JOHARI WINDOW &

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)

 Johari window

⚫ A Johari window is a cognitive psychological tool

created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1969 in
the United States

⚫ used to help people better understand their

interpersonal communication and relationships.
⚫ The Johari Window is a communication model that
can be used to improve understanding between
individuals within a team or in a group setting.

⚫ Based on self-disclosure and feedback, the Johari

Window can also be used to improve a group’s
relationship with other groups.
The Johari Window is based on two key ideas:

⚫ That individuals can build trust between themselves

by disclosing information about themselves, and
⚫ That they can learn about themselves and come to
terms with personal issues with the help of feedback
from others
⚫ The Open/Free Area quadrant is also known as the
'area of free activity'
This is the behavioral and emotional information
about the person - is known by the person ('the self')
and other people.

⚫ Examples of such information may include trust

levels, communication style, competence at work and
leadership effectiveness
⚫ The Blind Area often holds the keys to personal and
team progress

⚫ When strengths and areas for development are

shared in this quadrant, the recipient is better able
to make decisions on behavior changes and seeking
support or resources for personal development
⚫ The Hidden Area is where we keep personal
information that we do not want others to have
access
⚫ The reasons for keeping information hidden can
range from being personally sensitive, that one
would not want to share openly, to information that
an employee would like to share, but does not feel
there is adequate trust or safety to do so
⚫ The Unknown Area is where our greatest potential
resides.
⚫ People are complex and there is much under the
surface in the unconscious mind. In the course of
living, events can occur where feelings, thoughts, or
insights are realized that were never recognized
before
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
What is TA?

⚫ Transactional Analysis (TA) is theory of personality

and organized system of interactional therapy
TA- Historical Background

⚫ TA was developed by Eric Berne (1961)

⚫ Developed as an extension to psychoanalysis to treat
groups
⚫ The four phases of TA
⚫ The first phase (1951-62) - Parent, Child and Adult
⚫ The second phase (1962-66) - Transactions and games
⚫ The third phase (1966-70) - Life scripts and script analysis
⚫ The fourth phase (1970- to present) - Cognitive factors and insight
TA-View of Human Nature

Humans are
⚫ Social beings

⚫ Influenced by social forces

⚫ Influenced by the expectations and demands of others

⚫ Known to make habit patterns

TA places faith in our capacity

⚫ to make certain decisions in order to survive both physically
and psychologically in life
⚫ to raise above habit patterns and to select new goals and
behaviour
The Ego States

⚫ Ego states are important

facets of a personality

⚫ Every personality has a

basic trio of

⚫ Parent
⚫ Adult
⚫ Child
Ego State-Parent
⚫ Parent ego state contains
⚫ Values, Morals, Core beliefs and behaviours learned from
parents
⚫ Shoulds and Oughts

⚫ Strikingly similar to those of our parents and other

significant people
⚫ We may use phrases, gestures, voice and mannerisms of
our parents
⚫ ‘Taught’ concept of our life

⚫ Parent ego is expressed as

⚫ Nurturing parent

⚫ Critical parent
Ego state- Adult

⚫ Adult ego state is

⚫ Processor of data
⚫ Neither emotional nor judgmental
⚫ Based on facts and external reality
⚫ ‘Thought’ concept of life
 Ego state - Child

⚫ Child ego state is

⚫ A set of behaviours, thoughts and feelings replayed

from our own childhood; our original part
⚫ Impulses, spontaneous actions
⚫ ‘Felt’ concept of life
Ego state - Child
⚫ Expressed as

⚫ Natural child
⚫ Loveable, spontaneous, loving and charming
⚫ Impulsive
⚫ Adapted child
⚫ Respond appropriately to social situations
⚫ try to please everyone
⚫ Little Professor
⚫ is the curious and exploring Child who is always trying out new
stuff (often much to their Controlling Parent's annoyance), it is
creative, intuitive and manipulative
Complementary ‘Transactions’
⚫ Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate and
expected from another person.
⚫ Parallel communication arrows, communication continues.
Example 1:
#1 What is the time now?
#2 It is 11:15.

P P

A A

C C
Complementary ‘Transactions’ cont’d
Example 2:

#1 You’re late again!

P P
#2 I’m sorry. It won’t
A A happen again.

C C
 Crossed ‘Transactions’
⚫ Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or
expected from another person.
⚫ Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.

Example 1 #1 What is the time now?

#2 There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t you
figure it out yourself?

P P

A A

C C
Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d
Example 2 #1 Is the report ready?
#2 Do you think I have no other work?.

P P

A A

C C
Ulterior ‘Transactions’

⚫ Interactions, responses, actions which are different

from those explicitly stated
Example #1 Do you come here often?
No not really, do you?

P P

A A

C C
Life positions

⚫ I am OK, you are OK

Healthy, optimistic and confident attitude towards self and others.
⚫ I am OK, you are not OK
I am better and you are no good.
Attitude of superiority and distrust.
⚫ I am not OK, you are OK
Feeling powerless, depressed and inferior.
Self deprecating and readily accepts criticism and negative strokes
from others.
⚫ I am not OK, you are not OK
It is the black outlook.
Fortunately not frequently encountered.
Behavioral Attributes of Life Positions
⚫ I am OK, you are OK

⚫ A person accepts others in spite of their shortcomings and feels OK about

himself despite not being perfect.
⚫ Well thought of.
⚫ Makes good impression
⚫ Able to give orders forcefully.
⚫ Self respecting.
⚫ Independent- able to take care of self.
⚫ Can be strict if necessary.
⚫ Firm but just.
⚫ Appreciative.
⚫ Cooperative.
⚫ Friendly.
⚫ Affectionate.
⚫ Understanding.
⚫ I am OK, you are not OK

⚫ Comes over as distrustful, arrogant superior. Thinks that others are

inferiors.
⚫ Can complain if necessary.
⚫ Able to give orders forcefully.
⚫ Independent.
⚫ Can be indifferent to others.
⚫ Can be strict if necessary, critical of others.
⚫ Businesslike.
⚫ Hard to impress.
⚫ Always gives advice.
⚫ Bossy.
⚫ Dominating.
⚫ Impatient with others’ mistakes
⚫ I am not OK, you are OK

⚫ Recognized by attitudes of depression, powerlessness and inferiority.

Thinks that others are better.
⚫ Apologetic.
⚫ Normally gives in.
⚫ Very anxious to be approved of.
⚫ Touching and easily hurt.
⚫ Lacks self-confidence.
⚫ Very respectful of authority.
⚫ Passive.
⚫ Unaggresive.
⚫ Meek
⚫ I am not OK, you are not OK

⚫ A position of thorough hopelessness and despair.

⚫ Can be indifferent to others.
⚫ Critical of others.
⚫ Can complain if necessary.
⚫ Able to doubt others.
⚫ Irritable, skeptical.
⚫ Impatient with others’ mistakes.
⚫ Often unfriendly.
⚫ Bitter.
⚫ Complaining.
⚫ Cold and unfeeling.
⚫ Frequently angry.