Solid Mensuration

Lines, Planes, and Angles

A plane is a surface such that a straight line joining any two points in it
lies wholly in the surface.
Two parallel lines are lines that lie in the same plane and cannot meet
however far they are produced.

Two planes which do not intersect however far produces are said to be
parallel.

A straight line and a plane are parallel if they cannot meet, however far
both are produced.
When a straight line is drawn from a point to a plane, its intersection
with the plane is called its foot.

A straight line and a plane are perpendicular (normal) if the line is

perpendicular to every line drawn through its foot in the plane.

The angle which a line makes with a plane is the angle which it makes
with its projection on the plane.
 Theorems
1. If two planes intersect, their intersection is a straight line.

2. A plane is determined (a) by a straight line and a point without that

line, (b) by two intersecting straight lines, (c) by two parallel lines.

3. Through one straight line any number of planes may be passed.

 Theorems
4. The intersection of two parallel planes by a third plane are parallel
lines.

5. If two straight lines are parallel, a plane containing one, and only one,
is parallel to the other line.

6. If a straight line is parallel to a plane, and another plane containing

this line intersects the given plane, the intersection is parallel to the
given plane.
 Theorems
7. If parallel planes intersect two straight lines, the corresponding
intercepts are proportional.

8. Two straight lines that are parallel to a third straight line are parallel
to each other.

9. If two angles, not on the same plane, have their sides parallel to each
other, and extending in the same directions from their vertices, the
angles are equal and the planes are parallel.
 Theorems
10. A straight line perpendicular to each of two straight lines at their
intersection is perpendicular to the plane of the lines.

11. If two planes are perpendicular to a third plane, their intersection

also is perpendicular to that plane.

12. All the perpendiculars that can be drawn to a straight line at a given
point lie in a plane which is perpendicular to the line at the given point.

13. If one of two parallel lines is perpendicular to a plane, the other is

also
 Theorems
14. Two straight lines perpendicular to the same plane are parallel.

15. Two planes perpendicular to the same straight line are parallel

16. A straight line perpendicular to one of two parallel planes is

perpendicular to the other also.
Dihedral angle is the amount of divergence of two intersecting planes.
The edge of the dihedral angle is the line of intersection of the planes.
The faces of the dihedral angle are the planes.

The plane angle of a dihedral angle is the angle formed by two straight
lines, one in each face, and perpendicular to the edge at the same point.
 Theorems
17. The plane angle of a dihedral angle is taken as the measure of the
dihedral angle.

18. Every point in a plane bisecting a dihedral angle is equally distant

from the faces of the angle.