THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
IS DESIGNED TO MAKE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
 COLLECTIVE EFFORTS TO IDENTIFY, UNDERSTAND, AND
ADDRESS WORLDWIDE PROBLEMS THAT GO BEYOND THE
PROBLEM – SOLVING CAPACITIES OF STATES (Weiss, 2010)
 CAPACITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM, AT ANY GIVEN
MOMENT TO PROVIDE GOVERNMENT-LIKE SERVICES AND
PUBLIC GOODS IN THE ABSENCE OF WORLD GOVERNMENT.
IT IS A COMBINATION OF INFORMAL AND FORMAL IDEAS,
VALUES, RULES, NORMS, PROCEDURES, PRACTICES,
POLICIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS THAT HELP ALL ACTORS-
STATES, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, NON-
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS – IDENTIFY, UNDERSTAND,
AND ADDRESS THE TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS.
 NOT A SINGULAR SYSTEM. THERE IS NO “WORLD
GOVERNMENT” BUT THE MANY DIFFERENT REGIMES OF
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE DO HAVE COMMONALITIES.
 SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS WORLD GOVERNANCE. GLOBAL
IS A MOVEMENT TOWARDS POLITICAL COOPERATION AMONG
TRANSNATIONAL ACTORS, NEGOTIATING RESPONSES TO
PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT MORE THAN STATE OR REGION.
ROLE OF NATION-STATE IN GLOBALIZATION
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A STATE
1. TERRITORY
2. PEOPLE
3. SOVEREIGN POWER (the authority of a state to govern
itself)
NATION-STATE'S ROLE IN GLOBALIZATION IS COMPLEX. SINCE
NATION-STATES ARE DIVIDED BY PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC
BOUNDARIES, REDUCED BARRIERS IN INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATION ARE CONSIDERED THEIR
POTENTIAL THREAT. SOVEREIGNTY OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS IS
NOT ABOLISHED BY EXPANDED TRADE AMONG COUNTRIES,
INSTEAD GLOBALIZATION IS A FORCE THAT CHANGED THE WAY
NATION-STATES DEAL WITH ONE ANOTHER, PARTICULARLY IN
THE AREA OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE.
IN SETTING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE POLICIES, ISOLATED
STATES ARE FORCED TO ENGAGE TO ONE ANOTHER WHILE
NATION-STATES DOMESTIC ROLE IS UNCHANGED.
ROLES OF SOME STATES WERE DIMINISHED WHILE OTHERS HAVE
EXALTED ROLES TO INTERACTIONS OF VARIOUS ECONOMIC
BALANCES.
GLOBALIZATION’S IMPACT ON THE STATE
PROBLEMS AFFLICTING THE WORLD TODAY WHICH ARE
INCREASINGLY TRANSNATIONAL IN NATURE – THOSE THAT
CANNOT BE SOLVED AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL OR STATE TO
STATE NEGOTIATIONS.
 POVERTY
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 ECONOMIC CRISIS
 ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORISM
 PANDEMICS
 CLIMATE CHANGE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN GLOBALIZATION IS COMPLEX
AS IT TAKES PLACE IN VARIOUS LEVELS SUCH AS SUBNATIONAL,
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL WHICH LEAD TO THE GROWTH OF MULTI-
LAYERED SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE SHIFTED FROM TRADITIONAL TERRITORIAL
SOVEREIGN STATE OR THE NATION-STATE TO A LOOSER
STRUCTURES WARRANTING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION,
MOVEMENT, AND RESPONSE, IN RESPONSE SEVERAL NON-STATE
BODIES CAME ABOUT INCLUDING THE UNITED NATIONS WITH
THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACTION.
ONE IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF NON-STATE ACTOR PLAYING A
VITAL ROLE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS IS THE UNITED NATIONS
(UN).
U.N.
LAW, SECURITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
SOCIAL PROGRESS EASIER FOR COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD.
SECURITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
SOCIAL PROGRESS EASIER FOR COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD.
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
AS AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION, THE UNITED
NATIONS IS TASKED TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AND TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL
ORDER. IT IS THE LARGEST, MOST FAMILIAR, MOST
INTERNATIONALLY REPRESENTED AND MOST POWERFUL INTER-
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD.
4 MAIN PURPOSE OF THE UN CHARTER
1. MAINTAINING WORLDWIDE PEACE AND SECURITY
2. DEVELOPING RELATIONS AMONG NATIONS
3. FOSTERING COOPERATION BETWEEN NATIONS IN ORDER TO
SOLVE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, OR HUMANITARIAN
INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS
4. PROVIDING A FORUM FOR BRINGING COUNTRIES TOGETHER
TO MEET THE UN'S PURPOSES AND GOALS
4 MAIN PURPOSE OF THE UN BASED ON ITS CHARTER.
1. THE U.N. AIMS TO SAVE SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS FROM
THE SCOURGE OF WAR;
2. TO AFFIRM FAITH IN FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS;
3. TO ESTABLISH CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH JUSTICE AND
RESPECT FOR OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM TREATIES AND
OTHER SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CAN BE
MAINTAINED;
4. TO PROMOTE SOCIAL PROGRESS AND BETTER STANDARDS
OF LIFE IN LARGER FREEDOM.
THE WORLD OF REGIONS
ACCORDING TO EDWARD D. MANSFIELD AND HELENE V. MILNER
STATE THAT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEFINITIONS OF
REGIONS VARY.
WHEN WE SAY A GROUP OF COUNTRIES LOCATED IN SAME
GEOGRAPHICAL OR SPECIFIED AREA OR AN AMALGAMATION OF
TWO REGIONS OR A COMBINATION OF MORE THAN TWO
REGIONS ORGANIZED TO REGULATE AND OVERSEE THE FLOWS
AND POLICY CHOICES, WE REFER IT TO AS REGIONS.
EXAMPLE OF REGIONS ARE EUROPE, CENTRAL AND EASTERN
EUROPE, REGION ASIAN REGION, AFRICAN REGION, THE
MEDITERRANEAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE AMERICAS.
WHEN WE SAY A REGIONAL CONCENTRATION OF ECONOMIC
FLOWS, IT IS PROCESS OF DIVIDING AN AREA INTO SMALLER
SEGMENTS CALLED REGIONS, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
REGIONALIZATION.
WHEN WE SAY A POLITICAL PROCESS CHARACTERIZED BY
ECONOMIC POLICY, COOPERATION AND COORDINATION AMONG
COUNTRIES. WE MEAN THIS AS REGIONALISM.
REGIONALISM FOCUSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLITICAL
OR SOCIAL SYSTEM BASED ON ONE OR MORE REGION.
COUNTRIES/NATIONS RESPOND ECONOMICALLY AND
POLITICALLY TO GLOBALIZATION IN VARIOUS WAYS.
1. SOME COUNTRIES ARE LARGE ENOUGH AND HAVE A LOT OF
RESOURCES TO DICTATE ON HOW THEY PARTICIPATE IN THE
PROCESSES OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION.
2. OTHER COUNTRIES ALSO MAKE UP THEIR SMALL SIZE BY
TAKING ADVANTAGE THEIR STRATEGIC LOCATION.
ACCORDING TO THE AMBASSADOR TO SINGAPORE, KATHLEEN
MCFARLAND, SINGAPORE SITS STRIDE ONE OF THE MOST
STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT LOCATIONS IN THE WORLD. THE
ECONOMIC GATEWAY BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST AS ONE
OF THE WORLD'S MOST IMPORTANT TRADE ROUTES ON THE
MALACCA STRAITS AND IT IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST
TRANSHIPMENT PORT
3. IN MOST CASES, HOWEVER, COUNTRIES FORM A REGIONAL
ALLIANCE FOR THEY BELIEVE THAT THERE IS A STRENGTH IN
NUMBERS.
CONTEMPORARY ALLIANCES PROVIDE FOR COMBINED ACTION ON
THE PART OF TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT STATES AND ARE
GENERALLY DEFENSIVE IN NATURE. OBLIGATING ALLIES TO JOIN
FORCES IF ONE OR MORE OF THEM IS ATTACKED BY ANOTHER
STATE OR COALITION.
FOR MILITARY DEFENSE, THE NATO IS THE MOST WIDELY KNOWN
DEFENSE GROUPING AND IT IS FORMED DURING COLD WAR.
ANOTHER ALLIANCE FOR MILITARY DEFENSE IS THE WARSAW
PACT THE SOVIET UNION BY THEN RESPONDED BY CREATING
ANOTHER REGIONAL ALLIANCE. THE WARSAW PACT CONSISTING
OF THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES UNDER THE SOVIET
DOMINATION. THE SOVIET UNION IMPLODED IN DECEMBER 1991
BUT THE NATO STILL REMAIN IN ITS PLACE.
REGIONAL ALLIANCES ARE FORMED COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS BECAUSE THEY NEED TO PULL THEIR
RESOURCES TO GET WHAT BETTER RETURNS FOR THEIR EXPORTS
AS WELL AS EXPAND THEIR LEVERAGE AGAINST THE TRADING
PARTNERS.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
COUNTRIES OR THE OPEC WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1960. IT
WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE COUNTRIES IRAN, IRAQ, KUWAIT,
SAUDI ARABIA, AND VENEZUELA.
THIS REGIONAL ALLIANCE FLEX ITS MUSCLES IN 1970S WHEN ITS
MEMBER COUNTRIES TOOK OVER THE DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
AND DICTATED THE CRUDE OIL PRICES IN THE WORLD AND THE
OPEC'S SUCCESS CONVINCED THE NINE OTHER OIL PRODUCING
COUNTRIES TO JOIN THEM.
COUNTRIES FORM REGIONAL ALLIANCE TO PROTECT THEIR
INDEPENDENCE FROM THE PRESSURES OF THE SUPERPOWER
POLITICS.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE PRESIDENT OF THE YOGOSLAVIA, EGYPT,
GHANA, AND INDONESIA CREATED THE NAM OR THE NON-ALLIED
MOVEMENT IN 1961. TO PURSUE WORLD PEACE AND
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY, RACIAL, AND NATIONAL EQUALITY, AND NON-
INTERVENTION AND PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION. THE NAM
OR THE NON-ALLIED MOVEMENT HAD 120 MEMBER COUNTRIES.
FINALLY, ECONOMIC CRISIS COMPELS COUNTRIES TO COME
TOGETHER.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE THAILAND ECONOMY COLLAPSED IN 1996.
AFTER IT'S FUR AFTER THE FOREIGN CURRENCY SPECULATORS
AND TROUBLED INTERNATIONAL BANKS DEMANDED THAT THE
THAI GOVERNMENT PAY BACK ITS LOAN.
THE CRISIS BEGAN TO SPREAD TO OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES AS
THEIR CURRENCIES WERE ALSO DEVALUED IN FOREIGN
INVESTMENT LEFT IN A HURRY.
WITH THIS THE IMF TRIED TO REVERSE THE CRISIS BUT IT WAS
ONLY AFTER THE ASIAN COUNTRIES WHICH ARE BRUNEI,
CAMBODIA, INDONESIA, LAO, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR, PHILIPPINES,
SINGAPORE, THAILAND, AND VIETNAM. ALONG WITH CHINA,
JAPAN, AND SOUTH KOREA AGREED TO ESTABLISH AN
EMERGENCY FUND TO ANTICIPATE A CRISIS THAT ASEAN
ECONOMISTS STABILIZED.
IT IS NOT ONLY THE STATES OR COUNTRIES AGREED TO WORK
OR JOIN TOGETHER IN THE NAME OF A SINGLE CAUSE BECAUSE
OF ONE REASON. COMMUNITIES ALSO ENGAGE IN REGIONAL
ORGANIZING.
THIS IS WHAT WE CALL NEAR REGIONALISM. THEY CAN BE A TINY
ASSOCIATION, SMALL ASSOCIATIONS THAT INCLUDE NO MORE
THAN A FEW ACTORS AND FOCUS ON A SINGLE ISSUE OR HUGE
CONTINENTAL UNIONS THAT ADDRESS A MULTITUDE OF COMMON
PROBLEMS FROM TERRITORIAL DEFENSE TO FOOD SECURITY.
ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTING THIS NEW REGIONALISM
LIKEWISE RELY ON THE POWER OF INDIVIDUALS. NON-
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS OR NGOS AND ASSOCIATIONS TO
LINK UP WITH ONE ANOTHER IN PURSUIT OF A PARTICULAR
GOAL.
ALSO, THIS NEW REGIONALISM IS IDENTIFIED WITH REFORMIST
WHO SHARES THE SAME VALUES NORMS INSTITUTIONS AND
SYSTEMS THAT EXIST OUTSIDE OF THE TRADITIONAL AND
ESTABLISHED MAINSTREAM INSTITUTIONS AND SYSTEMS.
SOME ORGANIZATIONS PARTNER WITH GOVERNMENT TO
INITIATE SOCIAL CHANGE.
FOR EXAMPLE, THE ASIAN ISSUED ITS HUMAN RIGHTS
DECLARATION IN 2009, BUT, THE REGIONAL BODY LEFT IT TO
THE MEMBER COUNTRIES TO APPLY THE DECLARATIONS
PRINCIPLES AS THEY SEE IT FIT.
DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS ARE LIMITED IN MANY ASIAN COUNTRIES
SO THIS NEW REGIONALISM ORGANIZATIONS USE THIS
DECLARATION TO PRESSURE THESE GOVERNMENTS TO PASS
LAWS. SOME REGULATIONS THAT PROTECT AND PROMOTE
HUMAN RIGHTS.
EXAMPLES OF THESE REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WHICH
DEDICATE THEMSELVES TO SPECIALIZED CAUSES, THESE ARE THE
RAINFOREST FOUNDATION, THE REGIONAL INTERFAITH YOUTH
NETWORKS ORGANIZATION, THE MIGRANT FORUM IN ASIA.
REGIONALISM FACES MULTIPLE CHALLENGES AND THE MOST
SERIOUS OF WHICH IS THE RESURGENCE OF MILITANT
NATIONALISM AND POPULISM.
THE RELATIONSHIP FOR EXAMPLE OF THE UNITED STATE, THE
ALLIANCE CORE MEMBER WITH THE NATO HAS BECOME
PROBLEMATIC AFTER DONALD TRUMP DEMONIZED THE
ORGANIZATION AS SIMPLY, HE BELIEVED THAT IT IS JUST
LEECHING AMERICAN MILITARY POWER WITHOUT GIVING
ANYTHING IN RETURN.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS THE MOST CRISIS-RIDDEN REGIONAL
ORGANIZATION TODAY IS THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE
CONTINUING FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE REGIONS FORCING
COUNTRIES LIKE GREECE TO CONSIDER LEAVING THE UNION
WHO GAIN MORE FLEXIBILITY IN THEIR ECONOMIC POLICY.
ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT AND A POPULAR POPULIST
CAMPAIGN AGAINST EUROPE HAVE ALREADY LED TO THE UNITED
KINGDOM VOTING TO LEAVE THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE MOVE
THE MEDIA HAS TURNED THE BREXIT.
ASEAN MEMBERS ALSO CHALLENGE REGIONALISM IN ASIA, THE
ASEAN MEMBERS CONTINUE TO DISAGREE OVER THE EXTENT TO
WHICH MEMBER COUNTRIES SHOULD SACRIFICE THEIR
SOVEREIGNTY FOR THE SAKE OF REGIONAL STABILITY.
RECENTLY ASEAN COUNTRIES ALSO DISAGREED OVER HOW TO
RELATE TO CHINA SO WITH THE PHILIPPINES AND ABLE TO GET
OTHER COUNTRIES SUPPORT THE CONDEMNATION OF CHINA'S
OCCUPATION IN THE WEST PHILIPPINE SEA.
THE FINAL CHALLENGE TO REGIONALISM IS THE DIFFERING
VISIONS OF WHAT REGIONALISM SHOULD BE FOR THE WESTERN
GOVERNMENTS. FOR THE WESTERN GOVERNMENTS THEY SEE
REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS NOT SIMPLY AS ECONOMIC SOCIETY'S OPINIONS, VALUES, TASTES, ATTITUDES, AND
FORMATIONS BUT ALSO AN INSTRUMENT OF POLITICAL INFORMATIONAL AVAILABILITY.
DEMOCRATIZATION.
ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION
ON THE OTHER HAND, THE NON-WESTERN AND DEVELOPING MEDIA WHILE IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE “GLOBALIZATION”
SOCIETIES HOWEVER MAY HAVE A DIFFERENT VIEW REGARDING USUALLY REFERS TO ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION ON
GLOBALISM. A WORLD SCALE ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE IT ALSO HAS A
CRUCIAL CULTURAL DIMENSION IN WHICH THE MEDIA HAVE A
GLOBALIZATION DEVELOPMENT LIKE SINGAPORE, CHINA AND CENTRAL ROLE.
RUSSIA, THEY SEE DEMOCRACY AS AN OBSTACLE TO THE
IMPLEMENTATION AND THE DEEPENING OF ECONOMIC IN THAT SENSE MEDIA GLOBALIZATION IS ABOUT HOW MOST
GLOBALIZATION BECAUSE CONSTANT PUBLIC INQUIRY ABOUT NATIONAL MEDIA SYSTEMS HAVE BECOME MORE
ECONOMIC PROJECTS AND LENGTHY DEBATE SLOW DOWN THE INTERNATIONALIZED, BECOMING MORE OPEN TO OUTSIDE
IMPLEMENTATION OR LEAD TO UNCLEAR OUTCOMES. INFLUENCES, BOTH IN THEIR CONTENT AND IN THEIR
THE FACTORS OR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL. (SINCLAIR 2015)
AND REGIONALISM IS THAT GLOBALIZATION AS WE ALL KNOW,
SIGNIFIES THE EVENTS RELATING TO THE GLOBE ALL OVER THE 5 TIME PERIODS IN THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION AND
WORLD AND IT IS THE WAY COUNTRIES AND PEOPLE OF THE MEDIA
WORLD INTERACT OR INTEGRATE. 1. ORAL COMMUNICATION
2. SCRIPT
REGIONALIZATION - THE EVENT ACROSS REGIONS THAT ARE SUB- 3. PRINTING PRESS
GLOBAL LIKE EUROPE, NORTHERN AMERICA, AMAZON IN BRAZIL. 4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND
5. DIGITAL MEDIA
THESE REGIONS ARE FORMED BY TWO FACTORS, WE HAVE THE
PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS. PHYSICAL IS DEFINED BY THE ORAL COMMUNICATION
LANDFORMS LIKE CONTINENT, MOUNTAIN RANGES, SOIL,  OF ALL FORMS OF MEDIA, HUMAN SPEECH IS THE OLDEST
NATURAL VEGETATIONS. AND MOST ENDURING
 HUMANS ARE ALLOWED TO COOPERATE AND COMMUNICATE
ANOTHER ONE REGIONS ARE FORMED BECAUSE OF CULTURAL THROUGH LANGUAGE
FACTOR WHICH IS DISTINGUISHED BY SUCH TRAITS, LANGUAGES,
POLITICS, RELIGIONS, ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIES.  LANGUAGES AS A MEANS TO DEVELOP THE ABILITY TO
COMMUNICATE ACROSS CULTURE ARE THE LIFELINE OF
THESE REGIONS ARE KEPT TOGETHER THROUGH THE GLOBALIZATION.
FOLLOWING, NATURAL FACTOR, HISTORY FACTOR,
ADMINISTRATION AND COMMUNICATION.  LANGUAGE CONTRIBUTES TO THE FORMATION OF CULTURE.
LANGUAGE IS IN A SENSE THAT'S THE SUBSTANCE OF
WE HAVE ALSO THESE FACTORS WHICH LEADS TO THE GREATER CULTURE.
INTEGRATION OF THE ASEAN REGION LIKE TRADE, SIMILAR
CULTURE, COMMON GOALS, MUTUAL BELIEFS, SIMILAR SECURITY  LANGUAGES SERVE AS IMPORTATANT SYMBOLS OF GROUP
AND SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS. BELONGING, ENABLING DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE TO
INDEED, THE HISTORY OF REGIONALISM SHOWS THAT REGIONAL KNOW WHAT ETHNIC GROUPS THEY BELONG TO AND WHAT
ASSOCIATIONS EMERGE AS THE NEW GLOBAL CONCERN ARISE. COMMON HERITAGE THEY SHARE.
THE FUTURE OF THIS REGIONALISM WILL BE CONTINGENT ON
THE IMMENSE CHANGES IN THE GLOBAL POLITICS THAT WILL WITHOUT A LANGUAGE, PEOPLE WOULD LOSE THEIR CULTURAL
EMERGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY. IDENTITY – (Delhumeau 2011)

THE GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE SCRIPT

CULTURE WRITING IS HUMANKIND'S PRINCIPLE TECHNOLOGY FOR
 CUSTOMARY BELIEFS, SOCIAL FORMS, AND MATERIAL TRAITS COLLECTING, MANIPULATING, STORING, RETRIEVING,
OF A RACIAL, RELIGIOUS, OR SOCIAL GROUP (ACCORDING COMMUNICATING AND DISSEMINATING INFORMATION.
TO THE WEBSTER DICTIONARY)
 THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF EVERYDAY EXISTENCE WRITING MAY HAVE BEEN INVENTED INDEPENDENTLY THREE
(SUCH AS DIVERSIONS OR WAY OF LIFE) SHARED BY PEOPLE TIMES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD: IN THE NEAR EAST,
IN A PLACE OR TIME CHINA AND MESOAMERICA. WRITING IS A SYSTEM OF GRAPHIC
MEDIA MARKS REPRESENTING THE UNITS OF A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE.
 PLURAL OF MEDIUM, IS THE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
THROUGH WHICH WE DISSEMINATE NEWS, MUSIC, MOVIES, CUNEIFORM SCRIPT CREATED IN MESOPOTAMIA, THE PRESENT
EDUCATION, PROMOTIONAL MESSAGES AND OTHER DATA. DAY IRAQ. IS THE ONLY WRITING SYSTEM WHICH CAN BE TRACED
 INCLUDES PHYSICAL AND ONLINE NEWSPAPERS AND TO ITS EARLIEST PREHISTORIC ORIGIN. (ACCORDING TO
MAGAZINES, TELEVISION, RADIO, BILLBOARDS, TELEPHONE, BESSERAT 2014)
INTERNET, FAX.
 ALSO DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS WAYS THROUGH WHICH WE
COMMUNICATE IN THE SOCIETY. BECAUSE IT REFERS TO ALL
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION, EVERYTHING RANGING FROM A
TELEPHONE CALL TO EVENING NEWS ON TELEVISION CAN BE
CALLED MEDIA.

MEDIA CULTURE
CULTURE CREATED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA. THE CUNEIFORM
CONCEPT OF MEDIA CULTURE INFERS ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY'S SCRIPT
INFORMATION CONSUMPTION AND INTELLECTUAL GUIDANCE.
MEDIA CULTURE TEND TO BE A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE
FORMATION OF MAINSTREAM CULTURE SINCE IT AFFECTS

THE PHILIPPINE
SCRIPTS AND
ORIGINS
PRINTING PRESS
DEVICE THAT ALLOWS FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION OF UNIFORM
PRINTED MATTER, MAINLY TEXTS IN THE FORM OF BOOKS
PHAMLETS AND NEWSPAPERS.
IT IS REVOLUTIONIZED SOCIETY. IT IS REVOLUTIONIZED IN
CHINA WHERE IT WAS CREATED.
DIAMOND
SUTRA
- FROM THE TANG DYNASTY CHINA 868 A.D WHICH IS IN BRITISH
MUSEUM WHICH IS A WILDLY SEEN AS THE EARLIEST EXISTING
PRINTED BOOK PRINTED BOOK.
Johannes
Gutenberg
Printing Press
IN THE FURTHER DEVELOPED THE PRINTING PRESS IN THE 15TH
CENTURY WITH THIS INVENTION OF THE GUTENBERG PRESS.
CONSEQUENCES OF PRINTING PRESS
THE PRINTING PRESS CHANGED THE VERY NATURE OF
KNOWLEDGE. IT PRESERVED THE KNOWLEDGE WHICH HAD BEEN
MORE MALLEABLE IN ORAL CULTURES. IT ALSO STANDARDIZED
KNOWLEDGE.
PRINT ALSO ENCOURAGED THE CHALLENGE OF POLITICAL AND
RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY TO CIRCULATE
COMPETING VIEWS.
PRINTING PRESS ENCOURAGED THE LITERACY OF THE PUBLIC
AND THE GROWTH OF SCHOOLS.
LAND AND CULTURE WERE LEARNED BY PEOPLE THROUGH
TRAVELS NEWS AROUND THE WORLD WERE BROUGHT THROUGH
INEXPENSIVE AND EASILY OBTAINED MAGAZINES AND DAILY
NEWSPAPERS.
PEOPLE LEARNED ABOUT THE WORLD. INDEED, PRINTING PRESS
HELPED FOSTER GLOBALIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE OF
GLOBALIZATION.
MANUSCRIPT OF
PIGAFETTA
ELECTRONIC MEDIA
BROADCAST OR STORAGE MEDIA THAT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY.
INCLUDE TELEVISION, RADIO, INTERNET, FAX, CDROMS, DVD AND
ANY OTHER MEDIUM THAT REQUIRES ELECTRICITY OR DIGITAL
ENCODING OF INFORMATION.
ELECTRONIC MEDIA
20TH CENTURY, THE ONLY AVAILABLE MASS MEDIA IN REMOTE
VILLAGES WAS THE RADIO WHILE FILM WAS SOON DEVELOPED AS
THE ARTISTIC MEDIUM FOR GREAT CULTURAL EXPRESSION.
THE MOST POWERFUL AND PERVASIVE MASS MEDIA IS
TELEVISION AS IT BROUGHT THE VISUAL AND AURAL POWER OF
FILM WITH THE ACCESSIBILITY OF RADIO. THE INTRODUCTION
OF TELEVISION WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN GLOBALIZATION.
(Luke, 2012)
DIGITAL MEDIA (YOUTUBE, FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, TWITTER,
VIMEO, PINTEREST, SPOTIFY, WHAT'S UP)
THE COMPUTER IS CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT MEDIA
INFLUENCING GLOBALIZATION. COMPUTERS GIVE ACCESS TO
GLOBAL MARKETPLACE AND TRANSFORMED CULTURAL LIFE.
OUR DAILY LIVES IS REVOLUTIONIZED BY DIGITAL MEDIA.
PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO ADOPT AND ADAPT NEW PRACTICES LIKE
FASHION, SPORTS, MUSIC, FOOD, AND MANY OTHERS THROUGH
ACCESS OF INFORMATION PROVIDED BY COMPUTERS.
THEY ALSO EXCHANGE IDEAS, ESTABLISH RELATIONS LINKAGES
THROUGH THE USE OF SKYPE, GOOGLE CHAT, ZOOM, AND MANY
OTHER PLATFORMS.
POPULAR MUSIC AND GLOBALIZATION
IN A BOOK OF DAVID IRVING, COLONIAL COUNTERPOINT MUSIC
IN THE EARLY MODERN MANILA, HE SAID THAT
THE SPANISH IMPERIAL PROJECT WAS ARGUABLY, THE FIRST TO
CONNECT THINGS GLOBALLY WITH THE CONQUEST OF MANILA IN
1570. ONE CAN START TO SPEAK MUSICAL GLOBALIZATION AT
THIS EARLY DATE. AS IRVING SUGGESTS IN A RECENT STUDY OF
“COLONIAL COUNTERPOINT” IN THE PHILIPPINES.
HOW? IN COMMENTING ON THE SPEED WHICH INDIGENOUS
POPULATIONS TURNED TOWARDS CHURCH COUNTERPOINT, AND,
IN FACT BECAME NOTED FOR THEIR MUSICAL SKILL FAR BEYOND
THE PHILIPPINES.
IRVING OBSERVES THAT PRE-COLONIAL INDIGENOUS PRACTICE
ALSOY INVOLVED IN MULTI-PART SINGING AND INVOLVED
DEVOTION TO FEMALE DEITIES. MANY WERE, IN OTHER WORDS
READY TO PARTICIPATE IN THEIR COLONIAL TRANSFORMATION
MUSICALLY SPEAKING AT LEAST.
LOCAL ELITES, IN WHICH THERE WAS MUCH INTER MARRIAGE
CAME TO UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES AS MIXED AND ATTRIBUTE
VALUE TO THEIR “MIXED” CULTURAL PRACTICES. THEY TOOK
PARTICULAR PRIDE IN CHURCH MUSIC.
THE MANILA CHURCH THUS LED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
VARIETY OF NEW MARIAN REPERTOIRES MANY OF WHICH WERE
EXPORTED VIA MEXICO TO EUROPE.
MUSIC AND COLONIZATION
MUSIC PARTICIPATES IN THE REINFORCING OF BOUNDARIES OF
CULTURE AND IDENTITY. POPULAR MUSIC EXPLAINS THE
COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF GLOBALIZATION NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT
IS POPULAR BUT MUSIC IS HIGHLY MEDIATED, IS DEEPLY
INVESTED IN MEANING AND HAS PROVEN TO BE AN EXTREMELY
MOBILE AND RESOURCEFUL CAPITAL.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
RELIGION
 BELIEF IN A GOD OR IN A GROUP OF GODS.
 ORGANIZED SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, CEREMONIES, AND RULES
USED TO WORSHIP A GOD OR A GROUP OF GODS.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
ON ONE END, GLOBALIZATION HAS AFFECTED RELIGION IN
VARIOUS WAYS.
1. IT PAVED THE WAY OF THE RISE OF RELIGIOUS
NATIONALISM.
2. TURN OF RELIGION INTO PUBLIC LIFE.
3. THE PROLIFERATION OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM.
4. THE INCREASE OF INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOSITY.
(THIS IS ACCORDING TO ROUDOMETOF, 2014)
1. GLOBALIZATION GAVE RISE TO RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM
THAT CAME ABOUT AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR.
2. GLOBALIZATION LED TO THE TURN OF RELIGION INTO
PUBLIC LIFE AS A REACTION TO POST-WORLD WAR II
MODERNISM.
LIKE WHAT CASANOVA SAYS THE OFTEN-FORCEFUL ENTRANCE OF
RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS SUCH AS THE CATHOLIC LIBERATION
THEOLOGY AND ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM FROM PRIVATE
SPHERE INTO PUBLIC LIFE.
3. THE GLOBALIZATION AFFECTED THE PROLIFERATION OF
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM.
FOR ONE WE HAVE THIS CONCEPT CALLED RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM
OR THE EXTREMIST SO A TYPE OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE
ACCORDING TO THE BELIEF THAT A SUPREME BEING GRANTS
VIOLENCE IN THE ACT OF GLORIFYING ONE FATE AND HAS
BECOME A CENTRAL ISSUE FACED BY THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY.
(ACCORDING TO MARTIN 2017)
SO, EXTREMISTS BELIEVE THAT IT IS THEIR DUTY TO FULFILL
GOD'S WILL THROUGH VIOLENCE.
GLOBALIZATION PROMPTED THE INCREASE OF INDIVIDUAL
RELIGIOUSITY.
SO, BROUGHT ABOUT BY INDIVIDUALS NEED TO RELY ON HIS OR
HER BELIEFS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SUPREME BEING.
GLOBAL MIGRATION ALSO INFLUENCES RELIGIONS. BECAUSE OF
MIGRATION, GLOBALIZATION HAS FORCED THE APPEARANCE OF
“RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS IN PLACES MONITORY” (ACCORDING TO
ROUDOMETOF OF 2014).
SO, THIS IS CALLED THE CONCEPT OF DETERRITORIALIZATION SO
WHAT IS ALL ABOUT IT IS A CULTURAL FEATURE THAT BLURS THE
LINES BETWEEN CHARACTERISTIC OF MIGRATION AMIDST
GLOBALIZATION.
GLOBAL MIGRATION ALSO RESULTED IN WHAT CAMPBELL (2007)
THE EASTERNIZATION OF THE WEST.
 THIS STARTING POINT FOR THE SPREAD OF WORLD
RELIGIONS, IS NOW THE RECIPIENT OF A NEW SYSTEM OF
BELIEFS FROM THE EAST.
 ON THE OTHER HAND, RELIGION IS INFLUENCED BY GLOBAL
TRENDS AND IMPULSE AND IS FORCED TO RESPOND TO NEW
FOUND SITUATIONS (ACCORDING TO ROUDOMETOF OF
2014).
 ONE GOOD EXAMPLE IS THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AS TOOL
FOR EVANGELIZATION. AMERICAN EVANGELIST JOEL SCOTT
OSTEEN AND KIRK THOMAS CAMERON MAKE USE OF
FACEBOOK AND OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS SPREAD
THEIR BELIEFS.
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS THE CALL OF ECUMENISM AMONG
CHRISTIAN CHURCHES TO HAVE CLOSER RELATIONSHIP AND
BETTER RECOGNITION. IN 2006, THE CATHOLIC-OTHODOX
DIALOGUE TRANSPIRED.
THE INTERACTION OF REGION AND CULTURE RESULTED IN
A GLOBAL LOCAL RELIGION. ACCORDING TO ROUDOMETOF
(2014). HE DEVELOPED A MODEL:
4 DISTINCT GLOCALIZATION
1. VERNACULARIZATION IT REFERS TO BLENDING OF
UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS WITH LOCAL LANGUAGES.
2. INDIGENIZATION TRANSFORM A UNIVERSAL RELIGION TO
SUIT THE SPECIFICS OF A PARTICULAR ETHNIC GROUP.
3. NATIONALIZATION CONSTRUCTS A LINK BETWEEN THE
NATION AND CHURCH.
4. TRANSNATIONALIZATION HAS COMPLEMENTED RELIGIOUS
NATIONALISM BY FOCUSING GROUPS ON IDENTIFYING
SPECIFIC RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OF REAL OR IMAGINED
NATIONAL HOMELAND.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION BROUGHT TWO
OPPOSING RESULTS. STARTING FROM THE LATE 20TH
CENTURY, RELIGION HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF GLOBAL
CONFLICT AND PEACE.
 IN BRITAIN, MUSLIMS WERE LINKED TO THE JIHADISTS
ATTACK IN JUNE 2017 ON THE LONDON BRIDGE.
 JEWISH EXTREMISTS IN ISRAEL WERE ACCUSED OF
TARGETING AND BEATING PALESTINIANS ALSO IN JUNE
2017.
 THE AMERICAN-BASED ORGANIZATION KNEW CHRISTIAN
RIGHT QUESTIONED THE TEACHING OF EVOLUTION IN
SCHOOL IN THE SAME YEAR.
ACCORDING TO JUERGENSMEYER (2014), HE CLAIMS THAT
THE CONFLICTS ARE ABOUT THE IDENTITY AND
ECONOMICS AND PRIVILEDGE AND POWER.
 FOR EXAMPLE, OSAMA BIN LADEN ATTACK ON THE WORLD
TRADE CENTER IN 2001 WAS TRIGGERED BY THE AMERICAN
EXPLOITATION OF THE OIL RESERVES OF THE MIDDLE EAST,
BUT THE JIHADIST WARRIORS CARRIED OUT THE ATTACK
FOR THEY WERE WILLING TO BE MARTYRED IN THE NAME OF
THEIR GOD ALLAH.
 THE MARAWI CITY SIEGE, IN WHICH THE ISIS-MAUTE GROUP
ALLIANCE WAS RESPONSIBLE AND THE SMALL GROUPS
QUEST FOR BANGSAMORO IDENTITY AND POWER OVER ITS
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION.
JUERGENSMEYER (2014) ALSO BELIEVES THAT THERE ARE ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS TO ERADICATE THIS DESIRE.
5 STAGES OF GLOBAL RELIGIOUS REBELLION AGAINST A THEREFORE, EXTINGUISH THE SELF DON'T OBSESS ABOUT
SECULAR STATE: ONESELF. GIVE UP ALL THE MATERIALS AND POSSESSIONS OF
1. REVOLT AGAINST SECULARISM, WHERE IN LOCALIZED THE WORLD.
UPRISING GO UP AGAINST THE STATES LESS MORAL
AUTHORITY TO GOVERN; 4 NOBLE TRUTHS
2. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS REBELLION, WHERE 1. THERE IS SUFFERING IN THE WORLD. TO LIVE IS TO SUFFER.
IN THE WARFARE COMES BETWEEN THE RELIGIOUS AND 2. THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS PEOPLE'S DESIRES FOR
SECULAR POLITICS; PLEASURE AND MATERIAL GOODS.
3. INVENTION OF GLOBAL ENEMIES, WHERE IN ANTI-AMERICAN 3. THE SOLUTION IS TO ELIMINATE DESIRE AND
AND ANTI-EUROPEAN SENTIMENTS ARE GROWING; ATTACHEMENTS.
4. GLOBAL WAR, WHERE IN THERE IS AN EXPANSION OF RANGE 4. TO REACH NIRVANA, ONE MUST FOLLOW THE EIGHTFOLD
AND DEPTH OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE SECULAR AND PATH.
RELIGIOUS FORCES; AND
5. RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF POST ARAB SPRING, WHERE IN EIGHTFOLD PATH
THE JIHADIST STRATEGY IS PROVEN TO BE NOT THE WAY TO 1. RIGHT UNDERSTANDING
END THE STRUGGLE. 2. RIGHT SPEECH
3. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
5 WORLD MAJOR RELIGIONS 4. RIGHT CONCENTRATION
I. HINDUISM 5. RIGHT MINDFULNESS
 AND EVOLVED OVER A LONG TIME IN INDIA, GIVING RISE TO 6. RIGHT EFFORT
A VARIETY OF BELIEFS AND PRACTICES AND TO OTHER 7. RIGHT ACTION AND
RELIGIONS INCLUDING BUDDHISM. 8. RIGHT AND INTENSION
 ONE OF THE OLDEST RELIGIONS OF HUMANITY, FOUNDED IN
1500 BCE OR EARLIER. NIRVANA STATE OF PERFECT PEACE IN WHICH THE SOUL
 THIRD LARGEST RELIGION IN THE WORLD AND IT HAS NO WOULD BE FREE FROM SUFFERING FOREVER? IT WOULD ESCAPE
PARTICULAR FOUNDER. FROM THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH.
 THEIR GOD NAMED BRAHMAN  IF NOT ACHIEVED THEN THE SOUL WOULD BE REBORN TO
WHAT DO HINDUS BELIEVE? LIVE THROUGH THE CYCLE OF SUFFERING AGAIN.
1. BRAHMAN – THE ETERNAL BEING CREATED AND PRESERVES  SPIRITUAL LEADERS ARE CALLED MONKS OR LAMAS.
THE WORLD. EVERYTHING IN THE WORLD IS AN ASPECT OF III. JUDAISM – THE HEBREW LEADER ABRAHAM FOUNDED
BRAHMAN. JUDAISM IN MESOPOTAMIA AROUND 1300 B.C. JUDAISM IS THE
2. ATMAN – THE SOUL – EACH PERSON HAS ONE THAT IS AN OLDEST OF THE MONOTHEISTIC FAITHS (RELIGIOUS WITH ONE
ASPECT OF BRAHMAN. CAN'T EVER BE DESTROYED. GOD).
3. DEVAS – MANIFESTATIONS OF BRAHMAN THAT ARE ACTIVE IV. CHRISTIANITY – FOUNDED BY JESUS CHRIST, WHO WAS
IN THE WORLD AND WHO HELPED TO MAINTAIN ORDER. CRUCIFIED AROUND 33 A.D. IN PALESTINE IN THE CITY OF
4. REINCARNATION – BEING REBORN INTO THIS WORLD JERUSALEM. IT WAS AFTER HIS DEATH WHEN HIS FOLLOWERS
LIFETIME AFTER LIFETIME (SAMSARA) CAME TO BELIEVE IN HIM AS THE CHRIST THE MESSIAH.
5. KARMA – THE SUM EFFECT OF A PERSON'S ACTIONS, GOOD V. ISLAM – FOUNDED IN ARABIA BY MUHAMMAD IN 622 A.D.
AND BAD, WHICH HELPS SHAPE FUTURE EXPERIENCES.
6. MOKSHA – GOAL OF HUMAN EXISTENCE, ESCAPE FROM THE ABRAHAM'S GENEALOGY
CYCLE OF REINCARNATION TO JOIN WITH THE BRAHMAN.  ALL THREE RELIGIONS ARE LINKED BY ABRAHAM
7. DHARMA – SET OF SPIRITUAL DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS  HE IS THE PATRIARCH OF ALL THREE
THAT MUST BE FULFILLED TO ACHIEVE MOKSHA. HAGAR - - - ABRAHAM - - - SARAH
ISHMAEL ISAAC
WHAT ARE THE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF HINDUISM?
1. VARY GREATLY BECAUSE WORHIP CAN TAKE PLACE JUDAISM BRIEFLY
ANYWHERE - - USUALLY A TEMPLE OR IN HOME.  IS OVER 3000 YEARS OLD AND IS THE OLDEST OF THE
2. SPIRITUAL LEADERS ARE CALLED GURUS OR SAGES. WORLD'S MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS (WITH ONLY ONE
3. YOGA – INTEGRATED PHYSICAL AND MENTAL EXERCISES. GOD). IT IS ALSO THE SMALLEST WITH ONLY ABOUT 14
THEY TEACH PEOPLE TO FOCUS THEIR MINDS AND BODIES MILLION (7TH) FOLLOWERS AROUND.
WHICH WILL AID THEIR MEDITATION IN ORDER TO ATTAIN  ITS HOLY CITY IS JERUSALEM
MOKSHA.  JEWS BELIEVE THAT THERE IS A SINGLE GOD NAMED
4. PILGRIMAGE – TO GANGES (thought it flows through 2 devas YAHWEH WHO NOT ONLY CREATED THE UNIVERSE, BUT
so its water is holy. Bathing in it will purify them and remove WITH WHOM EVERY JEW CAN HAVE AN INDIVIDUAL AND
bad karma. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP.
5. ULTIMATE GOAL OF LIFE TO RELEASE ATMAN AND REUNITE  THEY AWAIT THE MESSIAH, WHO WILL BE AN EARTHLY KING.
WITH THE DIVINE BECOMING AS ONE WITH A BRAHMAN OR SO WE MESSIAH IN JESUS CHRIST THEY BELIEVE IN HEAVEN,
MOKSHA. BUT THAT GOD DETERMINES WHERE THEY GO AFTER LIFE
ON EARTH.
THREE MOST IMPORTANT DEVAS  TEN COMMANDMENTS THE BASIC CODE OF LAW.
1. BRAHMA, THE CREATOR
2. SIVA, THE DESTROYER JUDAISM HOLY BOOK
3. VISHNU, THE PRESERVER  THE MOST HOLY JEWISH BOOK IS THE TORAH (THE FIRST
FIVE BOOKS OF THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE). OTHERS INCLUDE
II. BUDDHISM JUDAISM'S ORAL TRADITION, THE WRITTEN FORM OF WHICH
 WHICH TEACHES PEOPLE THAT THEY CAN ESCAPE THE IS KNOWN AS THE TALMUD.
SUFFERING OF THE WORLD THROUGH THE BUDDHIST  THE TORAH (SCROLL OF TEACHINGS) CONTAINS THE FIVE
TEACHINGS. DEVELOPED IN NORTHEAST INDIA IN 520 BCE BOOKS REVEALED TO MOSES BY GOD ON MOUNT SINAI.
AND SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF ASIA.  GENESIS, EXODUS’ LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, AND
 THE FOURTH LARGEST RELIGION IN THE WORLD. DEUTERONOMY

THE TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM JUDAISM PLACE OF WORSHIP

WHAT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF ALL SUFFERING?
 IN SYNAGOGUES OR TEMPLES. MEN AND WOMEN USUALLY
SIT SEPARATELY.
 WORSHIP IS LED BY A RABBI.
 SATURDAY (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN ON FRIDAY) IT'S TIME FOR
WORSHIP.
THE TEMPLE
 ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE, THE FIRST TEMPLE FOR JEWISH
WORSHIP WAS BUILT AROUND 900 TO 1000 BCE AND
DESTROYED BY BABYLONIANS IN 586 BCE.
 THE JEWS WERE THEN SENT OUT OF CANAAN, BUT
RETURNED AFTER 50 YEARS IN EXILE.
 A DIASPORA OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF PEOPLE LEAVE
THEIR HOMELAND AND MOVE TO MANY DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS SEPARATELY.
 ALL OF THE WORLDS JEWISH COMMUNITIES TODAY THAT DO
NOT LIVE IN PRESENT-DAY ISRAEL ARE PART OF THE JEWISH
DIASPORA.
CHRISTIANITY BRIEFLY
 WORLD'S LARGEST RELIGION, WITH ABOUT 2.2 BILLION
FOLLOWERS WORLDWIDE.
 BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS CHRIST WHO LIVED IN
THE HOLY LAND 2000 YEARS AGO.
 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT JESUS CHRIST WAS THE SON OF
GOD.
 GOD SENT HIS SON TO EARTH TO SAVE HUMANITY FROM
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITS SINS.
 JESUS ROSE FROM THE DEAD ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER HIS
CRUCIFIXION (THE RESURRECTION)
 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT JESUS WAS THE MESSIAH
PROMISED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.
 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, BUT
THAT IS ONE GOD CONSISTS OF THREE PERSONS, GOD THE
FATHER, GOD THE SON AND GOD THE HOLY GHOST- -
TRINITY
 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT GOD MADE THE WORLD.
 CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THAT THEY CAN HAVE A PERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD AND THAT THEY ARE SAVED BY
FAITH, AND GOOD WORKS.
 THEY BELIEVE IN HEAVEN AND HELL.
 THEY BELIEVE THAT THE BIBLE IS THE INSPIRED BY A WORD
OF GOD.
 THE BIBLE IS THE CHRISTIAN HOLY BOOK IT IS DIVIDED
INTO TWO, THE OLD AND THE NEW TESTAMENTS PART OF
THE WRITING CONTAINED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT ARE
ALSO SACRED TO JEWISH AND MUSLIM PEOPLE.
THE CHRISTIAN PLACE OF WORSHIP
 CHURCH, WHICH ARE BUILT IN THE SHAPE OF A CROSS WITH
THE ALTAR FACING EAST TOWARDS THE RISING SUN.
SERVICES ARE LED BY A PRIEST, PASTOR OR REVEREND.
 DAY OF WORSHIP IS NORMALLY SUNDAY.
CHRISTIAN SECTS
 ROMAN CATHOLICISM VERSUS EASTERN ORTHODOX –
CHRISTIAN CHURCH DIVIDED WHEN ROMAN EMPIRE WAS
DIVIDED AND THEN FELL. ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS DO NOT
RECOGNIZE THE AUTHORITY OF THE POPE.
 THE CATHOLICISM VERSUS PROTESTANTISM – AS A
RESULT OF THE REFORMATION, PROTESTANT SECTS BROKE
WITH CATHOLIC CHURCH AND ESTABLISHED THEIR OWN
SEPARATE CHURCHES.
ISLAM HOLY BOOK
 THE MUSLIM SCRIPTURE IS THE QUR’AN. IT IS THE WORD OF
GOD. MUSLIM BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ARE ROOTED IN THE
QUR’AN.
 MUSLIMS TREAT THE QURAN WITH A GREAT RESPECT
BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT THE QUR’AN IS FROM ALLAH,
AND EVERY WORD AND EVERY LETTER IS SACRED.
 MUSLIMS REGARD THE QUR’AN AS THE UNALTERED WORD
OF GOD.
ISLAM PLACE OF WORSHIP
 FOR COMMUNION WORSHIP IS CALLED MOSQUE. THE WORD
COMES FROM THE ARABIC FOR A PLACE OF PROSTRATION.
 WORSHIPERS ARE CALLED TO PRAYER FIVE TIMES A DAY.
 THEY CONTAIN ONLY DESIGNS NO PEOPLE OR ANIMALS OR
FURNITURE.
 NORMAL DAY OF WORSHIP IS FRIDAY.
 RELIGIOUS LEADERS CALLED IMAMS.
FIVE PILLARS BELIEF SYSTEM OR LAW CODE
 SHAHADA DECLARATION OF FAITH
 SALAH PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY FACING MECCA
 ZAKAT GIVE AFFIX PROPORTION TO CHARITY
 SAUM FAST DURING THE MONTH OF RAMADAN
 HAJJSO MAKE A PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA
THE GLOBAL CITY
 SOCIOLOGIST SASKIA SASSEN POPULARIZED THE TERM
GLOBAL CITY IN THE 1990’s.
 SASKIA WAS ABLE TO PURCHASE BOOKS AND ONE OF THE
BOOKS SHE WROTE WAS THE GLOBAL CITY AND, IN THAT
BOOK, SHE INITIALLY IDENTIFIED THREE GLOBAL CITIES:
NEW YORK, LONDON AND TOKYO.
 THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS THE HOME OF WORLD'S TOP
STOCK EXCHANGES.
 THE NEW YORK HAS NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE (NYSE),
LONDON HAS THE FINANCIAL TIMES STOCK EXCHANGE
(FTSE) AND THE TOKYO HAS THE NIKKEI.
GLOBAL CITY
 RECENT COMMENTATORS HAVE EXPANDED THE CRITERIA
THAT SASSEN USED TO DETERMINE WHAT CONSTITUTES A
GLOBAL CITY.
 MAKING MECCA LOS ANGELES CAN NOW RIVAL THE BIG
APPLES CULTURAL INFLUENCE.
 SAN FRANCISCO MUST NOW FACTORY IN AS ANOTHER
GLOBAL CITY BECAUSE IT IS THE HOME OF THE MOST
POWERFUL INTERNET COMPANIES – FACEBOOK, TWITTER
AND GOOGLE.
 THE GROWTH OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY HAS TURNED
CITIES LIKE SHANGHAI, BEIJING, AND GUANGZHOU INTO
CENTERS OF TRADE AND FINANCE.
LATE 1990S THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT REOPENED THE
SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANGE AND SINCE THEN IT HAS GROWN TO
BECOME THE FIFTH LARGEST STOCK MARKET IN THE WORLD.
*GO BEYOND THE SIMPLE DICHOTOMY OF GLOBAL AND NON-
GLOBAL.
INSTEAD OF ASKING WHETHER OR NOT A ONE CITY'S GLOBAL
CITY, IT IS BETTER TO ASK. . .
IN WHAT WAYS ARE CITIES GLOBAL AND TO WHAT EXTENT ARE
THERE GLOBAL?
INDICATORS OF GLOBALITY
WHAT ARE THE ATTRIBUTED OF THE GLOBAL CITY?
 THE FOREMOST CHARACTERISTIC - ECONOMIC POWER.
 ECONOMIC POWER LARGELY DETERMINES WHICH CITIES ARE
GLOBAL.
 ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN A GLOBAL CITY MAKE IT
ATTRACTIVE TO TALENTS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD.
 TO MEASURE THE ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS OF A CITY,
THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT HAS ADDED OTHER
CRITERIA LIKE MARKET SIZE, PURCHASING POWER OF
CITIZENS, SIZE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS AND POTENTIAL FOR
GROWTH.
 THE “TINY” SINGAPORE IS CONSIDERED AS ASIA'S MOST
COMPETITIVE CITY BECAUSE OF ITS STRONG MARKET,
EFFICIENT AND INCORRUPTIBLE GOVERNMENT AND
LIVABILITY.
ACCORDING TO SOME STUDIES SINGAPORE IS WIDELY REGARDED
AS ONE OF THE SAFEST COUNTRIES TO LIVE IN WITH
CONSISTENTLY LOW CRIME RATES, A TRANSPARENT LEGAL
SYSTEM, LOW POVERTY AND SO ON.
 GLOBAL CITIES ARE ALSO CENTERS OF AUTHORITY.
WASHINGTON D.C MAY NOT BE AS WEALTHY AS NEW YORK
BUT IT IS THE SEAT OF AMERICAN STATE POWER.
 COMPARED WITH SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE, CANBERRA IS A
SLEEPY TOWN AND NOT ATTRACTIVE TO TOURISTS BUT AS
AUSTRALIA'S POLITICAL CAPITAL, IT IS HOME TO THE
COUNTRY'S TOP POLITICIANS, BUREAUCRATS AND POLICY
ADVISORS.
 THE CITIES THAT HOUSE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS MAY ALSO BE CONSIDERED CENTERS OF
POLITICAL INFLUENCE.
 UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS IN NEW YORK
 EUROPEAN UNION HEADQUARTERS IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM
 ASEAN HEADQUARTERS IN JAKARTA INDONESIA
 EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IT IS BASED IN FRANKFURT
GERMANY
 GLOBAL CITIES ARE CENTERS OF HIGHER LEARNING AND
CULTURE. A CITY'S INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCE IS SEEN
THROUGH THE INFLUENCE OF ITS PUBLISHING INDUSTRY.
ANOTHER ONE, MOST OF THE TEENAGERS IN ASIA, THEY ARE
MOVING TO CITIES IN AUSTRALIA BECAUSE OF THE LEADING
ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIVERSITIES THERE. TAKE NOTE THAT
EDUCATION IS CURRENTLY AUSTRALIA'S THREE LARGEST EXPORT
AFTER COAL AND IRON.
LOS ANGELES – CENTER OF THE AMERICAN FILM INDUSTRY OR
MOVIE MAKING MECCA MAY BE CONSIDERED AS A GLOBAL.
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK –CULINARY CAPITALS OF THE WORLD
WITH ITS TOP RESTAURANTS INCOMMENSURATE WITH ITS SIZE.
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND – MANY PROMINENT POST-PUNK AND
NEW WAVE BANDS - - - THE JOY DIVISION, THE SMITHS AND
HAPPY MONDAYS HAILED FROM THIS CITY.
SINGAPORE (SOUTHEAST ASIA) IS SLOWLY BECOMING A
CULTURAL CENTER FOR THE REGION. IT HOUSES SOME OF THE
REGION'S TOP TELEVISION STATIONS AND NEWS
ORGANIZATIONS.
IT'S VARIOUS ART GALLERIES AND CINEMAS ALSO SHOW
PAINTINGS FROM ARTISTS AND FILMMAKERS FROM PHILIPPINES
AND THAILAND.
LIKE BERLIN, GERMANY AND TOKYO JAPAN. THEY HAVE LARGE
TURKISH POPULATIONS THA IS WHY THEY OFFER SOME OF THE
BEST TURKISH FOOD WHICH ONE CAN FIND EVEN IF HE OR SHE
IS NOT IN TURKEY.
IS MANILA CAN BE CONSIDERED GLOBAL?
AS OF NOW MANILA IS NOT VERY GLOBAL BECAUSE OF THE
DEARTH OF FOREIGN RESIDENTS. WE HAVE A SHORTAGE WHEN
IT COMES TO FOREIGN RESIDENTS IN OUR COUNTRY.
BUT IN SINGAPORE IT IS CONSIDERED AS GLOBAL CITY BECAUSE
IT HAS A FOREIGN POPULATION OF 38 PERCENT.
GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL BECAUSE:
1. IT OCCURS IN PHYSICAL SPACES. MORE PEOPLE ARE DRIVEN
OUT OF CITY CENTERS TO MAKE WAY FOR THE NEW
DEVELOPMENTS.
2. WHAT MAKES IT MOVE IS THE FACT THAT IT IS BASED IN
PLACES.
FOR EXAMPLE, AGAIN, LOS ANGELES IS KNOWN AS THE HOME OF
HOLLYWOOD. IT IS WHERE MOVIES ARE MADE FOR GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION.
FROM THERE THE COMPANY COORDINATES THE SALE TO ITS
VARIOUS BRANCHES ACROSS THE WORLD.
IN OTHER WORDS, CITIES ARE ON GLOBALIZATION AND
GLOBALIZATION ACTS ON CITIES.
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES
 GLOBAL CITIES ALSO HAVE THEIR UNDERSIDES. THEY CAN
BE SITES OF GREAT INEQUALITY AND POVERTY AS WELL AS
TREMENDOUS VIOLENCE.
 GLOBAL CITIES CREATE WINNERS AND LOSERS.
 DENSER SETTLEMENT PATTERNS YIELD ENERGY SAVINGS;
APARTMENT BUILDING FOR EXAMPLE ARE MORE EFFICIENT
TO HEAT AND COOL THAT DETACHED SUBURBAN HOUSE.
WE CAN ASSOCIATE HUMAN SUBURBAN HOUSES TO RESIDENTIAL
HOUSES. PARANG SUBDIVISION DIVISION.
 IN CITIES WITH EXTENSIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS, PEOPLE TEND TO DRIVE LESS AND THEREBY CUT
CARBON EMISSIONS.
 NOT ALL CITIES ARE AS DENSE AS NEW YORK OR TOKYO.
SOME CITIES LIKE LOS ANGELES ARE URBAN SPRAWLS, WITH
MASSIVE FREEWAYS THAT FORCE RESIDENTS TO SPEND
MONEY ON CARS AND GAS.
 MAJOR TERROR ATTACKS OF RECENT YEARS HAVE ALSO
TARGETED CITIES ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH GLOBAL
INFLUENCE ARE OBVIOUS TARGETS FOR TERRORISTS.
 9/11 ATTACK – WORLD TRADE CENTER. NEW YORK
 NOVEMBER 2015 ATTACKS IN PARIS BY ISLAMIC STATE OF
IRAQ AND LEVANT (ISIL)
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
 MASSIVE INEQUALITY WAS VERY PRONOUNCED IN CITIES
SOME LARGE CITIES, PARTICULARLY THOSE IN
SCANDINAVIA, HAVE FOUND WAYS TO MITIGATE INEQUALITY
THROUGH STATE-LED SOCIAL REDISTRIBUTION PROGRAMS.
YET MANY CITIES PARTICULARLY THOSE IN THE DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES ARE SITES OF CONTRADICTION.
ALTHOUGH INEQUALITY EXISTS IN MOST OF THE CITIES BUT IN
CITIES IN SCANDINAVIA, THEY IMPLEMENTED WAYS TO AT LEAST
MINIMIZE OR LESSEN THE INEQUALITY IN THEIR RESPECTIVE
PLACE.
 IN PLACES LIKE MUMBAI IN INDIA, JAKARTA OF INDONESIA
AND MANILA, PHILIPPINES IT IS COMMON TO FIND
GLEAMING BUILDINGS ALONGSIDE MASSIVE SHANTYTOWNS.

 IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF NEW YORK AND SAN FRANCISCO ARE
POOR URBAN ENCLAVES OCCUPIED BY AFRICAN-AMERICANS
AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES WHO ARE OFTEN DENIED
OPPORTUNITIES AT A BETTER LIFE.
GLOBAL CITIES - SITES AND MEDIUMS OF GLOBALIZATION.
MATERIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON, THROUGH
THEM WE SEE THE BEST OF GLOBALIZATION. PLACES THAT
CREATE EXCITING FUSIONS OF CULTURE AND IDEAS; AND
GENERATE TREMENDOUS WEALTH.