten b
ee n cal l ed i nto q ue st ion as re gar d s

y
t h e ir auth e ntic i t , b ut t h e evid enc e of Led erer, H um
b ol d t, H ec ke wel d er, Tanne r, Loski el , B ea tt y a nd Ra fi n
p
,

e sq ue , al l of wh om rof essed to h a ve s ee n th em , ra t h er

d isc ounts suc h b

un e l ief i n t h eir exi stenc e. Th y e c on

s i s te d of pi t c ure -wr i ti ng s, or h i erog l y h s, p ea c h of wh ic h

a ppl i d t wh l
e o a o e verse , or y
m a n word s . Th e id eas we re ,
in f m lg m
ac t, a a a a te d in a c om po und s y stem , a nd b ea r

exac t l y th m e sa e rel ation to wri tt en l ang uag e as th e

Am eri can to ng ues d id to s o pk en l a ngua g e ; tha t is, th e y
were of an agg l ut i na tive t ype, a l ing ui sti c f orm wh e re

s e vera l word s a re wel d ed i nto one . Th e re a re s evera l

s eri es, one of wh i c h r ec ord s th e d oi ng s of t h e tri es b

i m m ed ia tel y su b se q u ent to t h e Cr ea tion . Anoth er seri es

r el a t e s to th eir d oi ng s i n Am e rica , a nd consi st s of seven

song s, f our of si xt ee n verses of f our word s ea c h , and

t h re e of t went y ve rses of t h re e word s eac h It b gi e ns

at th e a rr i val in A m e ri c a ,
”
sa y s Ra fines q ue (
“
Th e
Ameri c a n Na tions “
a nd is c ont i nued wit h out h ard l y
a ny p
i nte rr u ti on ti ll th e a rr i val of the Euro ea n p c ol oni s ts

t o wa rd s B ut th i s second seri es is a m ere m eag re

ca tal og ue of ki ng s.
 A A
Printe d by B L L N T Y N E Co LI M IT E D
.

T a vistoc k S tree t, Co vent Ga rd en, Lond on