Fundamentals of Research Design: A Guide to Proposal Defense | Research 9

5. Voice- This trait refers to the style of the writer. The voice is where the writer imparts

his/her personal tone to the piece while still fitting in with the genre of the piece.

6. Convention - This trait focuses on the correctness of the paper (spelling, grammar,

punctuation).

Writing Citations

Since most of the activities in writing a research

paper are reading and citing from different sources, it is

really important to avoid plagiarism. Using and developing

ideas generated by the works of others without giving them

credit can be threatening, but if you know how to cite

correctly, you will reduce the risk of being involved with

unintentional plagiarism.

Citation is a way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from

another source. It is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual

works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular

sources and combat plagiarism.

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Citation Style

A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the

information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting. There are many

different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style depends on the

academic discipline involved. For example:

1. American Psychological Association (APA) is used in Education, Psychology, and

Sciences

2. Modern Language Association (MLA) style is used in Humanities

3. Chicago/Turabian style is generally used in Business, History, and the Fine Arts

There are two types of citation: the In-text citation and the End-reference citation

In text Citation

An in-text citation is found in the body of a research paper. It is required whenever

you use someone else’s words or ideas. It tells your readers where you found any

information or ideas that are not your own. Give credits to the author/s of your sources

by proper in-text citation .

Below are the three types of in-text citation:

1. Paraphrasing – It means rephrasing or restating the words of an author, putting

his/ her thoughts in your own words. It is reworking the source’s ideas, words,

phrases, and sentence structures with your own.

Strategies in Paraphrasing

1. Reword – Replace words and phrases with synonyms whenever you can.

2. Rearrange – Rearrange words within sentence to make a new sentence.

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3. Remain- keep the words and phrases that cannot be changed – names, dates,

titles, etc.

4. Recheck - recheck that your paraphrased sentence conveys the same meaning

as the original text.

2. Summarizing – Putting the main idea(s) of someone else’s writing into your

own words. This form is highly recommended for demonstrating in your own words

that you understand the main points of an entire selection.

Guidelines in Summarizing

1. read and comprehend the text

2.identify main ideas and key points

3. express the information in your own words

3. Quoting – It means using the author’s exact words. Sometimes something you

read is exactly the point you want to make, and is written so well you want to use it

directly. You can do so legally by quoting. Anything you directly quote must be put in

quotation marks and referenced.

It is advisable to quote when:

-You want to highlight the specific sentences and passages.

-You are comparing and contrasting specific point of views.

If you find yourself quoting an entire paragraph, a paraphrase or summary of that

content may often be more appropriate

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It is not acceptable to copy-and-paste a sentence written by

someone else into your paper and simply add quotation marks

around it. There is a common misconception among students that

adding quotation marks around a paragraph is enough to show

proper attribution. To show proper attribution, a writer must put

quotation marks around the paper and add the corresponding

reference format.

FORMAT FOR APA IN-TEXT CITATION

1. In-text citation from resources with one author

APA in-text citation

Quoting “People need to focus on their mental health as much as their

(include author’s last physical health” (Real, 2010, p. 26).

name, publication year

Or
and page number)
Real’s (2010) research indicates that “people need to focus on

their mental health as much as their physical health” (p. 26).

Paraphrasing or Research indicated that it is important for individuals to pay equal

Summarizing attention to the well-being of both their mind and body (Real, 2010).

Or

(include author’s last Real’s (2010) research indicated that it is important for

name and publication individuals to pay equal attention to the well-being of both their mind

year) and body.

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2. In-text citation from resources with two authors

APA in-text citation

Quoting ”Teachers obtained considerable high overall teaching performance in

terms of the mastery of subject or lesson as perceived by themselves, their

students and superiors” (Real & Villacorte, 2015, p. 164).

or

Real and Villacorte (2015) found on their study that ”Teachers obtained

considerable high overall teaching performance in terms of the mastery of

subject or lesson as perceived by themselves, their students and superiors”

(p.164).

Paraphrasing Research indicated that it is important for individuals to pay equal

or attention to the well-being of both their mind and body (White, 2010).

Summarizing or

White’s (2010) research indicated that it is important for individuals to pay

equal attention to the well-being of both their mind and body.

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3. In-text citation from resources with three or more authors

APA in-text citation

Quoting “One of the purposes of advertising is framing consumer decisions by

directing attention away from product disadvantages” (Connell et al., 2015, p.

130).

or

Researchers Connell et al. (2015) pointed out that “one of the purposes of

advertising is “framing consumer decisions by directing attention away from

product disadvantages” (p. 130).

Paraphrasing One of the purposes of advertising is to distract people from an item’s

or undesirable qualities when they are considering a purchase

Summarizing (Connell et al., 2015).

or

Researchers Connell et al. (2015) pointed out that one of the purposes of

advertising is to distract people from an item’s undesirable qualities when they

are considering a purchase.

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4. In-text citation from resources with corporate authors

Often, the author of a document or report is not a person but an organization.

Examples include research organizations and government agencies.

APA in-text citation

Quoting One of the ways in which states can promote a healthier lifestyle is by

“creating or enhancing access to safe places for physical activity” (Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, 2014, p. 4).

or

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) suggested that one

of the ways in which states can promote a healthier lifestyle is by “creating or

enhancing access to safe places for physical activity” (p. 4).

Paraphrasing One of the ways in which states can promote a healthier lifestyle is investing

or in recreational areas that encourage people to be active (Centers for Disease

Summarizing Control and Prevention, 2014).

or

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) has suggested that

one of the ways in which states can promote a healthier lifestyle is investing in

recreational areas that encourage people to be active.

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When citing (summarizing, paraphrasing and quoting,) from

a source, use a signal verb to signal or alert the readers that

the information that comes next are the words, sentences, or

ideas from another source, and not yours alone.

Williams (2015) stated that ....

Reyes and Bartlett (2015) described….

Ramos (2015) explained that….

In addition, Santos (2009) claimed that …

Furthermore, Obama (2015) opposed on his study that….

However, Dizon (2012) proved on his study that…

End-reference Citation

End-reference citation or the reference list is located at the end of the paper work.

Aside from doing in-text citation to avoid plagiarism, writers should also need to do the

end-reference citation. It shows full information about the references that were cited in

the paper, such as the name of the author/s, publication year, title, publication place,

publisher, and page number.

Different style manuals use different terminology pertaining to the end-reference

citation. The American Psychological Association Format Style uses the term

"References" for this section.

The rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-

style references in your reference list

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FORMAT FOR APA END-REFERENCE CITATION

SINGLE AUTHOR

Surname, F. S. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

Latada, M. S.(2010). Research Writing for Beginners. National Bookstore.

Roces, J.L. (2008). Our Present Ecological System. UP Press.

Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in

personal change. Simon & Schuster.

Use hanging indent:

entries should begin flush left with
subsequent lines indented.

FORMAT FOR APA END-REFERENCE CITATION

Two Authors

Last, F. S., & Last, F. S. (Year). Book title. Publisher.

Burley, J. A., & Harris, M. R. (2002). A companion to genetics. Blackwell.

Urielo, L.P., & Jose, T. D. (2007). Peace On Earth. SLU Press.

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Three to twenty authors

Santos, M. H., Cruz, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Sidra, T., & Bach, J. S. (2003).

There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The

importance of stability of self-esteem. Amaya Publishing Company.

More Than twenty Authors

If the book has more than seven authors, list the names of the first nineteen

authors followed by (ellipsis)... and then the last author's name.

Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S.

T., Santos, M. H., Cruz, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Sidra, T., Bach, J. S., Lewis,

F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W.,

Carter, . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Website usability for the blind and low-vision

user. Duke University Press.

End-reference citation from a website:

Name. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.) Title of specific

document. Site name. URL of specific document

Abememdem (2020,May 16). Difference Between CC and BCC. Wordpress.

https://abememdem.wordpress.com/2020/05/16/difference-between-

cc-and-bcc/

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When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a

retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time. If you

referenced an article from a news source (e.g., CNN, NBC, Washington Post) or a site that

may experience continuous updates, you would then need to include the retrieval date.

Wakefield, J. (2020, May 17). Universities’ move online ‘must be done the right way’.
BBC. Retrieved on May 20,2020 from https:// www.
bbc.com/news/technology-52647601

FRIENDLY REMINDERS ON CITING FROM ONLINE RESOURCES

Our way of viewing the world is based on the information we encounter, and a lot of those

information come from the internet. With the advent of technology, students these days prefer

to search on the website because it is easy and accessible. However, a lot of information online

can be posted by anyone and anywhere. As a researcher, you need to evaluate reliable online

resources. Before considering to cite a specific online resources, ask the following questions to

identify if it is a reliable online resources:

1. What type of website

Top-level domains (TLDs)- denote the different category of the website’s operation and

purpose

.com commercial .gov government

organization education
.org .edu

school
.net .sch
networking business

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